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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 124.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 124.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[23] </p>
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| <p>[23] Here you will see a ''tierce'' on the left foot, which has acquired the control of the opponent's sword on the outside, the opponent also being in ''tierce''. With this advantage with the same guard you will continue right to the adversary's body. You will succeed because you have approached within distance without forming a guard, and when your foot came within danger you have covered yourself from your adversary's sword without touching it; you will advance without pause right to his body, taking a ''time'' according to the opportunity; if he offers no ''time'' you will follow along his sword, and continue as you have begun, preserving your union.</p>
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 126.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 126.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[25] </p>
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| <p>[25] The second hit below the sword on the outside has also followed from the same initial advantage. You have moved to engage the adversary's sword on the outside at the moment when your foot came within distance; the adversary, who was in ''tierce'', has taken that ''time'', changed to ''quarte'' and dropped his point in order to free it and hit in the right side below, turning his foot in order to carry his body out of the line of your point; seeing his object you have checked your hand in the position where it was, turned to seconde, bending the body forward brought your point underneath and excluded his sword, before it came into line. In this way you have made a hit in the side, following on to his body without stopping.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|187|lbl=177}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|187|lbl=177}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 127.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 127.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[26] </p>
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| <p>[26] The next plate represents a control acquired by a ''tierce'' against a ''seconde'' in this manner; without forming any position you have advanced and placed your sword in ''tierce'' against the adversary's sword at the moment when your foot brought you within distance, his sword being in ''seconde''; without touching his sword, you have covered yourself and prevented his hitting in his present line. With this control you can go on to hit in ''quarte'', carrying your hilt to the present position of your point against his sword; if he disengages as you advance to get the control, you can continue your advance by a counter-disengage in ''quarte'' and hit just the same. If it chanced that you were not so far advanced, that you could avoid his point by lowering the body, then by merely changing your hand to ''seconde'' you would hit below in the right side, and let his sword pass in vain above.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|188|lbl=178}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|188|lbl=178}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 128.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 128.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[27] </p>
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| <p>[27] From the same advantage acquired by a ''tierce'' against a ''seconde'' explained in the last discourse, has followed the hit now illustrated. Having controlled the adversary's sword with your ''tierce'' and seeing that he made no movement, realising also that you were defended in that line without need to touch his sword, you have passed on with the left foot and maintaining your defence have made a hit in ''quarte'' in the throat; you have kept your hilt against his sword and bent your body as far forward as possible. You see too that the heel of your right foot is raised, which shows how the pass will be continued right to his body.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|189|lbl=179}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 129.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 129.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[28] </p>
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| <p>[28] This hit also has arisen in a similar way. With the guard of ''tierce'' against the adversary's sword you have covered yourself and acquired the advantage. The adversary has taken that ''time'' and, lowering his body and point, has carried his right foot forward in order to hit below the sword, while you were trying to find his sword. You with a guard of ''tierce'' have begun your approach with little movement of the sword and without hurling it forward; seeing the adversary's plan you have abandoned your first policy and adopted another; by lowering your body and point in such a way as to leave your hilt against his sword and exclude it, you have hit in the chest as he was advancing; if he had changed from ''seconde'' to ''tierce'' to defend himself and thrust your sword away, he would still have been hit, because you would have changed from ''tierce'' to ''seconde'' and by lowering the body and continuing your advance you would still have hit in the chest, without his being able to parry or recover his point into line, because you would have passed before he started. Similarly if he had disengaged to hit in ''seconde'' on the outside above the sword, by changing to ''seconde'' and lowering your b0dy you would have hit below his sword. All these methods proceed excellently because of the advantage of the continued advance and because that guard of ''tierce'' has provoked the adversary to move.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|190|lbl=180}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|190|lbl=180}}

Revision as of 14:41, 4 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Temp

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. This word can't be read on the photos I have. It's a 6-letter word that seems to end in "s?ed". The Italian word means to move or advance, and Tom Leoni translates it as "fling".
  36. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  38. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  39. The errata adds "l’".
  40. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  41. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  42. Should be 183.
  43. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.