Sigmund ain Ringeck/Jörg Bellinghausen-David Rawlings LS 2001-2003

Jörg Bellinghausen (2001)

This is the beginning of the interpretation

of the Knightly Art of the Langenschwert, written down in rhymes by the grand Fechtmeister of the Medieval German school, Johannes Liechtenauer. He recorded his teachings in secret words, so that the art may not be commonly spread. These secret phrasings were later interpreted and commented on in a book by Sigmund Ringeck, at the time Fechtmeister of Albrecht, Count Palatine of Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.

Note: This is the first tenet of the long sword: learn to strike blows equally well from both sides if you want to learn to fence well.

Note: If you want to strike from the (your) right side, make sure, your left foot is forward (at the beginning); if you want to strike from the left side, the right foot must be forward.

If you strike an Oberhau from the right side then, follow the blow with your right foot.

If you do not the blow is wrong and ineffective, because your right side stays behind. Because of this the blow will fall short and cannot travel in its proper arc towards the left side.

If you strike from the left side and you do not follow the blow, it too is wrong,. That is why no matter from which side you are striking follow the blow with the same foot. So you will succeed in all techniques. This is how you shall strike all blows.

When you are closing to an opponent, do not watch his blows and do not wait for what he might use against you. Because all fencers, who just wait for their opponents blows and do not do anything else than warding them off, do not succeed very often. They are defeated very often.

Note: Always fence using all of your strength! When you're close, strike at his head and at his body, so he may not be able to change through (Durchwechseln) in front of your point. After the blow, from the bind, strike light blows at his next opening, as is described in the section about different blows and other techniques.

Note: This tenet is addressed to left-handers and right-handers. If you are a right-handed fencer and you are closing to an opponent and you think you can hit him, do not strike the first blow from the (your) left side. Because you are weak there and you cannot resist, if he binds strongly against your blade. Because of this, strike from the right side, you can work strongly "Am Schwert" ("on the sword") and you can use all techniques you like.

So, if you are left-handed, do not strike from the right side, since left-handers are usually not used to strike effectively from the right side and vice versa.

Note: Above all other things, you must understand the principles of "before" (Vor) and "after" (Nach), because the entire art of fencing is based upon it. "Before" means, preempting him with a blow or a thrust against an opening before he can hit you, so he must defend/displace (Versetzen). So, be flexible in your defence and aim with your sword at one opening after the other, so he cannot get through with his own techniques. But, if he rushes in, start wrestling.

"After" means:

If you do not succeed with the "before", wait for the "after". These are the defenses against all techniques he uses against you. So, if you have to displace him, make the displacement "simultaneously" (Indes) and from the bind, strike immediately at his nearest opening.

So you win the "before" and he remains in the "after". Also, you should – during the "before" and "after" –notice "simultaneously" (Indes) how you can "work" against the strong or the weak of his sword.

This means: The strong of the sword reaches from the crossguard to the middle of the blade, with it, you can hold opposed, if somebody binds against it. The weak reaches from the middle of the blade to the point. Here you cannot hold opposed. If you firmly understand this, you can "work" and defend yourself very well.

Princes and Lords learn to survive with this art, in earnest and in play. But if you are fearful, then you should not learn to fence. Because a despondent heart will always be defeated, regardless of all skill.

Overview of The Fighting Techniques

Note: these are the names of the main techniques of the art of the long sword, whose names are chosen in such a way that you may understand them better. There are seventeen techniques and they start with the five strikes.

1. The first strike is the strike of wrath (Zornhau)
2. The second one is the "crooked strike" (Krumphau)
3. The third one is the Zwerchhau
4. The fourth one is the squinting strike (Schielhau)
5. And the fifth one is the "parting strike" (Scheitelhau)
6. Sixth there are the four basic guards
7. Seventh there are the four techniques of displacement (Versetzen)
8. Eighth there is the Nachreissen ("Traveling after")
9. Ninth there is the Overrunning (Ueberlaufen)
10. Tenth there is the setting aside (Absetzen)
11. Number eleven is the changing through (Durchwechseln)
12. The twitching (Zucken)
13. The running through (Durchlaufen)
14. The cutting off (Abschneiden)
15. The pressing of the hands
16. The "Hanging"
17. And finally there is the Winding

The Fighting Techniques: The Strike of Wrath and the Winding

Note: When your adversary strikes at you from his right side with a strike from above (Oberhau), then hit with a strike of wrath from your right shoulder against it. Strike with your true edge and in your strong. When he is weak at the sword then, thrust into his face along his blade.

When you thrust against his face from the strike of wrath and he notices this and displaces the thrust with strength, pull your sword upwards, away from his. And then strike to the head from the other side, also along his blade.

When you strike a strike of wrath and he displaces it and remains strong at the sword, hold strongly against it. With the strong of your sword, slide up to the weak (schwech) of his blade, wind the hilt in front of your head while remaining on the sword (am schwert) and thrust into his face from above.

When you thrust from the Winding as described and he displaces the thrust by lifting up his arms and his hilt, stay in the Winding and take the Ort (point or thrust) down between his arms and breast.

Note: When you engage at the sword ("binden") with strength and your adversary pulls his sword upwards and strikes at your head from the other side, then bind strongly with the true edge and strike him on the head.

You must notice immediately, if someone is weak or strong at the sword if he binds at your sword with a strike or a thrust. If you have noticed that, you shall know simultaneously, if it is better to fight him in the "before" (Nach) or the "after" (Vor). But don’t engage rashly in close-combat (Krieg), this is nothing else than Winding (Winden) at the sword.

In close-combat you should do the following: if you strike him with the strike of Wrath and he displaces it, lift up your arms and, at the sword, wind the point to the upper opening. When he displaces (Versetzen) the thrust, stay in the winding and thrust to the lower opening. If he follows your sword in the displacement (Versatzung), lead your point through under his sword (disengage under – "durchführen") and thrust to the other opening on his right side. This is how you can defeat him in close-combat.

These are the four openings you should aim at in combat. The first opening is the right side, the second opening is the left side above the belt. The other openings are the right and left side below the belt. Already pay attention to the openings when you are closing in, aim at the ones he (your adversary) exposes.

Thrust with the "long point" (Langer Ort), use the "traveling after" (Nachreissen) and all other opportunities. Don’t pay attention to what he’s up to, fence securely and you’ll hit so outstandingly, that he’ll not be able to get through with his own techniques.

Mutieren and Duplieren against the four openings:

If you want to break one of the four openings by force, then "Dupliere" at the upper opening, against the Starke (strong) of his sword, and then "Mutiere" to another opening. Against this, he cannot defend himself and he will not be able to either strike or thrust.

Duplieren:

When you strike a strike of wrath (Zornhau) or any other Oberhau and he displaces it with strength, with the left hand, immediately thrust the pommel of your sword under your right arm. With crossed hands, behind his blade and in between the blade and his body, strike him diagonally through the face. Or strike him on the head.

Mutieren:

If you bind against his sword, with an Oberhau or otherwise, wind the short edge at his sword, raise your arms and thrust at the lower opening from the outside along his blade. You can use that from both sides.

The "Krumphau": This is how you should strike the Krumphau at the hands. When he attacks you from his right side with an Oberhau or Unterhau, jump out of the strike with your right foot towards his left side and with crossed hands strike against his hands using the point.

This is how you can Absetzen ("set aside") the cuts from above with the Krumphau: If he attacks you from his right side with an Oberhau, step towards his left side with your right foot and put your point in the Schrankhut. Practice this from both sides. From the setting aside you can strike him on the head.

If you want to weaken a master, then while he strikes an Oberhau from his right side strike a Krumphau with crossed hands against his sword.

When you strike him with the Krumphau against his sword, from the sword immediately strike upwards against his head with the short edge. Or after the Krumphau wind the short edge at his sword and thrust him into the breast.

When he strikes an Oberhau from his right shoulder, pretend as if you are going to bind against his sword with a Krumphau. But let your strike fall short, lead your point trough under his sword and wind your hilt over your head and to your right side. Then thrust him in the face.

This is how you can break the Krumphau: If you attack him from your right side with an Oberhau and he displaces this with a Krumphau with crossed hands from his right side, then strongly hold your sword against his. And "shoot" (thrust) the point at his breast with your arms extended.

Another defense against the Krumphau: If you attack him from your right side with an Oberhau and he displaces (Versatzung) this with a Krumphau with crossed hands from his right side and if he pushes your sword to the ground, then wind towards your right side, raise your arms over your head and thrust at his breast from above. If he displaces that, stand as you are, with the hilt in front of your head and nimbly work with the point from one opening to the other. This is called the "noble war" and with this you’ll confuse him so much, that he will not know how to defend himself against your attacks.

The Zwerchhau

The Zwerchhau counters all downward strikes made from above. Do it like this: If he strikes an Oberhau at your head, "jump" (make a large, explosive step) to his left side with your right foot, while you jump, turn your sword, so that your hilt is high in front of your head and your thumb is down (on the flat of the blade) and strike at his left side with your short edge. So you catch his strike with your hilt and hit him simultaneously on the head.

This is how you can work with the stark (strong) from the Zwerch: If you strike with the Zwerch, pay attention to strike strongly with the strong of your sword against his blade. If he strongly holds against it, strike him - at the sword - on the head behind his blade with your hands crossed. Or cut him trough the face.

When you bind at his sword with the strong of your sword with the Zwerch and he strongly holds against it, push down his sword to your right side with your hilt. And immediately strike again with the Zwerch to the right side of his head.

If you bind against his sword with the Zwerch and he is "soft" at the sword, place the short edge at the right side of his neck, jump behind his left foot with your right foot and tear him over with the sword.

If you bind against his sword with the Zwerch and he is "soft" at the sword, push his sword down with the Zwerch and lay the short edge at his throat.

A defense against the upper Zwerch:

When you bind at his sword with an Oberhau or another strike from your right side and he strikes with the Zwerch at your other (left) side, forestall this with a Zwerch to his neck under his sword.

This is how you can strike to the four openings with the Zwerch: When you close in with your adversary with the "Zufechten", at the right moment, jump towards him and strike with the Zwerch to the lower opening of his left side. This is called "striking towards the plow" ("zum Pflug schlagen").

When you have attacked the lower opening with the Zwerch, immediately strike another Zwerch to the other side, at his head. This is called "striking towards the ox" ("zum Ochsen schlagen"). And then strike swiftly alternating the Zwerch towards the plow and the ox, crosswise from one side to the other. Then you can disengage from him with an Oberhau to the head.

When you strike the Zwerch, you shall always jump to his flank, namely towards the side on which you want to hit him. So you can hit his head. And pay attention that you cover the front of your head with the hilt while jumping.

The "Fault" (Feint):

All fencers who rely on displacing are deceived and defeated with the fault. When you close with him, feint any Oberhau to his left side. From there (when he wants to displace it) you can easily hit another opening.

The "Verkehrer":

If you bind at your adversaries sword with an Oberhau or an Unterhau, turn your sword so that your thumb is down and thrust to his face from above. So you force him to displace the thrust. While he displaces, grab his right elbow with your left hand, place your left leg in front of his right leg and toss him over.

The Double Feint:

Here, you must deceive him twice while closing in. When you come close to him with the Zuefechten, jump towards him with the left foot and feint a Zwerch to the left side of the head. But then turn the blow over and strike to the right side of his head.

If you have attacked him on the right side of the head as described, strike immediately at the same spot. Then go over his sword with the short edge and your hands not crossed, jump to your left side and cut through his face with the long edge.

The "Squinter":

The Squinter is a strike which primarily "breaks" the strikes and thrusts of those fencers, who rely only on their strength. Do it like this: If he attacks you from his right side, strike from your right side with the short edge and extended arms against the weak of his sword and hit him on the right shoulder. If he changes through, thrust him into his breast with your arms extended. You should strike like this, too, if he faces you in the guard of the plough or if wants to thrust you from below.

Note: You should always deceive him with your line of vision. Pay attention, if he fights short (feints). You will know this when he does not extend his arms when striking. You should strike then, too, move your point trough under his sword and thrust him into the face.

Note: The Squinter breaks the "long point" and this is done as follows:

When he faces you and points his point against your breast or face with extended arms, place your left foot forward and look at his point. Feint a strike against his point, strike strongly against his sword with the short edge and "shoot" (thrust) , with a forward step with the right foot, your point against his throat, with your arms extended.

When he strikes an Oberhau, look at his head, as if you intend to strike him there. But then strike against his blow with the short edge and then strike at the hands with your point, along his blade.

The "Parting Strike"

Note: the parting strike is aimed at the face or breast. Do it like this: If he is in the guard Alber, strike vertically downward with the long edge. And while striking, keep your arms up high and move your point to his face.

If you move the point at his face from above with the parting strike and he displaces the point with the (his) hilt up, turn your sword, lift the (your) hilt high above your head and thrust him down into the breast.

When you strike a parting strike and he displaces with the hilt high above his head, then this displacement is called "the crown". From there you can rush in.

If he breaks the parting strike or any other Oberhau with the crown and tries to rush in, cut him in the Arm under his hands and push upward, so that the crown is broken. Then turn your sword from the low cut into a high one and free yourself in this way.

The Four Guards

There are only four basic positions which are useful in combat, this are Ochs, Alber, Pflug, and vom Tag.

The first guard: Ochs (the Ox) Stand with your left foot forward, hold your sword at the right side of your head, your point directed at his face.

The second guard: Pflug (the Plough) Stand with the left foot forward and hold your sword at your right side above your knee, with your hands crossed, your point directed at his face.

The third guard: Alber (the Fool) Stand with your right foot forward and hold your sword in front of you with your arms extended, your point directed at the ground.

The fourth guard: vom Tag ("From the Roof") Stand with your left foot forward and hold your sword at the side of your right shoulder or above your head with your arms extended.

And in this book, you’ll find written down how to fence from these guards.

7. The Four Displacements (Versatzungen)

You have heard previously, that you shall fight only from four guards. Now, you shall get to know the four displacements, which are four strikes.

The first strike is the "crooked strike" (Krumphau). It counters the guard (Hut) ochs.

The second strike is the Zwerchhau. It counters the guard Vom Tag.

The third strike is the "squinter" (Schielhau). It counters the guard Pflug.

The fourth strike is the parting strike (Scheitelhau). It counters the guard Alber.

And beware of all displacements used by bad fencers. Note: Strike, when he strikes, thrust, when he thrusts. And in this chapter and in the chapter on the five strikes you shall find written down how you shall strike and thrust.

A Technique against a Displacement:

If a strike of yours has been displaced, note: if an Oberhau of yours is displaced, stay in the bind, move your pommel over his forward hand and tear it down; and strike him on the head simultaneously.

A Second Technique against a Displacement:

If you strike an Unterhau from the right side and he falls on your sword (i.e., he pushes it downwards), so that you cannot lift it up, move the pommel over his sword and, with a snapping motion, strike him on the head with the long edge. Or, if he falls on your sword on your left side, strike him with the short edge (Kurze Schneide).

A Third Technique against a Displacement:

If you strike an Oberhau from the right and if you want to end the fight, then note: when he displaces, immediately strike around (i.e., to the other side) with the Zwerchhau. Grab the blade of you sword with the left hand and thrust into his face. Or attack one of the other openings you can reach best.

A Fourth Technique against a Displacement:

If you thrust at his face at the Halb Schwert (half-sword) and he displaces this, immediately strike him on the other side of the head with the pommel. Or jump with the right foot behind his left foot, move your pommel around his neck from the right shoulder (i.e., his right side) and tear him down over your right leg.

8. The "Traveling After" (Nachreissen):

There are two kinds of Nachreissen, and you should learn both. Use the first against an Oberhau. If he raises the sword to strike, travel after him with a strike or a thrust and hit him in the upper opening before he can complete the strike. Or fall on his raised arms with the Lange Schneide (long edge) and push him away from you.

Another Nachreisen

When he strikes an Oberhau and brings the blade down with the strike, travel after him with a strike on the head before he can get his sword up again.

But if he wants to thrust at you and pulls the sword back to prepare for the thrust, travel after him and thrust at him, before he can do it himself.

The "Abnahmen" from the outside

Note, there are two "Abnahmen" from the Outside, which are two "Nachreisen" at the sword (am Schwert). Do them like this: If his strike falls short, travel after him. If he displaces that, stay at the sword and check whether he's hard or soft in the bind. When he pushes up your sword with strength, place your blade on the outside of his blade and thrust at his lower opening.

The second Abnahmen from the outside

Also, if you fence against him with low strikes or other techniques, and he forestalls this and winds against your sword from above, so that you cannot move it up, maintain stronglcontact with his sword from below. If he then attacks yopur high opening follow with your sword, take the weak of his blade with your long edge, push it down and thrust into his face.

The "Fühlen" ("feeling") and the word "Indes" ("while" or "during")

You shall learn and understand both the word "Fühlen" and the word "Indes", because these two belong together and together they account for the greatest art and skill in fencing.

Therefore remember: if one binds against the others sword, you shall notice – right in the moment when the blades make contact - whether he has bound hard or soft. And as soon as you have noticed this, remember the word "Indes": this means that you should attack the next opening immediately and nimbly, hard or soft. So he will be defeated before he knows it himself.

Likewise, you shall remember the word "Indes" during all binds at the sword, because

"Indes" dupliert
and "Indes" mutiert,
"Indes" rushes through
and
"Indes" takes the ‚Schnitt‚,
"Indes" wrestles
and "Indes" disarms him,
"Indes" – in the art of fencing - does, what your heart desires.

"Indes" is a sharp word, which cuts all fencers, that don't know anything about it. And "Indes" is the key, which unlocks the art of fencing.

A third Nachreisen

When he strikes short in front of you, travel after him with a strike to the high opening. If he moves up and winds against your sword from below, note: as soon as the swords clash together, fall on his arms with the long edge and push him away from you. Or cut through his face. Practice this from both sides.

David Rawlings (2003)

(9) The uberlaufen the overflowing.

If when coming in to attack, he strikes with a strike or cut to the lower opening, then do not deflect him. Instead, wait and cut or thrust with a strike, or a high cut to the head. This way you can defeat him, because the higher strikes or cuts have a longer range than the lower ones.

(10) The placing. (das absetzen).

You should learn to stop strikes and cuts correctly, so that his point is broken and yours hits. Practice it like this: when he stands in front of you as if he wants to aim(stab at) for the lower opening, then begin in the guard plug(plough) on your right side and open up your left side, if he then thrusts to your left hand side, twist/bind your sword against his on your left hand side and step with the right foot a step to him: This way your point strikes and his fails(misses).

The second placing.

When standing against him in the guard pflug (plough) on the left hand side, and he strikes to your upper left hand opening, then drive high to the left with the hilt before your head, take a step toward him with the right foot and stab him in the face.

(11) The changing through. (durchwechseln).

Drive it so: when he wants to bind against a blow or cut , so let the point slide through under his sword: then you will find his opening.

(12) The Jerk (Das zucken)

When you come to fence, so hit him from the right with an oberhau to the head. If he binds at the sword, then step in close to him(still binding ), jerk your sword quickly from above his and hit from the other side to his head. If he deflects it again, then strike him again to the other side, and then work cleverly to the upper opening with duplieren and other pieces.

(13) The running through (durchlaufen).

Notice: when he runs in, driving high with the arms and wants to subdue you with force from above, then drive high with your arms also and hold the pommel over your head with the left hand , so that the blade hangs down behind your back. Duck under his right arm and spring through with the right foot (Place it behind his right foot). In the spring grasp him around the breast and throw him over your hip.

A second running through:

If while you are running through, he wishes to subdue you with strength from above, then hold the pommel with the left hand and let the blade hang down behind your back. Duck under his right arm, but leave your right leg in front of his. Grab him around the back with your right hand and throw him over your hip, behind you.

A battle in the sword.

If he tries to run in, then let go of the sword with the left hand and hold it in the right. Knock his sword to the right to your right with your cross guard. Spring with the left foot in front of his right foot grab him around the middriff, take him onto your left hip and throw him to the floor.

Though make sure that you do not fail.

A second battle in the sword.

If he tries to run in, then let go of the sword with the left hand, and hold it in the right hand, knock his sword to your right side with your cross guard. spring with your left foot behind his right, grab him around the chest with your left arm and throw him behind you over your leg.

A third battle in the sword.

If you run in, then let go of the sword with your left hand and hold it in your right, then raise the pommel from the out side over his right arm, and pull him down, then grab his right elbow with your left hand, spring with your left foot in front of his right, and pull him to the right over your leg.

A fourth battle in the sword.

If he runs in, then drive with the left hand reversed over his right arm and grabs your own right arm. Push with your right arm his right over your left, and spring with the right foot behind his right and turn to the left. This enables you to throw him over your right hip.

A fifth battle at the sword.

If he runs in, then reverse your left hand and drive it over his right arm, grab his sword by the grip, between his hands and pull to your left hand side

and he will suffer.

A sword captures.

If he displaces or in some other way binds your sword, then grab the swords in the middle of with your left hand (turned down). Hold them tightly together and drive your right hand underneath to your left side, over his hands. Then, pull upwards, to your right hand side, this way you get both swords.

(14) The cutting aside.

Note, there are four slices, two lower and two upper. Do the first like this: If he runs in from your left side, driving up with both arms and wants to overpower you from above. Then twist your sword and drop with the long edge under his hilt into his arm and press him upwards with the cut. But if he runs in from your right, then drop the false edge under and into his arm and press him up as before.

The second cut.

If you bind strongly against his sword, with a blow or otherwise, and he then jerks his sword away and tries to hit your head from above, then twist your sword, work through with the cross guard in front of your head and cut him under his arm. With this cut place the point underneath against his breast.

The third and fourth cuts.

If he binds with your sword from the left and then tries to strike around to your right with a zwerchhau or some other technique, then spring with your left foot out of the blow, to his right hand side and drop with the long edge from above, over both arms. Practise this from both sides.

(15) The press with the hands.

The change of the cut: If you can run in then cut him under the arm, so that your point is pointing to his right, then push up strongly with the cut. Simultaneously spring with your left foot to his right side, and wrap the long edge of your sword up over his arms so that your point is pointing to his left, then press his arms away from you.

(16) The hanging.

Note: There are two hangings from the same side: Drive them as follows: If you bind against his sword on the left while absetzen (setting aside) an attack to the lower opening, let your sword pommel hang to the ground and stab to his face from beneath. If he then deflects your point upwards, remain on the sword and drive high also. and let the point hang into his face from above. And learn all techniques from both hangings:Blows, thrusts and cuts, depending, on whether you feel he is soft or hard in the bind.

(17) The sprechfenster.

Note: this is the sprechfenster: If he binds with your sword with a strike or defection, so remain strongly on the sword with the long edge, with the point in front of his face, stand calmly and pay attention, to what his next move is.

If he strikes around the sword to the other side with an oberhau, then stay strongly in the bind and follow his strike, with the long edge, to his head.

Or if he strikes around with the zwerch, then fall on his arms with the overcut.

Or if he pulls his sword back and tries to stab you in the lower opening. Then then follow his thrust and stab him over the sword.

But if he wants neither to pull away or strike around, then work at the sword with duplieren and other techniques. Depending on whether or not you feel he is hard or soft at the sword.

The long point

Note: If coming in to fence, then your left point forward and place your point (with outstretched arms) against his breast or face. Or if he strikes to your head wind your sword against his blow and stab him to the face.

Or if he strikes you from above or beneath and wants to beat your blade to the side, then change through and thrust to the opening on the other side.

But if he hits your sword with strength, snap it around and hit to his head.

If he runs in then wrestle or cut.

Always make sure you do not fail.

The closing lesson. In the following it is taught briefly.

Note: In the art of fencing you should always be practised and ready, so that from each break you are able to operate, with blows, with trusts, and with cuts.

You should be able to use the hanging at the sword. And to wind from the hanging. And from the hanging you are likewise to be able to strike and cut.

The hanging and the winding.

There are four sword binds, two upper and two lower. From each bind you should control two winds.

So if he binds high to your left hand side, lift your arms and wind the short edge at his sword, leave the point hanging and thrust to his face. If he sets aside the thrust, wind to your right side and let the point hang.

Likewise if he binds high to your right side, then also wind to your right, with the long edge at his sword, lift up your arms let the point hang and thrust to his face. If he sets aside the thrust with strength then let his point rest on your sword above the hanging, wind to the left and thrust. These are the four windings from bindings to the upper left and upper right side.

Likewise you should control four windings from the lower bindings. just as above. This totals eight, and imagine that you can strike, thrust and cut, from each winding, so that twenty four techniques can come from one winding. And you are to learn the eight winds in this way, from both sides. So that with each strike you test whether he is hard or soft at the sword. And you have learnt to drive through all pieces that lead to winding, if not you will be hit within each winding.