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| <p>[7] '''Running through under the arm.'''</p>
 
| <p>[7] '''Running through under the arm.'''</p>
  
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| <p>[8] '''Winding over the arm with one hand'''</p>
 
| <p>[8] '''Winding over the arm with one hand'''</p>
  
 
<p>This is only a figure or note about winding over the arm from which in the next device comes.</p>
 
<p>This is only a figure or note about winding over the arm from which in the next device comes.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|20|lbl=14}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|20|lbl=14}}
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| <p>[9] I put my left hand on his right arm and with my right hand I grab him.</p>
 
| <p>[9] I put my left hand on his right arm and with my right hand I grab him.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|21|lbl=15}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|21|lbl=15}}
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| <p>[10] '''Wheeling the opponent'''</p>
 
| <p>[10] '''Wheeling the opponent'''</p>
  
 
<p>Here I step with my right leg as wide as I can toward his right leg.</p>
 
<p>Here I step with my right leg as wide as I can toward his right leg.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|22|lbl=16}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|22|lbl=16}}
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| <p>[11] '''The Ladder'''</p>
 
| <p>[11] '''The Ladder'''</p>
  
 
<p>Thereafter I run with my left leg behind towards him. this is called the bustard, and if I step out of the balance, this is called the wheel before the opponent.</p>
 
<p>Thereafter I run with my left leg behind towards him. this is called the bustard, and if I step out of the balance, this is called the wheel before the opponent.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|23|lbl=17}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|23|lbl=17}}
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| <p>[12] '''Lock-wrestling'''</p>
 
| <p>[12] '''Lock-wrestling'''</p>
  
 
<p>Then I come over his left arm with my left arm, and step with my left leg behind his right heel and pull him over my right knee. This can be done left or right.</p>
 
<p>Then I come over his left arm with my left arm, and step with my left leg behind his right heel and pull him over my right knee. This can be done left or right.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|24|lbl=18}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|24|lbl=18}}
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| <p>[13] '''This is the winning step.'''</p>
 
| <p>[13] '''This is the winning step.'''</p>
  
 
<p>Then I step with my right leg close into his right. Thereafter compose yourself as shown in the following figure.</p>
 
<p>Then I step with my right leg close into his right. Thereafter compose yourself as shown in the following figure.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|25|lbl=19}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|25|lbl=19}}
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| <p>[14] Step with the left leg behind his right leg and put your left hand under his chin and stretch it out, thereby you turn him onto his back and the winning step is completed.</p>
 
| <p>[14] Step with the left leg behind his right leg and put your left hand under his chin and stretch it out, thereby you turn him onto his back and the winning step is completed.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|26|lbl=20}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|26|lbl=20}}
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| <p>[15] While winding in, I step with my right leg onto the inside his left leg and do the half-hip.</p>
 
| <p>[15] While winding in, I step with my right leg onto the inside his left leg and do the half-hip.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|27|lbl=21}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|27|lbl=21}}
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| <p>[17] Here you come to the little wheel by the opponent where one arm is over and the other underneath. My right arm must be underneath and my left above, and I press my left hand onto his upper right leg.</p>
 
| <p>[17] Here you come to the little wheel by the opponent where one arm is over and the other underneath. My right arm must be underneath and my left above, and I press my left hand onto his upper right leg.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|29|lbl=23}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|29|lbl=23}}
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| <p>[18] Thereafter I must step with my left leg inside his right foot and let my left hand glide down onto his buttock and turn him round to the right side. That is the little wheel by the opponent.</p>
 
| <p>[18] Thereafter I must step with my left leg inside his right foot and let my left hand glide down onto his buttock and turn him round to the right side. That is the little wheel by the opponent.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|30|lbl=24}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|30|lbl=24}}
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| <p>[19] When I place my push hand on his right leg, then he should respond by placing his right hand on my left thigh. Then I must use my left hand / to pull away his right hand. And as I do so, / I step forward, so that I come to the previous devices that serve the little wheel and the sweep out.</p>
 
| <p>[19] When I place my push hand on his right leg, then he should respond by placing his right hand on my left thigh. Then I must use my left hand / to pull away his right hand. And as I do so, / I step forward, so that I come to the previous devices that serve the little wheel and the sweep out.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|31|lbl=25}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|31|lbl=25}}
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| <p>[20] This is the winning step by the opponent. Here must also one arm be underneath, and the the other above, and my right arm underneath, then I step the winning step with my right leg between his legs, and with the left behind his right.</p>
 
| <p>[20] This is the winning step by the opponent. Here must also one arm be underneath, and the the other above, and my right arm underneath, then I step the winning step with my right leg between his legs, and with the left behind his right.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|32|lbl=26}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|32|lbl=26}}
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| <p>[21] When I have stepped the winning step and have come behind his right with my left leg, then he bends down, and I put my left hand onto his throat, and then he is powerless against me.</p>
 
| <p>[21] When I have stepped the winning step and have come behind his right with my left leg, then he bends down, and I put my left hand onto his throat, and then he is powerless against me.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|33|lbl=27}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|33|lbl=27}}
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| <p>[22] '''What I lift up I lay down.'''</p>
 
| <p>[22] '''What I lift up I lay down.'''</p>
  
 
<p>This device I do thus: There must be one arm on top, and the other must be underheath, and when he wants press me onto himself, then I step out with my right leg behind his left, and lift up high with my left arm from the inside to his right leg, and bend a little backwards, then I have full power over him.</p>
 
<p>This device I do thus: There must be one arm on top, and the other must be underheath, and when he wants press me onto himself, then I step out with my right leg behind his left, and lift up high with my left arm from the inside to his right leg, and bend a little backwards, then I have full power over him.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|34|lbl=28}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|34|lbl=28}}
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| <p>[23] '''Benedict's technique'''</p>
 
| <p>[23] '''Benedict's technique'''</p>
  
 
<p>Here again must one arm be above, and the other underneath, and I press hard forward with my chin beside his neck. And when I notice that he bends down, then I put my left arm / between his legs and pull him to me / I push him away with my chin above, and then I have him however I want him.</p>
 
<p>Here again must one arm be above, and the other underneath, and I press hard forward with my chin beside his neck. And when I notice that he bends down, then I put my left arm / between his legs and pull him to me / I push him away with my chin above, and then I have him however I want him.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|35|lbl=29}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|35|lbl=29}}
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| <p>[24] '''The two hips'''</p>
 
| <p>[24] '''The two hips'''</p>
  
 
<p>These are the two hips, where again one arm is above, and the other underneath. Then I step out with my right leg over his right leg and use the hip and pull him over it. (If I) Do not let him fall, then his right leg comes before my right, and I then step with back with my left leg, then he throws me over also. It is gentlemanly of him.</p>
 
<p>These are the two hips, where again one arm is above, and the other underneath. Then I step out with my right leg over his right leg and use the hip and pull him over it. (If I) Do not let him fall, then his right leg comes before my right, and I then step with back with my left leg, then he throws me over also. It is gentlemanly of him.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|36|lbl=30}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|36|lbl=30}}
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| <p>[25] The following figure applies to the next.</p>
 
| <p>[25] The following figure applies to the next.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|37|lbl=31}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|37|lbl=31}}
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| <p>[26] '''The elbow hip.'''</p>
 
| <p>[26] '''The elbow hip.'''</p>
  
 
<p>When someone grabs the front of my doublet, then I sweep him hard with my elbow on his fist and I stoop down low in the balance / so that my elbow pulls his fist away, the I straighten myself up, follow after with my right hand, step out with my right leg and use the right hip, which goes forcefully.</p>
 
<p>When someone grabs the front of my doublet, then I sweep him hard with my elbow on his fist and I stoop down low in the balance / so that my elbow pulls his fist away, the I straighten myself up, follow after with my right hand, step out with my right leg and use the right hip, which goes forcefully.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|38|lbl=32}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|38|lbl=32}}
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| <p>[27] When someone wants to grab hold of me, I put both arms over his arms and gather them underneath, and heave him up by the arms, and with my right right foot I sweep his left, and he falls over.</p>
 
| <p>[27] When someone wants to grab hold of me, I put both arms over his arms and gather them underneath, and heave him up by the arms, and with my right right foot I sweep his left, and he falls over.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|39|lbl=33}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|39|lbl=33}}
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| <p>[28] When someone grabs me the front of my doublet with both hands, I reach with both of my elbows between his arms and I sink down low in the balance. That way I pull both his arms away.</p>
 
| <p>[28] When someone grabs me the front of my doublet with both hands, I reach with both of my elbows between his arms and I sink down low in the balance. That way I pull both his arms away.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|40|lbl=34}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|40|lbl=34}}
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| <p>[29] '''This piece is called breaking in with both elbows'''<br/><br/></p>
 
| <p>[29] '''This piece is called breaking in with both elbows'''<br/><br/></p>
  
 
<p>When I have pulled away both his arms, then I have both of my arms undereath. I then grab hold of both of his legs with my arms and lift him onto me and push my knees apart, I bring both his legs over my knee.</p>
 
<p>When I have pulled away both his arms, then I have both of my arms undereath. I then grab hold of both of his legs with my arms and lift him onto me and push my knees apart, I bring both his legs over my knee.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|41|lbl=35}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|41|lbl=35}}
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| <p>[30] '''The Dung hoe'''</p>
 
| <p>[30] '''The Dung hoe'''</p>
  
 
<p>When someone has both arms under and presses me to himself with power then I place my right hand under his chin and push him away from me. And in pushing through I step with my right leg into the back of his left knee. This piece also goes left and right.</p>
 
<p>When someone has both arms under and presses me to himself with power then I place my right hand under his chin and push him away from me. And in pushing through I step with my right leg into the back of his left knee. This piece also goes left and right.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|42|lbl=36}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|42|lbl=36}}
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| <p>[31] I place my left hand on this right as close as I can. From here comes the following piece.</p>
 
| <p>[31] I place my left hand on this right as close as I can. From here comes the following piece.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|43|lbl=37}}
 
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| <p>[34] '''Run-through under the arm'''</p>
 
| <p>[34] '''Run-through under the arm'''</p>
  
 
<p>Here I grab hold of his left hand which push upwards and slip my head under his left arm and through, and step with my left leg between both his legs. Then my left hand comes between his legs  and I straighten myself up and lift him up in the air.</p>
 
<p>Here I grab hold of his left hand which push upwards and slip my head under his left arm and through, and step with my left leg between both his legs. Then my left hand comes between his legs  and I straighten myself up and lift him up in the air.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|46|lbl=40}}
 
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| <p>[35] With my left hand I pull his left hand to me and reach in with my left hand under his right elbow. Thus he gives me his entire back.</p>
 
| <p>[35] With my left hand I pull his left hand to me and reach in with my left hand under his right elbow. Thus he gives me his entire back.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|47|lbl=41}}
 
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| <p>[36] I let my right hand reach through between his legs and stri him over his throat with my left hand and press him down low with the left hand heaving him with the right hand ut in the air.</p>
 
| <p>[36] I let my right hand reach through between his legs and stri him over his throat with my left hand and press him down low with the left hand heaving him with the right hand ut in the air.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|48|lbl=42}}
 
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| <p>[37] Here I must put my right hand on his right thumb, with the left hand behind his shoulder. Thus I bring him into the wheel.</p>
 
| <p>[37] Here I must put my right hand on his right thumb, with the left hand behind his shoulder. Thus I bring him into the wheel.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|49|lbl=43}}
 
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| <p>[38] </p>
 
| <p>[38] </p>
  
 
<p>When he steps with the right leg then I step with the left behind his right and reach through with my left hand under his right breast, and thus I get his right leg with my right hand.</p>
 
<p>When he steps with the right leg then I step with the left behind his right and reach through with my left hand under his right breast, and thus I get his right leg with my right hand.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|50|lbl=44}}
 
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| <p>[39] '''A break of the lock-wrestling'''</p>
 
| <p>[39] '''A break of the lock-wrestling'''</p>
  
 
<p>When he grabs hold of me with his right hand then I use the left hip. This can be done left or right.</p>
 
<p>When he grabs hold of me with his right hand then I use the left hip. This can be done left or right.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|51|lbl=45}}
 
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| <p>[40] '''Another break against lockwrestling'''</p>
 
| <p>[40] '''Another break against lockwrestling'''</p>
  
 
<p>When he grabs hold of me with his right arm over his left, then I reach over on his neck with my left arm and step forward with my left leg and use the left hip which goes completely freely.</p>
 
<p>When he grabs hold of me with his right arm over his left, then I reach over on his neck with my left arm and step forward with my left leg and use the left hip which goes completely freely.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Ringer Kunst (Fabian von Auerswald) 1539.pdf|52|lbl=46}}
 
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Revision as of 05:07, 8 July 2020

Fabian von Auerswald
200px
Born 1462
Died ca. 1537
Occupation Wrestling master
Patron John Frederick zu Saxony
Genres Wrestling manual
Language Early New High German
Notable work(s) Ringer Kunst (1539)
Manuscript(s) 2° Col. MS Philos. 62 (ca. 1539)
Concordance by Michael Chidester

Fabian von Auerswald (1462 - after 1537) was a 15th-16th century German wrestling master. He served as wrestling master to John Frederick, Duke of Saxony, and mentions in his introduction that he instructed the children of the Elector and of members of the court in wrestling.

In 1537, Auerswald completed an extensive treatise on grappling, which was later illustrated by Lucas Cranach the Elder and published posthumously in 1539 by Hans Lufft under the title Ringer kunst: funf und Achtzig Stücke ("The Art of Wrestling: Eighty-Five Devices"). One of the earliest printed treatises on wrestling, the book includes lucid descriptions and detailed illustrations of all of its 85 devices, including one of only two known descriptions of the game called "wrestling in the pit". This treatise saw relatively wide circulation, and at least one wrestling master went as far as to commission a careful manuscript copy (2º Col.MS.Philos.62)), to which he added his own annotations on many of the techniques. Auerswald's work also formed the foundation for Paulus Hector Mair's treatment of the subject in his own compilation fencing manuscripts of the 1540s.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Misnumbered—should be 27. From this point on, all numbers are offset by one.
  2. Note: the woodcut shows the technique with the sides reversed.