View source for Liber de Arte Dimicatoria

{{infobox medieval text
<!----------Name---------->
| name                  = Liber de Arte Dimicatoria
| alternative title(s)  = [[title::Book on the Art of Fencing]]
<!----------Image---------->
| imageleft             = File:MS I.33 31v.jpg
| imageright            = File:MS I.33 32r.jpg
| width                 = x175px
| caption               = ff 31v-32r, including St. Walpurga in her ward
<!----------Information---------->
| full title            = 
| also known as         = {{plainlist
 | Walpurgis Fechtbuch
 | "The Tower Fechtbuch"
}}
| author(s)             = Unknown
| ascribed to           = Clericus Lutegerus
| compiled by           = 
| illustrated by        = Unknown (up to 17 artists)
| patron                = 
| dedicated to          = 
| audience              = 
| language              = [[language::Medieval Latin]]
| date                  = early 14th century
| date of issue         =  
| provenance            = 
| state of existence    = One substantial but incomplete manuscript <br/>exists, along with several fragments which <br/>may be related
| authenticity          = 
| series                = 
| manuscript(s)         = 
| MS class 1            = 
| MS class 2            = 
| MS class 3            = 
| MS class 4            = 
| MS class 5            = 
| MS class 6            = 
| MS class 7            = 
| principal manuscript(s)= [[Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33)|MS I.33]] (1320s)
| first printed edition = Forgeng, 2003
| wiktenauer compilation by= [[Michael Chidester]]
<!----------Form and content---------->
| verse form            = 
| length                = 
| illustration(s)       = 
| genre                 = [[Fencing manual]]
| subject               = 
| setting               = 
| period covered        = 
| personages            = 
| personages (long list)= 
| sources               = 
| translations          = {{collapsible list
 | {{english translation|https://hemastudy.wordpress.com/2016/05/05/new-translation-of-ms-i-33/}}
 | {{german translation|http://schwertfechten.ch/html/i33/|1}}
 | {{italian translation|http://lutegerus.wordpress.com/|1}}
 | {{italian translation|http://www.compaquila.com/manuali/I-33.pdf|1}}
}}
| below                 = 
}}
{{under construction}}
The '''''Liber de Arte Dimicatoria ''''' is a [[nationality::German]] [[fencing manual]] from the early [[century::14th century]]; it is generally considered to be anonymous, though the name Ludger ("Lutegerus") appears prominently on the first folio and may be the name of the author or scribe. The illustrations and monastic origin of the principal manuscript, [[Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33)|MS I.33]] (or FECHT 1), suggest that it was created by a member of the clergy (perhaps a priest or monk).

The treatise is fully illustrated, and consists of both mnemonic verses and longer explanations in Medieval Latin with strong vernacular influences. (The format of verse and gloss may indicate that the priest was recording a yet older tradition.) It treats unarmored fencing with [[sword and buckler]]; the intriguing fact that the fencers depicted are a priest and a student (and on the last two pages, a priest and a woman identified as St. Walpurga), seems to suggest that this was a middle class or priestly art rather than one of the knightly class. Repeatedly, the text makes mention of the pupils (''scolaris'' or ''discipulus'') of the priest, as well as youths (''iuvenis'') and clients (''clientulum'').

The principal manuscript in its present form consists of five quires, of which all but the first are incomplete; at least eight leaves are believed to be missing (assuming it started with complete quires of four bifolia each).<ref name="Hester">Hester (2012).</ref> The precise contents of these missing leaves are unknown, but it is possible that they were a source for the thirty [[Anonymous sword and buckler images|uncaptioned sword and buckler plays]] which appear in the [[Berlin Sketchbook (Libr.Pict.A.83)|Libri Picture A 83]], the [[Jörg Breu Draftbook (Cod.I.6.2º.4)|Codex I.6.2º.4]], and the [[Lienhart Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cgm 3712)|Cgm 3712]] (see below); alternatively, these may originate from another manuscript within the same tradition. The anonymous plays seem in turn to have been the main source for [[Paulus Hector Mair]]'s treatment of rapier and buckler, which he captioned with his own interpretations; since Mayr's connection to this tradition seems limited to being a late commentator, his text is not included below.

== Treatise ==

Scans of [[Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33)|MS I.33]] are licensed under the terms of the [https://royalarmouries.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Non-Commercial-Licence.pdf Royal Armouries Non-Commercial Licence].

Folia 1r-3v have been conceptually restored by artist [[Mariana López Rodríguez]]; unmodified versions can be viewed on the Royal Armouries website.

{{master begin
  | title = Sword and buckler
  | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Dieter Bachmann]]</p>
! <p>Transcription{{edit index|Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33)}}<br/>by [[Dieter Bachmann]]</p>

|- 
| rowspan="4" | [[File:MS I.33 01r.png|300px|center|Folio 1r]]
| <p>[1] ''Stygian Pluto dares not attempt what a rogue monk and a treacherous hag dare do.''<ref>The introductory verse is added on the top margin of the page in a 15th-century hand. The distichon was apparently added in the 15th century, when the manuscript was still kept in a monastery library. It seems to express a disparaging view of “armed clerics” and clearly also refers to the depiction of a female fencer on the last folium. This verse is attested in print in the 16th century, and there attributed to Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II, 1405–64), as follows:

* Andreas Gärtner, Proverbialia dicteria (1574): “''Non audet Stygius Pluto tentare, quod audet Eff renis monachus plenaque fraudis anus''” (cited after Wilhelm Binder, ''Novus Thesaurus Adagiorum Latinorum'', 1861 who off ers the German paraphrase “Wo der Teufel nicht selbst hin will, schickt er entweder einen Pfaff en, oder ein altes Weib.”)
* ''Holinshed's Chronicles'' (1577): “Æneas Sylvius (and before him many more driving upon the like argument) dooth saie in this distichon: ''Non audet Stygius Pluto tentare, quod audent / Eff rænis monachus, plenaque fraudis illa''. Meaning ''Mulier'', a woman.”

A longer variant is given by Richard Gough, ''Human Nature Displayed in the History of Myddle (1824): “I remember what Eneas Sylvius said: Non audet Stygius Pluto tentare, quod audet / Eff renis monachus, plenaque fraudis anus. / Vix adfert Stygius Pluto tot damna quot audet / Credo bibax ebrius, plenaque fraudis anus.'' Not Stygian Pluto ever durst pursue, What a rogue monk, and treacherous hag can do. The Stygian fi end can scarce such mischief do man, as This drunken cobler and dissembling woman has.”

I have not been able to locate the verse in Aeneas Sylvius' works directly; in any case, the presence of the verse (with ''dolis'' for ''fraudis'') in a 15th-century hand in our manuscript (more or less conteporary with Aeneas Sylvius, and certainly predating any printed edition of his works) would seem to suggest that he is not its original author.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 01r.jpg|1|lbl=1r}}

|- 
| <p>[2] Note how in general all fencers, or all men who hold a sword in hand, even when ignorant in the art of fencing, make use of these seven guards, on which we have seven verses:</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 01r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[3] {{red|Seven guards there are, under the arm the first<br/>On the right shoulder the second, the third on the left<br/>To the head give the fourth, to the right side the fifth<br/>To the breast give the sixth, and as the final one have ''langort''.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 01r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[4] Note that the art of fencing is described as follows: Fencing is the ordering of various strikes, and it is divided into seven parts as here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 01r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 01v.png|300px|center|Folio 1v]]
| <p>[5] Note that the whole core of the art of fencing consists in this final guard which is called ''langort'', because in it, all actions of the guards or the sword terminate, i.e. they end in it and not in the others, therefore consider it more than the the above-mentioned first one.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 01v.jpg|1|lbl=1v}}

|- 
| <p>[6] {{red|There are three which go forward, and the remaining then flee.<ref>Gunterrodt: ''Tres quae praecedunt, reliquae tantum fugientes''.</ref><br/>These seven parts are executed by the common [fencers],<br/>Luitger the cleric<ref>It is suggestive that the author (if we accept the instructor in the verses and in the manual as the same person) is called ''cler[ic]us'' “the cleric” (or “the clerk”) three times in these verses, but never in the text; conversely, the text consistently calls him ''sacerdos'', and never ''clericus'' (Middle Latin use of ''clerus'' for ''clericus'' is noted in Du Cange's ''Glossarium''). It is almost as if he had composed the verses as a mnenomic orally at an earlier time, before envisaging the project of creating this manual, when he was younger and not yet ordained as a priest. Latin ''clericus'' renders MHG ''pfaffe'', which may could to either a priest, a deacon or a member of the minor orders. Note that it is not unusual to find the designation ''pfaffe''  associated with fencing masters of the late medieval tradition, so [[Hanko Döbringer]] (still in the 14th century) and [[Hans Lecküchner]] (in the later 15th century).<p>The interpretation of the name Lutegerus in the verse on fol. 1v depends on the interpretation of the verse of which it forms a part. This verse is very difficult to interpret in a number of ways. In fact, nothing about it is entirely clear to me.</p></ref> holds the opposite and the middle.<ref>Are we to understand that the seven guards are the same as the “seven parts”, and of these three “precede” (or “go forward” as antonym to ''fugiunt''?) and the remaining (i.e. four) “flee” or “go backward” in some way? CS translate ''Il y en a trois qui avancent, tandis que les autres replient''. But “reply” isn't really what a ''custodia'' does, the system has the separate term ''obsessio'' just for that, and there is nothing in the subsequent material that would somehow suggest that some of the guards have a function of replying or reacting to the others. It is also anyone's guess how the guards are to be grouped. One reasonable assumption would be the the first four, shown on 1r, as opposed to the final three, shown on 1v. There is, in fact, a conceptual difference between the groups, guards 1-4 as described in the manual initiate a strike, while 5 and 6 initiate a thrust, and 7 is a special case, inviting a bind instead of posing a direct threat.<p>Now, the verse goes on to say “these seven (parts, guards) are done by the common fencers”, followed by “the cleric holds the opposite, and Luitger holds the middle”. This may be interpreted in a number of ways.  It is important to note that neither ''medium'' nor ''oppositum'' is used in any technical sense anywhere in the manual outside of this verse.</p><p>CS have ''Le clerc est a l'opposé et Luitger à mi-chemin'' “the cleric is opposite, and Luitger is at halfway”, i.e. they here treat “the cleric” as a different person from Luitger. In the reading of Ukert, Lutegerus is a reference by name to a notable “common fencer”, so that the cleric holding “the opposite” would presumably be preferable to the “common fencer” Luitger who holds merely “the middle”.</p><p>It does seem more probable to me, however, that the entire line refers to a single person, ''clerus Lutegerus'', who holds “both the opposite and the middle” and that this statement, as a whole, contrasts with the “common fencers” mentioned in the preceding line. Note that this would mean that the author here employs ''hyperbaton'' (the separation of the two associated nominatives), in apparent aspiration to a “poetic” mode of speech entirely absent from the rest of the “verses”.</p><p>I am unsure whether the terms ''oppositum'' and ''medium'' should be interpreted in a figurative way, as it were “he is in possession of the counter and the means”, or in a strictly spatial sense, as it were “he holds ''against'' (his opponent)” and at the same time “he holds or occupies the ''center''” between the fencers. This latter interpretation strikes me as a useful description of the “conflict of binder and bound” referenced throughout the manual, but it must be admitted that a discussion in the terms used in the verse is not repeated anywhere in the following text. It nevertheless remains my preferred reading, against both CS and Ukert, that “clerus Lutegerus” here refers to a single person, and most likely the manual's author himself (compare the discussion of ''de Alkersleiben'' below).</p></ref>}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 01v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="5" | [[File:MS I.33 02r.png|300px|center|Folio 2r]]
| <p>[7] '''(+)''' Note, here is contained the first guard, viz. the one under the arm, and the siege is ''halbschilt''. And I give the sensible counsel that the one under the arm should not execute any strike, as recommends ''de Alkersleiben'',<ref>Gunterrodt (1579) read this name as ''Albenslaiben'' recognising it as the name of the “ancient stem and most famous family” (''vetustissima prosapia et clarissima familia'') of Alvensleben. Ukert, on the other hand, reads ''Alkersleiben''. Both Gunterrodt and Ukert recognised the word as a personal name (while a reading ''albersleiben'' is due to Forgeng, who identified the word as a fencing term, a “proto-Liechtenauerian” version of Alber). ''Alkersleiben'' is clearly more consistent with the manuscript, and Gunterrodt's reading should perhaps be considered an emendation, inserting the more familiar name of Alvensleben, a prominent noble family of Brandenburg in Gunterrodt's time (which also had held extensive possessions already in the 1300s). For Gunterrodt, it was obvious that the author of the manuscript must have been a nobleman who had retired to a monastery in his old age, and he took his reading as a confirmation of the association with nobility without positively identifying the name as referencing the manual's author.<p>However, reading ''de Alkersleiben'' (with Ukert) we have a reference to the Thuringian village of Alkersleben (recorded in the 13th century as ''Alkesleibin''), at the time of merely local importance as the site of a manor and a deanery. Alkersleben is some 200 km to the north of the parts of Franconia affected by the Second Margravian War, the presumed area of production of our manuscript. Ukert interprets both ''Lutegerus'' and ''de Alkersleiben'' as the names of “common fencers” (''generales dimicatores'', “gemeine Fechtmeister”). This depends entirely on the context we give to the occurrence of the names, in the case of ''de Alkersleiben'':  ''Non ducat aliquam plagam quod probat de Alkersleiben'' “He should not deliver any strike, as recommended by ''de Alkersleiben''” – are we to understand that this is a counsel against the recommendation to “deliver a strike” attributed to a notable “common fencer” known as ''de Alkersleiben'', or are we much rather to understand that the counsel not to deliver a strike is attributed to the highly profi cient fencer known by this name, which would amount to nothing less than yet another reference by the author to himself in the third person? If we are ready to interpret ''Lutegerus'' in this way, I see no obstacle to adopt the same position here, which would give us an author ''Clericus Lutegerus de Alkersleiben'', or, in German, ''Pfaffe Luitger von Alkersleben''. Incidentially, the term ''nucken'' happens to be more consistent with a Thuringian rather than a Franconian origin of whoever is responsible for coining it.</p></ref> for the reason that he cannot reach the upper part; if [he should aim] lower, it would be pernicious to [his] head. But the besieger by entering could invade him at any time if he omits what is being held, as is written below.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02r.jpg|1|lbl=2r}}

|- 
| <p>[8] Verse:<br/>{{red|The first guard has a two-fold counter:<br/>The first counter is ''halbshilt'', the second is ''langort''.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[9] {{red|When ''halbschilt'' is executed, fall underneath sword and shield.<br/>If he is common, he will reach [for] the head, then you should do a ''stichschlac''.<br/>If he binds and presses, you should counter with a ''schiltschlac''.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[10] Note that the one who lies above will direct a strike to the head without ''schiltslac'' if he is common. But if you want to be informed by the counsel of the priest, bind and press. </p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[11] ''Note that the first guard, viz. the one under the arm, can besiege itself, so that the one besieging with this guard can besiege the first guard; but nevertheless the one assuming first guard against the besieger can besiege the siege which corresponds with the siege that is called ''halbschilt'', differing in this, that the sword is extended below the arm and above the shield so that the hand holding the shield is included in the hand holding the sword.''<ref>CS praise this image as “one of the most beautiful aesthetic successes” of the codex. The postures are drawn very carefully, including an indication that each fencer has the right foot forward, a detail that will not be evident in later figures. The final (and let's face it, rather awkward) paragraph is in hand B and alludes to changed dynamics that arise if first guard is answered with first guard.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="6" | [[File:MS I.33 02v.png|300px|center]]
| <p>[12] Note that the scholar here binds and applies pressure so that he gets to perform a ''schiltslac'' as [in the image] below. But he should take care that what is to be done on the 
part of the priest [because] after the bind, the priest will be the first to act. Note also that the priest can do nothing other than a ''schiltslac'' or embracing with the left hand the arms of the priest, i.e. sword and shield.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02v.jpg|1|lbl=2v}}

|- 
| <p>[13] It is to be seen, that the pupil has no option but to do a ''schiltslac'', or to grip the arms of the priest with his left hand, namely sword and shield.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[14] Verse:<br/>{{red|Here the scholar binds and presses, for him is a ''schildschlac''.<br/>Or with the left hand he is to embrace the priest's arms.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[15] The priest here has three options, viz. sword-change, so that he is above, or ''durchtreten'', or with the {{dec|s|left}}<sup>right</sup> hand embrace the arms of the scholar, i.e. sword and shield.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[16] {{red|These three are for the cleric: ''durchtrit'', sword-change,<br/>or with the right hand he could take the sword [and] shield.}}<ref>This is written vertically on the right margin. The image is damaged, but it is the first of dozen identical images illustrating “overbind” (see §11). This image is also the first instance of a “change of perspective” (i.e. the position of fencers is inverted; this is done on purpose in order to show the hand position of the fencer).</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[17] Note that what is said above you find in this example.<ref>i.e. Showing the ''schiltslac''.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 02v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 03r.png|300px|center]]
| <p>[18] '''(+)''' Note that the first guard is resumed here, due to certain actions from the first section, i.e. of the first guard of which was treated before, but all that belongs here you find in the first page, up to the sword-change.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 03r.jpg|1|lbl=3r}}

|- 
| <p>[19] {{red|When ''halbschilt'' is assumed, fall<br/>under sword and shield.}}<ref>The verse is written between the two images on the left side (the side of the fencer performing the technique).</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 03r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="4" | [[File:MS I.33 03v.png|300px|center]]
| <p>[20] Here is a bind on the part of the scholar, and all other things which were treated above, until the sword-change below.<ref>The first three images of the second play are equivalent to the first play. This is made explicit in the text, the sword-change in the following image being shown as a counter to the overbind. But note the explicit depiction of step with the left foot forward for the overbind (based on the position of the rear foot), a detail absent from the equivalent situation as shown in 2v.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 03v.jpg|1|lbl=3v}}

|- 
| <p>[21] Here the scholar gets good counsel as to how he may resist this. And know that when the game is as shown here, then a ''stich'' must be executed as generally contained in the book, even though there are no images of this [here].</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 03v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[22] Note how the priest here changes the sword, because it was below and now it will be above; then he puts the sword to his adversary's head, which is called ''nucken'', from which results a separation of the sword and the shield of the scholar.<ref>The two paragraphs are arranged on the left and on the right, referring to the scholar and the priest, respectively. The image shows the situation after the sword-change (''mutatio gladii''); the scholar is instructed to counter this with a ''stich'', but this isn't pursued further. This is presumably the action depicted in 10r, where it is, however, referred to as ''stichslac''. The play here instead continues with the action of ''nucken'' performed by the priest immediately after the sword-change. The last part of the second paragraph is already in reference to the following image on the next page, i.e. the one depicting the priest's ''nucken''.

The word is written ''nucken'' in prose, but then ''nukcen'' in the verse: is this a simple error, or is the creation of an apparent rhyme with ''schutzen'' significant?</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 03v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[23] Hence the verse:<br/>{{red|So the cleric's ''nucken'',<br/>[where] the common fencers [will rather?] ''schutzen''.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 03v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="3" | [[File:MS I.33 04r.jpg|300px|center]]
| <p>[24] Here the priest should take care not to delay with the sword in the slightest, lest out of this delay an action should arise which is called wrestling, but out of caution he must immediately re-establish the bind.<ref>The paragraph is centered on the page above the image, perhaps added as an afterthought as the scribe realised that the description intended for this image has already been given on the previous page. This image is unique in the book, and CS point out correctly a mistake on the part of the illustrator, who has given the priest two left hands.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 04r.jpg|1|lbl=4r}}

|- 
| <p>[24] '''(+)''' {{red|H}}ere the first guard is resumed, the siege to which guard will be very rare, because nobody is in the habit of performing it except for the priest, or his little clients, i.e. students, and this siege is called ''krucke'', and I counsel in good faith that he who assumes the guard should bind immediately after the siege, as it isn't good to lag, or to do any of the things by which he might be saved, or that he at least execute the same as the [besieger] did.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 04r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[25] Know that the besieger must not hesitate but immediately after the siege should execute a ''stich''; thus the adversary cannot deliberate on what he might intend and this is to be understood diligently.<ref>The second paragraph is written on the right margin. The ''krucke'' is introduced as an alternative reaction to first guard (other than ''halbschilt''), and advertised as a speciality of the priest's system. This position at the same time covers the right side (threatened by first guard) and threatens a thrust to the opponent's sword side. CS interpret the image as reflecting the fencers maintaining eye contact under the shield. I do not think this is the case: ''Krucke'' should be performed with a step to the right, and eye-contact is maintained in a line passing left of the shield.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 04r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="4" | [[File:MS I.33 04v.jpg|300px|center]]
| <p>[26] Here the priest binds above the scholar's siege, and immediately there follow all the preceding things, which you had before, although granted, two images you did not yet see, they follow below, where he catches sword and shield.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 04v.jpg|1|lbl=4v}}

|- 
| <p>[27] Note that whenever binder and bound are in conflict as here, then the bound can flee wherever he wants, if he so chooses, and it is necessary in all binds. But for this you have to be prepared, that wheresoever the bound [flees], you should pursue him.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 04v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[28] {{red|Binder and bound are contrary and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I aim to pursue.}}<ref>The first occurrence of the ''ligans-ligati'' verse, written on the left margin; note that the verse is grammatically dubious, you would expect ''ligans ligatusque'' or something similar. The text is distracted from the play at hand to give general advice on the bind, but 5v below can be seen as immediately following the establishment of the bind here.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 04v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[29] Here the priest teaches his student how from the above he may catch sword and shield, and know that the priest cannot free himself from such an embrace without letting go of his sword and shield.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 04v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 05r.jpg|300px|center]]
| <p>[30] Here the priest defends against what the scholar does above.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 05r.jpg|1|lbl=5r}}

|- 
| <p>[31] '''(+)''' Here first guard is resumed, but all that is required here you have likewise [i.e. as discussed above], with the sole exception of the scholar's omission of the bind.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 05r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 05v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 5v]]
| <p>[32] Here the scholar has omitted [all actions], as he did not bind; the scholar enters straight [away],<ref>''prossus'' for ''prorsus'' or ''prosus'' “straight ahead, directly, truly”; even though the literal meaning of the adverb is “straight ahead”, the intended meaning is not necessarily spatial but rather temporal, i.e. the priest enters “straight away” as the scholar omits the bind, but not necessarily in a straight line.</ref> and not without merit, because whenever the one assuming the guard omits that which he has to do, the besieger has to enter as [shown] here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 05v.jpg|1|lbl=5v}}

|- 
| <p>[33] '''(+)''' The siege is as before, but the play is different.<ref>The short gloss is written without the initial usually used for new sections, and squeezed between the feet of the fencers in the above image.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 05v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 06r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 6r]]
| <p>[34] Above, the priest besieges the scholar; here, the scholar performs the same action as the priest, but the besieger is the first to enter if the scholar omits [further action], as below. Moreover, he should take care lest the other might reach the head, as he can [do that].<ref>The text has a stray ''lu'', the beginning of the word ''ludem'', amended to ''actum'' on the fly (because ''ludus'' “game” is used for a sequence of techniques, while ''actus'' refers to a single tempo, in this case the assumption of ''krucke''). The addition of ''scholaris'' as the subject of ''obmittit'' is in the later hand B.</ref><ref>The technique described is an example of ''Fühlen'' in the bind, the priest may thrust to the belly in the (strong) bind, but the scholar has the opportunity to release the bind and strike to the head, scoring an easy double-hit. As soon as the attacker feels he is losing the bind, he has to interrupt the attack and perform the counter shown in the next image.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 06r.jpg|1|lbl=6r}}

|- 
| <p>[35] From these above actions, the priest enters; as I said above, he should mind the head.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 06r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 06v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 6v]]
| <p>[36]<ref>The top image is without text (and without lineation). It shows a counter against the double-hit discussed under the previous image. The counter is worth closer scrutiny, as it does not recur (but compare the counter on 19v as conceptually related).</ref> '''(+)''' Here once again the first guard, viz. the one under the arm, is re-assumed, which is besieged with a certain counter that is called ''langort'', and it is a siege of the common fencers, and the counters to this siege on the part of the one in the guard are the binds below and above.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 06v.jpg|1|lbl=6v}}

|- 
| <p>[37] Whence the verse:</p>

<p>{{red|When ''langort'' is performed, quickly bind below or above.<br/>But the upper bind will always be more useful than the lower one.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 06v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 07r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 7r]]
| <p>[38] Here will follow the game of the first guard, that is, of the binder and the bound.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 07r.jpg|1|lbl=7r}}

|- 
| <p>[39] Whence the verse:</p>

<p>{{red|Binder and bound are contrary and irate<br/>The bound flees to the side, I aim to pursue.}}<ref>This page once again shows the overbind-schiltslac sequence; there is a change of perspective from the previous. The lower image has lineation but no text. On the bottom of the page, Johann Herbart (Herwart) of Würzburg, who acquired the manuscript in the 1550s, has left his name.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 07r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 07v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 7v]]
| <p>[41] '''(+)''' The first guard and the siege of the common [fencers]<ref>i.e. ''langort''</ref> as above, but the game is varied at the end of the play.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 07v.jpg|1|lbl=7v}}

|- 
| <p>[42] Above</p>

:Below, but the priest has established the bind, even though he is in the lower position.<ref>This is a rare instance of an actively established ''under''bind (followed immediately by a sword-change), the only other example of this being 19r.</ref>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 07v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

:{{section|Page:MS I.33 07v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}

|- 
| [[File:MS I.33 08r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 8r]]
| <p>[43] Here is the change of the sword in lower position.<ref>The text is written between the two images, on the right side (the side of the fencer performing the technique). There is no 
other text (or lineation) on the page. The prior image (the underbind) is closely reproduced in the top image, the only difference in posture being the scholar's having moved his shield to his left hand side. It thus shows the same situation as the top of 7r (with the role of the two fencers reversed), i.e. the overbind, but in this case, the ''Vor'' is held not by the fencer in the overbind, but by the fencer in the underbind, who next performs sword-change, so that the sequence on 8r becomes a repetition of 3v.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 08r.jpg|1|lbl=8r}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 08v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 8v]]
| <p>[44] '''(+)''' First guard is resumed here, and it is besieged with the first [siege], that is ''halpschilt'', and you will have all of the things [treated] before.<ref>This “play” on the final page of the first quire has no new material, but it is important as the only instance of the frequently used action of “falling under” being shown from the reverse perspective, showing the hands of the fencer in halpschilt. The variant ''possessio'' for ''obsessio'' here occurs for the last time (otherwise only as possessor on 4r, and in the late addition on 2r).</ref></p>
|  {{section|Page:MS I.33 08v.jpg|1|lbl=8v}}

|- 
| <p>[45] Verse:</p>

<p>{{red|When ''halpschilt'' is assumed, fall<br/>under sword and shield.}}<ref>The verse is written between the two images, on the right side (the side of the fencer performing the technique).</ref></p>
|  {{section|Page:MS I.33 08v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| colspan="3" style="padding:2em 0em 2em 0em; text-align: center" | {{blue|b=1|One leaf (four plays) is missing between 8v and 9r.}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 09r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 9r]]
| <p>[46] '''(+)''' It can be seen how here is taught in which way the second ward may be displaced. And I say the second ward, because the third ward which is given to the left shoulder, does not differ much from the second. But here we speak of the second ward, which is given to the right shoulder. And from the same ward, the displacer executes the displacement called ''schutzen'', because every ward has its protection (which is the meaning of ''schutzen'').</p>
|  {{section|Page:MS I.33 09r.jpg|1|lbl=9r}}

|- 
| <p>[47] Here the priest places himself in a similar way to the pupil and teaches, what will follow from these things. And you must know that (according to the true teaching of the priest) he who was the first to displace, can do three things: firstly, he can push the sword downwards and then ''durchtreten''; secondly, he can execute a blow<ref>''recipere plagam'': to execute (not to receive) a blow. Probably intended as 'receive the opportunity to strike'.</ref> from the right side; thirdly, he can execute a blow from the left side. Note that the opponent can do the same, even though the displacer is the first to be ready.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 09r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 09v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 9v]]
| <p>[48] Here the pupil, instructed by the priest, executes an action that is called ''durchtritt''.<ref>''durchtritt'': a step to the side seems intended; for the (preferable) action depicted, we would expect 'to the left', so dexteram may be taking the opponent's view.</ref> He might get an opportunity far a strike to the left, as it is done by general fencers, or to the right, as it is done by the priest and his youths. To counter these two possibilities, the priest may, with the sword under the arm, reach the bare hands of him who executes the abovementioned strikes, although this counter is not depicted in the example image.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 09v.jpg|1|lbl=9v}}

|- 
| <p>[49] Note that the priest deflects the action mentioned above while the pupil is still underway. The priest demonstrates this, depressing the pupil's bound sword, as shown here in the image. Later, you may learn what the priest will make of this if you pay careful attention etc.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 09v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 10r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 10r]]
| <p>[50] Here, as the priest is in the act of binding from above, he teaches the pupil, what may be done against this, namely ''stichslac'', which he generally recommends, as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 10r.jpg|1|lbl=10r}}

|- 
| <p>[51] '''(+)''' "the second to the right shoulder", i.e. the second ward. And note, that both the one assuming the ward and the one displacing it are in the same position as in the previous example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 10r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 10v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 10v]]
| <p>[52] Here, the priest obits to bind or being bound, and this as an example for his students, so that these may learn what is to be done; the pupil attacks and executes an action put here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 10v.jpg|1|lbl=10v}}

|- 
| <p>[53] '''(+)''' same ward, but with a different displacement, and it is the one called ''halbschilt'' first treated displacing the first ward, i.e. the one under the arm.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 10v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 11r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 11r]]
| <p>[54] Note how many ordinary fencers will be seduced by this displacement shown here. They think they can achieve a separation of sword and shield by means of the strike executed here. This is however not the case, because the displacer tarries, which could endanger him, but this [separation] executed is depicted here for all that wish to make use of the counsel of the priest.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 11r.jpg|1|lbl=11r}}

|- 
| <p>[55] Here, the priest is about to execute the above strike. He teaches the pupil to turn sword and shield and to attack with the sword as here, so that the opponent may not effectively execute the strike.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 11r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 11v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 11v]]
| <p>[56] '''(+)''' Here the priest re-adopts the first ward, i.e. the one under the arm; some things were omitted which you had not put before, as shown in the example below.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 11v.jpg|1|lbl=11v}}

|- 
| <p>[57] You might ask how the pupil should attack the priest. And it should be known that the priest by tarrying omits all defence, in order to teach the pupil, who, as he stands, without moving sword or shield, approaches, i.e., soon he has the opportunity to strike, as shown in these images.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 11v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 12r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 12r]]
| <p>[58] '''(+)''' Here, the priest adopts third ward, which is displaced by the student as shown. The counter to this displacement will be a bind, and I say bind, but only above, and no other as in the example below.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 12r.jpg|1|lbl=12r}}

|- 
| <p>[59] Here, the priest binds, which is better and more profitable, because if he did aught else less occupying the adversary's sword, it would be to his loss.<ref name="dampnum">''dampnum'' for ''damnum''</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 12r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 12v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 12v]]
| <p>[60] From the above bind, the priest teaches his little client to get sword and shield by embracing the arms of his opponent, as shown here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 12v.jpg|1|lbl=12v}}

|- 
| <p>[61] Here the third ward is adopted, as before, and the same displacement, but the game is varied.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 12v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 13r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 13r]]
| <p>[62] Here the priest teaches his little client, who executes a displacement, and he teaches him to enter if a bind is omitted.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 13r.jpg|1|lbl=13r}}

|- 
| <p>[63] '''(+)''' The same third ward, viz. on the left shoulder, and the same displacement called ''halbschilt'', as above.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 13r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| [[File:MS I.33 13v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 13v]]
| <p>[64] Note that all actions of the first ward, viz. under the arm, are here, up to the next sign of the cross.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 13v.jpg|1|lbl=13v}}

|- 
| [[File:MS I.33 14r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 14r]]
| <p>[65] '''(+)''' Here the third ward is re-adopted, which will be displaced by ''langort'', which all common fencers execute, and the counter to this displacement are two binds, one on the right above the sword, the other on the left.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 14r.jpg|1|lbl=14r}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 14v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 14v]]
| <p>[66] Verse:</p>

<p>{{red|Binder and bound are adverse and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 14v.jpg|1|lbl=14v}}

|- 
| <p>[67] '''(+)''' Now that the third ward has been treated, here the fourth is treated, which will have ''halbschilt'' as its displacement, and all that you had before you will find here up to the next sign of the cross.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 14v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| colspan="3" style="padding:2em 0em 2em 0em; text-align: center" | '''One leaf (four plays) is missing between 14v and 15r.'''

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 15r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 15r]]
| <p>[68] '''(+)''' Here the priest re-adopts the fourth ward; the displacement of this fourth ward will be the first ward, and this as an example to his pupils, as here shown in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 15r.jpg|1|lbl=15r}}

|- 
| <p>[69] After above the pupil has displaced the priest, here he again displaces him, and that below the arm, and note how all this has been treated with the first ward, i.e. the one under the arm, up to the next sign of the cross.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 15r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| [[File:MS I.33 15v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 15v]]
| <p>[No text]</p>
| {{paget|Ms I33 fol|15v|jpg|blk=1}}

|- 
| [[File:MS I.33 16r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 16r]]
| <p>[70] '''(+)''' Here the first ward is re-adopted, viz. under the arm, and its displacement will be ''langort'', and it is common and of limited value, and note that he who adopts the ward has three possibilities: firstly, he may bind right, above the sword; secondly, he may left, below the sword; thirdly, he may grip the sword with his hand, as shown below in the next example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 16r.jpg|1|lbl=16r}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 16v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 16v]]
| <p>[71] Here the priest grips - i.e. he teaches to grip - the displacer's sword. And note that the sword of said displacer may not be freed except by means of a ''schiltslac'', where the priest's hand is struck with the shield, as below in the next example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 16v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}

|- 
| <p>[72] Here the pupil's sword is freed by means of a ''schiltschlac'', and the priest should take care that the pupil does not execute a strike to his head, or a general stab, which the priest is wont to teach his students. Also, you should know that if the pupil strike to the head, execute a protection, with the sword together with the shield in the left hand, and so you will strike the shield from the hands of your adversary, as shown below in the next example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 16v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| colspan="3" style="padding:2em 0em 2em 0em; text-align: center" | '''Four leaves (sixteen plays) are missing between 16v and 17r.'''

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 17r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 17r]]
| <p>[73] '''(+)''' Here the priest adopts the sixth ward, which is given to the breast. And note, it is solely this stab that must be executed which is executed from the fifth ward, up to the next sign of the cross.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 17r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}

|- 
| <p>[74] Here the priest from the said sixth ward executes a stab, and a stab is also executed from the fifth ward.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 17r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 17v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 17v]]
| <p>[75] Here the pupil by binding resists and deflects this stab of the priest's <del>in the next</del> above in the next example thus.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 17v.jpg|1|lbl=17v}}

|- 
| <p>[76] '''(+)''' After all the wards above have been treated, here the seventh ward is treated, which is called ''langort'', and note that there are four binds, that answer to this ward, namely two from the right, and the other two from the left. But here we speak only of the first bind above the sword, which you have all in the first ward, up to the fourth example, where sword and shield are taken.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 17v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 18r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 18r]]
| <p>[77] It is to be seen how the pupil was the first to bind above the priest's sword in the preceding example. Here, the priest approaches and erects his sword and shield for the protection of the head.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 18r.jpg|1|lbl=18r}}

|- 
| <p>[78] Here the pupil can perform ''shiltslac'', and form the counter he can inflict a blow to the priest.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 18r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 18v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 18v]]
| <p>[79] Here the bound, i.e. the one below, grips sword and shield of the one above.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 18v.jpg|1|lbl=18v}}

|- 
| <p>[80] Here the pupil voluntarily drops sword and shield, intending to grapple with the priest as below.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 18v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 19r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 19r]]
| <p>[81] Above the priest was grabbed by the pupil and forced to grapple, which the priest may prevent as shown in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 19r.jpg|1|lbl=19r}}

|- 
| <p>[82] '''(+)''' Here the same final ward is adopted by the pupil. The priest counters, and it is one of the four binds, namely the one below and left, as shown in the images.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 19r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="3" | [[File:MS I.33 19v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 19v]]
| <p>[83] After the example above, in the following the priest is bound from below, but the pupil may reach the priest's head, because his sword was higher, and note, in all binds from below, one should guard the head, lest it be hit as here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 19v.jpg|1|lbl=19v}}

|- 
| <p>[84] Whence the verse:</p>

<p>{{red|When binding from below, take care that you are not deceived<br/>When you are bound from below, the head of the binder can be reached.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 19v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[85] Above, the pupil executes a strike and hits the head of the priest, which the priest prevents here by countering, as shown in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 19v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 20r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 20r]]
| <p>[86] '''(+)''' Here the final ward is again adopted, which is called ''langort'', and here the priest is adopting it. But the pupil executes one of the four binds, viz. above the sword, as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 20r.jpg|1|lbl=20r}}

|- 
| <p>[87] After above there was a bind above the priest's sword, one may see here how the priest defends against this by an action called stich, as shown here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 20r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 20v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 20v]]
| <p>[88] '''(+)''' Here the final ward is adopted, viz. ''langort'', by the pupil. Above this ward, the priest binds with one of the four binds, viz. above the sword and to the right. And note that whenever there is a bind, the bound may flee from the binder to wherever he likes, to the left or to the right. Thence you may diligently see that if he flees, you will follow him, as in the verse: The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.</p>

:{{red|''Binder and bound are adverse and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.''}}
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 20v.jpg|1|lbl=20v}}

|- 
| <p>[89] From this bind treated above, executed by the priest, the pupil flees as said above, and as shown here: Because he flees under the arm, the priest immediately follows, cutting his head like here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 20v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 21r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 21r]]
| <p>[90] '''(+)''' Note that this is a different ward, viz. upper ''langort'' which is adopted here by the priest as an example to his pupils, and he instructs his pupil to execute this action, viz. to position himself as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 21r.jpg|1|lbl=21r}}

|- 
| <p>[91] Here the priest binds in order to counter the pupil and it will be one of those four binds, viz. above the sword and to the right, which you had all in another part treated above.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 21r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 21v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 21v]]
| <p>[92] After above the priest had bound, here the pupil wants to hit the priest in another way, and note that as the priest thinks that he could enter a bind, the pupil hits this same priest's arms. Note also that he not only hits the arms, but the power of this blow lies in the stab, which may also be executed here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 21v.jpg|1|lbl=21v}}

|- 
| <p>[93] Here the priest notices that his arms are endangered, and he draws himself back, intending to strike, but the pupil follows as here etc.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 21v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 22r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 22r]]
| <p>[94] '''(+)''' Here a common ward is adopted, which is called ''vidilpoge'',<ref>''vidilpoge'' = "fiddle-bow".</ref> executed by the priest. The pupil counters it positioning himself as shown here in the images.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 22r.jpg|1|lbl=22r}}

|- 
| <p>[95] Then, the pupil placed his sword on the priest's arm, which also counts as a bind, as shown above. Here the priest turns the hand holding the shield and grasps the pupil's sword, as in this example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 22r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 22v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 22v]]
| <p>[96] '''(+)''' Here the same ward is re-adopted, viz. ''vidilpoge'', executed by the priest, the pupil acting as above.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 22v.jpg|1|lbl=22v}}

|- 
| <p>[97] Here the priest binds as above.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 22v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 23r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 23r]]
| <p>[98] From this bind the priest does a ''schiltslac'' as treated often above, from abovementioned binds.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 23r.jpg|1|lbl=23r}}

|- 
| <p>[99] '''(+)''' Note that the final ward is re-adopted, viz. ''langort'', concerning which it should be noted that a stab is executed, by means of which the one in the ward is stabbed in the belly, i.e. he is penetrated by the sword, and note that of this paragraph not more than these two images are shown, which was the fault of the painter.<ref>''fingitur for figitur; fuit vicium pictoris'': Here is evidence that the author is not identical with the draftsman.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 23r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="3" | [[File:MS I.33 23v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 23v]]
| <p>[100] '''(+)''' Here, the priest adopts his special ward, viz. ''langort'', which is displaced by the pupil, whose displacement will be ''halpschilt'', as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v}}

|- 
| <p>[101] Here the priest puts himself under the sword of the pupil, as was often treated.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 23v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[102] Whence the verse:</p>

<p>{{red|If halbschilt is assumed, fall<br/>Below both sword and shield.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 23v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 24r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 24r]]
| <p>[103] After the priest above positioned himself to the scholar, the scholar here binds and steps, intending to do which follows, because you had many forms above, it is not necessary to give more examples. Therefore the verse, "the binder and the bound" etc.</p>

:{{red|''Binder and bound are adverse and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.''}}
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 24r.jpg|1|lbl=24r}}

|- 
| <p>[104] Note that form this bind of the part of the pupil a useful strike is executed, viz. a separation of sword and shield of the priest, and entering (but no more of this is written in this book) as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 24r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 24v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 24v]]
| <p>[105] '''(+)''' Here the special ward of the priest's is re-adopted, which is called ''langort'', as seen above, and again the pupil displaces it with ''haloschilt'', as above, but other examples follow, as shown below.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 24v.jpg|1|lbl=24v}}

|- 
| <p>[106] Here the priest positions him to the pupil as was seen often before.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 24v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 25r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 25r]]
| <p>[107] It is to be noted, that the pupil is here dealing a common strike, which all common fencers are wont to deal from the position just treated, namely when binder and bound are engaged and the binder who is above goes to the head and omits a ''schiltslac'', from which follows a strike, and the priest enters, as here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 25r.jpg|1|lbl=25r}}

|- 
| <p>[108] '''(+)''' Note, that here again the special ward of the priest is assumed that is called ''langort'', but it is a very strange displacement that is depicted here, and very rare, and you must know that this can be reduced to the first ward and to the displacement called ''halpschilt'' etc.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 25r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 25v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 25v]]
| <p>[109] Here, the priest executes the abovementioned stab, because the pupil, who has displaced in the previous example, omits all actions, because, had he bound, he would have been ?under-bound, as in the following example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 25v.jpg|1|lbl=25v}}

|- 
| <p>[110] It is to be noted, that from these actions this abovementioned stab by the priest the pupil will here bind, which is necessary, if we want the stab depicted above to be deflected.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 25v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| colspan="3" style="padding:2em 0em 2em 0em; text-align: center" | '''One leaf (four plays) is missing between 25v and 26r.'''

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 26r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 26r]]
| <p>[111] {{red|Binder and bound are adverse and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 26r.jpg|1|lbl=26r}}

|- 
| <p>[112] '''(+)''' Here, the third ward is displaced by the special ward of the priest's that is called ''langort'', and I counsel in good faith, that he who is performing the third ward should not at all delay his actions, because otherwise the one performing the priest's displacement will enter with a stab, which is a common practice of the priest's.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 26r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 26v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 26v]]
| <p>[113] After the priest has been displaced above, the pupil does here ''schutzen'', while the priest is executing a bind, as shown here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 26v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}

|- 
| <p>[114] '''(+)''' Here the fourth ward is assumed again, and it is displaced by the special ward of the priest. It is now up to the priest to displace, and the pupil enters as above, and all the actions that you had before will follow.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 26v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 27r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 27r]]
| <p>[115] '''(+)''' Here again the fifth ward is assumed, and it is displaced by the special ward of the priest that is called ''langort'', as shown in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 27r.jpg|1|lbl=27r}}

|- 
| <p>[116] {{red|Binder and bound are adverse and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 27r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 27v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 27v]]
| <p>[117] '''(+)''' Here the fifth ward is displaced, its displacement being ''halbschilt''. And note, that the one executing the ward may do only two things: Firstly, he can execute a stab, secondly, he can execute a strike to divide shield and sword.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 27v.jpg|1|lbl=27v}}

|- 
| <p>[118] Above, the pupil was displaced. Here however, he gets to do a stab, as shown in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 27v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="3" | [[File:MS I.33 28r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 28r]]
| <p>[119] After the above stab executed by the pupil, here the priest defending does schutzen and gets the opportunity for a strike which is a general rule in the art of the priest.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 28r.jpg|1|lbl=28r}}

|- 
| <p>[120] '''(+)''' Here the fifth ward is resumed which will be countered by ''halpschilt'' as shown in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 28r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[121] Note, that whenever ''halbschilt'' is assumed against this fifth ward, or against the second ward, a strike from the one assuming the ward is always to be expected, which could divide sword and shield. Thence the counsel, that whenever you execute this displacement, i.e. ''halpschilt'', you should enter with a stab without mercy.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 28r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 28v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 28v]]
| <p>[122] Here the pupil executes a ''stich'', because the priest omits his defense, as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 28v.jpg|1|lbl=28v}}

|- 
| <p>[123] Here the priest deflects the action executed above, as shown here by the priest.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 28v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="3" | [[File:MS I.33 29r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 29r]]
| <p>[124] First, as above in the third example of the pictures, the same stab is executed by the pupil, and this stab is deflected by the priest, by means of a ''schiltslac'', as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 29r.jpg|1|lbl=29r}}

|- 
| <p>[125] '''(+)''' Here the fifth ward is again resumed, of which much was said above, and it is to be noted that the priest is displacing the pupil with a displacement that is rare and very good, as an example for his students. And you have to know, that if the pupil executes a stab, which to execute is usually the use, the priest also must execute a stab against the stab of the pupil, because his will be more effective, entering with the left foot. But if he does not want to enter he should nevertheless retract his right foot and not omit this stab. But if the pupil displaces against him by means of ''halpscilt'', the priest should fall below sword and shield, and then will follow those things which were seen before.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 29r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| <p>[126] Thence the verse,</p>

<p>{{red|If ''halbschilt'' is assumed, fall<br/>Below both sword and shield.}}</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 29r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 29v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 29v]]
| <p>[127] Here the pupil completes his stab, the priest omitting all actions.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 29v.jpg|1|lbl=29v}}

|- 
| <p>[128] Here note that the priest deflects the pupil's stab.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 29v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 30r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 30r]]
| <p>[129] '''(+)''' It is to be seen that here the fourth ward is again assumed, and the displacement to this fourth ward is the special ''langort'' of the priest. But the displacer should see that the one assuming the ward does not execute a strike, as it would be dangerous to tarry; therefore he should execute schuzin, and finally not omit a stab.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 30r.jpg|1|lbl=30r}}

|- 
| <p>[130] Here, on the other hand, the priest is displacing the pupil, which I consider to be better, and what can be learned from anybody, because if he did not, the pupil would enter with a stab which would now be possible for him. And from these actions follows the game of the first ward, that is, of the binder and the bound, which is shown below in the first example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 30r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 30v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 30v]]
| <p>[131] Here will be the bindings that were treated often above, whence the verse "the binder and the bound are contrary and enraged" etc.</p>

:{{red|''Binder and bound are adverse and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.''}}
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 30v.jpg|1|lbl=30v}}

|- 
| <p>[132] From these above bindings, the pupil executes this strike lifting his sword to the head by means of a ''schiltslac''.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 30v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 31r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 31r]]
| <p>[133] It is to be seen that the priest deflects the above strike delivered by the pupil in this way, as the pupil's sword has been below, and as he was about to deliver the strike, moving his sword, the priest has the opportunity for a strike before the pupil could put his sword to its use, as shown here in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 31r.jpg|1|lbl=31r}}

|- 
| <p>[134] '''(+)''' Here, the fourth ward is reassumed, whose displacement is the special ''langort'' of the priest. And it is to be noted, that whenever the game is set in this way, I counsel the one assuming the ward, and also the one displacing him, that none should delay what they have to do, i.e. on one hand the one assuming the ward, a displacement, on the other hand the one displacing, a stab.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 31r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 31v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 31v]]
| <p>[135] Above, both the one assuming the ward and the one displacing it were referred to; and because the pupil, who was the displacer, will be quicker, he executes what he should, namely first ''schuzin'', as here, and in the next example below a stab, because the priest is omitting all actions. Thus, the one entering first will be the first to do damage to his opponent.<ref name="dampnum"/></p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 31v.jpg|1|lbl=31v}}

|- 
| <p>[136] After the actions of the pupil's and the omission of actions of the priest's were discussed above, the priest is here omitting what he should do, and the pupil is completing the obvious attack, as shown here.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 31v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 32r.jpg|300px|center|Folio 32r]]
| <p>[137] '''(+)''' It is to be seen, that the first ward is reassumed, i.e. the one below the arm, the replacement to which is the special second ward of the priest on the right shoulder, and take note, that the one assuming the ward will ''schuzin'' without delay, otherwise his opponent will execute ''halbschilt'' which would be disastrous for the one assuming the ward. And from here will be generated all the things related to the first ward that were treated in the first quire.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 32r.jpg|1|lbl=32r}}

|- 
| <p>[138] The priest, assuming the ward, is here executing ''schuzin'', which will be for the reason that he was the first to be ready. And it is good counsel that the displacer will bind immediately above the sword of the one assuming the ward (which is here omitted), as shown in the example.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 32r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS I.33 32v.jpg|300px|center|Folio 32v]]
| <p>[139] Here will be bindings, above and below, as they occur often, thence the verse "binder and bound" etc.</p>

:{{red|''Binder and bound are adverse and irate;<br/>The bound flees to the side, I try to follow.''}}
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 32v.jpg|1|lbl=32v}}

|- 
| <p>[140] From the above bindings, (the priest) Walpurgis<ref>Concerning the name of the woman fencer: The name ''walp<sup>r</sup>gis'' as written directly above the word ''sac'dos'' (below which are five dots forming a line). It is not entirely clear, whether ''Walpurgis'' is meant to replace ''sacerdos'' or if it is an addition (in which case it would be genitive of ''Walpurga''). But since in the picture, the woman is executing the ''schiltslac'', and because the woman is said to have been ready first (''parata''), she must be called (in the nominative) ''Walpurgis''.</ref> executes a ''schiltslac'' because she was higher, and quicker to be ready.</p>
| {{section|Page:MS I.33 32v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| colspan="3" style="padding:2em 0em 2em 0em; text-align: center" | '''One leaf (four plays) is missing after 32r.'''

|}
{{master end}}

{{master begin
 | title = Additional Illustrations
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Berlin Sketchbook (Libr.Pict.A.83)|Berlin Version]] (ca. 1512)</p>
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Jörg Breu Draftbook (Cod.I.6.2º.4)|Augsburg Version]] (1545)</p>
! <p>Images<br/>from the [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Munich Version]] (1556)</p>

|- 
| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 36r-a.jpg|400px|center]]
| [[File:Cod.I.6.2º.4 14r.png|400px|center]]
| [[File:Cgm 3712 196v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_396]]

|- 
| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 36r-b.jpg|400px|center]]
| [[File:Cod.I.6.2º.4 14v.png|400px|center]]
| 

|- 
| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 34v-a.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Cgm 3712 197r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_397]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 197v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_398]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 198r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_399]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 198v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_400]]

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| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 34v-b.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Cgm 3712 199r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_401]]

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| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 33r-a.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Cgm 3712 199v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_402]]

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| [[File:Cod.I.6.2º.4 15v.png|400px|center]]
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|- 
| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 35r-a.jpg|400px|center]]
| [[File:Cod.I.6.2º.4 15r.png|400px|center]]
| [[File:Cgm 3712 200r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_403]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 201r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_405]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 201v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_406]]

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| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 33v-a.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Cgm 3712 202r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_407]]

|- 
| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 33r-b.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Cgm 3712 202v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_408]]

|- 
| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 33v-b.jpg|400px|center]]
| [[File:Cod.I.6.2º.4 40r.png|400px|center]]
| [[File:Cgm 3712 203r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_409]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 203v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_410]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 205r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_413]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 205v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_414]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 206r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_415]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 207r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_417]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 207v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_418]]

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| [[File:Libr.Pict.A.83 35r-b.jpg|400px|center]]
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| [[File:Cgm 3712 208r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_419]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 208v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_420]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 209r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_421]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 209v.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_422]]

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| [[File:Cgm 3712 212r.jpg|400px|center|link=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_427]]

|}
{{master end}}

{{master begin
 | title = Copyright and License Summary
 | width = 100%
}}
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|discussion page]].

<section begin="sourcebox"/>{{sourcebox header}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = [[Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33)|MS I.33]] Images
 | authors     = [[Royal Armouries]]
 | source link = 
 | source title= Used under the [https://royalarmouries.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Non-Commercial-Licence.pdf Royal Armouries Non-Commercial Licence]
 | license     = copyrighted
}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = [[Berlin Sketchbook (Libr.Pict.A.83)|Libr.Pict.A.83]] Images
 | authors     = [[Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin]]
 | source link = http://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/dms/werkansicht/?PPN=PPN614064619&DMDID=DMDLOG_0000
 | source title= Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz
 | license     = noncommercial
}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = [[Jörg Breu Draftbook (Cod.I.6.2º.4)|Cod.I.6.2º.4]] Images
 | authors     = [[Universitätsbibliothek Augsburg]]
 | source link = http://www.nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-uba002004-0
 | source title= Universitätsbibliothek Augsburg
 | license     = permission
}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Cgm 3712]] Images
 | authors     = [[Bayerische Staatsbibliothek]]
 | source link = http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00043228/image_1
 | source title= Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
 | license     = permission
}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = Translation
 | authors     = [[Dieter Bachmann]]
 | source link = http://schwertfechten.ch/pdf/i33.pdf
 | source title= Kunst des Fechtens
 | license     = copyrighted
}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = Transcription
 | authors     = [[Dieter Bachmann]]
 | source link = 
 | source title= [[Index:Walpurgis Fechtbuch (MS I.33)]]
 | license     = public domain 0
}}
{{sourcebox footer}}<section end="sourcebox"/>
{{master end}}

== Additional Resources ==

* Binard, Fanny and Jaquet, Daniel. "Investigation on the collation of the first Fight book (Leeds, Royal Armouries, Ms I.33)". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''4'''(1): 3-21. 2016. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2016-0001}}.
* Cinato, Franck and Surprenant, André (in French). ''Le Livre de l'art du Combat: Liber de arte dimicatoria. Édition critique du Royal Armouries MS. I.33, collection Sources d'Histoire Médiévale nº39.'' Paris: CNRS Editions, 2009. ISBN 978-2-271-06757-9
* Dawson, Timothy. "The Walpurgis Fechtbuch: An Inheritance of Constantinople?" ''Arms & Armour'' '''6'''(1):79-92. April 2009. {{doi|10.1179/174962609X417536}}
* [[Jeffrey L. Forgeng|Forgeng, Jeffrey L.]] ''[http://illuminatedfightbook.co.uk/ The Illuminated Fightbook Royal Armouries Manuscript I.33]''. Extraordinary Editions, 2012.
* [[Jeffrey L. Forgeng|Forgeng, Jeffrey L.]] ''The Medieval Art of Swordsmanship: A Facsimile & Translation of Europe's Oldest Personal Combat Treatise, Royal Armouries MS I.33 (Royal Armouries Monograph)''. [[Chivalry Bookshelf]], 2003. ISBN 1-891448-38-2
*:* [http://www.wpi.edu/~jforgeng/I.33_Corrigenda.pdf Corrigenda for Forgeng (2003)]
* [[Jeffrey L. Forgeng|Forgeng, Jeffrey L.]] ''The Medieval Art of Swordsmanship: Royal Armouries MS I.33''. [[Royal Armouries]], 2018. ISBN 978-0948092855
* Gräf, Julia. "Fighting in women’s clothes: The pictorial evidence of Walpurgis in Ms. I.33". ''Acta Periodica Duellatorum'' '''5'''(2):47-71. December 2017. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2017-0008}}.
* Hester, James. "A Few Leaves Short of a Quire: Is the ‘Tower Fechtbuch’ Incomplete?" ''Arms & Armour'' '''9'''(1):20-25. April 2012. {{doi|10.1179/1741612411Z.0000000003}}
* Hester, James. "Home-Grown Fighting: A Response to the Argument for a Byzantine Inﬂuence on MS I.33". ''Arms & Armour'' '''9'''(1):76-84. April 2012. {{doi|10.1179/1741612411Z.0000000008}}
* Kellett, Rachel E. "Royal Armouries MS I.33: The Judicial Combat and the Art of Fencing in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth- Century German Literature". ''Oxford German Studies'' '''41'''(1):32-56. April 2012. {{doi|10.1179/0078719112Z.0000000003}}
* [[Andrea Morini|Morini, Andrea]] and Rudilosso, Riccardo (in Italian). ''Manoscritto I.33''. Rome: Il Cerchio Iniziative Editoriali, 2012.

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}
__FORCETOC__
[[Category:Orphan Treatise]]

[[Category:Latin]]

[[Category:Copy/Pasting]]

[[Category:Sword and Buckler]]

[[Category:New format]]