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| <p>[42]</p>
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| <small>49</small>
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| {{red|Thwart takes<br/>What comes From the Day.}}
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<p>Mark, the Thwart-hew breaks the guard From the Day and all hews that come hewn down From the Day above, and drive the Thwart-hew thus: When you go with the pre-fencing to the man, if he then stands against you and holds his sword with arms stretched up over himself, high over your head in the guard and waits on you, then mark when you come near to him. Then set the left foot forward and hold your sword with the flat on your right shoulder. If he then steps to you and threatens to strike you, then come Before and spring with the right foot well on your right side, and in the spring turn your sword with the hilt before your head, that your thumb comes below, and strike him with the short edge to the left side of his head, etc.</p>
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| <p>[43] ''Item when he comes before with the Over-hew, then step with your right foot on his left and strike to him with the Thwart Hew in the Strong of his blade, so is his hew parried. Meanwhile thrust the pommel with your left hand on your right side up near you, so you strike in in the left ear, or may the Doubling. While you him in his Strong have Thwarted, or is he thus Strong that you there to not come may, then thrust his sword away with the hilt and strike on your right side around and seek the other opening.''</p>
 
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| <p>[44] Item, but if he comes Before with the hew ere you, then spring with the right foot with the previously described parrying from the hew, well on your right side, and strike him with the Thwart, as is previously stated.</p>
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| <p>[45] ''Item, a counter against upper and lower Thwart strikes. When one has bound in on his sword with a Over-hew and strikes the Thwart around above or below, then remain with the hilt before your head and always turn your sword and stab in with your point to the nearest opening. So it goes from both sides.''</p>
 
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| <p>[46] ''Item, when one binds on you with a free Over-hew and hews the lower Thwart-hew to your right side, then remain thus standing and lay in the short edge on his neck.''</p>
 
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| <p>[47]</p>
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{| class="zettel"
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| <small>50</small>
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| {{red|Thwart with the Strong.<br/>Your work therewith mark.}}
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<p>Mark, that is when you hew to him with the Thwart, that you shall do with strength. If he then parries, then drive up with the Strong of your sword after the Weak of his sword. You then seize his Weak with the Strong, then work with the Mutating in over his sword to the lower opening or above to the neck. If you may not come to there, then work from the Doubling behind his sword with the strike to the head, etc.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 017v.jpg|1|lbl=17v}}
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| <p>[48] If he is too strong for you with the parrying so that you may not come to the technique, then thrust his sword away with the hilt and strike him with the Thwart to the other side. Or if he will run in on you, then take the Slice under his arms, etc.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 017v.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 018r.jpg|1|lbl=18r|p=1}}
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| <p>[49] ''Item, if one takes you by the neck to your right side, then release your sword from your left hand and thrust his sword with your right from your neck and step with your left foot against his right side before both of his feet and drive with your left arm over both his arms near by the hilt and drive him to dance or stab him below between his legs to the groin.''</p>
 
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| <p>[50] ''Item, when you will make the Thwart-hew on his left side, then do not hit and strike nimbly on his right side. If he then strikes to your right, then slice Meanwhile strongly in his hands, in the wrist of his right hand. That goes to both sides.''</p>
 
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| <p>[51]</p>
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{| class="zettel"
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| <small>51</small>
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| {{red|Thwart to the Plow,<br/>To the Ox, hard joined.}}
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| <small>52</small>
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| {{red|What you well Thwart<br/>With springing endanger the head.}}
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<p>Mark, you have heard before how that the Ox and the Plow are named two Liers or two Guards, so are they here called Four Openings. The Ox, that is the upper two openings on the right and left side of the head. So is the Plow the lower two openings, also the right and the left side, of the lower half of the girdle of the man. And these openings shall you strike with the Thwart in the pre-fencing, seeking all four.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 018r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 018v.jpg|1|lbl=18v|p=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 022v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 023r.jpg|1|lbl=23r|p=1}}
 
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| <p>[52] {{red|b=1|Here mark the Thwart strike to the Four Openings, etc.}}</p>
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<p>Item, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you in the guard From the Day, then spring with the right foot against him, well on your right side, and strike him with the Thwart above to the Ox on his left side with full art. If he parries, then strike him quickly below to the Plow on his right side, and then drive the Thwart-strike quickly further, always one to the Ox, the other to the Plow, crosswise from one side to the other, to the head and to the body, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[53] Item, you shall also remember that you always shall spring-out widely on a side with each Thwart-strike, so that you may therewith hit him to the head, and see that you meanwhile are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
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| <p>[54]</p>
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{| class="zettel"
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| <small>53</small>
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| {{red|Failer misleads.<br/>From below it hits as you wish.}}
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<p>Mark, the Failer is a technique that therewith becomes planned by the fencer and hits as he wishes, and strikes those that like to parry and those that hew to the sword and not to the openings of the body.</p>
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| <p>[55] Item, drive the Failer thus, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then hew the Under-hews from both sides, you then come on him with a Under-hew from your right side, then shoot the point therewith long in to the breast, so he must parry. Then spring quickly with the left foot on his right side, and do as if you will strike him thereto, and pull the hew, and strike quickly around again to the left side. Or, if you come before the left side with the Under-hew on him, then shoot in the point yet long, and drive the driving as it stands before in the nearest description, etc.</p>
 
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{| class="zettel"
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| <small>54</small>
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| {{red|Inverter forces<br/>Running-through, also with wrestling.}}
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| <small>55</small>
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| {{red|The elbow<br/>take knowingly, spring in his balance.}}
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<p>Mark, the Inverter shall you covertly bring in the pre-fencing when therewith you force the man so that you may Run-through him and correctly grasp him with wrestling.</p>
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| <p>[57] Item, drive the Inverter thus, when you are gone half to him with the pre-fencing, then go the other half further to him, each and every with the left foot before, and hew a free Under-hew from the right side towards the left side after each step-to, and with the hew, so Invert and turn the long edge on the sword always above. And as quickly as you you therewith bind him on his sword, then hang in the point Meanwhile in above and stab him to the face. If he parries the stab and drives high up with the arms, then Run-through him. Or, if he remains low with the hands with the parrying, then grip his right elbow with the left hand, and hold fast, and spring with the left foot in front of his right, and thrust him thus thereover.</p>
 
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| <p>[58] Item, and when you shall Run-through, that you will find hereafter described in the technique that speaks "Run-though, let hang with the pommel if you will wrestle."</p>
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{| class="zettel"
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| <small>56</small>
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| {{red|Failer twofold.<br/>If it hits, then make with the Slice.}}
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| <small>57</small>
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| {{red|Twofold further,<br/>Step in left and be not lax.}}
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<p>Mark, this is called the Twofold Failer, and drive it thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot before and hold your sword on the right shoulder, and when you see that he is even to you, then spring against him well out with the right foot on your right side, and do as if you will hew him with a free Thwart strike to his left side to his head, and pull the hew, and spring with the left foot well around him to his right side, and strike him with the Thwart to his head. If he parries and you hit his sword, then step away to the same side near him, and Slice him behind his sword's blade with the short edge with the Doubling in the mouth. Or fall in with the sword over both arms and Slice. Drive that to both sides. You may also likewise drive the Failer from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike if you will do that, etc.</p>
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Revision as of 00:59, 2 July 2016

Jud Lew
Born before ca. 1440s
Died date of death unknown
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano

Jud Lew was a 15th century German fencing master. His name signifies that he was Jewish, and some sources state that he was baptized Christian. He seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod.I.6.4º.3, a compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1450s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book, a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is a branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, but this seems to be an error.

Treatises

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund Schining ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but the exact nature of this relationship is currently unclear.

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than the other branch (particularly in the extensive Salzburg version of 1491) but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also includes glosses of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing only, and in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz. Apart from containing the most content, the Salzburg version is notable for including nine paragraphs of text that are not found in any other version of Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, but do appear in Ringeck (and constitute almost 10% of that gloss); this predates all known copies of Ringeck's text, but is another indicator of some connection between the works. Branch A was later used by Johannes Lecküchner as a source when he compiled his own gloss of a Recital on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken directly from the Rome,[2] while Augsburg II (1564) is taken from the Krakow but only includes the six illustrated devices of wrestling and their respective captions. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version, consisting solely of a sizeable fragment of the short sword gloss (hence its assignation to Branch B) which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

There is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into either branch, namely the Vienna version (included in a 1480 manuscript along with Paulus Kal's work, though Kal's personal level of involvement is unknown). The text of this copy is more consistent with the generally shorter descriptions of Branch A, but the overall contents much more closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword. The Vienna version may therefore be a copy of the original gloss before it split into these branches (or it may merely be an odd attempt by a scribe to synthesize the two branches into a single, shorter work).

While Branches A and B were originally presented in a single concordance on the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig page, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus Branch A has been moved here to Jud Lew's page, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the page of Pseudo-Danzig. As the Vienna version cannot be cleanly assigned to one branch or the other, it has been omitted for the present.

Temporary break

Additional Resources

References

  1. The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. Zabinski, pp 82-83
  3. sic : nahent
  4. sic : rechten
  5. sic : lonen
  6. "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  7. 7.0 7.1 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  8. Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  9. "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.
  10. Word omitted in the Augsburg.
  11. "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.
  12. Here Salburg combines the Jud Lew text with additional description from Sigmund ain Ringeck describing how the Crooked-hew is used as a counter-cut.
  13. Sentence omitted from the Augsburg.