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| <p>[16] {{red|b=1|This is the wrath-cut with its plays}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-1"/><p>[16] {{red|b=1|This is the wrath-cut with its plays}}</p>
 
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| Whoever cuts over<ref>''ober'' is an adjective, ''oben'' is an adverb.</ref> you,<br/>&emsp;The wrath-cut point threatens him.
 
| Whoever cuts over<ref>''ober'' is an adjective, ''oben'' is an adverb.</ref> you,<br/>&emsp;The wrath-cut point threatens him.
 
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Understand it thusly: When one cleaves-in above from his right side, so also cleave-in a wrath-cut with him, with the long edge strongly from your<ref>R. "the".</ref> right shoulder. If he is then soft upon the sword, so shoot-in the point forward long to his face and threaten to stab him (as stands done hereafter next to this).<ref name="clause-d">Clause omitted from the Dresden.</ref></p>
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Understand it thusly: When one cleaves-in above from his right side, so also cleave-in a wrath-cut with him, with the long edge strongly from your<ref>R. "the".</ref> right shoulder. If he is then soft upon the sword, so shoot-in the point forward long to his face and threaten to stab him (as stands done hereafter next to this).<ref name="clause-d">Clause omitted from the Dresden.</ref></p><section end="wrath-1"/>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 019r.png|1|lbl=19r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 019r.png|1|lbl=19r}}
 
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| <p>[17] {{red|b=1|Again a play from the wrath-cut}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-2"/><p>[17] {{red|b=1|Again a play from the wrath-cut}}</p>
 
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| If he becomes aware of it,<br/>&emsp;So take-away above without driving.
 
| If he becomes aware of it,<br/>&emsp;So take-away above without driving.
 
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. This is<ref name="di-d">"This is" omitted from the Dresden.</ref> when you shoot-in the point with the wrath-cut (as stands done before next to this):<ref name="clause-d"/> if he then becomes aware of the point and parries the thrust with strength, so move-away<ref>''abrucken'': "''removere''" (remove), "''absetzen''" (set-aside).</ref> your sword up above from his and cleave-in again above to the other side on his sword to his head (as stands done here).<ref name="clause-d"/></p>
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. This is<ref name="di-d">"This is" omitted from the Dresden.</ref> when you shoot-in the point with the wrath-cut (as stands done before next to this):<ref name="clause-d"/> if he then becomes aware of the point and parries the thrust with strength, so move-away<ref>''abrucken'': "''removere''" (remove), "''absetzen''" (set-aside).</ref> your sword up above from his and cleave-in again above to the other side on his sword to his head (as stands done here).<ref name="clause-d"/></p><section end="wrath-2"/>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 019r.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 019v.png|1|lbl=19v|p=1}}
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| <p>[18] {{red|b=1|Again a play from the wrath-cut}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-3"/><p>[18] {{red|b=1|Again a play from the wrath-cut}}</p>
 
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| Be strong against<br/>&emsp;And thrust. If he sees it, take it down<ref>D. ''wider''[sic]: "again".</ref>
 
| Be strong against<br/>&emsp;And thrust. If he sees it, take it down<ref>D. ''wider''[sic]: "again".</ref>
 
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Note, this is<ref name="mdi-d"/> when you cleave-in with the wrath-cut (as stands done before next to this):<ref name="clause-d"/> if he parries it, and with that remains strongly upon the sword, so again be strong against him upon the sword, and drive up with the strong of your sword into the weak of his sword, and wind your hilt forward in front of your head upon the sword, and so thrust him high to the face (as stands pictured here).<ref name="clause-d"/></p>
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Note, this is<ref name="mdi-d"/> when you cleave-in with the wrath-cut (as stands done before next to this):<ref name="clause-d"/> if he parries it, and with that remains strongly upon the sword, so again be strong against him upon the sword, and drive up with the strong of your sword into the weak of his sword, and wind your hilt forward in front of your head upon the sword, and so thrust him high to the face (as stands pictured here).<ref name="clause-d"/></p><section end="wrath-3"/>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 019v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 020r.png|1|lbl=20r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 019v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 020r.png|1|lbl=20r|p=1}}
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| <p>[19] {{red|b=1|Again a play from the wrath-cut}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-4"/><p>[19] {{red|b=1|Again a play from the wrath-cut}}</p>
  
<p>When you thrust-in high with the winding (as stands pictured<ref name="word-d"/> before), if he then goes up with the hands and parries the high thrust with the hilt, so also remain standing in the winding and set the point down between his arms and the chest (as stands pictured here below).<ref name="clause-d"/></p>
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<p>When you thrust-in high with the winding (as stands pictured<ref name="word-d"/> before), if he then goes up with the hands and parries the high thrust with the hilt, so also remain standing in the winding and set the point down between his arms and the chest (as stands pictured here below).<ref name="clause-d"/></p><section end="wrath-4"/>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 020r.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 020v.png|1|lbl=20v|p=1}}
 
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| <p>[20] {{red|b=1|A break against the taking-away}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-5"/><p>[20] {{red|b=1|A break against the taking-away}}</p>
  
<p>Note, when you bind with someone strongly on his<ref name="the-d">D. "the".</ref> sword, if he then draws his sword from your sword up above and cleaves-in again on the sword above to the other side toward your head, so wind-in<ref>D. ''bind'': "bind-in".</ref> strongly with the long edge high to his head.</p>
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<p>Note, when you bind with someone strongly on his<ref name="the-d">D. "the".</ref> sword, if he then draws his sword from your sword up above and cleaves-in again on the sword above to the other side toward your head, so wind-in<ref>D. ''bind'': "bind-in".</ref> strongly with the long edge high to his head.</p><section end="wrath-5"/>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 020v.png|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 020v.png|2|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p>[21] {{red|b=1|Here note a good lesson}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-6"/><p>[21] {{red|b=1|Here note a good lesson}}</p>
 
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| Whoever's war aims<br/>&emsp;Above, they become ashamed below.
 
| Whoever's war aims<br/>&emsp;Above, they become ashamed below.
 
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. This is what you shall quite precisely note: when one binds on your sword (with a cut or with a thrust or otherwise), [note] whether he is soft or hard upon the sword. And when you have sensed this, so you shall know in-the-moment which is the best for you: whether you work<ref>D. ''hurten'': "to rush".</ref> upon him with the before or with the after. But with that you shall allow yourself to be without hurry [and] not too rushed with the war, because the war is nothing other than the windings upon the sword. </p>
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. This is what you shall quite precisely note: when one binds on your sword (with a cut or with a thrust or otherwise), [note] whether he is soft or hard upon the sword. And when you have sensed this, so you shall know in-the-moment which is the best for you: whether you work<ref>D. ''hurten'': "to rush".</ref> upon him with the before or with the after. But with that you shall allow yourself to be without hurry [and] not too rushed with the war, because the war is nothing other than the windings upon the sword.</p><section end="wrath-6"/>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 020v.png|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 021r.png|1|lbl=21r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 021v.png|1|lbl=21v|p=1}}
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| <p>[22] Item. Execute the war thusly: When you cleave-in with the wrath-cut, then as soon as he parries, drive up with the arms and wind-in the point upon the sword to the upper opening. If he then parries the thrust, so keep staying in the winding and stab the low opening with the point. If he then further follows-after the sword with parrying, so drive-through with the point below his sword and hang-in the point above to the other opening of his right side. Thus he becomes ashamed above and below, because you can otherwise execute the techniques correctly.</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-7"/><p>[22] Item. Execute the war thusly: When you cleave-in with the wrath-cut, then as soon as he parries, drive up with the arms and wind-in the point upon the sword to the upper opening. If he then parries the thrust, so keep staying in the winding and stab the low opening with the point. If he then further follows-after the sword with parrying, so drive-through with the point below his sword and hang-in the point above to the other opening of his right side. Thus he becomes ashamed above and below, because you can otherwise execute the techniques correctly.</p><section end="wrath-7"/>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 021v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 022r.png|1|lbl=22r|p=1}}
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| <p>[23] {{red|b=1|How one shall properly find cuts and thrusts in all winding}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-8"/><p>[23] {{red|b=1|How one shall properly find cuts and thrusts in all winding}}</p>
 
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| In all hits<br/>&emsp;If you wish to confound the masters.
 
| In all hits<br/>&emsp;If you wish to confound the masters.
 
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. This is how you shall properly find cut, thrust, and slice in all winding: so when you wind, you shall immediately test which of the three is best to execute: the cut, or thrust, or slice.<ref>"The cut, or thrust, or slice" omitted from the Dresden.</ref> Thus, you do not cut when you should thrust, nor slice when you should cut, nor thrust when you should slice.<ref>"Nor thrust… slice" omitted from the Rostock.</ref> And note, when someone parries the one, that you hit them with the other. So if one parries your thrust, then execute the cut. If someone runs-in, then execute the under-slice into their arm.<ref name="sentence-r">Sentence omitted from the Rostock.</ref> Remember this<ref name="word-d"/> in all hits and bindings of the sword, if you wish to confound the masters who set themselves against you.</p>
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. This is how you shall properly find cut, thrust, and slice in all winding: so when you wind, you shall immediately test which of the three is best to execute: the cut, or thrust, or slice.<ref>"The cut, or thrust, or slice" omitted from the Dresden.</ref> Thus, you do not cut when you should thrust, nor slice when you should cut, nor thrust when you should slice.<ref>"Nor thrust… slice" omitted from the Rostock.</ref><section end="wrath-8"/> <section begin="wrath-9"/>And note, when someone parries the one, that you hit them with the other. So if one parries your thrust, then execute the cut. If someone runs-in, then execute the under-slice into their arm.<ref name="sentence-r">Sentence omitted from the Rostock.</ref> Remember this<ref name="word-d"/> in all hits and bindings of the sword, if you wish to confound the masters who set themselves against you.</p><section end="wrath-9"/>
 
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| <p>[24] {{red|b=1|About the four openings}}</p>
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| <section begin="wrath-10"/><p>[24] {{red|b=1|About the four openings}}</p>
 
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| Go upon all<br/>&emsp;Without doubt how he bears.
 
| Go upon all<br/>&emsp;Without doubt how he bears.
 
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. You shall here note the four openings on the man which you shall always fence to. The first opening is the right side; the second is<ref name="word-r">Word omitted from the Rostock.</ref> the left side<ref name="word-r"/> above the girdle of the man. The other two are also the right and the left sides below the girdle. In the onset, precisely observe the openings with which he uncovers himself against you. Artfully target the same without danger with the shooting-in of the long point and<ref name="word-dg"/> with following-after, and also with the winding upon the sword,<ref name="clause-d"/> and otherwise with all techniques, and do not pay attention<ref>Alternately: ponder, weigh, calculate, estimate, consider.</ref> to how he bears against you with his techniques. So you fence wisely and from that make attacks which are excellent, and with those do not allow him to come to his plays.</p>
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<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. You shall here note the four openings on the man which you shall always fence to. The first opening is the right side; the second is<ref name="word-r">Word omitted from the Rostock.</ref> the left side<ref name="word-r"/> above the girdle of the man. The other two are also the right and the left sides below the girdle.<section end="wrath-10"/> <section begin="wrath-11"/>In the onset, precisely observe the openings with which he uncovers himself against you. Artfully target the same without danger with the shooting-in of the long point and<ref name="word-dg"/> with following-after, and also with the winding upon the sword,<ref name="clause-d"/> and otherwise with all techniques, and do not pay attention<ref>Alternately: ponder, weigh, calculate, estimate, consider.</ref> to how he bears against you with his techniques. So you fence wisely and from that make attacks which are excellent, and with those do not allow him to come to his plays.</p><section end="wrath-11"/>
 
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{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 022v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.487 023r.png|1|lbl=23r|p=1}}

Revision as of 01:06, 15 November 2016

Sigmund Schining ain Ringeck
Period 15th century
Occupation Fencing master
Nationality German
Patron Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria
Movement Fellowship of Liechtenauer
Influences Johannes Liechtenauer
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Early New High German
Archetype(s) Hypothetical
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition
Tobler, 2001
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations

Sigmund Schining ain Ringeck (Sigmund ain Ringeck, Sigmund Amring, Sigmund Einring, Sigmund Schining) was a 15th century German fencing master. While the meaning of the surname "Schining" is uncertain, the suffix "ein Ringeck" may indicate that he came from the Rhineland region of south-eastern Germany. He is named in the text as Schirmaister to Albrecht, Count Palatine of Rhine and Duke of Bavaria. This may signify Schirrmeister, a logistical officer charged with overseeing the wagons and horse-drawn artillery pieces, or potentially Schirmmeister, a title used by lower-class itinerant fencing masters in the Medieval period.[1] Apart from his service to the duke, the only thing that can be determined about his life is that he was connected in some way to the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer—his name was included by Paulus Kal in his roll of members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer in ca. 1470.[2]

The identity of Ringeck's patron remains unclear, as four men named Albrecht ruled Bavaria during the fifteenth century; assuming that Ringeck was a personal student of Johannes Liechtenauer further narrows the list down to just two. If the MS 3227a is correctly dated to 1389, then Liechtenauer was a 14th century master and Ringeck's patron was Albrecht I, who reigned from 1353 to 1404. If, on the other hand, Liechtenauer was an early 15th century master (an associate of H. Beringer) and the Fellowship of Liechtenauer was assembled to fight in the Hussite Wars of the 1420s and 30s, then Ringeck's patron would have been Albrecht III, who carried the title from 1438 to 1460.[3] Albrecht IV claimed the title in 1460 and thus also could have been Ringeck's patron; this would probably signify that Ringeck was not a direct student of Liechtenauer at all, but a later inheritor of the tradition. That said, Albrecht IV lived until 1508 and so the Dresden, Glasgow, and Salzburg manuscripts were likely created during his reign.

Ringeck is often erroneously credited as the author of the MS Dresd.C.487. Ringeck was indeed the author of one of the core texts, a complete gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on unarmored long sword fencing. However, the remainder of the manuscript contains an assortment of treatises by several different masters in the tradition, and it is currently thought to have been composed in the early 16th century[4] (putting it after the master's presumed lifetime). Regardless, the fact that he authored one of the few glosses of the Recital makes Ringeck one of the most important masters of the Liechtenauer tradition.

Stemma

While there are four texts commonly attributed to Ringeck, glosses of the three sections of the Recital of Johannes Liechtenauer (long sword fencing, short sword fencing, and fencing from horseback) as well as an addendum to the long sword material covering fencing from a low guard called side guard or iron gate, only the long sword gloss actually bears his name. The others are associated with Ringeck largely due to the previously mentioned misattribution of the entire MS Dresd.C.487 (Dresden), but this is not an entirely unreasonable attribution to make considering the other two glosses are always accompanied by Ringeck's long sword. All three glosses seem to be based on those of the anonymous author known as "pseudo-Peter von Danzig", which are attested from the 1450s; it is also possible that Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig were the same person, and the gloss found below is simply the only branch of the larger stemma that retained its attribution (though that can't be demonstrated with existing information).

Compared to the pseudo-Danzig gloss, Ringeck's descriptions are often slightly shorter and contain fewer variations; Ringeck does, however, include a number of unique plays not discussed in the other. Unlike the 15th century versions of pseudo-Danzig, Ringeck's long sword gloss was probably extensively illustrated: both the MS E.1939.65.341 (Glasgow) and MS Var.82 (Rostock) frequently refer readers to these illustrations, and it appears that the Dresden's scribe attempted to remove all such references as he copied it (one remains intact,[5] one merely dropped the word "pictured",[6] and one was inexplicably replaced by the word "gloss"[7]).

Provisional stemma codicum for Ringeck

The earliest extant version of Ringeck's gloss (apart from the segments that are identical with the pseudo-Danzig) consists of just eight paragraphs added by Hans von Speyer as addenda to certain sections of the pseudo-Danzig gloss in his 1491 manuscript M.I.29 (Salzburg).[8] A ninth paragraph was integrated by Speyer into pseudo-Danzig's introduction to the Krumphaw, so that Ringeck's explanation of how to use the Krump as a counter-cut compliments pseudo-Danzig's explanation of how to use it to break the guard Ochs.

The early 16th century saw three more versions created, two containing substantial portions of the text. Dresden, which has been by far the subject of the most previous research, has been dated by watermark analysis to 1504-19,[4] and thus was likely created in or shortly after that time-frame. It is the most extensive version of Ringeck's work, but unfortunately it also seems to be a hasty, error-ridden copy with frequent deletions, insertions, spelling errors, word confusion, and critical omissions (including key words like subjects and verbs, and even whole lines of verse); the majority of paragraphs also seem to have been shortened or truncated, most references to Ringeck's illustrations have been dropped (as detailed above), and the text stops abruptly in the middle of gloss of the mounted fencing verses.

The 1508[9] Glasgow, in contrast, is written in a clear and tidy hand and its long sword gloss includes 31 painted, if somewhat low-grade, illustrations (presumably copies of the originals). Its text is generally longer than equivalent passages in the Dresden, including additional information and variations, but like the Dresden it appears to be incomplete in its present form: the first 39 paragraphs of the long sword gloss from the Dresden have no equivalent in the extant manuscript, which begins in the middle of the Twerhaw, and only the first 6 paragraphs of the short sword gloss are included before the manuscript switches to the pseudo-Danzig gloss for the remainder of the verses. On the other hand, it contains the full gloss of the mounted fencing verse, including the half missing from the Dresden.

The third version from this period is another fragment, published by Freifechter Andre Paurñfeyndt in 1516 as part of his treatise Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey ("Foundation of the Chivalric Art of Swordplay")[10] and containing only the material on fencing from low guards; in characteristic fashion, Paurñfeyndt does not attribute this material to Ringeck. The section is illustrated by the same crude woodblock art as the rest of his book, though their connection to Ringeck's original text is doubtful. (Paurñfeyndt's text would be reprinted by Christian Egenolff four times between 1531 and 1558,[11] transcribed by Lienhart Sollinger into the Cod. I.6.2º.2 in 1564,[12] and translated to Walloon and printed by Willem Vorsterman in 1538.[13])

The remaining two versions of Ringeck's text come from later in the 16th century. In 1553, Paulus Hector Mair produced the Reichstadt Nr. 82 (Augsburg) based on the papers of the late master Antonius Rast.[14] Included in this manuscript was a version of the pseudo-Danzig long sword gloss that is largely complete up to couplet 95 of the Recital where, with no explanation, it switches over to Ringeck's gloss for the remainder of the text (speculatively, perhaps the rest of Rast's copy of Ringeck was not among the papers Mair purchased, so he attempted to fill the gap using the copy of pseudo-Danzig that he already possessed).

The final version, Rostock, is third substantial one (along with Dresden and Glasgow); it was probably created in the 1560s and was owned by Freifechter Joachim Meÿer until his death in 1571.[15] It contains nearly all of Ringeck's presumed gloss of the short sword verses, but only an abbreviated (thought still extensive) version of the long sword gloss. Rostock's long sword gloss only includes key passages and omits most of the follow-on plays to each of the Haupstucke, and also omits the entire section on fencing from the low guards; like Glasgow it directs readers to consult Ringeck's illustrations, but unlike Glasgow these illustrations were never added to the manuscript (nor was room left for them).

All six extant versions of Ringeck's gloss are thus fragmentary, but enough text remains in each to demonstrate a lack of interdependence (apart from Augsburg, which could conceivably derive from Glasgow if the scribe were particularly careless). Each of the other five manuscripts has a unique constellation of plays which can be authenticated from other versions as a group, but do not match any other single version to have been copied from it. All appear therefore to proceed separately from the lost original, unless we suppose that someone gathered up multiple copies to compile a new one (but even that supposition could only account for Rostock, not the others).

Due to the fragmentary nature of the stemma at the moment and the lack of anything resembling an autograph or archetype, for the long sword translation below all versions were treated as co-authoritative: whenever feasible the longest sample was given preference, and the differences between versions detailed in the footnotes.

(A final text of interest is the 1539 treatise of Hans Medel von Salzburg,[16] which was acquired by Mair and bound into the Cod. I.6.2º.5 after 1566.[17] Medel demonstrates familiarity with the teachings of a variety of 15th century Liechtenauer masters, including pseudo-Danzig and Hans Seydenfaden von Erfurt, but his text primarily takes the form of a revision and expansion of Ringeck's long sword gloss. While enough of Ringeck's original text survives Medel's editing that it too can be shown to not derive from any other surviving manuscript, the amount of unique and altered content is such that it is not included in the concordance below, nor used in the translation.)

Treatise

Additional Resources

  • Lindholm, David and Svard, Peter. Sigmund Ringeck's Knightly Art of the Longsword. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2003. ISBN 978-1-58160-410-8
  • Lindholm, David and Svard, Peter. Sigmund Ringeck's Knightly Arts of Combat: Sword-and-Buckler Fighting, Wrestling, and Fighting in Armor. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-58160-499-3
  • Tobler, Christian Henry. Secrets of German Medieval Swordsmanship. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2001. ISBN 1-891448-07-2
  • Wierschin, Martin. Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des Fechtens. München: Beck, 1965.
  • Żabiński, Grzegorz. The Longsword Teachings of Master Liechtenauer. The Early Sixteenth Century Swordsmanship Comments in the "Goliath" Manuscript. Poland: Adam Marshall, 2010. ISBN 978-83-7611-662-4

References

  1. Jens P. Kleinau. "Schirrmeister, Schermeister, Schirmmeister". Hans Talhoffer ~ A Historical Martial Arts blog by Jens P. Kleinau], 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  2. The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  3. For a different perspective, see Christian Henry Tobler. "Chicken and Eggs: Which Master Came First?" In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Werner J. Hoffmann. "Mscr.Dresd.C.487: Siegmund am Ringeck, Fechtlehre". Tiefenerschließung und Digitalisierung der deutschsprachigen mittelalterlichen Handschriften der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek - Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek (SLUB) Dresden. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
  5. Dresden fol. 31r.
  6. Dresden fol. 20r.
  7. Dresden fol. 27r.
  8. MS M.I.29 is signed and internally dated on folio 158r.
  9. MS E.1939.65.341 is internally dated on folio 22r.
  10. Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey is internally dated on page K4r.
  11. The first three printings of Der Altenn Fechter anfengliche Kunst are undated, but the first edition must have been produced between 1531, when Egenolff set up his shop in Frankfurt-am-Main, and Hans Weiditz' death in 1537; the second and third editions were released some time before Egenolff's own death in 1555. The only dated edition was published by Egenolff's heirs in 1558 (see page XLVIIv).
  12. The material in Cod. I.6.2º.2 based on Paurñfeyndt is internally dated on folio 71r
  13. La noble science des ioueurs d'espee is internally dated on page 35v.
  14. The origin of Reichstadt Nr. 82 is detailed on folio IIr.
  15. The only date, 1570, is given on folio 123 (between the first and second sections of Meyer's rapier text); the rest of the manuscript shows a few different hands and was likely compiled prior to its acquisition by Meyer. See Joachim Meyer. The Art of Combat. A German Martial Arts Treatise of 1570. Trans. Jeffrey L. Forgeng. London: Frontline Books, 2014. pp 32-33.
  16. Medel's section of the Cod. I.6.2º.5 is internally dated on folio 21r.
  17. The record of the Marxbrüder in the manuscript ends on folio 20r with the year 1566, so Mair couldn't have acquired it before then.
  18. 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 18.24 18.25 18.26 18.27 18.28 18.29 18.30 18.31 18.32 18.33 18.34 18.35 18.36 18.37 18.38 18.39 18.40 18.41 18.42 18.43 18.44 18.45 18.46 18.47 18.48 18.49 18.50 18.51 18.52 18.53 18.54 18.55 18.56 18.57 18.58 18.59 18.60 18.61 Word omitted from the Dresden.
  19. "Known as" omitted from the Dresden.
  20. D. schirmaiste~, R. schiermeister.
  21. Count Palatine
  22. Duke
  23. "and pictured" omitted from the Dresden.
  24. Corrected from »am«.
  25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 Line omitted from the Dresden.
  26. darhauen: To chop down, to fell.
  27. Lit: cut the cuts.
  28. D. Zeck: Tick; R. Zeckruhr: Insect bites.
  29. Possibly "strongly desire to execute".
  30. 30.0 30.1 "Note, this is" omitted from the Dresden.
  31. "You shall" omitted from the Rostock.
  32. Lit: "Before the moment he comes with his to you".
  33. wiederhalten: lit. "hold against"; to withstand, resist.
  34. Alternately: weapons.
  35. D. Wer dz wäre: "Whoever defends these".
  36. Alternately: avow, legally promise.
  37. Possibly "wages".
  38. Lit: "cut other cuts".
  39. "In the same five cuts" omitted from the Rostock.
  40. ober is an adjective, oben is an adverb.
  41. R. "the".
  42. 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.03 42.04 42.05 42.06 42.07 42.08 42.09 42.10 42.11 42.12 42.13 42.14 42.15 42.16 42.17 42.18 42.19 42.20 42.21 42.22 42.23 42.24 42.25 42.26 42.27 42.28 42.29 42.30 42.31 42.32 42.33 42.34 42.35 42.36 42.37 42.38 42.39 42.40 42.41 42.42 42.43 42.44 42.45 Clause omitted from the Dresden.
  43. 43.0 43.1 "This is" omitted from the Dresden.
  44. abrucken: "removere" (remove), "absetzen" (set-aside).
  45. D. wider[sic]: "again".
  46. 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 D. "the".
  47. D. bind: "bind-in".
  48. R. Jun ger [sic].
  49. R. dem krieg: "the war".
  50. D. hurten: "to rush".
  51. "The cut, or thrust, or slice" omitted from the Dresden.
  52. "Nor thrust… slice" omitted from the Rostock.
  53. 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Sentence omitted from the Rostock.
  54. 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 54.7 54.8 Word omitted from the Rostock.
  55. 55.00 55.01 55.02 55.03 55.04 55.05 55.06 55.07 55.08 55.09 55.10 55.11 Word omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  56. Alternately: ponder, weigh, calculate, estimate, consider.
  57. Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29), ff 17rv
  58. Alternately: avenge, take full legal retribution.
  59. Alternately: straight, upright, properly.
  60. D. schüczen, R. behuetẽ.
  61. Rostock cuts off at this point and picks up in the middle of the sixth subsequent play, probably indicating a missing page.
  62. Alternately: part, piece.
  63. aufkrummen: Lat. sursum torquere, twist, turn or bend up; twist, turn, bend, or cast back; avert, deflect .
  64. 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  65. Sic, lit. "your".
  66. "The opening" omitted from the Salzburg.
  67. S. "the over- or under-cut".
  68. Possibly "it".
  69. S. vß gestreckten: "outstretched".
  70. Sentence omitted from the Salzburg; instead, it segues into the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss of the same verse, describing how the Crooked cut breaks the Ox.
  71. Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29), ff 18v
  72. Likely a scribal error here, omitting a verb.
  73. Rostock begins again at this point.
  74. "Cut" omitted from the Dresden.
  75. D. "above"
  76. S. "so".
  77. "When you… well, and" omitted from the Rostock and the Salzburg.
  78. Clause omitted from the Dresden; this seems to be an abbreviated explanation of the previous play, which is skipped entirely in the Rostock.
  79. R., S. "the crooked-cut".
  80. D. "you".
  81. R., S. "to".
  82. D. "Gloss"; clause omitted from the Salzburg.
  83. S. "guard himself".
  84. "Komp" added below the line in a different hand.
  85. Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29), ff 20v-21r
  86. "Stand with… shoulder, and" omitted from the Dresden.
  87. D. "thwart".
  88. 88.0 88.1 Alternately, wiederhalten: to struggle or resist.
  89. Word omitted from the Glasgow, the Rostock, and the Salzburg.
  90. "Or otherwise" omitted from the Salzburg.
  91. "-Cut" omitted from the Dresden, the Glasgow, and the Rostock.
  92. Clause omitted from the Dresden; struck out in the Rostock.
  93. 93.0 93.1 Clause omitted from the Dresden and the Rostock.
  94. Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29), f 21v
  95. R. "wind".
  96. "With the over-cut" omitted from the Glasgow.
  97. R. unternn: "lower".
  98. "Next to" omitted from the Rostock.
  99. Glasgow adds albeg: "always, continually".
  100. Or "connects"; alternately: rouses, stirs (ostensibly your opponent).
  101. "This is" omitted from the Glasgow and the Rostock.
  102. "Will strike" omitted from the Dresden.
  103. G. twerhaw: "thwart-cut".
  104. R. "wind".
  105. "Or left" omitted from the Glasgow.
  106. Everything from "and steal away" to the end of the sentence is omitted from the Dresden.
  107. Alternately: to turn around.
  108. "And strike in" omitted from the Dresden.
  109. D. "is".
  110. "With that… arms and" omitted from the Dresden.
  111. 111.0 111.1 D. "right".
  112. D. mit auß: "with from".
  113. As a thief would break into a house.
  114. 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 Word omitted from the Glasgow and the Rostock.
  115. Word is doubled in the Glasgow.
  116. annehmen: receive, accept, take up, assume, claim, obtain, etc.
  117. "Into the weak of his sword" omitted from the Rostock
  118. "Upright, elevated, straight, at a right angle"; Glasgow gives auff gerackten, which may be a misspelling of pPvD's aus gestrackten, "out-stretched".
  119. "With up-right arms" omitted from the Rostock.
  120. "And strike… right shoulder" omitted from the Rostock.
  121. 121.0 121.1 121.2 Clause omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  122. R. "pictured here".
  123. 123.00 123.01 123.02 123.03 123.04 123.05 123.06 123.07 123.08 123.09 123.10 123.11 123.12 123.13 123.14 123.15 123.16 123.17 123.18 123.19 123.20 123.21 123.22 123.23 123.24 123.25 123.26 123.27 123.28 Word omitted from the Glasgow.
  124. Corrected from »seiner«.
  125. S. bestetigstu: "to plant".
  126. G. abent: "evening", clearly an error; Medel: anwinden: "winding-upon".
  127. "To his point" omitted from the Rostock.
  128. "To his point" omitted from the Glasgow.
  129. R. includes couplet 64 with this gloss.
  130. R. denn Schaytler: "the parter".
  131. 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 Clause omitted from the Rostock.
  132. D. der lange: "long, high, tall, or lofty".
  133. "To his head" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  134. "If he parries" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  135. einhangen: to adhere, stick to, cleave to, hold on to, engage deeply.
  136. "With the long… and thrust him" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  137. Kehr has two etymologies: one is "to turn", the other is "to sweep away" or to "carry off"; the gloss supports the first derivation.
  138. Alternately: strongly, firmly, steadfastly.
  139. R. includes this couplet with the previous gloss.
  140. G., R., S. "Item".
  141. D. "hang-in"; "strike-in and" omitted.
  142. "The point" omitted from the Salzburg.
  143. Sentence omitted from the Glasgow and the Rostock.
  144. D., G., R. "you".
  145. D., G., S. "the".
  146. "In the parrying" omitted from the Salzburg and the Rostock.
  147. "Of the parter" omitted from the Dresden, the Rostock, and the Salzburg.
  148. S. fast vber sich: "firmly upward".
  149. Clause omitted from the Dresden, the Glasgow, and the Salzburg.
  150. "His hands" omitted from the Dresden, the Glasgow, and the Salzburg.
  151. G. "since".
  152. 152.0 152.1 Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29), f 28v
  153. Rostock combines the glosses for couplets 65-67 into a single paragraph; they have been separated here according to their presentation in Dresden and Glasgow.
  154. D., G. Schon, lit. "already", "yet".
  155. D. stuch, R. stich: "press the thrust".
  156. D., G., S. "slice".
  157. 157.0 157.1 Clause omitted from the Dresden, the Rostock, and the Salzburg.
  158. S. "well broken".
  159. "From the under-slice" omitted from the Salzburg.
  160. "And wind your sword… withdraw yourself" omitted from the Rostock.
  161. Imperative of fliehen.
  162. "Note, this" omitted from the Dresden.
  163. "Will be" omitted from the Glasgow.
  164. 164.0 164.1 164.2 164.3 "Is called" omitted from the Dresden
  165. "With the hilt" omitted from the Dresden.
  166. G. auß gestrackten: "upstretched".
  167. "It all" omitted from the Dresden.
  168. "In this book" omitted from the Glasgow.
  169. G. "Guard yourself parrying crossed in front".
  170. D. instead continues "that the four parryings, they are the four cuts".
  171. Setzen", possibly a shortening of versetzen, "parries".
  172. D. "oxen".
  173. S. Item
  174. R. "This is when one parries your over-cut"; S. "If your over-cut is parried and it comes nearing upon him".
  175. D. "in front of".
  176. G., S. versetzte: "parried".
  177. Word omitted from the Dresden, the Glasgow, and the Rostock.
  178. 178.0 178.1 Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29), f 31r
  179. "And wrench… his below" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  180. "The head" omitted from the Salzburg.
  181. 181.0 181.1 Clause omitted from the Dresden and the Salzburg.
  182. S. "also".
  183. G. mit dem schwert: "with the sword".
  184. D. "grasp with the sword".
  185. G. magst: "may".
  186. 186.0 186.1 186.2 G. "the".
  187. Alternately: defense.
  188. "A strike" omitted from the Dresden.
  189. "And hit him" omitted from the Rostock.
  190. 190.0 190.1 "The moment" omitted from the Dresden.
  191. D. wieder-kommen: to meet, to encounter, to run into".
  192. "Or fall… from you" omitted from the Rostock.
  193. Corrected from »dem«.
  194. Line omitted from the Rostock.
  195. R. "or".
  196. "If he then" omitted from the Rostock".
  197. D. haw: "cut".
  198. Unclear. Can be meinen: to possess; minnen: to marry; minieren: to mine, to dig; minen: a mine, an underground passage used in a siege. I chose this last usage because of the military context and references to the lower openings. Not authoritative.
  199. geim: "watchfully, to observe, cautiously, with foresight".
  200. Word omitted from the Glasgow and the Salzburg.
  201. S. "the feeling work thusly".
  202. "You come… onset and" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  203. S. "soft or hard".
  204. S. "feeling".
  205. "To the nearest opening" omitted from the Salzburg.
  206. D., G. gewar, S. ÿnnen.
  207. Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29), f 33v
  208. Word omitted from the Dresden and the Salzburg.
  209. mitmachen: "join, unite, combine, participate".
  210. D. blitzscht: "flashes".
  211. D. "Item".
  212. G. "note".
  213. Schier has the sense of approaching quickly and closely.
  214. Zucken has the connotation of pulling something hard or quickly, like yanking or snatching; there is an essence of agitation in the pull.
  215. "On the sword" omitted from the Dresden.
  216. Beginning of sentence in Glasgow reads "and work swiftly with the doubling.
  217. D. "(and with other plays)".
  218. 218.0 218.1 Sentence omitted from the Dresden.
  219. 219.0 219.1 R. "hang down behind you".
  220. G. "next to this".
  221. R. "when in the running-in he also drives-up with the arms".
  222. Word omitted from the Dresden and the Rostock.
  223. Corrected from »dim«.
  224. Line omitted from the Glasgow.
  225. D. "left hand inverted".
  226. 226.0 226.1 D. "your".
  227. "With an inverted hand" omitted from the Dresden.
  228. 228.0 228.1 G. "his".
  229. "Thus you" omitted from the Glasgow.
  230. Corrected from »rechtem«.
  231. Corrected from »sinem«.
  232. D. "One other wrestling at the sword".
  233. 233.0 233.1 233.2 233.3 Clause omitted from the Glasgow.
  234. Sentence omitted from the Glasgow.
  235. D. "A sword taking".
  236. Read: "attacks".
  237. "With strength" omitted from the Glasgow.
  238. 238.0 238.1 G. far: "drive".
  239. D. "Yet another slice".
  240. "He then" omitted from the Dresden.
  241. "And press… pictured here" omitted from the Dresden.
  242. G. "your".
  243. "With that" omitted from the Dresden.
  244. "With the slice" omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  245. Clause omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  246. Remainder of fragments from Rast Fechtbuch (Reichsstadt "Schätze" Nr. 82), ff 13r-14v
  247. "With him" omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  248. "Or test" omitted from the Dresden.
  249. Sentence omitted from the Augsburg and the Dresden.
  250. sach: thing, or disagreement, contention, dispute, or the thing underlying the disagreement, contention or dispute.
  251. 251.0 251.1 251.2 251.3 251.4 251.5 251.6 Word omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  252. A. "and".
  253. 253.0 253.1 253.2 253.3 253.4 253.5 Sentence omitted from the Augsburg and the Dresden.
  254. The word »es« is almost illegible.
  255. 255.0 255.1 255.2 255.3 255.4 255.5 Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  256. nachbinden: "attach to the end or behind something".
  257. "With the long edge" omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  258. "From the sword" omitted from the Dresden.
  259. "With the point" omitted from the Dresden.
  260. D. "or"; word omitted from the Augsburg.
  261. abziechen.
  262. D. Mörck Ee: "Note, before".
  263. "Too closely" omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  264. "When he… the sword" omitted from the Dresden.
  265. A., D. "the".
  266. D. "cuts from above to below".
  267. Corrected from »ausgerattñ«.
  268. D. "to the other side to the opening".
  269. "Your sword" omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  270. Sentence omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  271. "Art of" omitted from the Dresden.
  272. A., D. "shortened for you to understand".
  273. "Quite well" omitted from the Augsburg.
  274. Dresden reverses these.
  275. "Also so that… play" omitted from the Dresden.
  276. wägen: "to have weight, to lay on a scale, to estimate"; it has a bunch of other senses that are provocative to the action at hand, such as: "to poise, balance, to stir up or agitate, to incite a response", but there's not enough in the text to make it a defensible choice.
  277. "And properly estimate" omitted from the Dresden.
  278. "The sword" omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  279. D. "understand".
  280. "With strength" omitted from the Dresden.
  281. "And thrust" omitted from the Dresden.
  282. "Of the" omitted from the Glasgow.
  283. "-In the point above" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  284. A. "over-windings-upon".
  285. A. "and".
  286. D. "and"; omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  287. "And shall" omitted from the Augsburg and the Glasgow.
  288. "You step towards" omitted from the Dresden.
  289. D. "wounder".
  290. D. nebenhůtten: "side-guard"; G. Eysenen pfort, "iron-gate"; P. uses both interchangeably in this section.
  291. streichn.
  292. D. "Here note to fence from the side-guards, that is, also the sweeps"; P. "Play in the sweeping-upon".
  293. wiewohl.
  294. G. "Item. Know that one shall execute the sweeps from the iron-gate from the left side because it is not as certain from the right."
  295. 295.00 295.01 295.02 295.03 295.04 295.05 295.06 295.07 295.08 295.09 295.10 295.11 295.12 295.13 295.14 295.15 295.16 Word omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  296. Clause omitted from the Dresden and Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  297. P. "from his right shoulder".
  298. wiederhalten: lit. "hold against"; "to withstand, resist".
  299. einduplieren.
  300. 300.0 300.1 P. "ear".
  301. "As before" omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  302. "-Around quickly" omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  303. "The man and the sword" replaced by "his" in Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  304. "And low with the hands" omitted from the Glasgow.
  305. "-In straight" omitted from the Dresden and Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  306. "At hand" omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  307. "To your left side" omitted from the Glasgow.
  308. "Off from the sword and strike" omitted from the Dresden.
  309. D. haüpt, G. kopf.
  310. "You lay… guard, or" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  311. stoß; this could either be to stab him or hit him.
  312. "Him under his sword" omitted from the Dresden and Glasgow.
  313. Word omitted from the Dresden and Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  314. P. farñ: "drive".
  315. "Side of" omitted from the Dresden and Glasgow.
  316. "Behind his neck" omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  317. Marginalia: The word schrit ("a step") appears over the word "sword" in the Dresden, and schret ("a step or make a step") appears under.
  318. obenauf.
  319. D. "opposite".
  320. "As before (to all sides)" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  321. 321.0 321.1 Word omitted from the Glasgow and Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  322. "In front" omitted from the Dresden.
  323. Alternately: "parrying(s)".
  324. 324.0 324.1 I.e. closing-in. It is not "the nach" (after) because nach is neuter and would be das nach. G. also writes die neche. næhe could also be "the boat".
  325. Corrected from »dem«.
  326. Corrected from »dim«.
  327. P. "side-guard".
  328. "And from… stands forward" omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  329. Sentence omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  330. P. "side-guard".
  331. "With that" omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  332. P. "convenient".
  333. P. "then escape afterwards".
  334. "Bind on" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  335. 335.0 335.1 335.2 Clause omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  336. "To the other side" omitted from Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey.
  337. P. "So thwart in before to his neck".
  338. P. "From the wrath-cut".
  339. "Fence someone and if [you]" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  340. "With the wrath-cut or otherwise" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  341. P. "arms".
  342. D., G. "will take".
  343. Sic, lit. "you".
  344. "And move… his head" omitted from the Dresden and the Glasgow.
  345. Corrected from »dinem«.
  346. Rostock text seems to match the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss.
  347. Corrected from »geradt«.
  348. The text ends here abruptly, in the middle of a play. Since the page isn't full, it's unclear why the scribe stopped at this point. The subsequent folia come from earlier in the manuscript; they were removed and then added back in at the end.