 |
You are not currently logged in. Are you accessing the unsecure (http) portal? Click here to switch to the secure portal. |
Difference between revisions of "Cotton MS Titus A XXV"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox manuscript | {{Infobox manuscript | ||
<!-----------Name----------> | <!-----------Name----------> | ||
| − | | name | + | | name = [[inventory::Cotton MS Titus A xxv]] |
| − | | location | + | | location = [[museum::British Library]]<br/>London, United Kingdom |
<!----------Image----------> | <!----------Image----------> | ||
| − | | image | + | | image = File:Noscans.png |
| − | | width | + | | width = |
| − | | caption | + | | caption = (No scans available) |
<!----------General----------> | <!----------General----------> | ||
| − | | Index number | + | | Index number = [[WI::—]] |
| − | | Wierschin's catalog=[[WC::—]] | + | | Wierschin's catalog= [[WC::—]] |
| − | | Hils' catalog | + | | Hils' catalog = [[HK::—]] |
| − | | Beck catalog | + | | Beck catalog = [[BC::—]] |
| − | | Also known as | + | | Also known as = |
| − | | Type | + | | Type = [[type::Fencing manual]] |
| − | | Date | + | | Date = [[year::1450-1465|1450 - 1465]] |
| − | | Place of origin | + | | Place of origin = Ireland (?) |
| − | | Language(s) | + | | Language(s) = {{plainlist | [[Medieval Latin]] | [[language::Middle English]] }} |
| − | | Scribe(s) | + | | Scribe(s) = |
| − | | Author(s) | + | | Author(s) = Unknown |
| − | | Compiled by | + | | Compiled by = |
| − | | Illuminated by | + | | Illuminated by = |
| − | | Patron | + | | Patron = |
| − | | Dedicated to | + | | Dedicated to = |
<!----------Form and content----------> | <!----------Form and content----------> | ||
| − | | Material | + | | Material = Paper, with a British Library binding |
| − | | Size | + | | Size = 139 [[folia]] |
| − | | Format | + | | Format = |
| − | | Condition | + | | Condition = |
| − | | Script | + | | Script = [[script::Secretary]] |
| − | | Contents | + | | Contents = |
| − | | Illumination(s) | + | | Illumination(s) = |
| − | | Additions | + | | Additions = |
| − | | Exemplar(s) | + | | Exemplar(s) = |
| − | | Previously kept | + | | Previously kept = |
| − | | Discovered | + | | Discovered = |
| − | | Website | + | | Website = [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?vid=IAMS_VU2&doc=IAMS040-001103516 Library catalog entry] |
| − | | below | + | | below = [[file:Edition.jpg|link=http://hdl.handle.net/10515/sy5m902h7 ]] |
}} | }} | ||
The '''Cotton MS Titus A xxv''' is a [[nationality::English|British]] compilation manuscript containing a brief [[fencing manual]] created between 1450 and 1465.{{cn}} The original currently rests in the Titus section of Cotton Library at the [[British Library]] in London, United Kingdom. The manuscript consists of three major sections which were compiled together by Robert Cotton in the 17th century; of these, the second section (ff 94-105) is that which contains a few brief notes on fencing. Along with the [[Man yt Wol (MS Harley 3542)|Man yt Wol]] and the [[Ledall Roll (Additional MS 39564)|Ledall manuscript]], this is one of only three extant Medieval English writings on swordsmanship. | The '''Cotton MS Titus A xxv''' is a [[nationality::English|British]] compilation manuscript containing a brief [[fencing manual]] created between 1450 and 1465.{{cn}} The original currently rests in the Titus section of Cotton Library at the [[British Library]] in London, United Kingdom. The manuscript consists of three major sections which were compiled together by Robert Cotton in the 17th century; of these, the second section (ff 94-105) is that which contains a few brief notes on fencing. Along with the [[Man yt Wol (MS Harley 3542)|Man yt Wol]] and the [[Ledall Roll (Additional MS 39564)|Ledall manuscript]], this is one of only three extant Medieval English writings on swordsmanship. | ||
| Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
This is the official table of contents provided by the museum.<ref>See the [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?vid=IAMS_VU2&doc=IAMS040-001103516 catalog listing].</ref> As the manuscript has not been digitized for study, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed beyond that fact. | This is the official table of contents provided by the museum.<ref>See the [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?vid=IAMS_VU2&doc=IAMS040-001103516 catalog listing].</ref> As the manuscript has not been digitized for study, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed beyond that fact. | ||
| − | {| class=" | + | {| class="treatise" |
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! id="page" | | + | ! id="page" | 2r - 35v |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| Chronicle of Boyle Abbey, AM 335–AD 1257<ref>''Annales monasterii de Buellio in Hibernia'' ("Annals of Monastery of Boyle in Ireland"); partly in Latin and partly in Irish.</ref> | | Chronicle of Boyle Abbey, AM 335–AD 1257<ref>''Annales monasterii de Buellio in Hibernia'' ("Annals of Monastery of Boyle in Ireland"); partly in Latin and partly in Irish.</ref> | ||
| Line 79: | Line 75: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 105r | ! 105r | ||
| − | | {{ | + | | {{treatise begin |
| − | | title | + | | title = Anonymous plays of [[longsword|sword]] |
| − | | | + | | width = 56em |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
{|class="wikitable master" | {|class="wikitable master" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! {{rating|C|Modernization}} | + | ! <p>{{rating|C|Modernization}}<br/>by [[Jon Pellett]]</p> |
| − | by [[Jon Pellett]] | + | ! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Mark R. Geldof]]</p> |
| − | ! Transcription | ||
| − | by [[Mark R. Geldof]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | <p>'''Strokes of the Two-handed Sword'''</p> |
| − | '''Strokes of the Two-handed Sword''' | ||
First a round for the waste single with a foin, Also a quarter with a foin. A rake single with a foin. A double round a double rake with an awk, a quarter and a rake and a wipe with a spring voiding with the left hand In a quarter with a foin skipping with a wipe. Then a quarter and break a foin at the right shoulder with a robecke. | First a round for the waste single with a foin, Also a quarter with a foin. A rake single with a foin. A double round a double rake with an awk, a quarter and a rake and a wipe with a spring voiding with the left hand In a quarter with a foin skipping with a wipe. Then a quarter and break a foin at the right shoulder with a robecke. | ||
| − | | | + | | <p>'''[105r]<ref>There is a tiny marginal “a” here, where a bracket begins, extending down to line 7.</ref> Strokez off ij hand swerde'''</p> |
| − | '''[105r]<ref>There is a tiny marginal “a” here, where a bracket begins, extending down to line 7.</ref> Strokez off ij hand swerde''' | ||
ffyrste a rownde for the waste sengyll ''with'' a fune<ref>A thrust, likely from the French ''foine''.</ref> Also a quart''er''<ref>This term appears in MS Harley 3542 and Additional 39564. James Hester suggests it refers to one of the four quarters of the body, as it is often depicted in illustrated fight-texts. However, there is no corresponding indication in this text as to which quarter is meant. It may refer, in this case, to a specific movement of the student, either with the body or the feet. See James Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde’: The English Fight Manual of MS Harley 3542 (A Critical Edition),” (MA dissertation, York: University of York, 2006).</ref> ''with'' a fune A rake<ref>This term appears in the Gresley dance choreography and is interpreted by Nevile as a lateral movement of the feet. “Dance Steps and Music in the Gresley Manuscript,” 5. Hester defines it as a type of cut, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 19.</ref> sengyll<ref>This is identified, by Nevile, with the French dance term ''semibreve'' and refers to a specific movement of the feet. Nevile, 5-6.</ref> ''with'' a fune A dowbull<ref>Appears in the Gresely dance choreography, where Nevile equates it with the French ''breve'', a movement of the feet. Nevile, 5-6.</ref> rownde<ref>This may modify the movement of the ''dowbull'' in line 3, or it could be a separate movement of the weapon in relation to the feet. It has no cognates outside English fight-texts. Hutton glosses ''rownis'' in MS Harley 3542 as a “circular cut,” Hutton, 36. Hester defines it as a “cut using a wide swing to gather strength,” Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 18.</ref> a dowbyll rake with a nawke<ref>This appears in MS Harley 3542 as ''hauke'' where Hutton and Hester define it as a blow or a cut: Hutton, 36; Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 18.</ref> A quart''er'' & a rake & a wype with a spryng vydyng<ref>“voiding.” Its specific function here is unclear. </ref> with the lyfte hand ''with'' a quart''er with'' a fune skypyng<ref>“skipping.”</ref> with a wype Than a quart''er'' & byeke<ref>See also ''bakke'' in lines 10 and 11. This may be a contraction of “backward.”</ref> a fune atte þe ryght shuld''er with'' a robecke<ref>This term appears in MS Harley 3542 as ''rabetis'' (plural) and in MS Additional 39564 as ''rabett''. Hester interprets this as a metaphor for a “vertical cut,” Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 22. However, the French ''rabatir'', used to describe a parry or block, appears in a description of axe combat by Olivier de la Marche in his sixteenth-century memoirs, and may be a more appropriate reading in this context. See Sydney Anglo, “Le Jeu de la Hache: A Fifteenth-Century Treatise on the Technique of Chivalric Axe Combat,” ''Archaeologia'' 109 (1991), 127, n.28.</ref> | ffyrste a rownde for the waste sengyll ''with'' a fune<ref>A thrust, likely from the French ''foine''.</ref> Also a quart''er''<ref>This term appears in MS Harley 3542 and Additional 39564. James Hester suggests it refers to one of the four quarters of the body, as it is often depicted in illustrated fight-texts. However, there is no corresponding indication in this text as to which quarter is meant. It may refer, in this case, to a specific movement of the student, either with the body or the feet. See James Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde’: The English Fight Manual of MS Harley 3542 (A Critical Edition),” (MA dissertation, York: University of York, 2006).</ref> ''with'' a fune A rake<ref>This term appears in the Gresley dance choreography and is interpreted by Nevile as a lateral movement of the feet. “Dance Steps and Music in the Gresley Manuscript,” 5. Hester defines it as a type of cut, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 19.</ref> sengyll<ref>This is identified, by Nevile, with the French dance term ''semibreve'' and refers to a specific movement of the feet. Nevile, 5-6.</ref> ''with'' a fune A dowbull<ref>Appears in the Gresely dance choreography, where Nevile equates it with the French ''breve'', a movement of the feet. Nevile, 5-6.</ref> rownde<ref>This may modify the movement of the ''dowbull'' in line 3, or it could be a separate movement of the weapon in relation to the feet. It has no cognates outside English fight-texts. Hutton glosses ''rownis'' in MS Harley 3542 as a “circular cut,” Hutton, 36. Hester defines it as a “cut using a wide swing to gather strength,” Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 18.</ref> a dowbyll rake with a nawke<ref>This appears in MS Harley 3542 as ''hauke'' where Hutton and Hester define it as a blow or a cut: Hutton, 36; Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 18.</ref> A quart''er'' & a rake & a wype with a spryng vydyng<ref>“voiding.” Its specific function here is unclear. </ref> with the lyfte hand ''with'' a quart''er with'' a fune skypyng<ref>“skipping.”</ref> with a wype Than a quart''er'' & byeke<ref>See also ''bakke'' in lines 10 and 11. This may be a contraction of “backward.”</ref> a fune atte þe ryght shuld''er with'' a robecke<ref>This term appears in MS Harley 3542 as ''rabetis'' (plural) and in MS Additional 39564 as ''rabett''. Hester interprets this as a metaphor for a “vertical cut,” Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 22. However, the French ''rabatir'', used to describe a parry or block, appears in a description of axe combat by Olivier de la Marche in his sixteenth-century memoirs, and may be a more appropriate reading in this context. See Sydney Anglo, “Le Jeu de la Hache: A Fifteenth-Century Treatise on the Technique of Chivalric Axe Combat,” ''Archaeologia'' 109 (1991), 127, n.28.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | <p>Then the chase First a double round with a back foin And a fore foin running with a robecke and then rounds Voiding with a rest and then a back foin to the one A fore foin to the other with a back foin to the foin with a an awk suying' [falling, following?] and ever the foot the hand the eye and the heart to accord.</p> |
| − | Then the chase First a double round with a back foin And a fore foin running with a robecke and then rounds Voiding with a rest and then a back foin to the one A fore foin to the other with a back foin to the foin with a an awk suying' [falling, following?] and ever the foot the hand the eye and the heart to accord. | + | | <p><ref>A second tiny marginal “a” is placed here at the head of a second bracket, extending to the foot of the leaf.</ref>Than þe chase ffyrst a dowbyll rownde ''with'' a bakke fune and a fore<ref>Likely a contraction of “forward.”</ref>fune rennyng ''with'' a robekke þa þa<ref>This is a construction in Old English that is read as “then the.” My thanks to Dr. Maren Clegg Hyer, Valdosta State University, for pointing out that this is a deliberate word choice and not a scribal mistake.</ref> rowndez viydyng with a reste a<ref>The “a” here is clearly legible, although it may be a scribal mistake where a reading of “and” would make more sense.</ref> þa a bakke fune to the tome a fore fune to the to''ther''<ref>“other”</ref> ''with'' a bakke fune to þe fune ''with'' a nawke [sw]yng And on þe fote þe hand the hye<ref>“eyes”</ref> & the herte <sub>to accorde</sub></p> |
| − | | | ||
| − | <ref>A second tiny marginal “a” is placed here at the head of a second bracket, extending to the foot of the leaf.</ref>Than þe chase ffyrst a dowbyll rownde ''with'' a bakke fune and a fore<ref>Likely a contraction of “forward.”</ref>fune rennyng ''with'' a robekke þa þa<ref>This is a construction in Old English that is read as “then the.” My thanks to Dr. Maren Clegg Hyer, Valdosta State University, for pointing out that this is a deliberate word choice and not a scribal mistake.</ref> rowndez viydyng with a reste a<ref>The “a” here is clearly legible, although it may be a scribal mistake where a reading of “and” would make more sense.</ref> þa a bakke fune to the tome a fore fune to the to''ther''<ref>“other”</ref> ''with'' a bakke fune to þe fune ''with'' a nawke [sw]yng And on þe fote þe hand the hye<ref>“eyes”</ref> & the herte <sub>to accorde</sub> | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{treatise end}} |
|- | |- | ||
! 105v | ! 105v | ||
| − | | {{ | + | | {{treatise begin |
| − | | title | + | | title = Anonymous plays of [[staff]] |
| − | | | + | | width = 56em |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
{|class="wikitable master" | {|class="wikitable master" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! {{rating|C|Modernization}} | + | ! <p>{{rating|C|Modernization}}<br/>by [[Jon Pellett]]</p> |
| − | by [[Jon Pellett]] | + | ! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Mark R. Geldof]]</p> |
| − | ! Transcription | ||
| − | by [[Mark R. Geldof]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | <p>'''Strokes at the Two-handed Staff'''</p> |
| − | '''Strokes at the Two-handed Staff''' | ||
The first point is a flourish about the Finger. The next flourish is about the hand And then 3 quarters and a round and 2 rakes and 2 foins 3 quarters closed that a round ware him that arms behind and then 2 awks for the wrong side and then a foin for him in the other side and the heart the foot and the eye to accord etc. | The first point is a flourish about the Finger. The next flourish is about the hand And then 3 quarters and a round and 2 rakes and 2 foins 3 quarters closed that a round ware him that arms behind and then 2 awks for the wrong side and then a foin for him in the other side and the heart the foot and the eye to accord etc. | ||
| − | | | + | | <p>'''[105v] Stroekez atte þe ij hand staffe'''</p> |
| − | '''[105v] Stroekez atte þe ij hand staffe''' | ||
The fyrst pointe is a florysh about the fyng''er'' þe nexte floryse is aboute þe hande And thanne iij quarteres And a rownde and ii rakes in þe rownes iij quarteres closed <ref>The word ''staffe'' appears in the margin on this line, outside a bracket that runs down the side of the text from line 14.</ref> A j rounde war hym your armes be hynde<ref>“behind”</ref> & than ij hawkes<ref>Alternate spelling of ''awke'' from lines 3 and 12.</ref> for þe wrong syde [bryng] A fune for hym in þe toth''er'' syde And þe herte þe fote þe Eye to accorde et <sub>cet</sub> | The fyrst pointe is a florysh about the fyng''er'' þe nexte floryse is aboute þe hande And thanne iij quarteres And a rownde and ii rakes in þe rownes iij quarteres closed <ref>The word ''staffe'' appears in the margin on this line, outside a bracket that runs down the side of the text from line 14.</ref> A j rounde war hym your armes be hynde<ref>“behind”</ref> & than ij hawkes<ref>Alternate spelling of ''awke'' from lines 3 and 12.</ref> for þe wrong syde [bryng] A fune for hym in þe toth''er'' syde And þe herte þe fote þe Eye to accorde et <sub>cet</sub> | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{treatise end}} |
|- | |- | ||
| Line 158: | Line 142: | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Copyright and License Summary == | ||
| + | |||
| + | For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|discussion page]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | <section begin="sourcebox"/>{{sourcebox header}} | ||
| + | {{sourcebox | ||
| + | | work = Modernization | ||
| + | | authors = [[Jon Pellett]] | ||
| + | | source link = http://www.angelfire.com/planet/megalophias/cottonmodern.html | ||
| + | | source title= MEGALOPHIAS His Page | ||
| + | | license = non-commercial | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | {{sourcebox | ||
| + | | work = Transcription | ||
| + | | authors = [[Mark R. Geldof]] | ||
| + | | source link = http://hdl.handle.net/10515/sy5m902h7 | ||
| + | | source title= University of Saskatchewan | ||
| + | | license = attribution | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | {{sourcebox footer}}<section end="sourcebox"/> | ||
[[Category:Treatises]] | [[Category:Treatises]] | ||
Revision as of 02:15, 4 January 2015
| Cotton MS Titus A xxv | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| British Library London, United Kingdom | |||||
 (No scans available) | |||||
| |||||
| |||||
| Type | Fencing manual | ||||
| Date | 1450 - 1465 | ||||
| Place of origin | Ireland (?) | ||||
| Language(s) | |||||
| Author(s) | Unknown | ||||
| Material | Paper, with a British Library binding | ||||
| Size | 139 folia | ||||
| Script | Secretary | ||||
| External data | Library catalog entry | ||||
 | |||||
The Cotton MS Titus A xxv is a British compilation manuscript containing a brief fencing manual created between 1450 and 1465.[citation needed] The original currently rests in the Titus section of Cotton Library at the British Library in London, United Kingdom. The manuscript consists of three major sections which were compiled together by Robert Cotton in the 17th century; of these, the second section (ff 94-105) is that which contains a few brief notes on fencing. Along with the Man yt Wol and the Ledall manuscript, this is one of only three extant Medieval English writings on swordsmanship.
Contents
Provenance
The known provenance of the Cotton MS Titus A xxv is:
- each segment created separately during the 13th to 15th centuries; The time frame for the fencing work has been further narrowed down to 1450 - 1465.
- before 1631 - acquired and bound together by Sir Robert Cotton (1571-1631) and placed in the Titus section of his collection.
- 1631-1662 - owned by Sir Thomas Cotton (d.1662).
- 1662-1702 - owned by Sir John Cotton (d.1702).
- 1702 - donated to the British people, confirmed by Act of Parliament (12 & 13 William III, c. 7).
- 1753 - added to the newly-formed British Museum.
- 1973 - moved to the newly-formed British Library.
Contents
This is the official table of contents provided by the museum.[1] As the manuscript has not been digitized for study, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed beyond that fact.
| 2r - 35v | Chronicle of Boyle Abbey, AM 335–AD 1257[2] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36r - 71v | Historia trium regum by John of Hildesheim[3] | ||||||
| 72r - 93v | De itinere by Ludolphus[4] (imperfect) | ||||||
| 94r - 104v | Prophecy of John of Bridlington | ||||||
| 105r |
| ||||||
| 105v |
| ||||||
| 106r - 117v | Historia regum Britannie by Geoffrey of Monmouth[26] (imperfect) | ||||||
| 118r - 139v | Collection of documents[27] |
Gallery
Additional Resources
- Bradak, Benjamin "Casper" and Heslop, Brandon. Lessons on the English Longsword. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-58160-734-5
References
- ↑ See the catalog listing.
- ↑ Annales monasterii de Buellio in Hibernia ("Annals of Monastery of Boyle in Ireland"); partly in Latin and partly in Irish.
- ↑ The Manner of Seeking and Offering, and Also of the Bearing and Translations of the Three Holy Kings of Coleyn.
- ↑ Via nova deiversarum regionum proprietatum declarativa, dispositio terrae sanctae, per Ludolphum, qui Palaestinam adiit A.D. 1336, et per quinquennium ibi moratus est ("Declaration of a New Way of Properties of Different Regions, the Disposition of the Holy Land, by Ludolphum, Who Visited Palestine, A. D. 1336, and Remained There for Five Years").
- ↑ There is a tiny marginal “a” here, where a bracket begins, extending down to line 7.
- ↑ A thrust, likely from the French foine.
- ↑ This term appears in MS Harley 3542 and Additional 39564. James Hester suggests it refers to one of the four quarters of the body, as it is often depicted in illustrated fight-texts. However, there is no corresponding indication in this text as to which quarter is meant. It may refer, in this case, to a specific movement of the student, either with the body or the feet. See James Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde’: The English Fight Manual of MS Harley 3542 (A Critical Edition),” (MA dissertation, York: University of York, 2006).
- ↑ This term appears in the Gresley dance choreography and is interpreted by Nevile as a lateral movement of the feet. “Dance Steps and Music in the Gresley Manuscript,” 5. Hester defines it as a type of cut, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 19.
- ↑ This is identified, by Nevile, with the French dance term semibreve and refers to a specific movement of the feet. Nevile, 5-6.
- ↑ Appears in the Gresely dance choreography, where Nevile equates it with the French breve, a movement of the feet. Nevile, 5-6.
- ↑ This may modify the movement of the dowbull in line 3, or it could be a separate movement of the weapon in relation to the feet. It has no cognates outside English fight-texts. Hutton glosses rownis in MS Harley 3542 as a “circular cut,” Hutton, 36. Hester defines it as a “cut using a wide swing to gather strength,” Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 18.
- ↑ This appears in MS Harley 3542 as hauke where Hutton and Hester define it as a blow or a cut: Hutton, 36; Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 18.
- ↑ “voiding.” Its specific function here is unclear.
- ↑ “skipping.”
- ↑ See also bakke in lines 10 and 11. This may be a contraction of “backward.”
- ↑ This term appears in MS Harley 3542 as rabetis (plural) and in MS Additional 39564 as rabett. Hester interprets this as a metaphor for a “vertical cut,” Hester, “‘The Vse of the Two Hand Sworde,’” 22. However, the French rabatir, used to describe a parry or block, appears in a description of axe combat by Olivier de la Marche in his sixteenth-century memoirs, and may be a more appropriate reading in this context. See Sydney Anglo, “Le Jeu de la Hache: A Fifteenth-Century Treatise on the Technique of Chivalric Axe Combat,” Archaeologia 109 (1991), 127, n.28.
- ↑ A second tiny marginal “a” is placed here at the head of a second bracket, extending to the foot of the leaf.
- ↑ Likely a contraction of “forward.”
- ↑ This is a construction in Old English that is read as “then the.” My thanks to Dr. Maren Clegg Hyer, Valdosta State University, for pointing out that this is a deliberate word choice and not a scribal mistake.
- ↑ The “a” here is clearly legible, although it may be a scribal mistake where a reading of “and” would make more sense.
- ↑ “other”
- ↑ “eyes”
- ↑ The word staffe appears in the margin on this line, outside a bracket that runs down the side of the text from line 14.
- ↑ “behind”
- ↑ Alternate spelling of awke from lines 3 and 12.
- ↑ Historia de regibus vetustis Britannorum, à rege Arthuro ad Cadwalladrum ("Background of the Ancient Kings of the Britons, from King Arthur to the Cadwalladrum").
- ↑ Formulae obligationum, acquietantiarum & testamentorum, &c ("Formula of Obligations, Acquiescence and Covenants, etc."); in French and Latin.
Copyright and License Summary
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the discussion page.
| Work | Author(s) | Source | License |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modernization | Jon Pellett | MEGALOPHIAS His Page |  |
| Transcription | Mark R. Geldof | University of Saskatchewan |  |
