Difference between revisions of "Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma (MS M.383)"

Trattato della scherma
	B1.370.A MS M.0383, Morgan Library & Museum; New York City, New York
	; Title page, fol. 1r
Type	Fencing manual ; Wrestling manual ;
Date	1400s
Place of origin	Venezia, Italy
Language(s)	Venetian (Italian)
Author(s)	Fiore de'i Liberi
Scribe(s)	Unknown
Illustrator(s)	Altichiero da Zevio (or follower)
Material	Vellum, in a modern binding
Size	20 folia (195 mm × 277 mm)
Format	Double-sided; four illustrations per side, ; with text above
External data	Library catalog entry
Treatise scans	Digital scans (2100x3000) ; Digital scans (details) ;

Latest revision as of 19:13, 27 October 2023

Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma^[1] ("Treatise on Fencing", B1.370.A MS M.383) is an Italian fencing manual authored by Fiore de'i Liberi, created at the turn of the 15th century. The original currently rests in the holdings of the Morgan Library & Museum in New York City, New York. MS M.383 is written on vellum in a neat semigothic script; the illustrations are inked sketches with gold leafing on the crowns and garters and silver leafing on the metallic elements of some weapons (this has oxidized to a very dark grey over the centuries). This manuscript is typically referred to as the Morgan (or sometimes the Pierpont Morgan or PML); it is the only copy of the works of Fiore that doesn't contain some version of the title "the Flower of Battle".

The treatise itself is the briefest known version of Fiore's work, containing only 20 folia (all individual leaves). It has a preface in Italian and one to four illustrated figures per page in the main body; the figures are accompanied by descriptive paragraphs set in poor Italian verse which are nevertheless fairly clear and informative, and generally comparable to that of the MS Ludwig ⅩⅤ 13 (FLG), though at times they include additional explanation. The artwork is reminiscent of the work of Altichiero da Zevio, but given the timeline it would more likely be the work of an artist influenced by him (or a manuscript produced fairly early in Fiore's career).

The MS M.383 was almost certainly longer when it was first written; its text makes reference to sections on poleaxe, dagger, and grappling which are not present in the book's current state, as well as a certain play of the sword in one hand which is likewise missing from that section. Furthermore, the manuscript is composed of individual cut leaves rather than quires of bifolia, which means that there is no indicator of the original order of the surviving pages.^[2]

Provenance

The known provenance of the MS M.383 is:^[3]

Probably written between some time in the first decade of the 1400s.
before 1474 – owned by Niccolò Marcello di Santa Marina of Venice.
ca. 1699 – gifted to Apostolo Zeno (1668-1750), who created a copy of the preface(FLZ).
before 1780 – it occupied ff 241-259 of a larger collective binding titled, Arte di armeggiare a piedi ed acavallo (codex Soranzo MCCLXI) in the Biblioteca Soranzo in Venice (Library of Jacopo Soranzo, Venetian senator, 18th century). The other contents of this codex are unknown.
1780-1835 – the collection of the Venetian former Jesuit Matteo Luigi Canonici (1727-c.1806) (sold London, Sotheby's, June 15, 1836, no. 40).
1835-1903 – owned by Rev. Walter Sneyd of Bagington Rectory, Coventry (sold London, Sotheby's, Dec. 19, 1903, no. 720).
1903-1909 – owned by Tammaro de Marinis (catalog 8, 1908, plate 9).
1909-1913 – owned by John Pierpont Morgan.
1913-1924 – owned by John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. (donated 1924).
1924-present – held by the Morgan Library & Museum. Current binding by J. Clarke.

1r - 2r	Preface by Fiore de'i Liberi
2v - 8r	Mounted fencing by Fiore de'i Liberi
8rv	Spear vs. cavalry by Fiore de'i Liberi
9rv	Spear by Fiore de'i Liberi
10r - 11v	Sword in Armor by Fiore de'i Liberi
12r - 16v	Sword in two hands by Fiore de'i Liberi
17r, 18rv	Sword vs. dagger by Fiore de'i Liberi
17v, 19r	Sword in one hand by Fiore de'i Liberi
18r	Sword vs. spear by Fiore de'i Liberi
18r	Spear and dagger vs. spear by Fiore de'i Liberi
19v - 20v	Blank

Gallery

Current manuscript

MS M.383 consists of twenty individual cut leaves rather than quires of bifolia, and the current sequence of leaves is probably not original; for a speculative reconstruction of its original state, see Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma (MS M.383)/Reconstruction. While it seems likely that there are at least two missing leaves, there's no evidence upon which to speculate meaningfully about the original quire structure (the Getty manuscript, for example, has a wildly variable structure).

This manuscript was unbound in 2016 for photography and conservation, and it has not yet been rebound.

Folio 1r

Folio 1v

Folio 2r

Folio 2v

Folio 3r

Folio 3v

Folio 4r

Folio 4v

Folio 5r

Folio 5v

Folio 6r

Folio 6v

Folio 7r

Folio 7v

Folio 8r

Folio 8v

Folio 9r

Folio 9v

Folio 10r

Folio 10v

Folio 11r

Folio 11v

Folio 12r

Folio 12v

Folio 13r

Folio 13v

Folio 14r

Folio 14v

Folio 15r

Folio 15v

Folio 16r

Folio 16v

Folio 17r

Folio 17v

Folio 18r

Folio 18v

Folio 19r

Folio 19v

Folio 20r

Folio 20v

Previous binding

As indicated above, the original binding of the manuscript was lost by the 18th century. It was most recently rebound in the early 20th century after being acquired by J. P. Morgan, as pictured here, but this cover was subsequently discarded in 2016.

Front Cover

Inside Cover

Inside Cover

Back Cover

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

Chidester, Michael (2021). The Flower of Battle: MS M 383. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf. ISBN 978-1-953683-07-6.
Liberi, Fiore de'i (2012). Fiore de' Liberi's Fior di Battaglia. Trans. by Tom Leoni. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press.
Liberi, Fiore dei (2002). Flos Duellatorum. Manuale di Arte del Combattimento del XV secolo. Ed. by Marco Rubboli; Luca Cesari. Rome: Il Cerchio Iniziative Editoriali. ISBN 88-8474-023-1.
Malipiero, Massimo (2006). Il Fior di battaglia di Fiore dei Liberi da Cividale: Il Codice Ludwing ⅩⅤ 13 del J. Paul Getty Museum. Udine: Ribis. ISBN 978-887-44503-5-0.
Mellini, Gian Lorenzo (1962). "Disegni di Alticiero e della sua scuola, 2." Critica d'Arte ⅬⅢ-ⅬⅣ: 9-19.
Палій, Людмила Іванівна (2020). "Витоки художнього стилю ілюстрацій «Квітки Битви» майстра Фіоре Фріулано деі Лібері." Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету 2(43): 84-102. doi:10.24144/2523-4498.2(43).2020.217366.

References

↑ This title was assigned in the 18th or 19th century; the original manuscript is untitled.
↑ The description in this section is derived from an examination of the manuscript by Michael Chidester.
↑ Based in part on "Curatorial description". CORSAIR Collection Catalog. Morgan Library & Museum. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

Copyright and License Summary

For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the discussion page.

Work	Author(s)	Source	License
Images	Morgan Library & Museum	Morgan Library & Museum
Transcription	Michael Chidester	Index:Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma (MS M.383)

[1] This title was assigned in the 18th or 19th century; the original manuscript is untitled.

[2] The description in this section is derived from an examination of the manuscript by Michael Chidester.

[3] Based in part on "Curatorial description". CORSAIR Collection Catalog. Morgan Library & Museum. Retrieved 12 November 2012.

[1]

[2]

[3]

Difference between revisions of "Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma (MS M.383)"

Latest revision as of 19:13, 27 October 2023

Contents

Provenance

Contents

Gallery

Current manuscript

Previous binding

Additional Resources

References

Copyright and License Summary

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox manuscript
 <!----------Name---------->
-| name               = [[name::Il Fior di Battaglia]]
+| name               = [[name::Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma]]
-| location           = [[inventory::B1.370.A MS M.0383]], [[museum::Morgan Library & Museum]]<br/>New York City, New York
+| location           = B1.370.A [[inventory::MS M.0383]], [[museum::Morgan Library & Museum]]<br/>New York City, New York
 <!----------Image---------->
 | image              = file:MS M.383 1r.png
-| width              = 125px
+| width              = x200px
 | caption            = Title page, fol. 1r
+| keyimage           = file:MS M.383 1r.png
 <!----------General---------->
-| Index number       = [[WI::—]]
+| Hagedorn's catalog = [[HS::FLM]]
-| Wierschin's catalog= [[WC::—]]
+| Wierschin's catalog= —
-| Hils' catalog      = [[HK::—]]
+| Hils' catalog      = —
-| Beck catalog       = [[BC::—]]
+| Beck catalog       = —
 | Also known as      =
 | Type               = {{plainlist
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
   | [[type::Wrestling manual]]
 }}
-| Date               = [[year::1404|before 1404 (?)]]
+| Date               = [[year::1400s]]
-| Place of origin    = Milan, Italy
+| Place of origin    = Venezia, Italy
-| Language(s)        = [[language::Middle Italian]]
+| Language(s)        = Venetian (Italian){{#set: language = Middle Italian }}
 | Scribe(s)          = Unknown
 | Author(s)          = [[author::Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 | Compiled by        =
-| Illuminated by     = Unknown
+| Illuminated by     = [[artist::Altichiero da Zevio]] (or follower)
 | Patron             =
 | Dedicated to       =
 <!----------Form and content---------->
 | Material           = Vellum, in a modern binding
-| Size               = 20 [[folia]]
+| Size               = 20 [[folia]] (195 mm × 277 mm)
-| Format             = Double-sided; four illustrations <br/>per page, with text above each
+| Format             = Double-sided; four illustrations per side, <br/>with text above
 | Condition          =
-| Script             = [[script::Humanist]]
+| Script             =
 | Contents           =
 | Illumination(s)    =
@@ Line 45: / Line 46: @@
 | below              =
 }}
-'''''Fior di Battaglia''''' ("The Flower of Battle", B1.370.A MS M.0383) is a contemporary copy<ref>It does not match the descriptions of any of the fencing manuscripts in the d'Este library in the 15th century.</ref> of an [[nationality::Italian]] [[fencing manual]] authored by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]], probably created some time in or before 1404. The original currently rests in the holdings of the [[Morgan Library & Museum]] in New York City, New York. MS M.383 is written on vellum in a modern biding in a neat [[humanist]] script; the illustrations are inked sketches with gold leafing on the crowns and garters and silver enamel on the metallic elements of the weapons (this has degraded to a glossy black through oxidation and corrosion). This manuscript is often referred to as the '''Pierpont Morgan''' or simply the '''Morgan'''.
+'''''Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma'''''<ref>This title was assigned in the 18th or 19th century; the original manuscript is untitled.</ref> ("Treatise on Fencing", B1.370.A MS M.383) is an [[nationality::Italian]] [[fencing manual]] authored by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]], created at the turn of the 15th century. The original currently rests in the holdings of the [[Morgan Library & Museum]] in New York City, New York. MS M.383 is written on vellum in a neat [[semigothic]] script; the illustrations are inked sketches with gold leafing on the crowns and garters and silver leafing on the metallic elements of some weapons (this has oxidized to a very dark grey over the centuries). This manuscript is typically referred to as the '''Morgan''' (or sometimes the Pierpont Morgan or PML); it is the only copy of the works of Fiore that doesn't contain some version of the title "the Flower of Battle".
-The treatise itself is the briefest known version of Fiore's work, containing only 19 folia (all individual leaves). It has a preface in Italian and one to four illustrated figures per page in the main body; the figures are accompanied by descriptive paragraphs set in poor Italian verse which are nevertheless fairly clear and informative, and generally comparable to that of the [[Fior_di_Battaglia_(MS_Ludwig_XV_13)|MS Ludwig XV 13]] (excepting differences in spelling), though at times they include additional explanation. The MS M.383 was almost certainly longer when it was first written; its text makes reference to sections on poleaxe, dagger, and grappling which are not present in the book's current state, as well as a certain play of the sword in one hand which is likewise missing from that section.<ref>The description in this section is derived from an examination of the manuscript by [[Michael Chidester]]; the presumed date is based on the fact that it seems to be related in some fashion to the [[Fior di Battaglia (MS Ludwig XV 13)|MS Ludwig XV 13]], which is presumed to date to 1404.</ref>
+The treatise itself is the briefest known version of Fiore's work, containing only 20 folia (all individual leaves). It has a preface in Italian and one to four illustrated figures per page in the main body; the figures are accompanied by descriptive paragraphs set in poor Italian verse which are nevertheless fairly clear and informative, and generally comparable to that of the [[Fior di Battaglia (MS Ludwig XV 13)|MS Ludwig ⅩⅤ 13]] (<small>FLG</small>), though at times they include additional explanation. The artwork is reminiscent of the work of [[Altichiero da Zevio]], but given the timeline it would more likely be the work of an artist influenced by him (or a manuscript produced fairly early in Fiore's career).
+The MS M.383 was almost certainly longer when it was first written; its text makes reference to sections on poleaxe, dagger, and grappling which are not present in the book's current state, as well as a certain play of the sword in one hand which is likewise missing from that section. Furthermore, the manuscript is composed of individual cut leaves rather than quires of bifolia, which means that there is no indicator of the original order of the surviving pages.<ref>The description in this section is derived from an examination of the manuscript by [[Michael Chidester]].</ref>
 == Provenance ==
-The known provenance of the MS M.383 is:<ref>See [http://corsair.themorgan.org/msdescr/BBM0383a.pdf "Curatorial description".] [http://corsair.themorgan.org/msdescr/BBM0383.htm CORSAIR Collection Catalog]. [[Morgan Library & Museum]]. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref>
+The known provenance of the MS M.383 is:<ref>Based in part on [http://corsair.themorgan.org/msdescr/BBM0383a.pdf "Curatorial description".] [http://corsair.themorgan.org/msdescr/BBM0383.htm CORSAIR Collection Catalog]. [[Morgan Library & Museum]]. Retrieved 12 November 2012.</ref>
 * Probably written between some time in the first decade of the 1400s.
+* before 1474 – owned by Niccolò Marcello di Santa Marina of Venice.
+* ca. 1699 – gifted to Apostolo Zeno (1668-1750), who created a [[Fior di Battaglia (MS XXIV)|copy of the preface]](<small>FLZ</small>).
 * before 1780 – it occupied ff 241-259 of a larger collective binding titled, ''Arte di armeggiare a piedi ed acavallo'' (codex Soranzo MCCLXI) in the Biblioteca Soranzo in Venice (Library of Jacopo Soranzo, Venetian senator, 18th century). The other contents of this codex are unknown.
-* 1780-1836 – the collection of the Venetian former Jesuit Matteo Luigi Canonici (1727-c.1806) (sold London, [[Sotheby's]], June 15, 1836, no. 40).
+* 1780-1835 – the collection of the Venetian former Jesuit Matteo Luigi Canonici (1727-c.1806) (sold London, [[Sotheby's]], June 15, 1836, no. 40).
-* 1836-1903 – owned by Rev. Walter Sneyd of Bagington Rectory, Coventry (sold London, Sotheby's, Dec. 19, 1903, no. 720).
+* 1835-1903 – owned by Rev. Walter Sneyd of Bagington Rectory, Coventry (sold London, Sotheby's, Dec. 19, 1903, no. 720).
 * 1903-1909 – owned by Tammaro de Marinis (catalog 8, 1908, plate 9).
 * 1909-1913 – owned by John Pierpont Morgan.
 * 1913-1924 – owned by John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. (donated 1924).
-* 1924-present – held by the Morgan Library & Museum.
+* 1924-present – held by the Morgan Library & Museum. Current binding by J. Clarke.
 == Contents ==
@@ Line 66: / Line 71: @@
 {| class="treatise"
 |-
-! id="page" | Cover
+! id="page" | [[Fiore de'i Liberi|1r - 2r]]
-| {{treatise begin
+| Preface by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
-  | title = Front matter
-  | width = 28em
-}}
-{| class="wikitable floated master"
-|-
-! <p>Transcription{{edit index|Fior di Battaglia (MS M.383)}}<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p>
-|-
-| '''[Inside cover]'''
-Upper left: the number "228" in a frame (sticker)
-:V<br/>4<br/>B<br/> (in pencil)
-Center: "Ex libris Gualteri Sneyd" surrounding a coat of arms (sticker)
-:Sale Lond. 25 June 1836 No.40 (in pencil)
-:"John Pierpont Morgan " surrounding a coat of arms (sticker)
-:M.383 (in pencil)
-Botton right: "SURREZ LAHEY" (stamped in leather edge)
-|-
-| [Three blank parchment leaves]
-|}
-{{treatise end}}
-|-
-! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|1r - 2r]]
-| Preface by Fiore de'i Liberi
 |-
 ! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|2v - 8r]]
-| [[Mounted fencing]] by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| [[Mounted fencing]] by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
-! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|8r - 8v]]
+! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|8rv]]
-| [[Spear]] vs. cavalry by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| [[Spear]] vs. cavalry by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
-! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|9r - 9v]]
+! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|9rv]]
-| Spear by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| Spear by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
 ! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|10r - 11v]]
-| [[Armored fencing]] by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| [[Armored fencing|Sword in Armor]] by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
 ! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|12r - 16v]]
-| [[Longsword]] in two hands by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| [[Sword]] in two hands by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
-! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|17r]], [[Fiore de'i Liberi|18r - 18v]]
+! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|17r]], [[Fiore de'i Liberi|18rv]]
-| Sword vs. [[dagger]] by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| Sword vs. [[dagger]] by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
 ! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|17v, 19r]]
-| Longsword in one hand by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| Sword in one hand by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
 ! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|18r]]
-| Longsword vs. spear by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| Sword vs. spear by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
 ! [[Fiore de'i Liberi|18r]]
-| Spear and dagger vs. spear by Fiore de'i Liberi
+| Spear and dagger vs. spear by [[Fiore de'i Liberi]]
 |-
@@ Line 138: / Line 114: @@
 | Blank
-|-
+|}
-! Cover
-| {{treatise begin
-  | title = Rear matter
-  | width = 28em
-}}
-{| class="wikitable floated master"
-|-
-! <p>Transcription{{edit index|Fior di Battaglia (MS M.383)}}<br/>by [[Michael Chidester]]</p>
-|-
-| [Three blank parchment leaves]
-|-
-| '''[Inside cover]'''
-Upper left: "De Marinis 1909" (in pencil)
-Center: [modern paste-in] Fiore de' Liberi was the greatest Italian swordsman of the XIVth century. After an active military career, he was summoned to the court of Niccolo III d'Este at Ferrara, to instruct the younger princes in military science. Upon his honorable retirement in 1409, he complied with the request of his prince to compile a book on the art of the duel, in order that his vast experience might be preserved to future generations. The result of his labors was the Flos Duellatorum.
+== Gallery ==
-Of the two contemporary copies of the original, one is preserved in the library of Marchese d'Este, the other is the property of Sig. Alberto Pisano-Dossi.
+<h3 style="clear:both;"> Current manuscript </h3>
-|}
-{{treatise end}}
-|}
-== Gallery ==
+MS M.383 consists of twenty individual cut leaves rather than quires of bifolia, and the current sequence of leaves is probably not original; for a speculative reconstruction of its original state, see [[Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma (MS M.383)/Reconstruction]]. While it seems likely that there are at least two missing leaves, there's no evidence upon which to speculate meaningfully about the original quire structure (the Getty manuscript, for example, has a wildly variable structure).
-Images hosted by the [[Morgan Library & Museum]]. This is the current configuration of the manuscript; for a speculative reconstruction of its original state, see [[Fior di Battaglia (MS M.383)/Reconstruction]].{{-}}
+This manuscript was unbound in 2016 for photography and conservation, and it has not yet been rebound. {{-}}
-{{image|MS M.383 Cover 1.png|Front Cover}}
-{{image|MS M.383 Cover 2.png|Inside Cover}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
 {{image|MS M.383 1r.png|Folio 1r}}
 {{image|MS M.383 1v.png|Folio 1v}}
@@ Line 209: / Line 161: @@
 {{image|MS M.383 18v.png|Folio 18v}}
 {{image|MS M.383 19r.png|Folio 19r}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Folio 19v|Folio 19v}}
+{{image|MS M.383 19v.png|Folio 19v}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Folio 20r|Folio 20r}}
+{{image|MS M.383 20r.png|Folio 20r}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Folio 20v|Folio 20v}}
+{{image|MS M.383 20v.png|Folio 20v}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
+<h3 style="clear:both;"> Previous binding </h3>
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
+As indicated above, the original binding of the manuscript was lost by the 18th century. It was most recently rebound in the early 20th century after being acquired by J. P. Morgan, as pictured here, but this cover was subsequently discarded in 2016.
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
-{{image|ph=yes|Blank|Blank}}
+{{image|MS M.383 Cover 1.png|Front Cover}}
+{{image|MS M.383 Cover 2.png|Inside Cover}}
 {{image|MS M.383 Cover 3.png|Inside Cover}}
 {{image|MS M.383 Cover 4.png|Back Cover}}
@@ Line 223: / Line 176: @@
 == Additional Resources ==
-* [[Fiore de'i Liberi|dei Liberi, Fiore]]; Leoni, Tommaso. ''Fiore de’ Liberi’s Fior di Battaglia''. 1st ed. [http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/fiore-de-liberis-fior-di-battaglia/5364635 Lulu.com], 2009. 2nd ed. Wheaton, IL: [[Freelance Academy Press]], 2012.
+{{bibliography}}
-* [[Fiore de'i Liberi|dei Liberi, Fiore]]; [[Marco Rubboli|Rubboli, Marco]]; [[Luca Cesari|Cesari, Luca]] (in Italian). ''Flos Duellatorum. Manuale di Arte del Combattimento del XV secolo''. Rome: [[Il Cerchio Iniziative Editoriali]], 2002. ISBN 88-8474-023-1.
-* Malipiero, Massimo (in Italian). ''Il Fior di battaglia di Fiore dei Liberi da Cividale: Il Codice Ludwing XV 13 del J. Paul Getty Museum''. Udine: Ribis, 2006. ISBN 88-7445-035-4.
 == References ==
@@ Line 245: / Line 196: @@
 {{sourcebox
 | work        = Transcription
-| authors     = Open for editing
+| authors     = [[transcriber::Michael Chidester]]
 | source link =
-| source title= [[Index:Fior di Battaglia (MS M.383)]]
+| source title= [[Index:Tratt‍ato della sch‍erma (MS M.383)]]
 | license     = noncommercial
 }}