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Hie lert der Jud Ebreesch | |||
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"The Jew teaches the Hebrew language here" | |||
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Author(s) | Unknown | ||
Compiled by | Hans Talhoffer (?) | ||
Date | 1452 | ||
Language | Early New High German | ||
Principal Manuscript(s) |
MS Thott.290.2º (1459) | ||
First Printed English Edition |
Garber, 2020 |
Hie lert der Jud Ebreesch ("the Jew teaches the Hebrew language here") is a treatise on Hebrew, astronomy, and physiology at the back of a ca. 1459 manuscript owned by Hans Talhoffer (MS Thott. 290. 2º). This material is written upside down starting on the last page of the manuscript, so opening it from the back allows it to be read normally.
Contents
Treatise
Images |
Transcription | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Michel Rotwyler truly made me in the year 1459. |
[150v] 1 2 3 4 5̃ 5̃ 6 7 8 9 // 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 // 100 2000 190 3000 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 1000000 // 1111111 // 1234567 // 1459 Jar macht mich michel rotwyler für wär | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[150r]
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[Nonsensical Hebrew characters][2] |
[min uuilig dinss tzu bur libr ker aich lass vich uuissn ain uuan mag aisch gesund bin bun den gnadn gatss selbn aliichn ain ale ziit ain gern bun iin libr here] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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[Nonsensical Hebrew characters][2] |
[dass uuss uuruug tg mg mn gnt kt rt sstt gr gt dium aich ain aisst air aim // iar iud iakub iud ierg iegr iunkr] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item: They always name the very last at the very front. |
Item die alle wegen nyenen denn am lesten ann wortten ץןםך | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[A page is missing between 149 and 150.] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Jew teaches the Hebrew language here. |
Hie lert der Jud Ebreesch[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here it is written about Saturn, which is old and cold, impure, ill-tempered, and greedy. “Thus are my children, who are born under me.” Saturn is the highest planet, and the least virtuous and the largest, and is cold and dry, and is therefore named Saturn as an allegory. When the Romans would have all gods with him, and prayed to them and also gave them their sacrifices, and would bring those into his temple, which was then made in his honor. And the Romans called the same their god and named him Saturn, which means much like “the highest”. And when the Romans said that, so that he sat in the highest throne of the heaven, thus that he would sit above other gods and he would be offered in all things. And, therefore, they called him Saturn as a highest god. And if they wanted to ask for anything from him, then they would offer very great prayers to him and would do this for an entire year. And they said that he would be elevated above all gods, and for this reason one should appropriately pray to him so very much time, because the highest god wanted more time and to be prayed to for longer than all the other gods together. And that was his hubris that he had in himself about this, that he was elevated above other gods, because when the Romans earnestly called upon him, then they were heard by him, and for this reason he wanted to enjoy his pride. When we read about the Romans, when they called upon him because of anything, that it would scarcely be heard in five years, perhaps in thirty years or perhaps never. Because now the same god, who was the highest among the idols, as the Romans said, and the laziest. Therefore, the planet is also named after him as an allegory, because among the seven planets, Saturn is the uppermost and the highest in the heavens, and yet the laziest in its course. and because of this, some people have part of their temperament[5] from him and are Sanguine and Phlegmatic, and they are of high temperament and observe many things and learn. Yet they do not want to express or provide anything, and if Saturn is mixed with those who are Sanguine, you can recognize that by the fact that [Saturn] gives a long face to the Sanguine and a sensible face to the Phlegmatic. It is also known, as previously said, that the same people possess many things, and yet express or provide nothing, and are also proud and arrogant people, and they consider no one to be their equal, and accrue useful things to themselves, yet are poor in temporal goods. And the Sanguine are with a long beard or face, and do not happily attend Mass. However, the Phlegmatics are godly in themselves and happily promote Mass. And therefore, the masters do not begin to build anything during the times when Saturn reigns, because they warn, it will be poorly completed, compared to if it were erected in another time. Saturn and his children are usually robbers and murderers, and when he reigns then it is good to speak with noble people, and the planet is our enemy in all ways of nature and stands towards the east, and is a planet of evil people and the unvirtuous, who are black and gaunt and reckless, and is a planet of men who have no beards and white hair, and who wear their clothes untidily. The children who are born under Saturn have a narrow chest and are depressed, and like to listen to talk about evil things, and wear untidy clothes equally to nice ones, and do not behave well with women, and still have, from nature, all evil things in themselves. Saturn completes his course in thirty years and 440 days and 6 hours, and because of his high course, one can seldom see it. And these are his signs: Capricorn [and] Aquarius, which are cold and dry in their nature and are similar to the Melancholy in his nature. |
[148v] Hie stand geschriben von saturnuß, der da ist alt und kalt, unrain, hässig und nydig: also sind mine kind die under mir geboren werdent. ~ ~ Saturnuß ist der obrost planet, und der aller untugent haftenst, und der gröst, und ist kalt und drucken, und haißt darumb saturnuß zuo ein gelichnuß, als die römer alle göt by in hetten und sie anbetettend und inen ouch ir oppfer gabent und brächtentz jeglichnem in sinen thempel, der deme in siner are gemachet waß. und die romer hiessent den selben iren got und nannten in Saturnus, daz ist alß vil gespochen alß der höhste. und wenn die romer also sprachent so sass er in dem hohsten tron des himels also dz er sass über ander gött und in allen herr zu gebieten, und darumb so nanten sie in Saturnus als ainen obrost gott. und wenn sie in woltent ettwerumb bitten, so detten sie gar grosse bett an in, und detten daz ein gantz iar, und sprachent daz er uber alle gött erhoher weer, und darumb sollte man in so vil zyteß zimlichen bitten, denn der obrost gott wolten mer zyteß und langer gebettn werden, dan die andnen götte allesampt, und daz waß sin ubermuot, den er in im selber hette, darumb, daz er erhöher waß uber ander götte, denn wenn in die romer enstlichn anruoffent, so wurden sie von im erhöret, und darumb so solt er mer hoffhart geniessen, wan wir lassent von denn römern, wenn sie in an ruoffent von ettlichen sachen wegen. Daz sie dar nach kum in fünff jaren Erhortt wurdent ettwen in dryssig jaren oder ettwen mynd wanenun der selbe got der under den abgötten der obrost waß, alß die römer sprächent. und der trägost also ist auch der planete genant nach im von einer gelichnuß, wenn under den siben planeten so ist saturnus [148r] Der obrost und der höchste in den himeln, und doch der trägost an sinem louff. und derumb so habent ettliche menschen ain tail ir Complexion von Im und sind sanguini und flegmatici, und die sind aineß hohen muotes und sahent vil sachen an und erkünden, noch mügen keiner sache ußtrag geben, und wenn sich satturnus zu denen vermischet, die da sind sangwiny, daz machstu darby erkennen, so machet dem sangwiniß ain langß antlüt, und dem flegmaticuß ain sinvels anttlüt. Es ist ouch zu wissn alß vorgesait ist, daz sich dieselben lüte vil sachen under widen und doch keiner usstrag gebent, und sind och hohtrahent und ubermütig lüte und bedunckett sie daz in nyemant gelich sy und vermügent doch nutz für sich selber, und sind arm an zytlichem guote, und die sangwini sind mit ainem langen bartte oder antlüt und tund nit gern gotzdinst, aber die flegmatici sind göttlich an in selber und furdern gern gotzdinst, und darumb so vahent die maister kain ding an zubuwen an den stunden so satturnus rengnirt, dann sie vermamen eß werd kumerlichen volbracht, dann ob eß in ainer andern zit angehaben werde. Satturnus und sine kind sind gewonlichw rouber und morder und wenn er rengnirt, so ist gut reden mit edlen lütten und der planet ist unßer vynd in alle wege der natture und stant gen Orient und ist ain planet bosser lüte und untugenhaffter, die schwartz und mager sind und türre und ist ain planete, der mannen die nit berte habent und wyß hare, und die ire claider unsuber tragent die kind [147v] Die under satturno geboren werden, sind mit ainer schmale brust und trurig und hörend geren von bosen dingen sagen, und tragen gelich alß unsubere claider alß schöne und vermügen sich sich nit wol mit frowen, und hat doch von nattur alle bösse ding an im Satturnus erfüllet sinen louff in dreyssig Jaren und 400 und 40 tagen und 6 stunden, und von siner höhe wegen so mag man in selten sehen. und dz sind sine zaichen: der stainbock, der wasserman, die sind kalt und trucken an irer nattur, und glichent sich dem melancholicoß an siner nattur. ~ ~ ~ ~ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here Jupiter speaks about his nature and about his children, how the children like to read and write and other arts. Jupiter is the second planet, and it is happy and virtuous, warm and fresh, and is somewhat lazy in its course, and listens to those who are virtuous, and is lord of the men who have thick beards and do not become bald. And when it thus reigns, women succeed who go with young men,[6] and it is good to seek princely law. The planet is called Jupiter as an allegory, because the masters say how he was an idol, which the Romans and other people held to be a god, who strongly defended them and whom they also strongly called upon as a helper/assistant, and advisor, and a conciliator. Because if the Romans did not offer sacrifices to their god, and [that god] became angry about this, then they would offer them to the same god Jupiter with great seriousness and reverence, and also brought him his sacrifice, so that he would help them again so that they would return to grace with the god who was angry with them, and while the god was angry, then they did not dare to pray to any got except that god Jupiter. And Jupiter is addressed so much according to Roman customs as a helper, because, as the Romans say, he helped his sons. Thus, he occupied the highest throne in their heavenly kingdom and for that reason, the Romans called upon him as a helper, and because of that, Jupiter has his temperament and his course with those who are called Sanguine, and thus it goes well, according to their desire, so that they also strongly help their people and other people, and can also strongly work through the desire of the people and have sympathy for them. However, due to the overconfidence which they have in themselves, they can at no time do otherwise for anyone, if one earnestly asks them, and they offer so much love in return. Jupiter also maintains his course with those who are and are called Choleric, because they also help the people and theirs, and yet do not treat them the same. And they do their things secretly and they like to keep their things quite secret and hidden, and are also quite loyal friends. The child that is born under the planet, that child will have moderate honor and privilege. [The child] loves, and likes pretty clothes, and [the child] likes to have that which tastes good and is pure in their hand. [The child] is also compassionate and joyful, and Jupiter has the signs of the Sun, Sagittarius, and Pisces. Jupiter completes its course in five years and five days. |
Hie sagt Juppitter von siner nattur und von sinen kind, wie die geren kinder schriben und lesen und ander künst. Juppitter ist der ander planet und der ist glückhafftig und tugenthaft warm und frisch und ist ettwen vil träg an sinem louff und höret den zuo die tugenthafftig sind und ist herre der mannen die da dick bärte hand und werdent nit kal und wenn er also rengniert so gaut es frowen wol sie mit knaben gand und ist guot vor fursten recht suochen der planet ist genant Juppitter zu ain gelichnuß alß die maister sprechent wie ain abgot were den die römer und ander lüt hieltent für ainen got der sie vast gewerte und in ouch vast an ruofftent für ainen hellffer und berantter und versöner wenn so die römer irem got nit sin opfer gabant und er zornig ward uber sie so so baten sie den selben got Juppitter mit grossem ernste und andacht und brachtend im ochsin opfer daz er in wider hüllffe daz sie zu den genaden wider kämen gan dem got der uber sie erzürnt waß und die wyle der göte ainer zornig waß so torsten [147r] sie kainen got anbeten denn den got Juppiter und Juppiter ist so vil gesprochen nach römer siten alß am hellffer wann alß die römer sprehen so halff er sinem sune So er besas den obrostten tron in irem himelrich und darum so rufften in die römer an alß einen hellffer und darumb so hat Juppitter sin Complexion und sinen loff mit denen die da haissend Sangwini und so eß den wol gat nach irem willen so hellffent si den iren och vast und ander lüten und mügent sich auch wol vast arbaitten durch der lütten willen und ain mitlyden mit in haben aber von ubermuot alß si an in selber hand so mügent sie nyemant nutzit getuon man bite sie dann ernstlichen und tue in so vil liebß hin wider Juppitter halt auch sinem louff mit denen die da sind und haissend Colerice dann die hellffent ouch den luten und den Iren und tund im doch nit gelich und tund ir ding haimlichen und sie mügent ire sachen wol heimlichen und verborgenlichen tragen und sind ouch vast getrew fründ Daz kind dz under dem planetten geboren wirt daz wirt mässig Eere und recht hat eß lieb und hat gern hüpsche claider und waß da wolschmeckt und rein ist daz hat eß gern un der hant Es wirt och barmhertzig und frölich und Juppitter hat die zaichen der sonnen den schützen und den vische Juppitter erfüllet och sinen loff in fünff jaren und fünff tagen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here Mars speaks about his type, which he has close to him with his bellicose and hateful manners, and yet they do not know why, or even how it is like this. Mars is the third planet, and is hot and dry, unlucky and angry,[7]and yet generous and measured in its course. And [it is] a planet of angry people, and they like to fight and steal, and are bald and have curly hair (and little of that). And among the planets, [it] is good in fights against stellae. [They] rob and burn and injure people, and [it] is therefore named Mars by the wise masters as an allegory, because Mars was named a god of battles by the unbelievers, and whenever the Romans wanted to fight, then they called upon Mars and brought him sacrifices in his temple and also carried him with them in the field where they then wanted to fight. And when the masters speak about it, he is thus called Mars because he reigns thus under the seven planets. Thus, there must be much fighting and war in those same years, and when Mars now moves in the Sun’s course, then one can seldom see him, yet whenever he reigns, then the masters say that one sees him above the Sun. This thus signifies [a] great defeat against the nobility, [and] thus, that princes and lords, and also knights and squires, should not go to war in that same year because they will be laid low. However, the peasants have good fighting because all things go closely according to their desires. And therefore, the children who are then conceived when Mars reigns, they become quite bellicose people, and do not have the nature with those who are called Sanguine, because they are pugnacious and persevere often and mostly to their battles. However, if one views him [Mars] below the Sun, then he has a nature somewhat like those who are called Melancholic: they are quiet, silent fighters and they succeed well in their wars. And in the year when he reigns, then there a star usually reigns which is called Comet, and in whatever land it is seen, there will be, without doubt, great drought and hunger in that land. Because one cannot see it in all countries, because it is low in the heavens and close to the moon, thus the moon’s shadow surrounds it, therefore one can see it well [when] the Sun is in the sign which is called Cancer or Leo, and in whatever year he reigns, then the Sun and the moon of the year are sickly. Whoever is born under the planet, he becomes red with any darkness,[8]like those [who] are burned by the Sun, and also becomes unvirtuously bellicose and likes to foment dissatisfaction among people and has, among the 12 signs, Aries and Scorpio and their temperament and nature. And Mars fulfills its course in five hundred and thirty days. |
Hie sagt Mars von siner artt, die er an Im hat mit sinem siten, stryttig und hässig und wissent dennocht nit warumb, oder gen wiem eß ist. [146v] Mars ist der dritt planet und ist haiss und trucke ungluckhaftig und böß und dennocht milt und mässig in sinem louff und ain planet zornig lütte und die geren kriegent und roübent und kal sind und hand krauß haar und des wenig und under dem planeten ist guot in stritt gan stele rouben und brennen und die lut wunden vond ist darumb marß genant von den wysen maister zu ainem gelichnusse alß marß von den unglöbigen waß genent ain gotte deß strytteß und wann die römer wolltent streitten so ruofften sie marß an und brachten im opffer in sinem tempel und fuortten in och mit inen in daz velde da sie dann stritten wolten und alß die maister sprechent darumb so haisset er marß dann so er under den siben planetten rengnirt so müß derselben jarß vil strit und krieg sin und wann nun marß in des sonnen gang gaut so mag man in selten sehen wenn er aber rangniret so sprechent die maister so man in sehe ob dem sonne So bedüte eß grosse niderlegung under dem adel alß daz fursten und herrn ouch ritter und knecht desselben jarß nit sollent kriegen dann sie lägen danider aber die buren hand guot kriegen denn alle ding gand vast nach irem willen und darumb die kinde die dann empfangen werden so marß rengnirt die werdent vast strittig lüte und hand die natur nit mit den die da haissent Sangwiny dann die sind gar stritbar und verherend doch dick und vil an irem stritten wenn man in aber sicht under dem sonne so so hat er etliche natur it denen die da haissent melancholici die sind still schwigent stritter und gelingt [146r] In wol an irem kriegen und des Jarß so er rengnirt So rengnirt gewonlich ain steren der da haisset Cometa und welich lande er gesehen wirt in dem selben lande wird on zwyfel grosse turung und und hunger dann man mag in nit in allen land gesehen wann er ist nider an den himelen und nach by der mone also daz der monen schatten in umb git Darumb man in wol gesehen mag denn so der sonne ist in dem zaichin daz da haisset Cantz oder löwo und wolcheß jar er rengnirt so ist der sonn und die mon des jarß gern bresthaftig Wölcher under dem planeten geboren wirt der wirt kont(?) mit ettlicher vinsternuß alß die an der sonnen brun werden und wirt ouch untugenthafftig kriegisch und machet geren unfrid under den lüten und hat under den ⅻ zaichen den wider und den Scorppion und ir Complexion und natur und marß erfüllet sinen louff in funffhundert und dryssig tagen ~ ~ ~ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
I, Sun, say to you briefly that my brilliance is above all planets. My rising gives light to the day and my setting draws the stars delicately, and makes the human beings beautiful and light-hearted, which no other planet can do. The Sun is the fourth planet, and is hot and dry and is joyful, an inflowing light to all those who ever lived on earth. It is a planet beautiful and joyful, and his face lights up human beings, and also illuminates people with all honorable thoughts, and [it] is then well with honorable people. The Sun is a kingly star and a light and eye of this world, and shines in itself and illuminates the other stars in all ways, And [it] is, among the seven planets, the middle one, and divides the time, and completes its course in exactly one year. It also makes human beings better, strengthening them in their bodies, and he makes the face beautiful and beautifully created, with large eyes and with a large beard and long hair, and makes the human beings to resemble their souls, and makes them wise according to other things and so that one loves them a lot and makes them rich in arts and talents and clever in all things. And the Sanguine are formed like the planet, because the same people are very talented in all things and arts, and are, however, dubious about divine things and items, and are also blindly passionate and often become easily angered, though it also quickly passes away from them. The child that is then born in the year when the Sun reigns, that [child] will have lovely flesh and a white color and with a little red mixed with that, and not a lot of hair, according to the similitude of the Sun. And [they] shine outwardly quite well and are yet loyal people according to their head, yet one opines that they are very wise people who are born under the Sun, and joyful, and become the enemies of evil people. Among the seven planets and among the twelve signs, the Sun has Leo with its temperament and nature, and completes its course in one entire, circumventing year. |
Jch Sonne sag euch in kurtzer frist, daz min schin über alle planetten ist. min uff gang gyt des tages schin, und min under gange zouget die sterne fein. und macho den menschen schön und wolgemuot, daz sonst kain ander planete duot. DEr Sonne ist der vird planett und ist haiss und trucken und ist lusteklich ain eynfliessendes liecht allen dem daz da lept uff erde Er ist ain planet Schön und lesteklich und erlychtet den menschen sin [145v] anttlüt und ouch den luten mit allen Erbern ge dencken und den mit Erbern lüten wol ist der Sonne ist ain kungklicher sterne und ain leycht und ouge diser welt und er schinet surch sich selber und erluchtet die andern stern alle und ist under den siben planetten der mihest und zertailt die zit und sinen louff erfuller er in ainem ganzen Jare er machet ouch den menschen wol zu legend an dem libe und daz antlüt machet er im schön und wolgeschaffen mit grossen ougen und mit ainem grossen bart und langes haur und machet den menschen nach der selle von innen glych sinen und machet in nach andrer sachen wyse und daz man in gar lieb haut und macht in künstenrich und listig in allen dingen und nachdem planeten sind genattürt die sangwini dann die selben lüte sind gar begriffenlichen in allen dingen und kunsten und sind aber an göttlichen dingen und artikeln gar zwiffelhäftig und sind auch unkunsch und werdent gar lichtillichen erzürnet doch so ist eß und sie bald hin weg daz kinde daz denn da geborn wirt des Jarß so der sonn rengnirt daz wirt flaischhold und ain wysse varbe und mit ain wenig rötte gemischet darumb und nut vil hannß nach der sunnen gelichnusse ud schinet usswendig gar guot und sind doch vast lut nach irem houpte doch maint man daz eß gar wyse lute werden die under dem sonne geboren sind und fröhlich und werdent bosen luten vind der sonne hat under den Siben planeten und under den zwolff zaichen den löwen mit siner Complexion und der nattures und erfüllet sinen louff in einem gantzen umgenden Jare | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here Venus speaks about its nature and character and those born under me are envious and ill-tempered and additionally blindly passionate. The planet Venus is cold and wet and cheerful, and completes its course in three hundred and forty-three days. Venus is a good, collaborative star and tempers Mars’ spite, and has a nicely appearing color, and shines under the stars very lovingly and is to be considered like the Sun, and her children are yellow and blindly passionate. When Venus reigns, it is good to put on new clothes. |
[145r] Hie sagt venus von siner nattur und aigenschaft und die under mir geboren werdent die sind nydig und hässig und darzu unkusche Venus. der planet ist kalt und feucht und gelückhafftig und volbringt iren louff in dryhundert und dry und virtzig tagen Venus ist ain guoter gemainsamer sterne und temperiret marß boßhait und hat ain wolschinende varbe und schinet under dem gestirne dar mitliclichen und ist anzuo sehende alß die sonne und ire kind sind gel und unküsch wenn venuß rengiret so ist gut nüwe claider anlegen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item: When Venus precedes the Sun, then it is called Lucifer; and when Venus follows the Sun, then Venus is called Vesper. Venus tidies up human beings to beautiful people, with large eyes as when the summer is shining, and makes humans to be wandering of soul and mistaken in spiritual things. There are those who are called Choleric, they have doubtful minds and yet do not remain with their doubts, and because of that, they are separated from those who are called Sanguine. Whoever is born under [Venus] quickly grows to average height, with large eyes and eyebrows according to the Sun as was written before, and is gentle and well-spoken and quite demure, and also draws to themselves the noble and pure, and also likes to hear string music and likes to dance. The planet has among the twelve signs Taurus and Libra, that is those with their nature. |
Item wenn venuß vor dem sonne gaut so haisset er lutzefer und wann venuß nach dem sonne gaut so haisset venuß vesper venuß machet an dem menschen ain schön person und ouch mit grossen ougen alß der somer anschinende ist und machet den menschen mit der sele wytschwaiffent und an gaistlichen dingen irrig daz sind die dye da haissent Colerici die hand zwyffelhäfftig sinne und belibent doch nit an Item zwyffel und darumb so sind sie ussgeschiden von denen die da haissent Sangwini wer darunder geboren wirt der wachset nit zu lang mittelmässig und mit grossen ougen und ougbrawen nach dem sonnen alß vor stant undwirt senfftmütig und wolredent und gar züchtig und zucht sich ouch selber gar adenlichen und rainklichen und höret ouch geren saitenspil und tantzet och gerne der planet hat under den zwollff zaichen den ochsen und den libra daz ist die mit iren natur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mercury: fiery is my nature, thus characterizes my configuration. My children are pretty and subtle and whatever they do, they do that in greater haste. The planet Mercury tempers with his nature. Therefore, when he arrives at good planets then he is also good; near evil, however, he is also evil. Mercury makes human beings more splendid to other persons and makes human beings beautiful, yet with little hair, and wise of soul, and subtle, and also loves wisdom very much, and is well-spoken about being well-mannered, and speaking well yet not too much, and about good advice, and gains many friends. Mercury follows the Sun, and has a shine which one sees very seldom because he is close behind the sun. Those who are born under Mercury, they gain large teeth and are speak wisely to the people, and [are] pale in color, and like to study, and are quiet people and subtle, and like to fit in with them, and have nothing of anger in themselves. They are the Melancholics [who] complete their things secretly. Mercury completes its course in three hundred and thirty-eight days, and reigns with Virgo and Gemini among the twelve signs that stand in the heavens. |
[144v] Mercurius fürin ist min nattur also betzaichnot min figur mine kind sind hüpschund suptile und waß sie tund daz thund sie in schneller yle MErcurius der planet temperiret mit siner natur also komet er zu guoten planeten so ist er ouch guot aber by bösen so ist er auch böß mercurius machet den menschen herlichen an der person und machet den menschen schön doch mit lutzer haarß und wyß nach der sele und suptil und hat och wyshait gat lieb und ist aineß gute siten und ander guten rede gar wolredent doch nit vil und guotes raateß und gewinnet vil fründe Mercurius gaut dem sonne nach und hat ainem schin den man gar selten sicht dann er ist dem sonne gar nsch die under mercurius geboren werden die gewinnend gross zene und sind wyser rede by den lüten und pleich un der varbe und studirend geren und sind still lüte und suptil und stant geren vil an in und hand nit alß boßhait an in selber Mercurius erfullet sinen louff in dreyundert und achtunddryssig tagen Daz sind die melancholici volbringt ir ding haimlicher und rengnirt mit der Junckfrowen und mit dem zwiling under den zwölff zaichen die an den himeln stand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here speaks the Moon about its natures, which are varied customs, and says “My children do not like to be subservient to anyone, and my configurations take their nature from all planets, and none of the planets is more strongly fickle than I myself at this time.” The Moon is the lowest planet, and is cold and wet and also virtuous, and is lord of all wet things. And [it] is fastest in its course because it moves in one month as far as the Sun in an entire year. And all those who have evil wetness in themselves, the same are its children, and most of all, human blood is thus tempered according to the Moon, and therefore, it is very useful to us that we know well the movement of the Moon and in which sign it moves, because it is quite frightful if one does not perceive its course, because it is the lowest planet and draws the nature of the other planets to itself to a large extent, and therefore, we must know its course better than that of the other planets, because it rules everything that is in us. The Moon makes wanderers of human beings, so that [the human] cannot remain in one place, and makes human beings intermittently joyful and sorrowful again; thus two different things, yet the larger part joyful. And [it] makes a crooked nose for human beings, and [they] are wet by nature and are called Phlegmatic, and are sluggish, and likewise eyes that are also larger than those of others. And Luna, the Moon, completes its course every month and illuminates the night and borrows its light from the Sun, and waxes and wanes from the Sun, as it is also subsequently written here. And the children whom it makes, they are usually boys and they have much in common with human beings. And whenever the Moon reigns, then it is not good to start anything that should last long, like building and such things, because that is an uncertain time and whatever is erected at that time is transient. And the Moon makes human beings pale of face and with freckles, and makes him angry and senseless, because he becomes angry and wrathful. That is because of its changeability, and that the Moon is in any one sign for three-and-a-half days and has Cancer under it. |
Hie sagt die mon von iren naturen die sind mengelaye sitenes und spricht mine kind nyemant gern undertänig sind und min figerur nymat allen planetten ire Natur und kain vester wanckel müttige ist denn ich selber zuo diser frist [144r] DIe planete die mone Ist die nidorst planet und ist kalt und fücht und auch tugendhaft und ist herre aller füchten dingen und aller schnellest an Irem louff Dann sie louffet in ainem monat also ferre alß der sunn in ainem gantzen iare und alle die die da böse fuchtikeit an inen hand die selben sind ire kind und aller maist so wirt des menschen plut nach dem mone getemperirt und darumb so ist unß gar nütze daz wir wol wissent des moneß ganck und in wolhen zeichen sie gange worum eß ist gar forcklichen wen man Ires louffes nit war nympt Dan sie ist der nidrost planet und zuchet der andern planeten nattur an sich ain michel tail und darumb so müssent wir Iren louff baß wissen wann der andern planeten wann sie alleß daz rengnirt daz in unß ist Dey mone machet den menschen wyt schwaiff also daz er nit mag beliben an ainer statt und machet den menschen under wyle frölich und under trurig also zwayerlay foch day merer tail frölich und machet dem menschen ouch ain krumi nasen und sind füchter natur und haissent flegmatici und sind träg und hand gern ougen also daz ainß grösser ist dann daz ander und luna die mon erfüllet Iren louff alle monat und erlicht die nacht und entlihnet ire liecht von dem sonne und meret und mindert sich von dem sonne also auch hie nach geschriben staut und die kind die sie machet daz werdent gewonlichen knaben und die hand vil gemainsamkait mit den menschen [143v] und wenn die man regniret so ist nit guot kain ding anfahen Daz lang weren sol alß buwen und solche ding Dann daz ist ain unstäte zyt und ist unbeliblichen waß zu der zit angehaben wirt und die mone machet den menschen plaich under dem antlüt und mit flecken und machet in böß und unsinnig also daz er böß und zornig wirt Daz ist von Ireß wandelß wegen und daß die mon ist in ainem jeglichen zaichen dritthalben tag und haut under Ir den kreps ~ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
About the courses of the planets and their nature, how and why they have their movements here. It should be known about the seven planets and about their nature, that God, who is above the stars, has thus ordered it that whichever planet approaches a star most closely receives its nature from the same star, and [some] such stars are cold and some wet by nature, some dry [and] some hot by nature—the same natures which the human being draws from the stars. Some human beings are cold and dry by nature; the same human beings are often silent, and they are disloyal human beings. Some are cold and wet of nature; they talk a lot and are quarrelsome. Some human beings are hot and dry of nature; they are undaunting and bold and like many women and are fickle in love. Whoever is of the hot and dry nature, he has the best nature in him and he is gladly patient, and generous, and ambitious, and has a firm love of women and is constant in love. And therefore, the books say to us that, about the star that we call Mars, that it fosters disaster,[9] because it is of hot and cold nature, and dry natures approach purity. The Moon is the absolute lowest among the seven planets and moves closest to the earth; therefore, the world aligns itself mostly according to them Moon. Comet is a star. The same star never appears, except if the kingdom wants to transform itself. One should select or consider the star, that it shines from the light that [comes] from it, like the Moon, and the star does not move among other stars. The books say to us that it is a light, which God ignited with his power in the heavens. Some also opine that there will be beggars or vagabonds[10] in whichever country it is seen. |
Von den planeten löffe und irer natur und warumb sie iren ganck habent allhie ~ Es ist zu wissent von den siben planeten und von Irer natur daz es got also geordnit haut Der ob dem gestirne ist also wölher planet ainem steren aller nähost gaut von selben steren empfahet er sin natur und sullich stern sind kalter und ettliche nasser nattur ettliche truckner ettlicher haisser nattur die selben naturen zühet der Der mensch von dem gestirne Etliche menschen sind kalt und truckner natur Die selben menschen schwigent garen und die sind ungetrwe menschen Etliche sind kalter und nasser natur die redent vil und sind unverträgenlichen Etliche menschen sind haiss und truckner natur die sind gähmütig und künund hand gern vil wybe und sind doch an der liebe unstätt wölher haisser und truckner natur ist der hat die beste nattur In Im und der ist gern milt und Ergidig und het vast frowen lieb und ist stätt an der liebe [143r] und darumb so sagen unß die buoch daz an dem steren den wir haissent marß daz der unlüges pflege wann er ist haisser und kalter natur und trucken dey natturen koment zu der luterkait Die mone ist der aller minst under den sibn planeten und louffet aller nähst by der erden Darumb so richtet sich die welt aller maist nach dem mone Cometa ist ain steren der selbe steren erschinet nymer dann so sich daz rich verwandeln wil den stern sol man kiesen oder ansehn Daz er von dem schin der von Im schinet alß der mone unde der steren louffet nit under andern steren Die buoch sagent unß dat eß am liecht sye Daz got mit sinem gewalt entzündet hab In den lüfften Duch so mainent ettlich daz eß geren tür werde In wolhem lande er gesehn werd ~ ~ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
About the Sun’s course, how it moves through the twelve signs of the heaven day and night. Whoever correctly wants to know the morning course, that one must first of all know how the Sun moves through the twelve signs and moves in one year through all signs, and remains in any one sign 30 days because there are twelve signs: Aries, Taurus, Gemini and the others, etc. The Moon moves through all the signs in one month, and thus moves through all signs in thirty days, and remains in any one sign three-and-a half days. And through the movement of these signs, the Moon then arrives at the sign which the Sun is in and is united there with the same [the Sun]. Then the Moon is called fervent, because it ends its movement. However, when the Moon separates from the Sun by 12 degrees (that is, roughly 61 miles in the heavens), then it begins to shine and is seen by human beings, and thus takes its light from the Sun, because they are always the same in size. However, when it is fervent/luminous with the Sun, then one cannot see its light because of the Sun. |
Von des sonnen louff wie der louffet durch die zwolff zaichen des himelß tag und nacht WEr recht wölle wissen des morgen louff der muoss des ersten wissen wie der sonne Durch die zwölff zaichen gang und louffet In ainem Jaure durch alle zaichin und belib in einem jeglichen tage zaichin ⅹⅹⅹ tage wann eß sind zwollff zaichen Arieß thureß Gemini und die andern etc Die zaichin alle durch loufft die mon in ainem monat und durch louffet also alle zaichin in dryssig tagen und belibet un ainem ieglichen zeichen Druhalben tage und durch den louff diser zaichen So komet die mon zu dem zaichin da der sonn inn ist und wirt dem veraint so haisset denn die mon [142v] Inbrünstig wenn da verendet sie iren louff wenn aber die mone schaidet von dem sonne ⅻ gräd Daz geburet an den himeln ⅼⅵ mil so vahet sie an zulüchtende und wirt gesehen von den menschen und nympt also ir liecht von dem sonnen wann sie alle wegen glich in ainer grössin ist aber wenn sie inbrünstig mit dem sonnen ist So mag mag man Ir liecht vor dem sonnen nit gesehen ~[11] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here it is said in which sign the Sun stands and moves in any one month. In January, the Sun is in the sign called Aquarius; and in February, the sun is in Pisces; and in March, it is in Aries; in April, it is in Taurus; in May, it is in Gemini;[12] in July,[13] then it is in Leo; in August, then it is in Virgo; in the first autumn month, then it is in Libra; in the second autumn month, then it is in Scorpio; in the first winter month, then it is in Sagittarius; in the last month, then it is in Capricorn.[14] |
Hie sagt es in wölchem zaichen der sonne In ainem ieglichen monat stand und louffe ~ In dem Jenner ist der sonne in dem zaichen daz da haisset wasser mon und in dem hornung ist der sonn in dem vische und in dem mertzen so ist er in dem wider in dem apperellen so ist er in dem stier in dem mayen so ist er in dem zwiling in dem höwet so ist er in dem löwen In dem ougsten So ist er in dem Junckfrowen In dem Ersten herbst monat so ist er in der wage In dem andern herbst so ist er in dem scorpion In dem ersten winter monat So ist er in dem schützen in dem letsten monat so ist er in dem stainbock.[15] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Here begins a book, and that [book] says how the body is internally configured. Item: Here, firstly, about the brain. The brain gives all limbs understanding because the five senses of the human being are contained therein. |
Hie fähet an ain buoch, und daz da saget wie der lyb innwendig gestalt sye. Item hie an dem ersten von dem hirn. Daz hiern gyt allen gelidern verstantnuß, wenn die funff sinne des menschen ligent darinne verschlossen. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The heart. The heart gives all limbs heat and blood, and nourishes the soul, and maintains life. |
[142r] Das Hertz Das hertze gÿt allen gelidern werme und pluot, und erneret die sele und behalt daz leben. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The liver. The liver gives all limbs wetness to drink, because it draws the drink to itself from the stomach. |
Die leber Die leber git allen gelidern feüchtikait zutrincken, wann sie zücht daz tranck an sich uss dem magen. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The kidneys. The brain gives all limbs understanding, and the kidneys give birth to it, because the seeds come into them from all limbs, and nature, which holds a woman to a man and a man against a woman, [it] brings them to the point where the fruit rises up and remains there. |
Die niern Daz hirn gÿt allen gelidern verstanntnuß, und die niern gebent die gepurt, wann die same von allen gelidern in sie komet, und die natur die ain frow zu ainem mann haut, und ain man wider zu ainer frowen, daz bringt sie an die statt da sich die frucht erhept und da belibet. ~ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item: Two holes go into the throat, food and drink go into the one [and] into the stomach, and air and breath go into the other [and] to the lungs. Now, the breath goes thus into the lungs, because it is like an inflatable bellows above the heart, that they draw cold air to themselves and heat is drawn back out again with the breath. The hole has a cover: when one draws food and drink into one’s self, then the cover closes so that the food cannot go in there, because it belongs in the stomach and not in the lungs, and when the human being needs to breathe, the cover opens and draws the cold air into itself, and contracts again in order to draw the hot air out, that thus the human being doesn’t suffocate and because of that, nothing is more mortally damaging to the human being—whenever the pestilence reigns, or there is otherwise evil, damp fog or weather—than bad air. The masters, they also include the air and the breath that comes from human beings, especially sick human beings, because there is nothing better for the health of human beings than good and more valuable air. Because nothing kills the human being faster than bad air, because it goes thenceforth into all limbs and impurifies the blood around to the heart in the body. |
Item zway löcher gand in den halß, in daz ain gaut die spyz und daz tranck in den magen, und in daz ander gaut der lufft und der autem zu der lungen. Nun gaut der autem also in die lungen, wann sie ist alß ain plaß palg ob der lungen dem hertzen daz sie den kalten lufft an sich zühet und die hitze mit dem autem wider heruss zühet. Daz loch hat ain uberlid alß man daz essen und daz trincken an sich zücht, So duot sich daz lid zu, also daz die spyß icht da hin yn fare, dannen sie höret in den magen und nit [141v] in die lungen. Und wenn der mensch des autemß betarff, So duot sich daz lid uff und zücht den den kalten lufft an sich und zücht ouch wider umb denn haissen lufft her uss, Also daz der mensche icht ersticke, und darumb so ist dem menschen nichtzit schädlicherß zu dem tod, wenn die pestelentz Rengnirt, oder sonst böß fücht nebel oder wetter ist denn böser lufft. die maister die mainend ouch den den lufft und autem, der von dem menschen komet, besunder siechen menschen, wann eß ist dem menschen nichtzit bessers zu der gesundhait dann guotter und türrer lufft, dann Es tött den mensch nichtzit schneller denn böser lofft, dann ergaut von stund an in alle gelider und verunrainet daz plout und daz hertze inn dem libe. ~ ~ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
About the stomach. The stomach is like a cook, and resembles a pot within which the food simmers and digests, and is a cook and a servant for all limbs, because it cooks and prepares the food for all limbs and enriches them. It has wetness from the drinks, and heat from the heart, and fire also from the liver. |
von dem magen Der mag ist alß ain koch und glich alß ain hafen, darinn die spyse südet und töwet, und ist also aller gelider ain koch und ain knecht, wann Er kochet und berait allen gelidern die spyse vor und in daz Raichet. Die füchte hat er von dem trincken und die hitze von dem hertzen und daz fiure ouch von der lebern. ~ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In the book that is called Pantegni, Master al-Manṣūr says that some limbs in the human being are hot and dry, and some limbs are cold and wet in their nature.[16] |
Maister allmonser spricht in dem buoch daz da haisset panthagin, daz ettliche gelider an dem menschen haiß und trucken sind und etliche kalt und fücht an der Nature. ~[17] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item: These are the hot limbs, like the heart and the liver, and the spleen, and also the flesh. Item: These are the cold limbs, that is, all of those that do not have blood on the inside, like the bones, and the stomach, and the intestines, and the bladder. And whatever we eat, that goes into us all, into the stomach, and simmers therein like in a pot, and afterward, the stomach takes the food and the drink (as much as is granted to it) and nourishes itself from that. And afterward, it presses the remainder out of itself into one intestine, which desires that [food] in the stomach, and then the intestine also takes up its food from that, and then presses it for a second time also into a second intestine. And as the food and drink arrive therein, then the liver draws the drink to itself using blood,[18] just like a magnet that draws iron to itself, and as soon as the drink arrives in the liver, then it is converted and becomes blood. The liver also draws the noblest blood to itself and nourishes itself from that. |
[141r] Item so sind daz haisse gelider, als daz hertz und die leber und daz miltz und ouch daz flaysch. Item so sind daz die kalten gelider: Daz sind alle die, die nit pluteß an inen hand, Alß daz bain und der magen und die tärme und die plaß: und waß wir Essent, daz gaut unß alleß in den magen und Südet darinn alß in ainem haffen, und dar nach so nÿmpt der mag die spyß und daz tranck alß vil Im dannen füget und neret sich darvon, und darnach so truckt er daz übrig von Im uß in ainen tarme, der in den magen gaitt und denn so nympt der tarme ouch sin kost darvon, und trucket denn daz ander ouch in ainen andern tarme, und alß die spyß und daz tranck darin komet, So zühet denn die leber daz tranck an sich mit ainem schwaiß, recht alß ain mangnet, der daz ÿsen an sich zühet, und alß bald daz tranck in die leber komet, so verwandelt eß sich und wirt zu bluot. Die leber zücht ouch daz edlest pluot an sich und neret sich darvon. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item. A large vein[19] also leaves of the liver and as it comes a little distance away, then it divides into two parts, and the one goes up higher into the plurality of the veins that extend across all limbs of the human being, and nourishes it, because life depends on blood, and thus the second vein, which goes lower, also does likewise, and also sends a vein to the heart with the best blood. And afterward, the lungs draw the blood’s foam to themselves, and the gall the hot blood, and the spleen the very best blood, and afterward the blood collects in the veins to the kidneys, and afterward trickles through that and becomes urine. And afterward, it trickles through small veins like blood[18] into the bladder. |
Item eß gaut ouch ain grosse auder uß der leber und alß die ain wenig hin dan komet, So tailt sie sich in zwaÿ tail, und die ain gaut uff über sich in die vili der audern, die über alle gelider des menschen gand und neret sich darvon wann daz leben an dem pluot staut, und also duot ouch die andere auder die under sich gaut, die sendet ough dem hertzen ain auder mit dem besten bluot, und dar nach so zühet daz die lung des plutes schaum an sich und die [140v] galle daz haisse pluot und daz miltz daz aller beste pluot, und dar nach so samlet sich daz pluot in die audern zu den niern und sühet dar nach dadurch und wirt denn zu harne, und darnach so syhet eß durch claine äderlin alß ain schwaiß in die blaßen. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Item: The bladder thus has two things which compress it; thus, whenever the bladder becomes full, the things are pressed apart from one another by the weight of the urine, and then the urine leaves the human being and afterward the bladder retracts again, so that the urine does not always leave the human being. And afterward, the food moves from one intestine into the second until nothing pure remains therein any longer. Afterward, nature drives the remainder out of the human being and from there it becomes the stool. |
Item so haut die plauß zway ding, die sie zusamen trucket, Also wann die plaaß vol wird so truckent sie die ding von ain ander von der schweere des harneß, und denn so gaut der harne von dem menschen, und dar nach so trucket sich die plaase wider zuo, daz der harne nit allewegen von dem menschen gaut, und dar nach so gaut die spyse von ainem tarme in den andern, so lang biß des rainen dingß nichsit mer darinn belibt. Darnach so tribet die natur daz übrig von dem menschen, und dar von wird denn der stuolgang. ~ ~ |
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the discussion page.
Work | Author(s) | Source | License |
---|---|---|---|
Images | Det Kongelige Bibliotek | Det Kongelige Bibliotek | |
Translation | Rebecca Garber | Wiktenauer | |
Transcription | Dieter Bachmann | Index:Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS Thott.290.2º) |
Additional Resources
The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.
- Alte Armature und Ringkunst: The Royal Danish Library Ms. Thott 290 2º (2020). Trans. by Rebecca L. R. Garber. Ed. by Michael Chidester; Dieter Bachmann. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf. ISBN 978-1-953683-04-5.
References
- ↑ This is obviously Arabic numerals and connected to an understanding of the decimal system. The table provided money represent values 1 gulden, 33 schillings, 360 Heller and 1440 "Öxttlin". A Gulden actually corresponded to 360 Heller, but 30 (depending on the currency even 40 or 24, but not 33) Schilling. A "Örttlin" is apparently a quarter-farthing.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 This may in fact be German words written with Hebrew letters from right to left. However, I can’t figure out the code and the text on the page is not German.
- ↑ Table is written horizontally right to left in manuscript.
- ↑ Ein hebräisches "Abecedarium" inklusive Auflistung der Buchstabennamen und Angabe der Varianten am Wortende (ץןםך). Der folgende deutsche Text in hebräischen Buchstaben ist fast nicht zu entziffern, man glaubt zu erkennen wann mag ich gesund sin bi den gnaden gotts selb, hailig in alle ziit sowie Nennung eines Jud Jakub und eines Jud Jerg Junker. Auf der folgenden Seite versucht unser "Autorenteam" sich darin, die eigenen Namen zu schreiben, neben Talhoffer und dem bereits genannten Schreiber Michel Wetwyler steht noch Claus Pflieger: Es scheint damit plausibel, dass Pflieger der Illustrator der Handschrift ist, hat er doch den das hebräische Alphabet unterrichtenden Juden gleich noch darunter gezeichnet. Die drei Seiten machen den Eindruck einer spontanen Notiz, nicht einer überlegten "Lehre", und entstanden wohl situativ aus Faszination für dieses Zähl- bzw. Schreibsystem mit "orientalischem Nimbus".
- ↑ Simultaneously “disposition” and “character”.
- ↑ In this time period, Knabe means young man, squire, not yet a knight, and not a young boy.
- ↑ Or “evil”.
- ↑ Or “unclarity”.
- ↑ According to Lexer, one of the meanings of lücke is gelücke, which leads to ungelücke, or disaster. Mars promoting “not lies” does not fit the context and would be a convoluted way of promoting the truth, particularly as hot and cold do not lead to positive outcomes.
- ↑ Gerentûr leads nowhere. Grenter, on the other hand, leads to “beggers/vagabonds” in Lexer and Grimm. According to Grimm, this is only attested in the western dialects, and points to a French origin of the original text.
- ↑ Aries, Taurus, Gemini heissen unten deutsch wider, stier, zwiling.
- ↑ June and Cancer get skipped.
- ↑ Literally “hay month”.
- ↑ September, October, November, and December.
- ↑ Höwet (Heumonat): Juli; erster Herbstmonat: September, zweiter Herbstmonat: Oktober, erster Wintermonat: November. Der Juni bzw. Krebs ging offenbar vergessen. Im 15. Jh. (vor der Gregorianischen Kalenderreform) begannen die Zeichen etwa 9 Tage früher als heute, also Wassermann statt wie heute am 20. Januar bereits am 11. Januar.
- ↑ “al-Mansur” = Manṣūr ibn Ilyās, late 14th C. The book (tašrīḥi) Panthagin probably relates to liber pantegni, a compilation of Greek and Islamic medicine by Constantinus Africanus (11 C). al-Monsur is merely invoked as an important Islamic authority, but the contents clearly refer to Classical medicine.
- ↑ Allmonser bezieht sich wohl auf Manṣūr ibn Ilyās ("Al-Mansur"), einen Persischen Arzt des späten 14. Jh., Autor einer berühmten Anatomie (tašrīḥi) Panthagin dagegen dürfte sich auf das liber pantegni beziehen, eine Kompilation Hellenistischer und Islamischer Medizin von Constantinus Africanus (11. Jh.). Maister Allmonser ist demnach keineswegs Autor des Buoch Panthagin, sondern wird wohl einfach also grosse orientalische Autorität zum Thema mitgenannt, während die folgenden Inhalte klar in die antike Medizin gehören.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Or “sweat”.
- ↑ Although ader means “artery” and not “vein” in modern German, it seems to have meant “veins” and “nerves” in ENHG. Because the ader in the text carry blood, “vein” is used for the translation.