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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 56.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 56.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 103.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 103.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[8] </p>
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| <p>[8] Next follows a hit in ''tierce'' against an attempted hit in ''quarte''. You were in ''tierce'' on the inside and your adversary tried to exclude your sword; you have disengaged in low ''tierce''; taking that ''time'' in order to hit between in ''quarte'' he has lowered his cloak to defend the lower parts; in that moment you too have dropped the elbow of your cloak arm, raising the hand so as to cover the whole face and thus entirely closing the path between your arms and have directed your sword on the outside of the cloak arm in the line left by the dropping of the elbow, for otherwise your view would have been obstructed by the cloak; at the moment of doing this you have thrust in ''tierce'' at an angle, so that your sword has passed without opposition from his cloak. Or it may be that you had tried to engage the adversary's sword on the outside. Seeing your weapons divided he has tried to hit in the opening by disengaging in ''quarte'' past your ''faible''. You have advanced your left side, which was behind, and resting your cloak on his sword have pushed it out of line and driven his points[!] so far upwards that it has not encountered the cloak; in this way you have made a hit over his cloak, and all the better if he has perhaps lowered the cloak in order to defend the lower parts, and thus has been unable to parry the stroke.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|153|lbl=143}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|153|lbl=143}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 57.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 57.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 104.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 104.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[9] </p>
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| <p>[9] In the next plate we see a hit in tierce against an attempted hit in ''tierce''. You were in low ''tierce'' and have carried the point of your sword away with the intention of leaving an opening between your weapons; the adversary has been enticed by the opening to hit in between, so that he has divided his weapons; his cloak hand has been left behind by his advancing the right side of his body. Being in a low position you have extended your arm and right foot and hit; your lunge has caused his sword to fall low. The same hit might be made in this way: you were in ''quarte'' with your arm withdrawn; you have allowed your point to be engaged by your adversary's sword in order to give him an opportunity to hit between the weapons with a disengage on the inside, he has attempted this hit and you, who had moved with this intention, have made a half turn from ''quarte'' to ''tierce'' which has freed your point and given you the chance to parry and hit.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|154|lbl=144}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|154|lbl=144}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 59.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 59.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 105.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 105.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[10] </p>
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| <p>[10] The next plate shows a cut of ''riverso'' at the leg with the left foot forward. The adversary had made a cut of ''mandiritto'' in the ''time'' of your moving to engage his sword, which was in ''seconde'' on the outside. You, being in ''tierce'', have perhaps parried and immediately let your sword fall on his leg, keeping the cloak at the defence. The stroke might be made in this way: the adversary has made a cut; you have parried with a ''quarte'' carrying the point towards his face; your point having failed to reach, without an interval you have changed to ''riverso'', passing with your sword between your own cloak arm and his sword; leaving your cloak for the defence, you have advanced the left foot and made the hit. If you had wished, you could at once have continued with the right foot, recovering your point into ''seconde'' against his chest and gone right on to his body.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|155|lbl=145}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|155|lbl=145}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 60.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 60.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 106.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 106.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[11] </p>
+
| <p>[11] Now follows a hit in ''seconde'' arising in a similar way. The adversary also was in ''seconde''; you have moved to engage his sword in ''tierce'' on the outside accompanied by the cloak; enticed by the opening you have given he has tried to cut in ''mandiritto''. With your sword and cloak in conjunction you have parried with the sword by forming a cross, a much safer method of parrying with these weapons than with the sword and dagger from the certainty you have of defending the lower parts by the cloak hanging from the arm; immediately after the parry you have disengaged in ''seconde'' on the inside and hit over his cloak arm, whilst he had lowered it to defend the lower parts; leaving your cloak on his sword you have carried the left foot so far forward that you have pushed his sword into an angle, as shown, an excellent and important result with these arms.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|156|lbl=146}}
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 55.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 55.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 107.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 107.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[12] </p>
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| <p>[12] The next is also a hit in ''seconde'' over the adversary's cloak arm. He has made a lunge in ''tierce'' on your moving to engage his sword on the inside; he has disengaged on the outside and made this stroke, carrying his cloak to defend his right side; in that time you have changed your hand to ''seconde'' and disengaged; resting your cloak on his sword and advancing you have passed through the gap between his arms and thus hit in the chest over the cloak. The hit might have followed from your making a feint of hitting in low ''tierce'' between his weapons, and his trying to parry and hit in ''tierce'' also; you have changed your hand to ''seconde'' and raised your sword so as to avoid his and keep it free, also changing the front of your body and resting your cloak on his sword. Or it might have arisen in another way: being in quarte with your point over the adversary's cloak hand, you have disengaged in the middle with a feint of hitting; in the time of the adversary's, who is deceived by this trick, trying to parry and hit, you have returned your point over his cloak hand, changed to ''seconde'' and made this hit.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|157|lbl=147}}
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 61.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 61.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 108.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 108.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[13] </p>
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| <p>[13] The last of the hits with the sword and cloak is a ''quarte'' on the left foot against a ''tierce'' on the right. You were on the left foot, with the feet close together, and closing distance; your adversary has seen an opening past the ''faible'' of your sword on the outside and over your cloak hand, since your sword was in ''tierce'' at such an angle that its point was above your cloak hand, on which it was supported for greater security and strength. Not realising the danger he has moved to hit that part in ''tierce'' in the straight line, thinking he would exclude your sword. You have changed from ''tierce'' to ''quarte'', disengaged your point and driven it on with the left foot; you have lunged with your cloak hand in conjunction and hit in ''quarte'', parrying with the cloak and carrying your right side forward in order to lengthen the reach; this has caused a change of front and lifted your adversary's sword, as shown. Or both may have been in ''tierce''; you have advanced with a feint of hitting in ''tierce'' on the outside of his sword, and he has moved to parry and hit in ''tierce'' in the straight line at the same time, making sure that his cloak would parry below. You who have moved with a cunning, have taken that time, disengaged your point on the inside and in the high lines, and hit with weapons in motion. This has happened because the adversary's cloak was separated from his sword; for if they had been united, your sword could not have passed, since the path would have been closed. From this you may understand the importance of the union of the weapons for the securing of good results.</p>
 
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| <p>[14] </p>
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| <p>[14] '''''End of first book.'''''</p>
 
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Revision as of 20:33, 2 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  36. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  38. The errata adds "l’".
  39. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  40. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  41. Should be 183.
  42. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.