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| <p>[6] '''The second method of attacking without a pause with the sword & dagger.'''</p>
 
| <p>[6] '''The second method of attacking without a pause with the sword & dagger.'''</p>
  
<p>With this method also a guard of ''seconde'' is used, which has also been illustrated (Pl. 57.) it is formed with the feet in line and the points of the feet facing the adversary and wide apart, the body bent forwards and the shoulders in line, so that the whole of the chest faces the adversary; the arms and wea¬pons are held high and curved inwards, so that the point of the dagger meets the sword near the ''forte'' closing the path between the weapons against thrusts and cuts, with the point of the sword directed to the left, so as to cover the head entirely and defend it from any cut without any further parry. Thus the adversary can attack only below between the weapons towards the face, which may be easily defended by both weapons, which are advanced. The lower parts also are defended and safe by reason of the distance, where the adversary cannot reach them except by bringing his head close to your hands.</p>
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<p>With this method also a guard of ''seconde'' is used, which has also been illustrated (Pl. 57.) it is formed with the feet in line and the points of the feet facing the adversary and wide apart, the body bent forwards and the shoulders in line, so that the whole of the chest faces the adversary; the arms and weapons are held high and curved inwards, so that the point of the dagger meets the sword near the ''forte'' closing the path between the weapons against thrusts and cuts, with the point of the sword directed to the left, so as to cover the head entirely and defend it from any cut without any further parry. Thus the adversary can attack only below between the weapons towards the face, which may be easily defended by both weapons, which are advanced. The lower parts also are defended and safe by reason of the distance, where the adversary cannot reach them except by bringing his head close to your hands.</p>
  
 
<p>When you have formed this guard you should advance with short steps in order to keep the same distance between the feet When you are so far advanced that your hands have penetrated the point of the adversary's sword, you should then carry one of your feet into line with the other on the side on which you intend to attack, which will bring your body out of line a distance equal to half the space between your feet when on guard, and you will be so far advanced, that your adversary can no longer bring his point into line. If you have carried the left foot into line with the right, you can hit in ''quarte'', holding the point of your dagger turned downwards in order to exclude his sword, so that it cannot attack in the line of your body. If you have carried the right foot to the line of the left, you will have greater advantage in hitting, since in carrying the body away you can leave the dagger to defend the side nearest the adversary and direct your sword, which, as we have said, is high and held across the body, against the adversary; your sword will then be so far advanced that its forte will penetrate before his weapons can parry, and the point on coming into line will hit. If the adversary should attempt a rush, you should either parry by leaving your dagger to defend without however beating his sword, or carry your foot to the right and thrust the ''forte'' of your sword forward in order to exclude his sword and continue with the point to his body, meeting him at the very moment of his rush; in this way your success will be greater then when he remains steady on guard. If he remains on guard, it will be better to move to the outside with the right foot, when by the advantage of being already on the move, you will arrive so quickly that he cannot save himself. With this method you are certain that the adversary can never engage your sword, which is a very great advantage. If you observe these rules, you can attack any imaginable position on guard.</p>
 
<p>When you have formed this guard you should advance with short steps in order to keep the same distance between the feet When you are so far advanced that your hands have penetrated the point of the adversary's sword, you should then carry one of your feet into line with the other on the side on which you intend to attack, which will bring your body out of line a distance equal to half the space between your feet when on guard, and you will be so far advanced, that your adversary can no longer bring his point into line. If you have carried the left foot into line with the right, you can hit in ''quarte'', holding the point of your dagger turned downwards in order to exclude his sword, so that it cannot attack in the line of your body. If you have carried the right foot to the line of the left, you will have greater advantage in hitting, since in carrying the body away you can leave the dagger to defend the side nearest the adversary and direct your sword, which, as we have said, is high and held across the body, against the adversary; your sword will then be so far advanced that its forte will penetrate before his weapons can parry, and the point on coming into line will hit. If the adversary should attempt a rush, you should either parry by leaving your dagger to defend without however beating his sword, or carry your foot to the right and thrust the ''forte'' of your sword forward in order to exclude his sword and continue with the point to his body, meeting him at the very moment of his rush; in this way your success will be greater then when he remains steady on guard. If he remains on guard, it will be better to move to the outside with the right foot, when by the advantage of being already on the move, you will arrive so quickly that he cannot save himself. With this method you are certain that the adversary can never engage your sword, which is a very great advantage. If you observe these rules, you can attack any imaginable position on guard.</p>
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 161.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 161.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[8] From the guard of ''seconde'' described in the last discourse, with which you have advanced so far that your dagger has penetrated the point of the adversary's sword, you can understand the effect and cause of the hit now shown. When within distance you have carried the right foot to the line of the left beyond the adversary's right side, and thus brought yourself out of line and reached his body with a guard of prime over his dagger; this guard has followed from the position of the ''seconde'' with the sword crossed and out of line; in directing the point you have not lowered your hand but raised it, as seen, preventing his dag¬ger from parrying. Although the adversary has drawn back and tried to turn his body and has begun to extend his sword, your stroke has arrived before he has finished the extension; even if he had withdrawn still further, he would still have done no good, but would have been hit in the same place. If he had contrived to defend the first blow, he would still have been hit below with a second.</p>
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| <p>[8] From the guard of ''seconde'' described in the last discourse, with which you have advanced so far that your dagger has penetrated the point of the adversary's sword, you can understand the effect and cause of the hit now shown. When within distance you have carried the right foot to the line of the left beyond the adversary's right side, and thus brought yourself out of line and reached his body with a guard of prime over his dagger; this guard has followed from the position of the ''seconde'' with the sword crossed and out of line; in directing the point you have not lowered your hand but raised it, as seen, preventing his dagger from parrying. Although the adversary has drawn back and tried to turn his body and has begun to extend his sword, your stroke has arrived before he has finished the extension; even if he had withdrawn still further, he would still have done no good, but would have been hit in the same place. If he had contrived to defend the first blow, he would still have been hit below with a second.</p>
 
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| <p>[9] When you had reached so far with your guard of ''seconde'' that your dagger had begun to penetrate his point, the adversary tried to disengage in order to free his point. Seeing his intention you left your dagger in its position, turned your hand to ''quarte'' and hit between the weapons, arriving with such speed that he has had no time to parry. Your sword was outside his right side and so far advanced, when he disengaged, that it reached his body at the moment of his disengaging and directing his point, so that he had not been able to thrust your sword away with his dagger. If he had withdrawn in order to have room to parry, leaving your sword hand in the same position you would have dropped the point far enough to hit under his dagger hand at the moment of his ex¬pecting to parry, so that he could not have defended. Also if his sword had been lower, keeping the dagger arm at the same height you would have turned the point downwards and kept his feint out of presence.</p>
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| <p>[9] When you had reached so far with your guard of ''seconde'' that your dagger had begun to penetrate his point, the adversary tried to disengage in order to free his point. Seeing his intention you left your dagger in its position, turned your hand to ''quarte'' and hit between the weapons, arriving with such speed that he has had no time to parry. Your sword was outside his right side and so far advanced, when he disengaged, that it reached his body at the moment of his disengaging and directing his point, so that he had not been able to thrust your sword away with his dagger. If he had withdrawn in order to have room to parry, leaving your sword hand in the same position you would have dropped the point far enough to hit under his dagger hand at the moment of his expecting to parry, so that he could not have defended. Also if his sword had been lower, keeping the dagger arm at the same height you would have turned the point downwards and kept his feint out of presence.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|231|lbl=221}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 163.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 163.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[10] When you came within distance with this guard of ''seconde'', with the feet apart and in line, the adversary raised his dagger, covering himself above, advanced his left foot and turned his hand to ''quarte'' in order to hit in the part which he saw ex¬posed between your weapons. Therefore you have carried the right foot to the line of the left, thus bringing yourself out of presence; leaving your dagger against his sword in order to exclude it, you have directed the guard of ''seconde'' below his dag¬ger arm, and thus hit at the moment of his putting his foot to the ground and will follow on to the body without stopping.</p>
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| <p>[10] When you came within distance with this guard of ''seconde'', with the feet apart and in line, the adversary raised his dagger, covering himself above, advanced his left foot and turned his hand to ''quarte'' in order to hit in the part which he saw exposed between your weapons. Therefore you have carried the right foot to the line of the left, thus bringing yourself out of presence; leaving your dagger against his sword in order to exclude it, you have directed the guard of ''seconde'' below his dagger arm, and thus hit at the moment of his putting his foot to the ground and will follow on to the body without stopping.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|232|lbl=222}}
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| <p>[11] </p>
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| <p>[11] '''The third method of attacking  without a pause with the sword and dagger.'''</p>
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<p>In the third method, which we are now about to explain a guard of ''tierce'', illustrated in plate 65 with the sword and dagger, is used. With that guard with the feet together, the body bent and the weapons divided and held high you await the adversary because of certain advantages of the guard, as we explained in full. You now use this guard at the beginning only while approaching the adversary from a distance, for when you are within distance the position of your body and weapons will be different. With this guard then you begin by carrying the left foot outwards, immediately lifting the right foot and carrying it also in the same direction; you bring your sword down from its position on guard and unite it with the dagger, carrying your left shoulder back, so that when within distance sword and dagger are in contact with the hand in a guard of ''quarte'', so that the adversary cannot enter between your weapons; your sword is held extended in line towards his chest or face, and your left shoulder so far back that your whole body is behind line of your sword; your point must be maintained opposite the part exposed by the adversary and your sword so far from his weapons that you are sure of freeing it before he can engage it, but at the same time the point should be as near his body as possible; you should leave the sword in that position without pushing it further forward, and follow on with the feet, bending the body and beginning to turn the hand towards ''tierce''; as you turn the hand the dagger is extended and the point of your sword lowered in proportion, so that it can be disengaged; while doing this you should bring the left shoulder forward, without letting the sword hand drop and continuing to turn towards a guard of ''seconde''. When you have arrived from ''quarte'' to ''tierce'' and are beginning to turn toward ''seconde'', the point of your sword should begin to pass the adversary's sword and dagger, but without having been pushed forward; your dagger should then have reached the blade of his sword, and when your hand has reached ''seconde'', the movement of disengaging should be complete and your point should hit above the dagger, unless his dagger were too high and he were covered in that line; in that case you should remain below his dagger arm and hit in ''seconde'', as also if the adversary's sword were held back and his dagger advanced and the points united; if the points were divided and his sword held back, you would  arrive, on dropping from the high ''tierce'' into line, close to his dagger on the upper side with the hand in ''quarte'' and the point of your sword would have penetrated as far as the fourth part of the blade, or little less; then you should join the dagger and sword hand, so that if the adversary tried to parry with his dagger and hit in ''quarte'', while your sword was approaching your dagger could defend your right side, and you could turn your body and hand at the same time and hit in ''seconde'' under his left arm. If when you carry your sword close to his dagger, the adversary does not move, and your point has penetrated to the fourth part of his blade, you should then turn your hand from ''quarte'' to ''seconde'', thrust your dagger towards his sword, with a slight turn of the body, run along his blade and go on, hitting over his dagger in the line into which your sword had dropped; he would be unable to parry, because in turning the hand to ''seconde'' the point of your sword would incline so far inwards and would be so far advanced that it would be nearer the spot where it hits than the path into which the adversary is trying to drive it; moreover it would be so strong that it could resist the dagger without fear of being thrust aside. If, while you are bringing your sword into that line, the adversary should raise his dagger to cover himself, keeping his sword steady, his sword would then be so far withdrawn that your dagger could not reach it; therefore you would have to move your sword from that line, carrying it over the point of his dagger into the line between his weapons, and hit in ''quarte'', keeping your dagger so close to your sword hand, that he could not enter between your weapons; you must also maintain your hilt against his sword and bend your head forward so that he will certainly be able neither to parry nor hit, since his sword will be excluded. If the adversary's weapons are divided and his sword held back you could also with your guard of ''quarte'' pass the point of his dagger between his weapons and go on, with your dagger and sword hand in conjunction; from this position you would carry the dagger forward towards his sword, turning your sword hand and leaving it there until you are sure you can reach his body with that guard, or until he tried to beat your sword or engage it in order to cover himself between the weapons, which would be an opportune moment to hit over his dagger. If the adversary uncovers himself below, you should advance your dagger to his sword and hit in ''tierce''. He will not be able to escape the three attacks, between the weapons, above and below.</p>
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<p>These are the principles to be observed against guards which are withdrawn, whether the opponents sword is long or short, whether his weapons are united or divided, and whatever the position of his hand. But you must remember that if the adversary’s sword is advanced, whether his guard is open or closed, on bringing your sword into line you must proceed to engage his advanced sword, protecting your body by bringing it somewhat out of the line in which it is exposed, so that if the adversary changes his line, you are already defended. In trying to engage his sword you must use the dagger also and never arrive within distance with your weapons divided, whatever his guard. All these movements must be carried out without checking your feet or sword; when once the sword has begun to fall, you must be either advancing it or turning it without pause. This is an excellent method, likely to succeed against any weapons.</p>
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 164.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 164.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[12] </p>
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| <p>[12] From the high ''tierce'' with the weapons divided and the feet together, as illustrated in Pl. 65 with the sword and dagger, has arisen the position of this ''quarte'' in the following manner: when at a distance with this guard of ''tierce'', with the weapons high and the feet together, you have begun by carrying the left foot away to the adversary's right side and bringing the right foot forward, at the same time bringing your sword and dagger into con-junction so that when within distance your hands were in contact and your sword had completed the change to ''quarte''; you have also gradually lowered the point so as to bring it into line and directed it in the line uncovered outside the sword; you have advanced the body, without allowing your point to penetrate any further, but turning your hand towards ''tierce'', carrying the right  side somewhat back and bringing your dagger near his sword; you have also lowered the point of your sword, so that, if necessary, you could disengage it, that is if the adversary had tried to parry with his sword. You would continue the movement of your hand from ''tierce'' to ''seconde'' and hit on the inside between his weapons; if the adversary tried to carry his dagger down to your sword, you would still turn the hand to ''seconde'' and thrust past the point of his dagger; parrying with the sword and dagger together you would disengage your point below as it was already with little movement being carried downwards and would hit under his dagger, with your body low and letting his sword pass outside your left arm, as will be seen in the next plate.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/235|2|lbl=-}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 165.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[13] </p>
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| <p>[13] From the guard of ''quarte'' with the sword on the outside of opponent's sword in ''tierce'' has followed this hit. You had begun with the high ''tierce'', as previously described, and come within distance in the position of the last plate. The adversary tried to parry with his sword and dagger in conjunction; but as soon as you were within distance you began to turn your hand towards ''tierce'', placed your dagger against his sword, which was advancing to parry and hit, letting your point fall low, so that the adversary failed to find it; you continued the movement of your hand to ''seconde'', which brought your blade outside and below the adversary's left arm. If, when you directed  your sword into the line uncovered, the adversary had tried to disengage and parry with his dagger, you would have thrust in ''quarte'' which would have prevented him from doing anything, except retiring when you came within distance, or changing his guard in order to make you change; if you had failed to seize the opportunity of the change, you would have given him a chance to hit, if he had followed, though it is true you might have halted and adopted another method.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|236|lbl=226}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 166.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[14] </p>
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| <p>[14] This next ''tierce'', which has excluded the opponent's sword in ''tierce'', with his sword advanced and his hands in union, has followed from the high ''tierce'' previously described you have brought your sword down and your hands together while advancing and excluded his sword with both weapons, keeping your right side further back than your left, so that, if the adversary disengaged, you could advance your body without any further movement to defend it, and could pass on to the attack, hitting in ''seconde'' or ''tierce'', as his disengage was high or low. If he did not disengage you could pass on to hit, as will be seen in the next plate.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|237|lbl=227}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 167.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 167.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[15] </p>
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| <p>[15] From the preceeding[!] ''tierce'', which had excluded the opponent's sword has followed this hit. The adversary was in an advanced ''tierce'' with the hilts of his two weapons together; when he made no move on your advancing, you left your dagger against his sword on the inside, turned your hand to ''seconde'', carried your point over his dagger and hit in the chest, without his being able to parry. Although he has drawn back his feet and body, he has been unable to free his sword, because you were too far advanced and your sword had penetrated already to his body, when he found it.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|238|lbl=228}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 168.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 168.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[16] </p>
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| <p>[16] From the high ''tierce'' is derived this ''quarte'' also, which has come into presence over the dagger of an opponent in ''tierce'' on the left foot, with his right side drawn back in order to avoid the hit; which you might make by disengaging, and with his dagger raised to parry. In this case from this guard of ''quarte'' you would turn your hand to ''seconde'', and, if the adversary did not move his dagger, you would hit in the upper line, since your sword would have already penetrated far forward, and the angle made by the turn of your hand would carry it with force against the inside of his dagger so that the dagger could not thrust it away. If he raised his dagger to parry without disengaging his sword, which is on the outside, by dropping your point below and keeping your hands in conjunction you would hit with this ''quarte'' in the same ''time'' below, as will be seen in the next plate.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|239|lbl=229}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 169.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 169.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[17] </p>
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| <p>[17] From the advantage, which the ''quarte'' derived from the high ''tierce'' had acquired over the adversary's dagger on the outside, has followed this hit. When you brought your sword above his dagger, his plan was to engage your sword; he raised his dagger to parry and turned his hand to ''quarte'' in order to hit by disengaging and passing; you were already on the move and have seized the advantage, while he was raising his dagger, and have hit at the moment when he expected to engage your sword above; he has been prevented from either disengaging or passing, and even if he had disengaged, he would still have been hit.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|240|lbl=230}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 170.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[18] </p>
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| <p>[18] This ''quarte'', with the sword between the weapons of an opponent in ''tierce'' on the left foot, is also derived from the high ''tierce''. If the adversary makes no move you would advance your body close to the hands and at once hit under his left arm in ''seconde'', while your body would pass outside his sword, and you, would leave your dagger against his sword; if he disengaged on the outside of your sword, you would still hit in ''seconde'' below; but if he disengaged on the side of the dagger, you would hit in quarte, dropping your point far enough to pass under his dagger hand; whilst hitting in ''quarte'', you would press your hands still closer together in order to exclude his sword. If he tried to parry with his dagger and thrust in ''tierce'' below, when he saw your sword attacking in the middle, you would then raise your sword over his dagger and hit, as will be seen.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|241|lbl=231}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 171.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 171.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[19] </p>
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| <p>[19] From the preceeding[!] ''quarte'' derived from the high ''tierce'' has followed this hit. When your sword came between his weapons, the adversary who was in ''tierce'' on the left foot, seeing your sword near his dagger, tried to exclude it with his dagger, and hit below in ''tierce''. You, who were in ''quarte'', as we said, turned your hand to ''seconde'', and at the same time carrying your point over his dagger hit the adversary, as he lowered himself and advanced his foot. You could also have disengaged below his dagger hand and made the same hit over the dagger, but a little lower because of the angle made by the arm.</p>
 
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| <p>[20] </p>
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| <p>[20] '''The fourth and last method of attacking without a pause with the sword and dagger.'''</p>
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<p>This is the fourth method, in which we explain the manner of proceeding[!] against those who never hold their sword still, but continually move the point in a circle and hold the dagger, now advanced, now withdrawn, at one moment close to the sword, at another separated from it. We must proceed in a manner different from the other three methods. If the adversary moves his sword in a circle, as long as his sword hand is at a distance from his dagger hand, you should begin to approach your points and advance as far as possible towards his sword hand, in order to force him to one of two course[!], either to stop moving his point and meet your advancing point, or to move his dagger, both opportune moments to hit in the part he uncovers. You should continue to hold the point of your dagger directed towards the adversary, so that it may be ready to parry on every occasion of his attempting to hit; when he must pass the line of your dagger. You must also keep your body low and in union with your weapons. If the adversary makes no move, you must advance so far that you can take the ''time'' of the circular movement of his point, and hit, excluding his point at the same time, assured that, while your point is directed towards his hand, you will easily parry, whenever he tries to hit during your advance and will hit without being disordered. But the correct principles must be observed.</p>
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<p>In case the adversary while moving his point in a circle has his dagger close to his sword hand, you must be careful not, to advance your sword so far that it would be engaged. The true method is to keep the point of your sword directed towards the first part of the adversary's blade, that is towards the hilt, and to follow on by bringing up the body to the first position of the hands, with the hands now a little in advance of the body, bending the arms at the elbow, as you advance; for if you work from the shoulders only as you advance your body, your hands will go too low and you will be exposed. Your hand should be in ''quarte'', with the points still directed towards the first part of his blade. As you come forward in union, you must lower the body, but never let the point of your sword penetrate so far that it is inside the adversary's dagger, that is, when his dagger is close to his sword hand. You should approach towards the blade or point of his dagger, and if he hits in the ''time'' of your advancing, you will parry more easily than if your points were directed towards his hands, since the ''fortes'' will be further from the adversary, so that the point of his sword cannot so easily penetrate them, and the ''fortes'' will be all the stronger, since they are gathered in close to the body. There is one point to be considered, that is that when his point moved in a circle, the first part of his blade also moved, and changes its position so much, that you cannot keep your points exactly against it. If you follow our rule and keep the points of your sword and dagger directed towards that part with your dagger hand somewhat divided from the sword hand, but with the point of the dagger close to the blade of the sword, that wavering of the adversary's sword will not matter, since it will never be so great that he can hit in any line, disorder you, or obtain any advantage.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If the adversary holds his dagger so far forward as to cover the whole of the first part of his blade, and moreover close to his sword in a guard of ''quarte'', you cannot then approach the hilt or the first part of his blade. If you tried to approach the second part of his blade, you would not be safe, since that part makes a large movement, when the point is moved, and the adversary would be too far away to be hit. In this case you should hold the point of your sword against his dagger hand, and your dagger not much advanced and directed towards the centre of his blade; you should advance with your feet and body towards his dagger side, with your hand in quarte and as you advance gather your hand in towards your left side, still keeping the point in the same line; when you have brought the hand as close to your body as possible, you would then be in the required position and could hit in the line uncovered nor would the adversary be able to parry in any way. If your dagger is directed towards the centre of his blade, it will easily parry if he tries to hit in that ''time''; if he hits before you reach your position, it will be still  better for your defence, since both your weapons will be free and steady, so that when once within distance you could take any ''time'' offered by the adversary. In following this method you must continue with the feet, keeping your points and hands steady, until you find a ''time'' or reach your position.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>These rules may be followed against those opponents, who keep their hands steady on guard and move the point in a circle, if they change their hands from one guard to another, they would offer an even greater time and could more easily he attacked. But there are others who move the sword and dagger together, now advancing the dagger, now raising it, now lowering it or withdrawing it, continuing the circular motion with both weapons, and even with the feet, with their weapons in conjunction and the sword much in front of the dagger. Against these also you can advance with your points directed towards their hands, but still it would be better to keep the point of your sword and hand as high as the adversary's dagger hand, when at the top of its movement, for that hand has to guard against your two blades together; your point should be advanced, but not so far as to penetrate his dagger; you must advance resolutely, keeping your dagger directed towards the centre of his blade; you will come so far forward that your point will thrust in the line exposed, when the adversary lowers his weapons, and will hit without his dagger being able to parry, whilst you will be defended by your dagger from the thrust in ''quarte'' or ''tierce'', which he might make in that ''time''. If on your advance the adversary makes some movement in order to engage your sword with his sword or dagger, or with both together, that also would be a suitable ''time'' to hit. The fact of your being on the move and having your weapons steady is of great importance in carrying out their rules and taking a ''time''. The purpose of these rules is simply to instruct you how to reach a position where you may take a time, and, when you are in that position that you may understand what may happen and may be able to attack even if the adversary does not move.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Here we conclude the discourses on resolution, which we promised. If we are not deceived they will be sufficient to enable you to deduce other rules and methods; we have omitted the numerous varieties of methods and merely considered the foundations of the art, explaining its true principles, and leaving room for some rare genius to add and discover other methods. As far as possible we have avoided prolixity in order not to weary the reader and we have refrained from using geometrical terms in order that the reader may understand more easily, although the principles of our art are based on the art of geometry.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>The plates of the fourth method of attacking with resolution with the sword and dagger will follow in order, and will illustrate the effects and causes of the advantage acquired and the hits made.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|243|lbl=233|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|244|lbl=234|p=1}} {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/245|1|lbl=235|p=1}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|243|lbl=233|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|244|lbl=234|p=1}} {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/245|1|lbl=235|p=1}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 172.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[21] </p>
+
| <p>[21] With the ''tierce'' shown in this plate you have placed the point of your sword close to the blade of the adversary's dagger with the point of your dagger directed towards the centre of his blade, because he is moving his sword and dagger in a circle, successively raising, withdrawing and lowering both his weapons together. You intend to approach so far that you can take the ''time'' of his two weapons falling, and therefore have placed your point near the blade of his dagger, which is now high; when he drops or withdraws both his weapons, your point will be free and his body exposed, so that you can easily make the hit shown in the next plate.</p>
 
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| <p>[22] </p>
+
| <p>[22] From the last ''tierce'', with the point of your sword close to the blade of the adversary's dagger, has followed this hit. When you came within distance, the adversary raised his weapons and then lowered them; as your point was close to the blade of his dagger, you have thrust in the ''time'' of his dagger falling, and have hit changing your hand to ''seconde'', as shown. He has failed to parry with his dagger, because it is impossible, while you are making one ''time'', for him to make ''two'', one in withdrawing his arm and the other in returning it. Since this arm is not extended, it is seen that his sword had not finished its advance before he was hit. You have left your dagger in its original position in order to defend in case of his sword hitting; therefore your arm, which was first extended, is now withdrawn for, whilst your body was advancing, if you had kept the arm extended, the point of your dagger would have reached his hilt, and by thrusting he would then certainly have hit, for two reasons, the first because your dagger would have met the ''forte'' of his sword and therefore could not have resisted the impact, and secondly because by carrying your dagger forward, you would have offered a ''time'', all the more because your body would not have been out of line, as it is now. For these reasons you have maintained your position in order to be ready for all eventualities, both for taking the ''time'' of his dagger falling, and for taking it when his dagger advanced, and hitting below without his being able to parry. Also you could carry your sword above the adversary's sword, when his weapons fall, and prevent his raising it again except by a disengage. If[!] brief you have many chances of hitting and doing other things in order to disorder the adversary during his movements; but we mention only the more subtle and important.</p>
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 174.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[23] </p>
+
| <p>[23] The opponent is here shown in ''tierce'' with his weapons divided moving the point of his sword in a circle, now carrying it away from and now bringing it near his dagger which is kept steady. You have brought your sword down from the high ''tierce'' and directed the point towards the first part of his blade, without touching it, but with the intention of distracting the movement of his sword, and forcing him to do one of two things, either to stop his movement and meet your sword, as it advances, or to engage your sword with his dagger and hit at the same time; in both cases you would take the time and hit according to circumstances; if he had attacked your sword on the outside, by a slight movement of your point, which you have brought near his blade for this purpose, you would disengage and hit on the inside in ''quarte''; if he attacked your sword with his sword and dagger together you would not disengage, but turn your hand to seconde, and parrying with your dagger hit below or above according to the height of his weapons. If he had tried to engage on the inside, you could have disengaged in ''tierce'' on the outside over his sword, and while he was parrying with his dagger could have turned your hand to ''seconde'' and hit over the dagger, disengaging on either side. Or, while he was trying to engage your sword on the inside, you could have turned your hand to ''seconde'', so that he would not have found your sword, and hit where the opening seemed best, but without stopping, for by stopping you lose your advantage.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/247|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/248|1|lbl=238|p=1}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 175.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[24] </p>
+
| <p>[24] From the ''tierce'' with the point of your sword directed towards the first part of the adversary's blade when he was in ''tierce'' and moving his point in a circle, has followed this hit. Seeing your point so far advanced, the adversary has tried to engage it with his dagger; but your point has penetrated so far and your hilt is so high, that by simply turning your hand and directing the point against his chest, with your hand still at the same height, you have hit at the moment when he expected to engage your sword. You have made this stroke at such a distance from his dagger, that it was impossible for it to return and parry; even if he had carried his dagger to that part, he would still have been hit in ''quarte'' as will be shown in the text plate.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/248|2|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p>[25] </p>
+
| <p>[25] This is the ''quarte'' mentioned in the last discourse, hitting between the weapons of an opponent also in ''quarte''. You have placed your point against the first part of the adversary's blade, when he divided his weapons in making that circle, of which we spoke in the general discourse; you have reached your position at that moment, and, seeing the opening and that he was making no further move, have hit by turning your hand from ''tierce'' to ''quarte'', arriving before he could parry. If he had thrust forward in order to parry and hit in ''quarte'', he would have done no good; the only effect would have been that you would have arrived sooner and the hit would have been stronger, whilst your dagger would have defended more easily, since it would have approached the point of his sword. It may have happened that you had reached the first part of the adversary's blade and found little uncovered; you have made a feint of attacking below the point of his dagger, still continuing your advance; the adversary has tried to parry by raising his dagger and turning his hand to ''quarte''; in that ''time'' you have returned to the middle and hit in ''quarte'', parrying as shown. If he had returned his dagger to that line in order to parry, he would have failed.</p>
 
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| <p>[26] </p>
+
| <p>[26] From the position of your point against the first part of the adversary's blade has followed this hit. Seeing your point so far advanced in the opening made by his circular movement of his sword, he has tried to cover himself by uniting his dagger and sword; taking that ''time'' you have changed from ''tierce'' to ''seconde'', disengaging over the point of his dagger; he has tried to parry with his dagger, turning his hand to ''quarte'', and advancing to meet you with his sword; he has not succeeded, because the point of your sword had already reached his body at the moment of disengaging over his dagger, and because his ''quarte'' was easy to parry, since you had placed your dagger against his sword, engaging it at the beginning of your movement, and running along his blade. Or it may be that you had placed your point against the first part of his blade and thrust in the opening between his weapons; he has tried to parry and advanced in order to hit below; you have gone on merely changing from ''tierce'' to ''seconde'' and met the adversary, who was also advancing. He has been unable to parry or hit, since your dagger had already reached his ''faible'', and, although he has tried to turn his head[!] to ''quarte'' he has done no good.</p>
 
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Revision as of 21:19, 5 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. This word can't be read on the photos I have. It's a 6-letter word that seems to end in "s?ed". The Italian word means to move or advance, and Tom Leoni translates it as "fling".
  36. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  38. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  39. The errata adds "l’".
  40. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  41. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  42. Should be 183.
  43. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.