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== Text from Talhoffer ==
 
== Text from Talhoffer ==
  
 
<div style="width: 90em;">
 
<div style="width: 90em;">
{| class="floated treatisecontent"
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{| class="master"
 
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! <p>Images</p>
 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|c}}<br/>by [[Jeffrey Hull]]</p>
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! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Rebecca Garber]]</p>
 
! <p>Transcription{{edit index|Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS Thott.290.2º)}}<br/>by [[Dieter Bachmann]]</p>
 
! <p>Transcription{{edit index|Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS Thott.290.2º)}}<br/>by [[Dieter Bachmann]]</p>
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_011r.jpg]]
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[1] He "inscribes" ''a message within'' a knotted twine&nbsp;&mdash; he records ''the words of'' the mouth ''upon paper'' and ''those shall'' become black ''later''.</p>
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| <p>[1] {{red|b=1|He writes on a knotted string.}}</p>
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| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg|1|lbl=011r}}
  
<p>''Talhoffer (?) stands in the middle of the scene while speaking from an inscribed scroll, between two cryptographers, perhaps Rotwyler (?) and Pflieger (?), while the one to the left knots a message in cordage as the one to the right puts unseen words on a scroll with invisible ink.''</p>
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| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|011r|jpg}}
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| <p>{{red|b=1|He writes [the words] from his mouth and becomes black.}}</p>
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| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 011v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_011v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 011v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[2] ''Talhoffer (?) stands in the middle of the scene and breaks apart an iron chain with his bare hands, while a man to the left with quill & inkpot inscribes or draws something unseen on the back of a half-barefoot running courier, while another man to the right seemingly starts knotting or rending a yard of heavy cloth.''</p>
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| <p>[2]</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|011v|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|011v|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 012r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_012r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 012r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[3] ''Two possibilities:''</p>
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| <p>[3]</p>
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|012r|jpg|blk=1}}
  
# ''Huntsman slays aurochs with broadhead-bolt from crossbow and with hounds.''
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|-  
# ''Herdsman defends cattle against wolves with broadhead-bolt from crossbow.''
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 012v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 +
| <p>[4]</p>
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|012v|jpg|blk=1}}
  
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|012r|jpg|blk=1}}
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|-
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 013r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
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| <p>[5]</p>
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|013r|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 012v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_012v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 013v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[4] ''Quick-shooting targets with the crossbow, fire-pots or grenades, air-mattress, peacock.''</p>
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| <p>[6]</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|012v|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|013v|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 013r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_013r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 014r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[5] ''Hardware&nbsp;&mdash; wheels, hinge, hasps & clasps, perhaps lock-works&nbsp;&mdash; the stuff of various mechanical devices.''</p>
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| <p>[7]</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|013r|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|014r|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 013v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_013v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 014v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[6] ''Medicine or poison mixing?''</p>
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| <p>[8]</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|013v|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|014v|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 014r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_014r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 015r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[7] ''Shooting a life-line to swimmer with blunt-bolt from crossbow and poisoned dagger-attack?''</p>
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| <p>[9]</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|014r|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|015r|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 014v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_014v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 015v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[8] ''A man in the load-basket of a perriere spies the carriaged culverin (?) upon the battlements of a burgh-tower, as river-borne men float by means of cantilevering bladder-raft and air-ring, utilised perhaps to cross over river to burgh.''</p>
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| <p>[10] This battle wagon should be fortified according to this shape using metal work, and with a shield, as is drawn here, and those who fight on this, they should have weapons as is painted here.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|014v|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|015v|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 015r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_015r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 016r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[9] ''Various belt-buckles and/or belt-graffles to aid crossbow-spanning. Pole-cleaver head, pike-head, lash-flail & pole-flail&nbsp;&mdash; weaponry especially for troopers in war-wagons.''</p>
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| <p>[11] This is a human image made from metal work, internally hollow, and should be filled with amber and with chervil blossoms.<ref>''Chaerophyllum.'' Note: these are both aromatics.</ref>  One should set it in the places of the palace, wherever it turns its face, there will be pleasant aromas at all times.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|015r|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|016r|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 015v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_015v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 016v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[10] This war-wagon ''which flies the flag of Saint George'' should be wrought in this form and fortified ''with thick planking and hub-threshers'' as designed here; and therefrom troopers strike; they shall have weaponry as depicted here of ''spear, halberd, morning-star, pike, corseque''.</p>
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| <p>[12] This is a large stone thrower,<ref>''Blide'' = ''Steinschleuder'', which is any weapon capable of casting stones.</ref> with which one throws stones and breaks cities and strongholds.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|015v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|016v|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 016r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_016r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 017r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[11] This is a manlike effigy; made of fine metalwork and hollow inside; and shall become filled with amber and with flower-mincings; which one shall set in palatial chambers&nbsp;&mdash; wherever it turns its face, there goes good smoke all the time.</p>
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| <p>[13] This is “cat” and also a runner with a fast shield with which one lifts armored people into the battlements.</p>
 +
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|017r|jpg}}
  
<p>''An elaborate & symbolic censer.''<ref>Two triangular patches are at bottom of page.</ref></p>
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|-
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|016r|jpg}}
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 017v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
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| <p>[14] This is called the “large hunting dog”. It moves to castles on the wheels and should the walls have equal heights, the square bridge which hangs thereon should lower down using the rope until the front iron grips the wall. Afterward, the Saxons go out of the hollow [interior]. They battle and fight until they capture what they desire.</p>
 +
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|017v|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 016v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_016v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 018r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[12] This is a great trebuchet wherewith one may throw stones and break cities and forts.</p>
+
| <p>[15] Take note of this runner which is noble and good. The upper part should be fastened with boards up to the fourth [ladder] rung that you move to the walls. Armed people go through that up onto the walls. You can lift the rear part up like the front [part].</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|016v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|018r|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 017r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_017r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 018v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[13] A "cat" / catafalque and also a "ladle" with a speeding shelter, wherewith one heaves armed folk onto battlements.</p>
+
| <p>[16] With this “cat”, one quickly gains walls with the height, which is built at the top. Hang the bridge with the cable until the front iron grip the wall. Afterward, the armed [men] run into the walls.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|018v|jpg}}
<p>''This lacks the wheels, but this is the top part of a catafalque or belfrey (wheeled siege-tower)&nbsp;&mdash; the cloven lance thrusts out to smite defenders at ground level, while the invaders teeter-totter over the wall.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|017r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 017v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_017v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 019r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[14] This is called a "big dog". It goes to castles upon its wheels and with walls shall deal. It has the square bridge affixed with ropes, which lowers once the forward irons grapple the wall. Thereafter go the "foxes" out of the hull, who strike and fight&nbsp;&mdash; and they clear away whatever they desire.</p>
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| <p>[17] This is a high bridge, which moves over water and across all ditches. It should be built from a tall chamber,<ref>Or “space/interior”.</ref> and the bridge should hang thereon, so that one lifts it up externally until the wheels grip the location, then one lets the bridge drop, and with the dropping, the pointed iron grips the ground and makes of the height even with the height.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|017v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|019r|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 018r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_018r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 019v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[15] Mark this ladle&nbsp;&mdash; it is way-good. The upper part shall be wrought of planks whereupon are the faring-rungs that convey you to the walls; whereby armed folk go up onto the walls; the hinter-part heaves you forth as the forward iron ''grapples that wall.''</p>
+
| <p>[18] This is called a “rocker”<ref>''Gnapper'' = a rocker/totterer/nodding movement.</ref>and is a pretty thing. It moves on six wheels and stands on two columns. At the beginning, it inclines the head to the ground and lifts the tail up until it comes to the wall. Then it raises the head up to the wall and touches the ground with the tail, and those who are under it, they injure those on the wall. The upper part of the “rocker” should be fortified with decoys,<ref name="bait">Or “bait”.</ref> with manure and with green hides, so that hot water for emergency protection cannot injure them. When one pulls it behind them, then the head pulls back onto the ground and the tail is above until you come to a safe place.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|019v|jpg}}
<p>Again, part of a belfrey.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|018r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 018v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_018v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 020r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[16] With this cat, one quickly wins walls with the holds upon the tops of buildings. The bridge hangs down therefrom by ropes once the forward irons grapple at the wall. Thereafter lope the armed folk upon the wall.</p>
+
| <p>[19] This present elevation shields the people inside from the rear and the front and also from above.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|020r|jpg}}
<p>''Again, part of belfrey.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|018v|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 019r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_019r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 020v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[17] This is a holding-bridge that goes over water and over all trenches / moats; it shall be built of a high room topped by a bridge hanging therefrom, so that one be lifted up outside when the wheels are set to let it grapple. And so one lets fall the bridge and by that fall the pointed iron grapples the Earth and makes a mighty even hold.</p>
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| <p>[20] That is a “monk’s hood”, which lies behind on his back. One guides it on the three wheels, one in front under the point and two following. It should be covered above with decoys<ref name="bait"/> and covered with hides and other things that belong with that; it should be joined using strong woodwork, supplied with iron. That is necessary so that heavy stones or hard shots do damage to it. When you arrive at the walls, then direct the point up with the one wheel. All who are inside it then climb it afterward.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|019r|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|020v|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 019v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_019v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 021r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[18] This is called a "nodder" and it is a nice rig. It goes upon six wheels and props upon two. Should ''it'' rotate forth upon ''two wheels'', then it tilts the "head" to the Earth and raises up the "tail" until it comes to the wall; such that it raises up the head at / upon the wall and touches the Earth with the tail; and ''so then'' thereunder are ravages ''wrought'' upon the wall. The upper part of the nodder should be festooned with oakum, muck and green protection; so that what men call "water-fire", or even guns, may not hurt men when one tugs that back; ''one'' thus tugs the head again onto the Earth and the tail upward; around that thereupon it comes to certain stance.</p>
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| <p>[21] This is a bread that one calls “zwieback” and is twice baked bread. It is useful in fortresses and in tents. It remains good for a long time without mold or mildew.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|019v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|021r|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 020r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_020r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 021v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[19] The present hold shelters folk inside ''from attacks'' ahead and behind and also above.</p>
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| <p>[22] This wooden ladder, made with disks on the inside, should connect itself to the wall using a cable fastened to it. Afterward, lash the pieces of the ladder when you want to remove it, then separate the left part from the ladder using the outer cable, then it is free.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|021v|jpg}}
<p>''Screen to protect pioneers?''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|020r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 020v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_020v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 022r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[20] This is a "monks-hood", ''which'' leads from the front upon a wagon; which one directs upon three wheels, one in front under the peak and two after at the mouth; it shall be sealed with oakum and bedecked with protection and other things that are fitting. It should be configured together with strong woodwork, braced with iron such that it is ''not'' makeshift, ''thus'' hard stones or high-powered shot damage it not. When you come to a wall then raise up the peak ''climbing'' with that one wheel, then all come out who are within.</p>
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| <p>[23] This whip is a knife when you want, and this drill<ref name="drill">''Näbiger'' is a broad term including both a drill and an auger.</ref> bores through twofold metal sheets.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|022r|jpg}}
<p>''Mobile battlefield-tunnel, apparently with a pop-top, for conveying troopers.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|020v|jpg}}
 
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 021r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_021r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 022v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[21] This is a bread that one calls biscuits and is a twice-baked bread. And theses nuts, whether upon the battlements or camping, stay good a long time without getting moldy.</p>
+
| <p>[24] You should consider an access using ditches. You should dig crookedly around, back and forth; set a shield over it, which is guided using long poles. The ditches protect the people from [stone] throwers and [they] approach safely, and when they want to exit then they should draw the shield behind them, so that they move safely.</p>
 
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|022v|jpg}}
<p>''Zwieback croissants and hazelnuts&nbsp;&mdash; minimal rations for siege.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|021r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 021v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_021v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 023r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[22] This wooden escalade-ladder, made with discs inside, so you shall join to the battlements with attached ropes ''controlling & lowering it from the belfrey.'' Thereafter bind it; thereupon tether the steps of the ladder when you will deposit ''troopers'' thus vexingly; that aligns the upper part of the ladder with the fastening-rope&nbsp;&mdash; thus it is vexing.</p>
+
| <p>[25] This is a deadly defense, little jabbing small carts filled with stones [fitted] on the front with sharp iron. Run down the mountain. Armed people can run after the same because the wagons lay waste with the sharp iron whatever is in front of them.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|021v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|023r|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 022r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_022r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 023v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[23] This whip is a knife when you want it to be. This "knapper" bores through double-plating.</p>
+
| <p>[26] See the access to the fortresses using baskets or buckets. The posts underneath should go into the point of the basket or bucket.</p>
 
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|023v|jpg}}
<p>''This is a curve-bladed knife for some purpose.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|022r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 022v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_022v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 024r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[24] You shall mark that one goes forth with this while digging&nbsp;&mdash; while you dig bent over, the shelter is set above you with long spars; the digging is protected, the missiles are repulsed and the folk go forth certainly and the work be flowing; so should the shelter be dragged after you from within. So you certainly be going.</p>
+
| <p>[27] Wherever people are gathered in cliffs and in caves, whom you otherwise cannot overcome, then you should take mattresses or pillows with feathers; add to that urine<ref>''Irem'' => ''urin''</ref> and pisul,<ref name="unknown">Unknown word.</ref>  and ignite it so that the smoke arises from there. Then those [who] are in the caves suffocate, thus you get to them.</p>
 
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|024r|jpg}}
<p>''Mobile shelters&nbsp;&mdash; both man-borne and wheeled sows&nbsp;&mdash; to cover pioneers with picks & shovels during siege.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|022v|jpg}}
 
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 023r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_023r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 024v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[25] This is one deadly weapon: ''The trooper'' has run out from the mountain-burgh pushing a small stone-filled cart prowed with sharpened irons. The same one may attack that armed lot ''in the trench&nbsp;&mdash; that'' is when ''he'' wreaks havoc, with sharpened irons ''and falling rocks''&nbsp;&mdash; they get what-for.</p>
+
| <p>[28] You can make a light on top of a tower, and over that a lantern made from red glass with a long neck. Set that on a corner and set a large light therein. That illuminates many miles from you.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|023r|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|024v|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 023v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_023v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 025r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[26] See&nbsp;&mdash; they are going toward the fortress. With the "basket" they should lurch around. Within the shelter of the basket they go.</p>
+
| <p>[29] You can fortify erected tents in this way, with wooden [stakes] pointed on top with metal work and set into the ground. The Turks overcame the King of Hungary with this wisdom.<ref>Reference to the Battle of Nicopolis (1396), which Kyeser may have participated in.</ref></p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|023v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|025r|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 024r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_024r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 025v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[27] What stops the buzzing of folk in confined shelter&nbsp;&mdash; whom you otherwise may not overcome? There you should take beds or cushions ''filled'' with feathers; do thereto with pitch / piss (?) and kindle it; so the smoke goes therefrom. So that sticks it to those in the confines&nbsp;&mdash; thus you get to them.</p>
+
| <p>[30] This arrow should be made from the best steel, with doubled ends and internally hollow and filled with lead. The same arrow flies so secretly and so quietly that no one can hear it.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|024r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|025v|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 024v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_024v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 026r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[28] You may make a light upon a tower and ''set'' thereover a lantern of red glass with a long neck. Set that upon an edge and put a great light therein. That illumines for many miles around you.</p>
+
| <p>[31] Ingenius and pleasing for horses to be swum<ref>Or “floated”.</ref><br/>Look at the thing, consider how many, which are this way<br/>When it is fastened,<ref>Or “inserted”.</ref> when it is pleasing, draw back with the small rope.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|024v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|026r|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 025r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_025r.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 026v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[29] Setting up a pavillion, ''this one flying an Árpád / Hapsburg flag'', you make it protected in this way&nbsp;&mdash; with either wooden or else wrought-''iron'' spikes set ''round'' in the Earth. With this cunning the King ''Wenzel'' / the King ''Sigismund'' of Hungary quelled the Turks.</p>
+
| <p>[32]</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|025r|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|026v|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 025v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_025v.jpg]]
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 027r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[30] This file is made of best steel, with twofold ridging, hollow inside, filled with lead. This same file does file so secretly and so quietly that no man may hear.</p>
+
| <p>[33] This is an article with which you can swim. Bind it in front of the stomach. The head of the tail should hang. The legs should be linen and the rings iron.</p>
 
+
| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 027r.jpg|1|lbl=027r}}
<p>''The arrow is given no remarks, although it could carry an egg-shaped ordnance.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|025v|jpg}}
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 026r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_026r.jpg]]
+
| <p>You go or swim over any [body of] water with this article. You should pay attention that the head is forward on the hand, and the back is covered. And this item is made from ram skin leather and the edges should be silk.</p>
| <p>[31] Beautiful instinct whereby horsemen outstretch&nbsp;&mdash; see why and consider likewise who ''and'' whereby. When it may finish is when it withdraws ''and'' finally gets it. (?)</p>
+
| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 027r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
 
<p>''Text that tells nothing about the thing portrayed&nbsp;&mdash; which is a swimming-girdle.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|026r|jpg}}
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 026v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_026v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 027v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[32] ''Seems like a pulley that mounts into or grapples either belfry or battlement.''</p>
+
| <p>[34] This is [a] stairway<ref>Or “steep incline”.</ref> with the ladder with single and double footsteps.<ref>Sets of rungs?</ref> Go up and set it up, and the long double tines below support the ladder from below.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|026v|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|027v|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 027r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_027r.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 028r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[33] This is a rig wherewith you swim; make it so the "belly" binds around; and the "tail" should hang up to the head; the legs should be in line and the rings ''should be'' of iron.</p>
+
| <p>[35] These climbing ladders are made from rope.<ref>Or “cable”.</ref> You should fasten them using the long fork tines.<ref>''Gabel'' doesn’t exactly mean hook, but sort of any type of forked/pointed agricultural tool.</ref></p>
 
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|028r|jpg}}
:You go or swim with this rig over / through any water. You shall notice that the head be in front; the hands and the back are covered. This rig is made of buck-leather and the "bridle" would be silken.
 
 
 
<p>''A swimming-girdle.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|027r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 027v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_027v.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 028v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[34] Escalade-ladders, with single-file and double-file foot-rungs. Up ''it'' goes and ''you'' drive yourself up. And the long twofold forks hang up the ladder from underneath.</p>
+
| <p>[36] You gild a wreath with white roses in this way. Take yellow flowers<ref>''Goldblumen'' can be flowers made from gold (which appears unlikely here) or any number of yellow/gold flowers, including chrysanthemum, ''calendula officinalis'' (marigold), ''heliotropium'', ''solsequium'', ''areola'', ''dandelion'', ''Catha palustris'' (marsh marigold), ''centhauria'', ''aurifolium'', ''asphodelus'', ''heliochrysum'', ''anthemis tinctoria'', ''ranunculus'', ''lilium martagon'' (turban lily), etc.</ref> and grind them, and take beaten egg white and brandy wine, and mix the ground flowers with that and coat the roses, so that they become gold colored.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|027v|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|028v|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 028r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_028r.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 029r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[35] These escalade ladders are made of ropes; you should slap them up ''against battlements'' with the long forks.</p>
+
| <p>[37] This “serpent” is a probe<ref>At the time, a ''sonde'' was a medical instrument for examining a wound or another point that could not be reached with one’s hand.</ref> against major failures, because it climbs on battlements and on towers. When one stretches it outwardly, then it moves upward using the disks. Afterward, one should reverse it until the hooks grip the fortress and the pointed iron at the bottom goes into the ground.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|028r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|029r|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 028v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_028v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 029v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[36] You gild a wreath of white roses in this way: take golden blooms and mash them and take beaten egg-whites and brandy-wine and mix the mashed blooms therewith and then paint the roses so that they become gold-colored.</p>
+
| <p>[38]</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|028v|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|029v|jpg|blk=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 029r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_029r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 030r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[37] This "snake" tracts and retracts again, when it climbs up battlements and up towers, for when one storms those from outside; so it goes up and thereafter one shall turn those ''discs with ropes from belfry'' until the hooks grapple the fortress and the pointed irons pierce into the earth.</p>
+
| <p>[39] This dagger should have a short shank<ref>''Bomöl'' => ''baumel'' = small ''baum''. In the context of fighting/dueling, a ''baum'' is a staff, so a short staff.</ref> four hands long or more. Fight with the dagger in the right hand, with the round shield in the left hand.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|029r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|030r|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 029v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_029v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 030v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[38] ''Four specialized tactical arrows, for cutting ropes, maiming enemy horses, or making mayhem with malicious incendiary or "water-fire".''</p>
+
| <p>[40] This large club belongs with the shield. You should guide the shield with the left hand and the club in the right hand and fight, stand, and strike with them both.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|029v|jpg|blk=1}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|030v|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 030r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_030r.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 031r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[39] This dagger should have a blade four-hands long or more. Fight with the dagger in the right hand and the swiveling buckler in the left hand.</p>
+
| <p>[41] This is a sling with which one throws stones, and is a sneaky weapon. With this weapon, David overcame Goliath, and [it] is useful on fortifications and in the fields.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|030r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|031r|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 030v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_030v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 031v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[40] This great mace belongs with the shield: You should advance the shield in the left hand ''and'' the mace in the right hand; and with both those fighting, stabbing and striking.</p>
+
| <p>[42] This bath is described by Galieno the premier doctor and is good for many types of breakdowns, particularly for trembling of the limbs and for breakdowns in the flow of the bright artery, you should take these herbs: artemisia, wormwood,<ref>Absinthium.</ref> valerian,<ref>''Baldrian'' = ''valeriana''.</ref> chrysanthemum or tanacetum,<ref>''Bërhtram'' = ''pyrethrum''.</ref> thorny restharrow,<ref>''Eindorn'' = ''ononis spinosa''.</ref> St. Benedict’s herb,<ref>''Benedict'' = ''herba benedicta''.</ref> kraut,<ref>''Heide'' = ''erica''.</ref> heather or broom, agrimony, and European water lily.<ref>''Harwe/harwurz'' = ''nenuphar''.</ref>
  
<p>''Perhaps these are in style of the Turks or Mongols.''</p>
+
<p>Obtain them in nice weather, wash them well and cut them into pieces and lay them in the crock under the bath so that the steam goes in through the tube. When one has sweated in there, then one should take the herbs out of the crock and rub and wash him or herself with them, the hottest that one can endure. This is useful all months except during the dog days.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|030v|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|031v|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 031r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_031r.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 032r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[41] This is a pole-sling for throwing stones and is a cunning armament; with this weapon David overwhelmed Goliath; it is useful at forts or afield.</p>
+
| <p>[43] This is another sling and is useful in the fields, on fortifications, and on mountains.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|031r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|032r|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 031v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_031v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 032v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[42] This bath portrayed is a sauna ''which is near a'' hole-in-the-ice; the oven is outside. And ''this bath'' is good for treating many hand-maladies, especially jittery limbs / joints and for the flow of "golden arteries". While resting therein, you shall take these herbs&nbsp;&mdash; mugwort, wormwood, valerian, bertram, einkorn, bennet, heather, agrimony, sorrel&nbsp;&mdash; chop them to pieces and extract them well with sweet water; pack them in the pot / basket underneath the bath wherefrom steaming water arises through the grating. When one then swishes or sweats in the bath, so shall one take the herbs out of the pot / basket and rub and wash oneself therewith&nbsp;&mdash; so may one invigorate. It is beneficial every month, especially for those dog-days.</p>
+
| <p>[44] This is a kitchen with a chimney so that the smoke flows away quickly in all winds. Take the white from eggs and separate if from the yolk, and pour the white through a funnel into a large flat bowl. Afterward, beat the yolks well through and over one another. If the white is in the closed flat bowl, afterward pour the yolks into that. Simmer until it becomes hard. That is then a large egg from which many can eat.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|031v|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|032v|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 032r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_032r.jpg]]
+
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 033r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[43] This is another sling and ''it'' is useful to wield at forts or ''upon'' mountains.</p>
+
| <p>[45] If you want to secretly carry letters, pearls, gold, silver, or precious stones, take linen and make a hollow item from that, and place it in there. Afterward, take lime and salt and temper that with egg white, [and] coat it with that. When it is dry, then it becomes harder than a stone. Or separate a bread [loaf] into two parts and hollow it out, and place it there in and put it back together. Or drill a wooden block and force a peg into that and cut off the peg (and the block is a wooden [block]).</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|032r|jpg}}
+
| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 033r.jpg|1|lbl=033r}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 032v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_032v.jpg]]
+
| <p>An herb is called darnel<ref name="darnel">''Loliol'' = ''lolium'': darnel, poison darnel, darnel ryegrass, cockle, or false wheat.</ref> (some call it ''ninilol''). It grows well at the locations where one has burned charcoal. Whoever simmers the roots in wine until the wine is one-fourth of the simmering, and then mixes that with other wine, that brings the strongest sleep that one can ever have, and whoever then puts moss in a well simmering wine, and combines and mixes it with that, then it becomes a surpassingly strong sleep draught. Whoever drinks that, that one loses all strength and defenses because of sleep. And one can lay a large population low with that, and know that this is a secret thing.</p>
| <p>[44] This is a kitchen with a chimney, where the smoke vents quickly away to all the winds, ''via the chute turned by the weather-vane''. Take ''some'' egg-whites that you separated from the yolks; and pour those whites through a funnel into a ''hollowed-out'' rutabaga; thereafter beat the yolks well together. Unify the whites in that relocking rutabaga; thereafter beat the yolks therein; and boil it until it becomes hard. Then that is a great "egg", of which many may eat.</p>
+
| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 033r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|032v|jpg}}
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 033r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_033r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 033v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[45] You will carry this secret formula: kernels of gold, silver or precious stone; take linen and make a husk thereof and lay the kernels therein; thereafter, take lime and salt and mix egg-whites and then overcoat the husk; when that solidifies to become harder than stone, then make a bread of two parts and hollow out and lay this stone therein and reassemble it, or make instead a little shell of a block of wood, bore a plug therein, saw it out of the block of wood, hollow it out, stuff the stuffing therein and plug the shell.</p>
+
| <p>[46] This is a winch made from doubled wheels and arranged such that one part connects the rope to the other, so that if you pull on the one side, then it goes above itself, to the other side [and] back under itself.</p>
 +
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|033v|jpg}}
  
<p>An herb called darnel; some name it ninilol; it grows readily in the spots where man has burnt charcoal / coal; brew the root in wine until the wine has brewed down into a quarter-mass; and then that mixed with more wine, that brings the strongest sleep for any man who may make that. Whoever thus does ready ''such'' a cider into a fully brewed wine and imbibes or consumes it, thus becomes drunken with a most exquisitely and strikingly strong sleep. Whoever drinks that, he falls asleep because all of its efficacy and potency. And therewith someone makes a great many folk lay down. And wit you that this is a secret matter.</p>
+
|-
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|033r|jpg}}
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 034r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
 +
| <p>[47] This is moving bridge, that is pushed forward using the outer ropes, and it goes back behind again using the middle rope, and it is a clever article, and [one] should thus attach the ropes underneath and inside.</p>
 +
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|034r|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 033v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_033v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 034v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[46] This is a windlass made of twofold pairs of wheels which thus work methodically, such that the parts lock together with ropes and posts / spindles, so you draw yourself ''through space'' and so this ''elevator'' goes upward and downward and wherever again.</p>
+
| <p>[48] This box shield is made from woodworking and moves up and down. One shoots stones out of it when it moves up, and when it moves down, then no shot can injure the one who is behind the shield.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|033v|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|034v|jpg}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 034r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_034r.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 035r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[47] This is a footbridge ''viewed from overhead'' that slides forth by its iron ''side''-ropes and ''pulled'' by the middle rope it goes back again; this is a clever rig; the ropes shunt beneath and within, thus ''it'' arrives.</p>
+
| <p>[49] This ship runs<ref>Or “moves”.</ref> fast against water, as quickly as a horse with a fast gait. It should have two wheels as are pictured here.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|034r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|035r|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 034v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_034v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 035v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[48] This ''wheeled'' gun-shelter is made of woodwork and goes up and down, for when the stones shoot thereout. Thus it goes out, and when ''the screen'' goes down, then may the shafts and shot wreak havoc, which are behind the screen.</p>
+
| <p>[50] Pay attention: wherever the sun follows the gold or brightly shining armor, the shield should move in front of that. Thus, a manly fighter overcomes his enemy with the sun’s help. He sends the beams of the sun (in the gold or in the brightly beautiful armor) in a measured way from there into the enemy’s eyes.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|034v|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|035v|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 035r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_035r.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 036r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[49] This ship runs quickly through / against water&nbsp;&mdash; thus briskly as a horse&nbsp;&mdash; at speedy pace. It should have two paddle-wheels as ''sort of'' portrayed here.</p>
+
| <p>[51] This head, equipped with weapons, cuts with the ears to either side. It moves on two wheels and it thrusts and kills with the tongue and the horn, and is a fighter in battles. It should be internally wooden and externally strongly reinforced<ref>Or “covered”.</ref> with iron, so that no one can hack it into little pieces with hammers or with axes. King Porrus guided this shield and laid many of his enemies low with it.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|035r|jpg}}
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|036r|jpg}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 035v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_035v.jpg]]
+
| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 036v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[50] Mark where the Sun gleams upon the gold or polishment of the harness ''and'' goes thereafter. So shall a manly fighter advance the shield and overcome his foe with the Sun's help. The Sun glints in the gilding, or shines in the mirroring, of the pretty plate-armor, ''which'' thus sends rays thereout ''and'' into the foe's eyes.</p>
+
| <p>[52] A wise fighter should organize his wagons like this when moving quickly. Firstly: one wagon after the other, afterward two next to one another, afterward three, afterward four, increasing according to the lines until you fill them all out. Divide the army’s force therein, that is, the warhorses, people, and also the people on foot. Divide all the points thusly. Use this organization when you move into foreign lands..</p>
 
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|036v|jpg}}
<p>''Left-man wards in SS-2 and right-man wards in SS-4.''</p>
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 037r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[51] This weaponised ravens-head shears with ears to either side; it goes upon two wheels; and with the beak and tongue it spears and kills; and is warlord of strife. Inside it should be wooden and outside strongly sheathed with iron, such that it may never be hewn asunder, with hammers nor yet axes. The King bores out fords in these battle-lines and therewith smites low many of his foes.</p>
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| <p>[53] This spur subdues<ref>Or “overpowers”.</ref> six horses and the shapes on it are half iron and half steel. It is to be used in foreign lands and it is taken as a means of security, because it forces the men strongly to the sides.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 037v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[52] A wise man should strike because he ''may'' strongly strike. Order firstly one ''battering-wagon'', after that another, that makes two, yet another thereafter is three, thereafter four, however more and so forth. Next, put them in lines such that you be all the result (?) of the might of lordly forces (?); deal these among the horsemen and among the footmen, thus you deal all your ''tactical'' spearhead this array. Breaching thusly, you move into the foreign ''territory''.</p>
+
| <p>[54] One should make two wagons. On top of this frame there in the center, armed people fight; the wagons, they battle; the guns, they injure, and they beat drums. If you have arrived at water, then set the two wagons following one another in series, thus you are in a safe place due to the water. Each wagon should have six wheels according to its size and should be one-and-a-half wagon lengths. The horses should follow two ells behind the two first wheels so that they are safe, and they lay everything low. The rods, which are inside underneath, protect them from falling and the boards which are hung at the sides shield the unarmored horses. One horse should follow the other, and at each side one second [horse] is enough, [they] and are held together with twofold chains.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 038r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[53] This "spur" is driven by six horses and is formed half of iron and half of sticks; it is broken apart in the foreign territory and takes many a certainty / much aplomb when it forces the man to hold fast.</p>
+
| <p>[55] This item is called a “crab” and is smithed from iron, and moves backward and forward. One guides it on four fast wheels. It cuts in front and behind. There should be doubled sickles made of long iron at each side on the axles of the disks. It has four eyes: when one ignites them, then it shoots stones in front, crushed steel pieces like a hail, so that one lays the enemy low. One can make the item as large or small as one wants.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|038r|jpg}}
<p>''Framing around harnessed horses.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|037r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 038v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[54] One shall make two wagons of this form ''as viewed from below''; from there, within the wagons, folk combat ''those outside'', they fight with the guns and the lances; the lorication is all-around them. ''If'' you come to water, then set the two wagons one after the other such that only half the train be in the water ''while fording''. Either wagon should have six wheels supporting its bulk; and driving these are the horses equaling half the wagon's length, while also the first pair of wheels equal two ells length; and so they be secure. And so are laid out all the things beneath, the poles which are thereunder and inboard, protected from whatever happens; and likewise upon the boarding of the sides hangs shelter for the unarmored horses. It should go with one horse after the other; and to either side is one pair enough; and ''those'' are linked with twofold chains.</p>
+
| <p>[56] This battle wagon, which hacks up armored people’s legs, it fells unarmored people with contact. It has iron [parts], broad in the rear, and narrow in the front, filed sharp as a sickle, and one guides it on two wheels.</p>
 
+
| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|038v|jpg}}
<p>''An early light tank.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|037v|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 039r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[55] This rig is called a "crayfish" and is wrought from iron and goes hin and yon. It conducts itself upon four speeding wheels. It shears front and behind. There are twofold sickles of long iron to either side at the axles of the wheels. It has four eyes. If one kindles ''its munitions'' then it shoots stones before it, steel buckshot as a hail, wherewith one smites low the foes. One may make this rig either big or small, as one will deem.</p>
+
| <p>[57] This shield belongs to the guns, and is built from woodwork, and should have two small wheels in front and two large behind. And so that it can more easily go over mountain paths, it should have two short iron [pieces] one ell long behind and in front. This is measured to mountains and for climbing, and also to pull it back again. One should always pull the iron with long ropes behind it.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 039v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[56] This war-cart shreds the ankles of an armed host and mangles unarmored folk by its movements. It has beams in back and in front slender sharp iron routers, like unto sickles; and one directs it upon two wheels.</p>
+
| <p>[58] This is a frightful, long “viper” with strong hooks in front, which one should place at a face on [exterior] walls. The people attacking [the walls] can use it and knights, who can pull into the interior in the walls, whatever they grip, when they strongly pull on the rope.</p>
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 039r.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_039r.jpg]]
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 040r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[57] This shelter goes with guns; and is built of woodwork; and should have two small wheels in front and two big wheels in back, so the better it goes over mountains; it should have two short irons one ell long, fore and aft; this is snazzy on mountains and up steps / terracing; and also to haul off / dig out, whereunder the irons thus lengthen all the way with lengthy ropes running behind.</p>
+
| <p>[59] This bridge serves in two ways. It travels over land on four wheels and floats in the water. Do this as I said before, this bridge is a good wagon and watertight and comfortable on the water.</p>
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|040r|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 040v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[58] This is a long "sand-adder". One shall put it to a battlement with the strong hooks / claws at the front. Masonry it may break ''and then'' the folk storm. And the adder, which ''be'' at the masonry, may tract and retract. Something be pouring over, when the ropes draw criss-crossingly ''over the'' discs.</p>
+
| <p>[60] This is another climbing hook. It moves on four wheels until the upper hook grips the wall and one safely climbs towers and walls with it.</p>
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|039v|jpg}}
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|040v|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 041r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[59] This bridge serves in two ways: It conducts itself over land upon four wheels and swims in the water as well. I, ''Kyeser / Talhoffer'', have seen this before. This bridge is a good wagon and is sound and lucky upon the water.</p>
+
| <p>[61] Thus, water guides itself from above on one side and up again to the other side. [There] should be a chamber inside in the middle which detains the water.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 041v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[60] This is another "scaling-hooker" that conducts itself upon four wheels, such that the upper hooks grapple the battlement and one climbs towers and walls assuredly therewith.</p>
+
| <p>[62] One should load wild horses with dry wood, including sulphur and pitch and resin.<ref>Or “gum”.</ref> If the saddle is daubed or smeared with egg white, then ignite that. Drive the horse among the enemies, thus [they] bite and strike and burn the enemies.</p>
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 042r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[61] Thus conveys water from a lofty cistern and up again to a tank. In the middle of ''the piping'' should be a chamber that lets and holds the water.</p>
+
| <p>[63] A correct fire arrow should be round in front and hollow therein, which one should fill with powder, and pull a small sack over that, which is also filled with powder. Ignite it behind and shoot it quickly so that the fire burns and damages the shaft only a little. And where the shaft sticks in, it damages a great deal. Another fire arrow: take powder, sulphur, and work the correct mixture with oil. Bind it on top like a spindle, ignite it, and shoot with it.</p>
 
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| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 042r.jpg|1|lbl=042r}}
<p>''Thus a large-scale yet simple syphoning system.''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|041r|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:Ms.Thott.290.2º 041v.jpg|400x400px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ms.Thott.290.2º_041v.jpg]]
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| <p>Using a large drill,<ref name="drill"/> bore a hole into a tree and a small hole on the other side using a small drill,<ref name="drill"/>  and fill the large hole with powder and close it completely with a chunk of wood. Ignite it at the small hole and flee quickly from there. It bursts apart and makes a large tumult.</p>
| <p>[62] Wild horses should one laden with dry wood, wherein be brimstone and downy fluff and resin; the saddle shall be coated with egg-whites; kindle that, drive forth the horses among the foe; thus bite and strike and burn the foe.</p>
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| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 042r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|041v|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 042v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[63] A real "fire-bolt" should be as such and well-be: Therein ''the shaft'' it is hollow and one fills it with gunpowder; and the bodkin that surrounds it is also filled with gunpowder. Kindle it behind and shoot it timely, as the fire burns that and at last the shaft a little; and where the shaft pierces, there someone suffers badly. Another fire-bolt&nbsp;&mdash; take gunpowder, brimstone and oakum; soak those with oil; bind it around as a spool; then kindle it and shoot therewith.</p>
+
| <p>[64] This item is made for three guns and shoots one after the other.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|042v|jpg}}
<p>With a big auger bore a hole in a tree; and with a little auger ''bore'' a small hole upon the other side; and fill that big hole with gunpowder and seal it well-tight with a clod; kindle it at the small hole and flee directly therefrom. The tree bursts asunder and makes a great uproar.</p>
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 043r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[64] This rig is made of dumb (?) guns and shoots the one after the other.</p>
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| <p>[65] Take the very best powder and place it in these spheres. Ignite them and throw them. Great damage arises from this because the fire explodes them and burns very strongly.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|043r|jpg}}
<p>Thus a manifold-mortar that elevates and repeats / revolves.</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|042v|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 043v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[65] ''Another mainfold-mortar:'' Take the best of all gunpowder and pack it into these grenades / bombs (''fire-pots / fire-kegs''); kindle them and launch them; from them comes great harm, when the fire blasts them apart and burns fiercely.</p>
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| <p>[66] This item belongs under the water. The head and the body are covered with leather and sewn well, and the eyes are made with glass therein and secured well with resin and with pitch. A sponge<ref>Presumably some type of natural sponge.</ref> or two should be above in front of the mouth, from which you can catch your breath and you can let [your breath] back into it, thus you can move and see under the water.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 044r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[66] This rig relates to underwater: The head, including the lips, is covered with leather and well-riveted; and the inset goggles are made of glass and well-sealed / secured, with resin and with pitch; above and before the mouth should be a "diving-swan", thereunder two, so thereout and thereby you draw in breath and let it out again. Thus you may go and see under the water.</p>
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| <p>[67] This article is [made] the same way, with the exception that the head is covered by a heavy helmet, and the eyes under that are made as before. If the water flows strongly, then you should weight yourself with weight or tie a rope to a tree or to a pole,<ref>Or “stump”, “pole”, “column”.</ref> so that you can come out using it.</p>
 
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|044r|jpg}}
<p>''Wetsuit & air-bag for a "frogman".''</p>
 
| {{paget|page:Ms.Thott.290.2º|043v|jpg}}
 
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 044v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[67] Materially similar is this rig&nbsp;&mdash; except that the head is covered with a hard helm, though the goggles thereunder are made as before. Be it that the water runs strongly, then you should burden yourself with weights, or bind a tether to a tree or to a stump, so that ''you'' may submerge and emerge ''again too''.</p>
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| <p>[68] Darnel<ref name="darnel"/> is called ''libol'' [when] cooked together in wine, and the wine is mixed into another. Whomever you give this to drink, he falls asleep and does not wake for eight days. Take the fig-leaf-shaped part from the backbone of the crab,<ref>Likely crayfish.</ref> mix it with whatever you want. That makes for great sleeping. Take valerian, soak it in wine overnight. Whomever you give it to drink, he sleeps until someone wakes him. Take the seeds from ''muratiten''.<ref name="unknown"/> Whomever you give this to in a drink, he grabs the other by the hair.</p>
  
<p>''Wetsuit, mask, snorkel and helmet for underwater deep-diving.''</p>
+
<p>The remedy for the previously described articles is to pour strong vinegar into the nostrils. Whoever wants to ride across the country or to be taken as a watchman, and wants to make sleep difficult, he should take seeds of ''strepiton''<ref name="unknown"/> and places them in the mouth, then the sleep quickly ends.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 045r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[68] Loliol is also named libol, ''ninilol or darnel; take'' its seeds brewed in wine and then mixed into other wine; and whomever you get to drink that, he "dies" / sleeps and awakens in eight-days-nights. Take out the eye-grit of crayfish and a fig and mix ''that'' with whatever you will&nbsp;&mdash; that makes deep sleep. Take valerian, steep it overnight in wine&nbsp;&mdash; whomever you get to drink that, he sleeps until someone wakes him. Take the seeds of "wall-titan" / houseleek (?) and to whomever you give ''this'' in a drink, it "grabs him by the hair". Remedy for the aforedescribed trick&nbsp;&mdash; strong vinegar poured into the nostrils. Whether one will ride overland or do guard-duty and so sleep burdens, ''then to counteract that'' he takes grains of strepico and chews it in the mouth and so he shakes off the sleep.</p>
+
| <p>[69]</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 045v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[69] ''A skin-diver breathes while underwater by means of a snorkel and syphon-flask rig.''</p>
+
| <p>[70] Take copper, beat [it], and make a sphere from it (internally hollow). Afterward, take unslaked lime, one part, [and] galbanum,<ref>''Galbanum'' is an aromatic gum resin, the product of ''ferual gummosa''.</ref> one half part. Mix the galbanum and the lime. Afterward, take turtle<ref>''Schneggen'' could an older version of turtle, or specifically garter snakes in the north; it also means snail, but snails don’t have gallbladders.</ref> gallbladder in the same weight and place the galbanum therein. Afterward, take soldier beetles<ref>''Cantharidae''.</ref> (as [many] as you want), cut the heads and wings off, and push with the same weight of mercury. Put it on a club, bury it in manure for forty days, and change it in the manure every 5th day. Then it becomes like gold. Take the ball and coat it with the first part and let it dry and when it is dry, then coat it with the other thing. Ignite it, and it does not extinguish. If you want to extinguish it, however, then take a piece of a flint, soften it in vinegar for three days, and immerse the ball within it.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 046r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[70] Take "copper-slag" / chalcocite and make thereof a nimbly hollowed ball. Thereafter, take one part quick­lime and one-half part galbanum and mix the galbanum with the lime. Thereafter, take snail-gall (?), of similar weight and put that into the galbanum ''and lime''. Thereafter, take chanterelle, as you will snip off the "heads" and the "wings" into ''the mix'' and stuff that along with similar weight of quicksilver into an ''earthenware'' flask and bury it in muck for forty days and inter that ''undisturbed'' in the muck until the fortieth day. Thus it becomes as gold. Then take the ball and coat it with that first part ''of the mixture'' and let it dry; and when it becomes dry then coat it with the second ''part of the mixture'' and kindle it&nbsp;&mdash; for it ''becomes a torch which'' extinguishes not. ''However if'' you would extinguish it&nbsp;&mdash; then take a bit of an "owling", soak that in vinegar for three days, and sink the ball into that ''liquid''.</p>
+
| <p>[71] I am called Philomenus and am made from ore or from copper. I do not give [off] any heat if I am empty. However, if I am filled with turpentine<ref>Literally ''terebinth'', the turpentine tree.</ref> or with brandy wine, and someone places my body toward the fire so that I become hot, then I throw fire in sparks in front and one can light any candles thereby.</p>
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| {{paget|page:MS Thott.290.2º|046r|jpg}}
  
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 046v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[71] I am called Philomenus&nbsp;&mdash; and I am made of bronze / brass or of copper. I "give no heat"&nbsp;&mdash; thus I am empty. When I become filled with turpentine or with brandy-wine. And ''if'' one puts my lips to the fire, then I become hot. Thus I spit fire, pouring it forth and therewith one may kindle each and every candle.</p>
+
| <p>[72] These are snowshoes, one should make them in this shape and cover them with straw and tie them together above the foot. In the same way that you do that, tie them together under the feet with long straw.</p>
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 047r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[72] These are "snow-hoops" / snow-shoes that one should make in this form; and thatch straw on top of these; and if the feet become "knitted together", ''thus stiffened from cold'', then you may make these materially similar ''yet also'' with long straw bundled together under the feet.</p>
+
| <p>[73] You can make a prince’s palace warm with this well-flavored piece. Take many crucibles that contain fire, make a fire under them from dry wood and coals, [and] place therein ambrosia, partially-fermented wine, saffron, camphor, myrrh, old frankincense, mastic, incense, and two kinds of sandalwood. Add select incense to that, or other well-flavored things.</p>
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| <p>Item: soak cloves<ref>''Nelken'' can be cloves, carnations (dianthus), or the pistils of flowers like lilies.</ref> overnight in wine, and in the morning, cut them up finely. Place the cloves thickly in one crucible and pour a little of the wine on that. When this piece becomes hot, then it will smell good.</p>
| <p>[73] You may warm a princely palace with these savory-scented ingredients: Take many crucibles that hold fire. Make a fire under those with thick wood and charcoal; and into those ''crucibles'' put amber, musk, saffron, camphor, myrrh, old olive-wood, mastic, holy incense and two kinds of sandal-wood; put choicest holy incense therein or another savory-scented thing ''instead''. Thus steep those mincings overnight in wine, and so by morning all be split apart; and then put the mincings generously in each crucible and pour the wine thereupon and when then these ingredients become hot, so it becomes sweet-smelling.</p>
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| {{section|page:MS Thott.290.2º 047r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
 
<p>''Palatial heated potpourri-censer altar.''</p>
 
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 047v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[74] This tool-kit helps lords gain entry: One hafted-saw, one "whip-fist", one knapper, one skeleton-key / lock-pick, one punch, one smiths-iron, one shears and one jimmy. These are needful things.</p>
+
| <p>[74] These assembled items are good in riding<ref>Or “traveling”.</ref> for the army: a saw with a handle, crowbar, drill,<ref name="drill"/> hook spanner,<ref>Or “wrench”.</ref> pointed instrument for drilling mounted on a handle, a threading<ref>Or “screwing”.</ref> die, [and] a cutting<ref>Or “shearing”.</ref> blade.</p>
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| [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 048r.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[75] ''Tools for undetermined purpose.''</p>
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| <p>[75]</p>
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| class="noline" | [[File:MS Thott.290.2º 048v.jpg|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[76] ''Bundle of hollow casings wrapped with fusing apparently&nbsp;&mdash; perhaps for incendiaries or explosives?''</p>
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| class="noline" | <p>[76]</p>
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== Additional Resources ==
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{{bibliography}}
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==

Latest revision as of 03:22, 25 October 2023

Text from Talhoffer

Images

Complete Translation Complete translation
by Rebecca Garber

Transcription [edit]
by Dieter Bachmann

MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg

[1] He writes on a knotted string.

He writes [the words] from his mouth and becomes black.

MS Thott.290.2º 011v.jpg

[2]

MS Thott.290.2º 012r.jpg

[3]

MS Thott.290.2º 012v.jpg

[4]

MS Thott.290.2º 013r.jpg

[5]

MS Thott.290.2º 013v.jpg

[6]

MS Thott.290.2º 014r.jpg

[7]

MS Thott.290.2º 014v.jpg

[8]

MS Thott.290.2º 015r.jpg

[9]

MS Thott.290.2º 015v.jpg

[10] This battle wagon should be fortified according to this shape using metal work, and with a shield, as is drawn here, and those who fight on this, they should have weapons as is painted here.

MS Thott.290.2º 016r.jpg

[11] This is a human image made from metal work, internally hollow, and should be filled with amber and with chervil blossoms.[1] One should set it in the places of the palace, wherever it turns its face, there will be pleasant aromas at all times.

MS Thott.290.2º 016v.jpg

[12] This is a large stone thrower,[2] with which one throws stones and breaks cities and strongholds.

MS Thott.290.2º 017r.jpg

[13] This is “cat” and also a runner with a fast shield with which one lifts armored people into the battlements.

MS Thott.290.2º 017v.jpg

[14] This is called the “large hunting dog”. It moves to castles on the wheels and should the walls have equal heights, the square bridge which hangs thereon should lower down using the rope until the front iron grips the wall. Afterward, the Saxons go out of the hollow [interior]. They battle and fight until they capture what they desire.

MS Thott.290.2º 018r.jpg

[15] Take note of this runner which is noble and good. The upper part should be fastened with boards up to the fourth [ladder] rung that you move to the walls. Armed people go through that up onto the walls. You can lift the rear part up like the front [part].

MS Thott.290.2º 018v.jpg

[16] With this “cat”, one quickly gains walls with the height, which is built at the top. Hang the bridge with the cable until the front iron grip the wall. Afterward, the armed [men] run into the walls.

MS Thott.290.2º 019r.jpg

[17] This is a high bridge, which moves over water and across all ditches. It should be built from a tall chamber,[3] and the bridge should hang thereon, so that one lifts it up externally until the wheels grip the location, then one lets the bridge drop, and with the dropping, the pointed iron grips the ground and makes of the height even with the height.

MS Thott.290.2º 019v.jpg

[18] This is called a “rocker”[4]and is a pretty thing. It moves on six wheels and stands on two columns. At the beginning, it inclines the head to the ground and lifts the tail up until it comes to the wall. Then it raises the head up to the wall and touches the ground with the tail, and those who are under it, they injure those on the wall. The upper part of the “rocker” should be fortified with decoys,[5] with manure and with green hides, so that hot water for emergency protection cannot injure them. When one pulls it behind them, then the head pulls back onto the ground and the tail is above until you come to a safe place.

MS Thott.290.2º 020r.jpg

[19] This present elevation shields the people inside from the rear and the front and also from above.

MS Thott.290.2º 020v.jpg

[20] That is a “monk’s hood”, which lies behind on his back. One guides it on the three wheels, one in front under the point and two following. It should be covered above with decoys[5] and covered with hides and other things that belong with that; it should be joined using strong woodwork, supplied with iron. That is necessary so that heavy stones or hard shots do damage to it. When you arrive at the walls, then direct the point up with the one wheel. All who are inside it then climb it afterward.

MS Thott.290.2º 021r.jpg

[21] This is a bread that one calls “zwieback” and is twice baked bread. It is useful in fortresses and in tents. It remains good for a long time without mold or mildew.

MS Thott.290.2º 021v.jpg

[22] This wooden ladder, made with disks on the inside, should connect itself to the wall using a cable fastened to it. Afterward, lash the pieces of the ladder when you want to remove it, then separate the left part from the ladder using the outer cable, then it is free.

MS Thott.290.2º 022r.jpg

[23] This whip is a knife when you want, and this drill[6] bores through twofold metal sheets.

MS Thott.290.2º 022v.jpg

[24] You should consider an access using ditches. You should dig crookedly around, back and forth; set a shield over it, which is guided using long poles. The ditches protect the people from [stone] throwers and [they] approach safely, and when they want to exit then they should draw the shield behind them, so that they move safely.

MS Thott.290.2º 023r.jpg

[25] This is a deadly defense, little jabbing small carts filled with stones [fitted] on the front with sharp iron. Run down the mountain. Armed people can run after the same because the wagons lay waste with the sharp iron whatever is in front of them.

MS Thott.290.2º 023v.jpg

[26] See the access to the fortresses using baskets or buckets. The posts underneath should go into the point of the basket or bucket.

MS Thott.290.2º 024r.jpg

[27] Wherever people are gathered in cliffs and in caves, whom you otherwise cannot overcome, then you should take mattresses or pillows with feathers; add to that urine[7] and pisul,[8] and ignite it so that the smoke arises from there. Then those [who] are in the caves suffocate, thus you get to them.

MS Thott.290.2º 024v.jpg

[28] You can make a light on top of a tower, and over that a lantern made from red glass with a long neck. Set that on a corner and set a large light therein. That illuminates many miles from you.

MS Thott.290.2º 025r.jpg

[29] You can fortify erected tents in this way, with wooden [stakes] pointed on top with metal work and set into the ground. The Turks overcame the King of Hungary with this wisdom.[9]

MS Thott.290.2º 025v.jpg

[30] This arrow should be made from the best steel, with doubled ends and internally hollow and filled with lead. The same arrow flies so secretly and so quietly that no one can hear it.

MS Thott.290.2º 026r.jpg

[31] Ingenius and pleasing for horses to be swum[10]
Look at the thing, consider how many, which are this way
When it is fastened,[11] when it is pleasing, draw back with the small rope.

MS Thott.290.2º 026v.jpg

[32]

MS Thott.290.2º 027r.jpg

[33] This is an article with which you can swim. Bind it in front of the stomach. The head of the tail should hang. The legs should be linen and the rings iron.

You go or swim over any [body of] water with this article. You should pay attention that the head is forward on the hand, and the back is covered. And this item is made from ram skin leather and the edges should be silk.

MS Thott.290.2º 027v.jpg

[34] This is [a] stairway[13] with the ladder with single and double footsteps.[14] Go up and set it up, and the long double tines below support the ladder from below.

MS Thott.290.2º 028r.jpg

[35] These climbing ladders are made from rope.[15] You should fasten them using the long fork tines.[16]

MS Thott.290.2º 028v.jpg

[36] You gild a wreath with white roses in this way. Take yellow flowers[17] and grind them, and take beaten egg white and brandy wine, and mix the ground flowers with that and coat the roses, so that they become gold colored.

MS Thott.290.2º 029r.jpg

[37] This “serpent” is a probe[18] against major failures, because it climbs on battlements and on towers. When one stretches it outwardly, then it moves upward using the disks. Afterward, one should reverse it until the hooks grip the fortress and the pointed iron at the bottom goes into the ground.

MS Thott.290.2º 029v.jpg

[38]

MS Thott.290.2º 030r.jpg

[39] This dagger should have a short shank[19] four hands long or more. Fight with the dagger in the right hand, with the round shield in the left hand.

MS Thott.290.2º 030v.jpg

[40] This large club belongs with the shield. You should guide the shield with the left hand and the club in the right hand and fight, stand, and strike with them both.

MS Thott.290.2º 031r.jpg

[41] This is a sling with which one throws stones, and is a sneaky weapon. With this weapon, David overcame Goliath, and [it] is useful on fortifications and in the fields.

MS Thott.290.2º 031v.jpg

[42] This bath is described by Galieno the premier doctor and is good for many types of breakdowns, particularly for trembling of the limbs and for breakdowns in the flow of the bright artery, you should take these herbs: artemisia, wormwood,[20] valerian,[21] chrysanthemum or tanacetum,[22] thorny restharrow,[23] St. Benedict’s herb,[24] kraut,[25] heather or broom, agrimony, and European water lily.[26]

Obtain them in nice weather, wash them well and cut them into pieces and lay them in the crock under the bath so that the steam goes in through the tube. When one has sweated in there, then one should take the herbs out of the crock and rub and wash him or herself with them, the hottest that one can endure. This is useful all months except during the dog days.

MS Thott.290.2º 032r.jpg

[43] This is another sling and is useful in the fields, on fortifications, and on mountains.

MS Thott.290.2º 032v.jpg

[44] This is a kitchen with a chimney so that the smoke flows away quickly in all winds. Take the white from eggs and separate if from the yolk, and pour the white through a funnel into a large flat bowl. Afterward, beat the yolks well through and over one another. If the white is in the closed flat bowl, afterward pour the yolks into that. Simmer until it becomes hard. That is then a large egg from which many can eat.

MS Thott.290.2º 033r.jpg

[45] If you want to secretly carry letters, pearls, gold, silver, or precious stones, take linen and make a hollow item from that, and place it in there. Afterward, take lime and salt and temper that with egg white, [and] coat it with that. When it is dry, then it becomes harder than a stone. Or separate a bread [loaf] into two parts and hollow it out, and place it there in and put it back together. Or drill a wooden block and force a peg into that and cut off the peg (and the block is a wooden [block]).

An herb is called darnel[27] (some call it ninilol). It grows well at the locations where one has burned charcoal. Whoever simmers the roots in wine until the wine is one-fourth of the simmering, and then mixes that with other wine, that brings the strongest sleep that one can ever have, and whoever then puts moss in a well simmering wine, and combines and mixes it with that, then it becomes a surpassingly strong sleep draught. Whoever drinks that, that one loses all strength and defenses because of sleep. And one can lay a large population low with that, and know that this is a secret thing.

MS Thott.290.2º 033v.jpg

[46] This is a winch made from doubled wheels and arranged such that one part connects the rope to the other, so that if you pull on the one side, then it goes above itself, to the other side [and] back under itself.

MS Thott.290.2º 034r.jpg

[47] This is moving bridge, that is pushed forward using the outer ropes, and it goes back behind again using the middle rope, and it is a clever article, and [one] should thus attach the ropes underneath and inside.

MS Thott.290.2º 034v.jpg

[48] This box shield is made from woodworking and moves up and down. One shoots stones out of it when it moves up, and when it moves down, then no shot can injure the one who is behind the shield.

MS Thott.290.2º 035r.jpg

[49] This ship runs[28] fast against water, as quickly as a horse with a fast gait. It should have two wheels as are pictured here.

MS Thott.290.2º 035v.jpg

[50] Pay attention: wherever the sun follows the gold or brightly shining armor, the shield should move in front of that. Thus, a manly fighter overcomes his enemy with the sun’s help. He sends the beams of the sun (in the gold or in the brightly beautiful armor) in a measured way from there into the enemy’s eyes.

MS Thott.290.2º 036r.jpg

[51] This head, equipped with weapons, cuts with the ears to either side. It moves on two wheels and it thrusts and kills with the tongue and the horn, and is a fighter in battles. It should be internally wooden and externally strongly reinforced[29] with iron, so that no one can hack it into little pieces with hammers or with axes. King Porrus guided this shield and laid many of his enemies low with it.

MS Thott.290.2º 036v.jpg

[52] A wise fighter should organize his wagons like this when moving quickly. Firstly: one wagon after the other, afterward two next to one another, afterward three, afterward four, increasing according to the lines until you fill them all out. Divide the army’s force therein, that is, the warhorses, people, and also the people on foot. Divide all the points thusly. Use this organization when you move into foreign lands..

MS Thott.290.2º 037r.jpg

[53] This spur subdues[30] six horses and the shapes on it are half iron and half steel. It is to be used in foreign lands and it is taken as a means of security, because it forces the men strongly to the sides.

MS Thott.290.2º 037v.jpg

[54] One should make two wagons. On top of this frame there in the center, armed people fight; the wagons, they battle; the guns, they injure, and they beat drums. If you have arrived at water, then set the two wagons following one another in series, thus you are in a safe place due to the water. Each wagon should have six wheels according to its size and should be one-and-a-half wagon lengths. The horses should follow two ells behind the two first wheels so that they are safe, and they lay everything low. The rods, which are inside underneath, protect them from falling and the boards which are hung at the sides shield the unarmored horses. One horse should follow the other, and at each side one second [horse] is enough, [they] and are held together with twofold chains.

MS Thott.290.2º 038r.jpg

[55] This item is called a “crab” and is smithed from iron, and moves backward and forward. One guides it on four fast wheels. It cuts in front and behind. There should be doubled sickles made of long iron at each side on the axles of the disks. It has four eyes: when one ignites them, then it shoots stones in front, crushed steel pieces like a hail, so that one lays the enemy low. One can make the item as large or small as one wants.

MS Thott.290.2º 038v.jpg

[56] This battle wagon, which hacks up armored people’s legs, it fells unarmored people with contact. It has iron [parts], broad in the rear, and narrow in the front, filed sharp as a sickle, and one guides it on two wheels.

MS Thott.290.2º 039r.jpg

[57] This shield belongs to the guns, and is built from woodwork, and should have two small wheels in front and two large behind. And so that it can more easily go over mountain paths, it should have two short iron [pieces] one ell long behind and in front. This is measured to mountains and for climbing, and also to pull it back again. One should always pull the iron with long ropes behind it.

MS Thott.290.2º 039v.jpg

[58] This is a frightful, long “viper” with strong hooks in front, which one should place at a face on [exterior] walls. The people attacking [the walls] can use it and knights, who can pull into the interior in the walls, whatever they grip, when they strongly pull on the rope.

MS Thott.290.2º 040r.jpg

[59] This bridge serves in two ways. It travels over land on four wheels and floats in the water. Do this as I said before, this bridge is a good wagon and watertight and comfortable on the water.

MS Thott.290.2º 040v.jpg

[60] This is another climbing hook. It moves on four wheels until the upper hook grips the wall and one safely climbs towers and walls with it.

MS Thott.290.2º 041r.jpg

[61] Thus, water guides itself from above on one side and up again to the other side. [There] should be a chamber inside in the middle which detains the water.

MS Thott.290.2º 041v.jpg

[62] One should load wild horses with dry wood, including sulphur and pitch and resin.[31] If the saddle is daubed or smeared with egg white, then ignite that. Drive the horse among the enemies, thus [they] bite and strike and burn the enemies.

MS Thott.290.2º 042r.jpg

[63] A correct fire arrow should be round in front and hollow therein, which one should fill with powder, and pull a small sack over that, which is also filled with powder. Ignite it behind and shoot it quickly so that the fire burns and damages the shaft only a little. And where the shaft sticks in, it damages a great deal. Another fire arrow: take powder, sulphur, and work the correct mixture with oil. Bind it on top like a spindle, ignite it, and shoot with it.

Using a large drill,[6] bore a hole into a tree and a small hole on the other side using a small drill,[6] and fill the large hole with powder and close it completely with a chunk of wood. Ignite it at the small hole and flee quickly from there. It bursts apart and makes a large tumult.

MS Thott.290.2º 042v.jpg

[64] This item is made for three guns and shoots one after the other.

MS Thott.290.2º 043r.jpg

[65] Take the very best powder and place it in these spheres. Ignite them and throw them. Great damage arises from this because the fire explodes them and burns very strongly.

MS Thott.290.2º 043v.jpg

[66] This item belongs under the water. The head and the body are covered with leather and sewn well, and the eyes are made with glass therein and secured well with resin and with pitch. A sponge[32] or two should be above in front of the mouth, from which you can catch your breath and you can let [your breath] back into it, thus you can move and see under the water.

MS Thott.290.2º 044r.jpg

[67] This article is [made] the same way, with the exception that the head is covered by a heavy helmet, and the eyes under that are made as before. If the water flows strongly, then you should weight yourself with weight or tie a rope to a tree or to a pole,[33] so that you can come out using it.

MS Thott.290.2º 044v.jpg

[68] Darnel[27] is called libol [when] cooked together in wine, and the wine is mixed into another. Whomever you give this to drink, he falls asleep and does not wake for eight days. Take the fig-leaf-shaped part from the backbone of the crab,[34] mix it with whatever you want. That makes for great sleeping. Take valerian, soak it in wine overnight. Whomever you give it to drink, he sleeps until someone wakes him. Take the seeds from muratiten.[8] Whomever you give this to in a drink, he grabs the other by the hair.

The remedy for the previously described articles is to pour strong vinegar into the nostrils. Whoever wants to ride across the country or to be taken as a watchman, and wants to make sleep difficult, he should take seeds of strepiton[8] and places them in the mouth, then the sleep quickly ends.

MS Thott.290.2º 045r.jpg

[69]

MS Thott.290.2º 045v.jpg

[70] Take copper, beat [it], and make a sphere from it (internally hollow). Afterward, take unslaked lime, one part, [and] galbanum,[35] one half part. Mix the galbanum and the lime. Afterward, take turtle[36] gallbladder in the same weight and place the galbanum therein. Afterward, take soldier beetles[37] (as [many] as you want), cut the heads and wings off, and push with the same weight of mercury. Put it on a club, bury it in manure for forty days, and change it in the manure every 5th day. Then it becomes like gold. Take the ball and coat it with the first part and let it dry and when it is dry, then coat it with the other thing. Ignite it, and it does not extinguish. If you want to extinguish it, however, then take a piece of a flint, soften it in vinegar for three days, and immerse the ball within it.

MS Thott.290.2º 046r.jpg

[71] I am called Philomenus and am made from ore or from copper. I do not give [off] any heat if I am empty. However, if I am filled with turpentine[38] or with brandy wine, and someone places my body toward the fire so that I become hot, then I throw fire in sparks in front and one can light any candles thereby.

MS Thott.290.2º 046v.jpg

[72] These are snowshoes, one should make them in this shape and cover them with straw and tie them together above the foot. In the same way that you do that, tie them together under the feet with long straw.

MS Thott.290.2º 047r.jpg

[73] You can make a prince’s palace warm with this well-flavored piece. Take many crucibles that contain fire, make a fire under them from dry wood and coals, [and] place therein ambrosia, partially-fermented wine, saffron, camphor, myrrh, old frankincense, mastic, incense, and two kinds of sandalwood. Add select incense to that, or other well-flavored things.

Item: soak cloves[39] overnight in wine, and in the morning, cut them up finely. Place the cloves thickly in one crucible and pour a little of the wine on that. When this piece becomes hot, then it will smell good.

MS Thott.290.2º 047v.jpg

[74] These assembled items are good in riding[40] for the army: a saw with a handle, crowbar, drill,[6] hook spanner,[41] pointed instrument for drilling mounted on a handle, a threading[42] die, [and] a cutting[43] blade.

MS Thott.290.2º 048r.jpg

[75]

MS Thott.290.2º 048v.jpg

[76]

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. Chaerophyllum. Note: these are both aromatics.
  2. Blide = Steinschleuder, which is any weapon capable of casting stones.
  3. Or “space/interior”.
  4. Gnapper = a rocker/totterer/nodding movement.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Or “bait”.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Näbiger is a broad term including both a drill and an auger.
  7. Irem => urin
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 Unknown word.
  9. Reference to the Battle of Nicopolis (1396), which Kyeser may have participated in.
  10. Or “floated”.
  11. Or “inserted”.
  12. The wrong text is included here. The original (Latin) 7-chapter version had this text on the page facing this illustration, and they were swapped by a careless scribe. The creators of Talhoffer’s manuscript only included one of the two illustrations with its wrong caption, leading to much confusion. This is also the only Latin text in this version, though the Cod. 3086 (from which it was copied) has several more that weren’t translated.
  13. Or “steep incline”.
  14. Sets of rungs?
  15. Or “cable”.
  16. Gabel doesn’t exactly mean hook, but sort of any type of forked/pointed agricultural tool.
  17. Goldblumen can be flowers made from gold (which appears unlikely here) or any number of yellow/gold flowers, including chrysanthemum, calendula officinalis (marigold), heliotropium, solsequium, areola, dandelion, Catha palustris (marsh marigold), centhauria, aurifolium, asphodelus, heliochrysum, anthemis tinctoria, ranunculus, lilium martagon (turban lily), etc.
  18. At the time, a sonde was a medical instrument for examining a wound or another point that could not be reached with one’s hand.
  19. Bomöl => baumel = small baum. In the context of fighting/dueling, a baum is a staff, so a short staff.
  20. Absinthium.
  21. Baldrian = valeriana.
  22. Bërhtram = pyrethrum.
  23. Eindorn = ononis spinosa.
  24. Benedict = herba benedicta.
  25. Heide = erica.
  26. Harwe/harwurz = nenuphar.
  27. 27.0 27.1 Loliol = lolium: darnel, poison darnel, darnel ryegrass, cockle, or false wheat.
  28. Or “moves”.
  29. Or “covered”.
  30. Or “overpowers”.
  31. Or “gum”.
  32. Presumably some type of natural sponge.
  33. Or “stump”, “pole”, “column”.
  34. Likely crayfish.
  35. Galbanum is an aromatic gum resin, the product of ferual gummosa.
  36. Schneggen could an older version of turtle, or specifically garter snakes in the north; it also means snail, but snails don’t have gallbladders.
  37. Cantharidae.
  38. Literally terebinth, the turpentine tree.
  39. Nelken can be cloves, carnations (dianthus), or the pistils of flowers like lilies.
  40. Or “traveling”.
  41. Or “wrench”.
  42. Or “screwing”.
  43. Or “shearing”.