Jacob de Gheyn II

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The Exercise of Armes For Calivres, Muskettes, and Pikes

After the ordre of his Excellence. Maurits Prince of Orange Counte of Nassau etc. Governour and Captaine generall over Geldreland. Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht. Overyssel. etc.

Set forthe in figures by Jacob de Gheyn.

With written Instructions for the service of all Captaines and Comaundours. For to showe hereout the better unto their jong or untrayned Souldiers the playne and perfett maner to handle these Armes.

Printed at the Hage. With Priviledge of the Emperours Ma.^tie the King of Fraunce, and the Noble and mightye Estates General of the united Provinces

To the Prince.

Nor your highnes, nor any man to whose vew this present booke shall come, shall need to finde it strange, either, why it hath borrowed an English habitt, or shrowded it selfe under so great a protection: since on the one side it represents unto You that manner of exercise of Armes, which hath for many yeares bene practised in this schoole of warre, the United Provinces, and that, by a Captayne whose worth (I thinke) not any part of the world is ignorant of: in which warre the valure of the English and Schottish nations (now Brittaynes) hath bene of that speciall marke and note, that, for readye use of theyr Armes, provident care of the Commaunders and commendable obedience of the Souldier towards his chiefe, it can not be denyed but that the Provinces have received verye acceptable services at theyr handes. On the other side: to whom could I (in judgement) more fitly and (as I may saye) justly, addresse the proprietye of a worke of this worthe and nature? then to a Prince descended from so many powerfull and victorious Kinges, who even by destyny and judgement of all the world, is not onely the heyre of theyr Fortunes, but an inheritour of theyr vertues also: then to a Prince the sonne of the most puissant Kinge of all his predecessours: who, though he blesseth his Realmes with the sweetenesse of peace, yet (doubtelesse) he placeth the securitie of that content, in the due and lawfull exercise of Armes. Lately, to whom rather (I saye) should I dedicate this worke? then to a Prince, that through the light of his owne proper example, doth so much beautifye and ennoble the practise of Armes, who even in the fore-springe of his yeares and amidst so many other princely entertaynements fitt for his youth and state, doth yet give such a lustre to this of Armes, by the coutinuall familiaritye he hath with them in his often practise, that I thinke I may saye, and saye truely, that the most true and perfect knowledge of them is rather to be found with your Highnes, then brought to You. Therefore, as all those excellent professours of excellent sciences (wherein yet your Highnes excells them all) are every one in speciall duety bound, to give the best testymonye they can of theyr thankefulnesse, both in regard of the favour which some receive in being nere You, and also of the honour which You doe to all theyr professions, in not disdayninge to participate with theyr industries: So have I in all humble and due respect, thought it fitt, to tender You this acknowledgement of myne, hopinge that your Highnes shall receive no small contentement, by addinge the longe experience of the Nether-lands practise to Your owne knowledge of ancient Histories, and those wise and deep-grounded instructions of that great Monarche the Kinge Your Father.

Your Highnes his. Most humble servant in all duetye at command.

Jacob de Gheyn.

To Those That Love the Exercise of Arms Wissheth Jacob de Gheyn Heath and prosperitie.

It is out of all doubt, that neither the quietneße of a common wealthe without armes, nor the armes without convenient or due exercise, can stand or be maintained. Which hath not onely bene well considered by the old sages or wise, that have undertaken to give any examples of lawe, but is approoved by the effectuall experience of the most famous Townes and People, that have preserved their Estate chieflye by those meanes. And examining the further course of the whole World, we shall find, that the soveraigne powre hath alwayes bene by those which here in did most surpasse theyr neighbours. The Grecians, in the time thye have bene in theyr most shyning glorie have much embraced this point, and therein by theyr witt not little proffited. Yet the Romains have farre surpaßed here in as well those as all others, and ever exercised theyr youth at all kinde of armes by those whom they called Campi-doctores or Mastres of the field. Which maner is playnelye showed unto us, in the writinges that are thereof come to our handes, the same reason standeth fast for ever, and with all nations. But in regard that not onely the use but even the armes them selves are much changed chiefly sithence the findinge out of Gun pouder, it can not be denied but that wee can reape small or no benefite by the old rehearsals, without wee have neewe instructions. His Princely Ex^ce. therefore the Earle Maurice of Naßau &c. to whose care (by the Lords Estates generall of the united Provinces) is left the charge of defending so worthie countries and the conducting of a warre which is taken for a schoole or patterne to the whole World, Like as he throughout the whole militarie order (before his times much decayed) hath restored and partelye brought to the examples of the old, partely by his owne inventions amended and adorned, so hath he taken great regard to the exercise of Armes, as one of the principall partes of the militarie ordre, where out are risen such comodites as unto every man is knowne not onely in these Countries but also in the uttermost partes of the worlde. This hath bene the chiefe cause that hath mooved me to give out the order which his Princely Ex^ce. in the using of the Calivres, Muskets and Pikes doth observe as the perfectest and best patterne, as well to pleasure those whose duety it is to followe the order of his directions, as to accomodate any other who shall seeke to draw benefytt to hym self by so necessary exercise and practise of armes. Having to that purpose drawne all the postures that come in the holding or using of the armes by order and the same described with his reasons and wordes of com̄and: A worke (without question) very fitt for novices and yonge souldiers to whom it belongeth to exercise them selves with great diligence herein, verye necessarye also to all Captaynes and Comandors the better to looke to the exercising of souldiers, and lastly verie proffitable to all Princes and People, be it in tyme of warre the better to defend them selves, and offend theyr ennemyes or be it in time of peace with the more facilitye (by this kinde of exercising) to draw a better aßurance to them selves, and become the more dreadfull and redoubted to others. Seeuing then our meaning goeth no further then to instruct the untrained souldiers and to reinforce the minde of the expert by the sight and reading of it: No man shall finde it strange that wee in drawing of the Pikes, onely set that which for the use of the same is most necessarye, omitting diverse māners of toßing of the pike by forme of recreation, which in militarie exercise bringeth little benefite or profite. Concerning the different or sutable apparell and armes of the figures, there is to be considered, that the shott with head peeces, and the Muskettiers with hattes are drawne and differently appareled, not that we holde it for neceßarie, but that such varietye might give the fuller ornament to the figures, and to showe to posteritie the manner of souldiers apparel used in these dayes, Like as on the other side the Pikemen are all armed after one sorte or kinde, for no other reason then to represent the right māner and fashon of the arminge of his Ex^cc. owne Garde, as it is at this tyme. ln the small shot and Musquettiers, you shall also consider that the first figure showeth how a man shall holde a Musket or Caliver already charged upon his shoulder, and the other pictures followinge tell what is further to be done bothe for discharging, and lykewyse for charging againe of the peece. And because that every man standing still shall knowe how to behaue him self in tyme of need, there is pro-

perly set downe in the ende ech severall picture with his severall difference of stand or posture and that to give truer light to the judgement of the observer. But above all is to be well considered that which seemes here to require a leasurly and slow proceeding in the apprehension (by reason of the smalenes of the sculpture which could not conveniently be otherwise formed) that I say) must the industrious learner with a diligent practise strive to bringe to a nimble and quicke readines of action. Nevertheleße so, as that in the best fashon and with the most care and providence he make it appear that it is to offend the ennemy without hurting or anoynig him self or his fellowe, the rest the written instructions and the pictures shall shewe.

Shorte Instruction Upon the Contrefaictinges, Touching the Right Use of Calivers, for the yonge or inexpert Shot, which instruction by Cypher letters is agreeing or answering orderly with every picture. And because here to are joyned some pictures of standing still for sentenels, to shew how the souldier in tyme of need (readie with his peece) shall stand, there fore doe the writinges also there of agree with every figure or picture, according his number.

Shot.

First of al is in this figure showed to every Shot how he shall stand and Marche well, and also hold and carye his Caliver, Matche and Rapier: That is to say, he shall in laying on the peece joyne the Seer close to the shoulder, holding it with the left hand, and that about the hollowe or thumb-hole of the stock, and not at the end there of, remembring alwayes to cary it with the mouth up, least if by chaunce the peece went of, he should hurt his fellowe, he shall also hold the match burning or kindled at bothe the endes, betwixt the two least fingers of the same left hand, holding the same hanging downewards within the stock, to the end that he may lenghthen the same at all tymes, and to use and change one end after an other, shall also besides his flaske or charges, carye about him a tutchboxe with tutch pouder, to put out of the same and not out of the flaske or charges, the sayd pouder in to the pan.

In the 2. figure is taught, how he going and preparing him self to shoote, shall take the peece from the neck, that is to say, he shall not with the left hand pull the peece from the shoulder, but shall take it with the right hand onely (like as this figure sheweth) beyond the great skrue, because the peece fals there, (benig ballanced in the hand) much lighter, and shall take it of with one hand alone (whereby shall be sene that he is mayster of his peece) sinking it a little in the left hand without bending or hanging his bodye towards it.

In the 3, how he shall hold and governe the peece before he take it in the left hand, he shall with the right hand hold the peece in ballance, with the mouth upwards, without tutching the bodye, and have readie the left hand to meete the peece and to receavce it in the same.

In the 4. how he shall carye the peece in the left hand, standing and going, not onely easely and well, but also hold it in ballance in the same hand, that it doe not lye to high nor to low, and also not hurt his fellowe if the peece went of by chaunce, setting for ease and suretye sake the elbow against his hyppe, like as this figure teatcheth.

In the 5. how he shall well and proprelye take the match out of the left hand with the tumb and second finger, holding alwayes the peece in a due hight, as well for the ease, as for not to hurt his fellowe unadvisedlye, and although that generally (for some good respects) we have ordayned to take the matche betwixt the thumb and second finger, yet is it not our purpose so precisely to binde a man thereto, as that he maye not take the same betwixt the thumb and two next fingers, if that be easier for him.

In the 6. how he shall blow of the match and hold it wel betwixt the thumb and second finger, before he do put it upon the Cock, that is to saye, he shall bring the match handsomely neare the mouth, and blow of the same under the hand, without bending him self to much thereto, like as this figure sheweth.

In the 7. how he shall with the thumb and the second finger, bring the match into the Cock, and not skrue it in, for to loose no tyme and is te be understood, that he alwayes a fore hand, shall direct the widenesse of the Cock to the thicknesse of the match, for to be the sooner readie to shoote.

In the 8. how he shall hansomly trye his matche and with the thum and second finger governe the same, to the end he may make it presently longer, shorter, as also higher, and so set the fame that the peece do not faile or refuse him.

In the 9. how he shall blow of the match speedely and well, and being well blowne of, finely with open armes and with the two fore fingers cover the pan lid for the sparkes, and shall open the same

without bending him selff towards it, bringing handsomely the peece to his mouth, like as this figure sheweth.

In the 1o. how he shall present the peece, from above downewards, and not from beneath opwards, to the ende he doe no harme te his fellowe, that goeth a fore him, (if by chaunce the peece went of) and also that the bullet that can not alwayes (especially in tyme of haste) be rammed in, do not fall out.

In the 11. how he shall set the peece against his brest and present it, bowe his head, hold up the right elbow, and stand right and fall with his bodye, and because the peece shall be set against the brest and not against the shoulder, shall set the bodye to it: moreover how he shall bow in the knee the left legge, that must stand before, and hold styf and strong the right, legge that must stand behind, to the end he may bothe the better governe and discharge his peece, as also accomodate, him selfe in the presentinge of it.

In the 12. how he shall (having shott) take the peece oderly from his cheeke, and hold it up least he should hurt his fellowe if the peece (fayled before) should chaunce then unawares to goe of.

In the 13. how with the same fingers where with he set the match in the cock, he shall handsomely rake it againe awaye, not pluckinge or twitchinge it, as also, that by such unheedynes he put not the coale of the matche out.

In the 14. how he shall joyne the match againe betwixt the fingers where he hath had it out at the setting of it up, holding still the peece upwards.

In the 15. how he shall blow out the panne standing yet open, and having shot of the peece, becanse (if any sparck should be remayning therein) the tutch-boxe doe not take fire at the putting in of neew pouder, and so hurt him self, making (to winne tyme) in the meane whyle the tutchboxe readie.

In the 16. how he shall put the pouder in the panne out of the tutch-boxe, and not out of the charges or flaske, for not to loose tyme in drawing or turning of the same, holding in the meane tyme the peece upwards, for the reasons a fore said.

In the 17. how he shall put to the panne with his fore finger. like as this figure sheweth.

In the 18. how he shall cast or shake the pouder or cornes of from the panne, if any might lye upon it, because the peece shall not go of, when he shall come to trye the match.

In the 19. how he shall blow of againe the pouder, al thoug he have shaked it of, for more assurance.

In the 20. if he will charge againe, how he shall turne the peece with the left hand, wich to do handfomely, he shall convaye it with the right hand under towards the left fide.

In the 21. how he shall lett the peece sincke by the left side, and with the right hand take the flaske or bandelier.

In the 22. how he shall open the charge of the flaske, or els if he doe weare a bandolier, he shall doe like as is shewed by the Musquettiers.

In the 23. how he shall put the pouder out of the greater flaske, holding alwayes the peece from the ground, if he be able to doe it.

In the 24. how he shall with a turned hand draw the skowring stick out of the stock, and hold the peece from the ground, like as this figure sheewes.

In the 25. how he desiring to take the skowring stick shorter in his hand, shall turne the end of the same (which is the end that furst he pulled out (and thrust it to his bodye, slippinge the hand quickly to the neather end, to bringe it the better and the steadyer into the peece and if he will shoote with a bullet he shall take the bullet with the same hand (wherewith he now hath the skowring stick shorter) out of his mouth or from thence where he carrieth his bullets, and with like quicknes put it into the mouth of the peece.

In the 26. how he shall with the skowring-stick ramme in the pouder and the bullet together, holding alwayes the peece from the ground, like as this figure sheweth.

In the 27. how he shall with the in syde of his hand turned from hym draw the skowring stick out of the peece, holding alwayes the peece from the ground.

In the 28. how he shall (to take shorter the skowring-stick) thrust the same againe to the bodye, as is taught before.

In the 29. how he shall (having the skowring-stick under and the end) surely and with speede put the same in the stock againe.

In the 30. how he (desirous to take the peece againe in the right hand) shall bring the same first with the left hand before him, like as this figure sheweth.

In the 31. how he shall with the right hand take the peece belowe under at the great skrue, and hold it upwards, being readye to laye it againe upon his shoulder.

In the 32. how he shall with one hand lay the peece againe upon the shoulder, being very readie with the other hand,to hold it fast there upon.

In the 33. how he having the peece upon his shoulder, going to be sentinel shall hold and carye it againe, like as is sayd at the first figure.

In the 34. how he standing sentenell and will make him readie, shall with one hand take the peece from the shoulder, as is taught before.

In the 35. how he standing sentenell, and having taken the peece from the shoulder, shall receive it in the left hand.

In the 36. how he (standing sentenell having the peece in the left hand) shall hold the right arme or elbow som what from hym with his hand at the Seer, and the stock against the right hippe, like as this figure teatcheth.

In the 37. h0w he (standing sentenell) shall hold and governe the peece in ballance in the left hand, for to have the right hand at libertye.

In the 38. how he (standing sentenell) shall well and orderly take the match out of the left hand with the thumb and second finger.

In the 36. how he (standing sentenell) shall bring the match with the thumbe and second finger towards the mouth, and blow it of, holding in the meane time the peece in ballance in the left hand.

In the 4o. how he (standing sentenell) shall with the thumbe and second finger Cock the match, without skruing the same in, as is taught before.

In the 41. how he (standing sentenell) shall with the thumb and second finger guide and conveniently trye the match.

In the 42. how that he (standing sentenell that vpon any sodeine occasion he maye be readye) shall with the two foremost fingers cover the panne, to prevent the falling of any sparkes, provided alwayes that his match be light and Cockt, ready to discharge.

The words of Command.

By which the Captaynes shall command theyr Souldiers orderly, all what they have to doe with the peece. Which words also agree by order upon every figure.

1. Shoulder your Peece and marche.

2. Unshoulder your Peece.

3. And with the right handhold it up.

4. In the left hand take your Peece.

5. In the right hand take your matche.

6. Hold wel your match and blow it of.

7. Cock your match.

8. Try your match.

9. Blow your match, and open your pann.

10. Present your Peece.

11. Give fire.

12. Take downe your Peece, and in the left hand hold it well.<

13. Uncock your matche.

14. And joyne it againe betwixt your fingers.

15. Blow out your pan. 16. Proyme your pan.

17. Shut your pan.

18. Shake of your pan.

19. Blow of your pan.

20. Turne about your peece.

21. And to your left side let it sinke.

22. Open your charges.

23. Charge your peece.

24. Your skowring-stick draw out.

25. Your skowring-stick take shorter.

26. Ramme your pouder.

27. Your skowring-stick draw out your peece.

28. And take it shorter.

29. Put up your skowring-sticke.

30. With the left hand bring forward your Peece.

31. And with the right hand hold it up.

32. Shoulder your Peece.

33. Hold your Peece well upon your shoulder, and marche to the place of garde.

34. Unshoulder your peece.

35. And in the left hand let it sinke.

36. Hold your Peece well.

37. With the left hand alone hold your Peece.

38. In the right hand take your match.

39. Blow of your match.

40. Cock your match.

41. Try your match.

42. Garde your pan and stand readie.

Generall Command.

Hold up the mouth of the Peece.

Here to must a Comandour looke, and alwayes have his eyes upon his Souldiers, and use them to hold the Peece alwayes upwards, for to prevent all mischief.

Shorte Instruction For the Figures: So Much as Concerneth the Right Use of Muskett for the yonge or inexpert Souldier, which instruction doth orderly agree with the Cypher letters of eche figure. And because there be some figures of stilstandinghe postures here after annexed, as found fitt for sentinels to use, to shew how a souldier in tyme of neede shall stand readie with his Musket in the Musket rest, therefore are the sayd instructions following appropriated to every figure according to theyr number.

Muskettier.

First of all is shewed to every Muskettier, how he shall handsomely carye his Musket and his Musket rest, That is to saye: that he having the rest in his right hand, shall at every pace when he goeth, set it foreward in the earth, having a fore hand made a little string at it for to trayle the same if need be, letting the Musket come with the skrue (which is fast by the Seer) close to the shoulder, the hand about the hollowe or thum place, and the matche burning or kindled at bothe endes, betweene the twoo smalest fingers, of the same hand, lettingh the same hange downe at the in side of the stock, because he may put it up at all occasions (if need be) and to use the one and the other ende by changing, shal also alwayes besides flaske or charges, have a tutch boxe with tutch pouder, to put onely out of the same the pouder in the panne.

In the 2. figure is shewed, how he shall in an other maner carye his Musket rest, when he will make him readie to shoote, that is to saye, he shall carye the reft close to the Muskett in the left hand, letting the rest (so farre als the Iron is) come above the hand, like as this figure sheweth.

In the 3, how he shall, when he will take the Musket from his neck let the Musket rest sinke a little through the left hand without help of the right hand, and together with the right hand alone, easelye take the Musket from his shoulder, and take hold beyond the great skrue, because the Musket is there (in regard of his weight) lighter, letting the same sinke a little in the left hand, without bending the bodye to it.

In the 4. how he shall hold up the Musket with the right hand onely for to receive the same with the reft in the left hand, that is: he shall not let the Musket fall in the other hand, but shall meet it with the left hand, and joyne the lame betwixt the thumbe and the reft handsomelye.

In the 5. how he shall hold the Musket with the rest in the left hand onely, and that the Musket be neither to highe nor to lowe, but in ballance, and have his right hand free, setting the elbowe for the more strenght, against his hyppe, without trayling the Musket rest, onles the souldier weare to weake or to wearye.

In the 6. how he shall well and readily take the matche out of the left hand with the thumbe and the second linger holding ever the Musket in a due height.

In the 7. (having taken the matche betwixt the thumbe and second finger) how he shall bring the match to the mouth and blow it of without bowinge hym to much towardes it.

In the 8. how with the thumbe and second finger he shall orderly cocke the match, and not skrue it in. having before directed the widenesse of the cocke to the thicknesse of the matche.

In the 9. how he shall handsomely trye and governe the matche with the thumbe and second finger to the ende he maye presently let it higher, lower, longer or shorter.

In the 10. how he shall blow of the match and together with the two fore fingers cover the pan lidde (for feare of sparkes falling therin) and also open the same handsomely.

In the 11. how having layde the Musket in the rest (keeping alwayes the mouth of it at a reasonable height) setting the left legge before and the Musket rest some what forward, he shall be then readie to present.

In the 12. how he shall present well and hold the Musket and the rest in the left hand, beating the right arme or elbow somwhat up and turning a little the bodye to the left side, the left knee bowed and the right legge straight, and this not onely for fashions sake, but also that the Muskett may be helde and shott of the surer. Besides must be regarded that when he will present, he set the Musket hard (not against the shoulder) but against the brest: for it is so more gracefull besides he shall not laye his cheeke to the stocke before he have set the Musket to his brest, because it hath other wayes no grace, much lesse can he shoote surely but to the contrarie for the most part slubbers it over in haste.

In the 13. how he having discharged shall trust the Musket a little forward, take up the rest and hold the same with the Musket in the same hand. and not trayle it, onles he were to wearie holding alwayes the Musket up, for feare of hurting any man, if the Musket should chaunce not to have gone of.

In the 14. how he shall oderley take the matche out of the cock with the same fingers he put it in, not pluckinge or snatchinge it out for feare of deadinge the coale.

In the 15. how he shall joyne againe the match betwixt the fingers where he hath taken it out, and ever hold the Musket in a meet height.

In the 16. how he shall blow of the sparkes, if any be remayned in the pann, to the ende the tutch-boxe do not rake fire, when he will put pouder in it, where by he might hurt him self, having in the meane tyme the tutch-boxe in the right hand, for to loose no tyme.

In the 17. how he shall put pouder in the pann out of the tutchbox, and not out of the charges, because the charges are drawne to and fro in charginge, and that is a great hinderance to the quicknes required in shooting.

In the 18. how he shall shutt the panne with the fore finger like, as this figure sheweth.

In the 19. how he shall cast the tutch pouder from the pann lidde, to the ende the Musket doe not go of unadvisedlye when he comes to trye the match.

In the 2o. how he shall blow the pouder of the pann lidde if any were remained there on, for more assurance.

In the 21. how (to charge againe) he shall turne the Musket with the rest guydinge, or as it were, steeringe the same at the lower part or end with the right hand towards the left side.

In the 21. how he having turned the Musket shall let the same sinke to the left side and trayle the rest, and to doe it more convenientlye the right hand must presently succour the left.

In the 23. how he shall trust open the charges with the tumbe, trayle the rest and hold the Musket from the ground, if he be able.

In the 24. h0w he shall charge the Musket out of the charges, letting the Musket rest yet trayle, but

no waye sufferinge the Musket to come to the ground, if he be not to wearie.

In the 25. how he shall with a turned hand draw the skowringstick out of the stock, traylinge the rest but not the Musket.

In the 26. (desirous to take shorter the skowring-stick) how he shall thrust the same (turned) against the bodye letting the hand slippe hastely to the neather ende for to bring it the surer in the Musket and if he will shoote with a bullet, he shall with the same hand that tooke shorter the skowring-stick, take speedely the bullet out of his mouthe or place where he usually carrieth them, and so let it fall or roule into the Musket.

In the 27. how he shall with the skowring-stick ramme the pouder and bullet together in the Musket trayling still the rest but not the Musket, if he be strong ynough.

In the 28. how he shall with a turned hand draw the skowring stick out of the Musket againe, trayling the rest but the Musket from the ground, if he be able.

In the 29. how (to take the skowring-stick shorter) he shall set the same againe to the bodye, as is sayd before.

In the 30. how (having the skowring-stick under at the ende) he shall put the same surely and speedely againe in the stock.