Jacob de Gheyn II

Jacob de Gheyn II
"Jacobus de Geyn, Antwerp Pict. et Sculpt." by Hendrick Hondius (1610)
Born	1565 Antwerp
Died	29 March 1629 The Hague
Spouse(s)	Eva Stalpaert van der Wiele
Occupation	Painter Engraver
Nationality	Dutch
Genres	Drill manual
Language	Dutch Early New High German Middle French
Notable work(s)	Wappenhandelinghe van Roers Musquetten ende Spiessen (1607)
Concordance by	Michael Chidester

Jacob de Gheyn II (Jacques; c. 1565 - 29 Mar 1629) was a Dutch painter and engraver, whose work shows the transition from Northern Mannerism to Dutch realism over the course of his career. De Gheyn painted some of the earliest female nudes, vanitas, and floral still lifes in Dutch art. He is credited with creating over 1,500 drawings, including landscapes and natural history illustrations.

De Gheyn was born in Antwerp and received his first training from his father, Jacob de Gheyn I, a glass painter, engraver, and draftsman. In 1585, he moved to Haarlem, where he studied under Hendrik Goltzius for the next five years. He moved again, to Leiden, in the middle of the 1590s. De Gheyn married Eva Stalpaert van der Wiele of Mechelen in 1595. His son, Jacob de Gheyn III, was born in 1596, and grew to become an engraver in his own right, as well as the subject of a portrait by Rembrandt.

De Gheyn's work attracted the attention of wealthy sponsors, and his first commission was for an engraving of the Siege of Geertruidenberg from Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange. This event, from 27 March to 24 June 1593, had been more of a demonstration of power by Prince Maurits, than an actual war, and had even attracted tourists. As a publicity stunt, the siege and its subsequent engraving were successful in propagating an image of Prince Maurits as an able general. Around 1600, de Gheyn abandoned engraving, and focused on painting and etching. Moving to The Hague in 1605, he was employed often by Dutch royalty, designing a garden in the Buitenhof for Prince Maurice which featured the two first grottoes in the Netherlands. After Maurice's death in 1625, de Gheyn worked for his brother, Frederick Henry.

HEMA Contributions

In 1607, de Gheyn created a series of prints illustrating militia drill with the calvera, musket, and pike. They were published in 1607-8 in the Hague, Netherlands, by Robert de Baudouz under the title Wappenhandelinghe van Roers Musquetten ende Spiessen ("Weapon-handling of Calvers, Muskets, and Pikes"); also included were anonymous descriptions and commentary in Dutch, English, French, and German editions.

Because an English translation has not yet been produced from one of the original languages, the text of 1607 English publication has been placed in the first transcription column.

Preface and Introduction

Images	No Translation	English Transcription (1607)  by Michael Chidester	Danish Transcription (1607)	Dutch Transcription (1607)	French Transcription (1607)	German Transcription (1607)
		[Ttl] The Exercise of Armes For Calivres, Muskettes, and Pikes	Waabenhandling, om Rør, Musketter oc Spedser. ,	[Ttl] Wapenhandelinghe van Roers Musquetten ende Spiessen.	[Ttl] Maniement d'Armes d'Arquebuses, Mousquetz, et Piques.	[Ttl] Waffenhandlung von den Rören, Musquetten, undt spiessen.
		After the ordre of his Excellence. Maurits Prince of Orange Counte of Nassau etc. Governour and Captaine generall over Geldreland. Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht. Overyssel. etc.	firgurlig affbildit. Med skrifftlig Undervisning. Med Kbbr. og dansk, tydsk, hollandsk, fransk og engelsk Text. : effter den høyborne førstes og herres herr Moritz, Printz aff Oranien ... ordning beskreffuedt	Achtervolghende de Ordre van Sÿn Excellentie Maurits Prince van Orangie Grave van Nassau. &c. Gouverneur ende Capiteÿn Generael over Gelderlandt, Hollandt, Zeelandt, Utrecht, Overÿssel &c.	En conformite de lordre de Monseigneur le Prince Maurice , Prince d'Orange, Comte de Nassau &c. Gouverneur et Capitain General de Geldres, Hollande, Zeelande, Utrecht, Overÿssel &c.	Gestalt nach der ordnung des hochgebornen Fursten und herrn, herrn Moritzen Printzen zu Oranien, Graffen zu Nassaw &c. Gubernatorn und Capitein General uber Geldelandt, Hollandt, Zeelandt, Utrecht, Oberyssel &c.
		Set forthe in figures by Jacob de Gheyn.		Figuirlyck vutebeelt, door Jacob de Gheÿn.	Representé par figures, par Jaques de Gheén.	Figurlichen abgebildet durch Jacob de Geÿn.
		With written Instructions for the service of all Captaines and Comaundours. For to showe hereout the better unto their jong or untrayned Souldiers the playne and perfett maner to handle these Armes.		Met schriftelÿcke onderrechtinghe Ten dienste van alle liefhebbers der Wapenen, oock mede voor alle Capiteÿnen ende bevelhebbers, om hier wt hun Jonge oft onervaren soldaten de volcomen handelinge van dese wapenen te beter aentewÿsen.	Ensemble les enseignemens par escrit A l'utilite de tous Capitaines et commandeurs, pour par cecé, pouvoir plus facillement enseigner a leurs soldatz in experimentez, l'entier et parfait maniement dicelles armes.	Mitt beÿgefugten Schrifftlichen Undterrichtungen zum dienst aller und ieden Hauptloüthe, und befehlickhabere. damit sie aud dieser anzeigung Thro Junge und unerfahrne Soldaten zur volkommenen handtlung derselben waffen desto besser abrichten konden.
		Printed at the Hage. With Priviledge of the Emperours Ma.tie the King of Fraunce, and the Noble and mightye Estates General of the united Provinces		Gedruckt in S Graven Hage. met Privilegie vande K. M: den Koninck van Vrancrÿck. en de E: M: Heere de Staten Generael der vereenich de nederlanden.	Imprimé a la Haÿe en hollande, avec Privilege de l'Empereur du Roy de France, Et de Nobles et Puisanse Seigneurs Messeigneurs les Estatz generaulx des Provinces unies.	Gedruckt ins Graven hagen in Hollandt. met privileg: der Kay: Maÿt: des Könings in Franckreich und der Ed: M: Herrn Staten general der vereinigten Niederlanden.
				Excellentissimis, Potentissimisque Federati Belgii Ordinibus, summis reipublicae moderatoribus, eorundemque prudentissimo Status Consilio, nobilissimis, amplissimisq[ue] viris, belli artes ipsorum Sub imperiis feliciter exercitas hoc dono repraesentabat Iacobus Geinius.	Illustrissimo Principi, maximo duci, Mauritio Nassauio Pr Araus. copiarum Federati Belgii imperatori, disciplinae militaris parenti, has excultae ab ipso armaturae affigies salutaris curae monumentum, dicabat Iacobus Geinius.
		[3] To the Prince. Nor your highnes, nor any man to whose vew this present booke shall come, shall need to finde it strange, either, why it hath borrowed an English habitt, or shrowded it selfe under so great a protection: since on the one side it represents unto You that manner of exercise of Armes, which hath for many yeares bene practised in this schoole of warre, the United Provinces, and that, by a Captayne whose worth (I thinke) not any part of the world is ignorant of: in which warre the valure of the English and Schottish nations (now Brittaynes) hath bene of that speciall marke and note, that, for readye use of theyr Armes, provident care of the Commaunders and commendable obedience of the Souldier towards his chiefe, it can not be denyed but that the Provinces have received verye acceptable services at theyr handes. On the other side: to whom could I (in judgement) more fitly and (as I may saye) justly, addresse the proprietye of a worke of this worthe and nature? then to a Prince descended from so many powerfull and victorious Kinges, who even by destyny and judgement of all the world, is not onely the heyre of theyr Fortunes, but an inheritour of theyr vertues also: then to a Prince the sonne of the most puissant Kinge of all his predecessours: who, though he blesseth his Realmes with the sweetenesse of peace, yet (doubtelesse) he placeth the securitie of that content, in the due and lawfull exercise of Armes. Lately, to whom rather (I saye) should I dedicate this worke? then to a Prince, that through the light of his owne proper example, doth so much beautifye and ennoble the practise of Armes, who even in the fore-springe of his yeares and amidst so many other princely entertaynements fitt for his youth and state, doth yet give such a lustre to this of Armes, by the coutinuall familiaritye he hath with them in his often practise, that I thinke I may saye, and saye truely, that the most true and perfect knowledge of them is rather to be found with your Highnes, then brought to You. Therefore, as all those excellent professours of excellent sciences (wherein yet your Highnes excells them all) are every one in speciall duety bound, to give the best testymonye they can of theyr thankefulnesse, both in regard of the favour which some receive in being nere You, and also of the honour which You doe to all theyr professions, in not disdayninge to participate with theyr industries: So have I in all humble and due respect, thought it fitt, to tender You this acknowledgement of myne, hopinge that your Highnes shall receive no small contentement, by addinge the longe experience of the Nether-lands practise to Your owne knowledge of ancient Histories, and those wise and deep-grounded instructions of that great Monarche the Kinge Your Father. Your Highnes his. Most humble servant in all duetye at command. Jacob de Gheyn.
		[5] To Those That Love the Exercise of Arms Wissheth Jacob de Gheyn Heath and prosperitie. It is out of all doubt, that neither the quietneße of a common wealthe without armes, nor the armes without convenient or due exercise, can stand or be maintained. Which hath not onely bene well considered by the old sages or wise, that have undertaken to give any examples of lawe, but is approoved by the effectuall experience of the most famous Townes and People, that have preserved their Estate chieflye by those meanes. And examining the further course of the whole World, we shall find, that the soveraigne powre hath alwayes bene by those which here in did most surpasse theyr neighbours. The Grecians, in the time thye have bene in theyr most shyning glorie have much embraced this point, and therein by theyr witt not little proffited. Yet the Romains have farre surpaßed here in as well those as all others, and ever exercised theyr youth at all kinde of armes by those whom they called Campi-doctores or Mastres of the field. Which maner is playnelye showed unto us, in the writinges that are thereof come to our handes, the same reason standeth fast for ever, and with all nations. But in regard that not onely the use but even the armes them selves are much changed chiefly sithence the findinge out of Gun pouder, it can not be denied but that wee can reape small or no benefite by the old rehearsals, without wee have neewe instructions. His Princely Exce. therefore the Earle Maurice of Naßau &c. to whose care (by the Lords Estates generall of the united Provinces) is left the charge of defending so worthie countries and the conducting of a warre which is taken for a schoole or patterne to the whole World, Like as he throughout the whole militarie order (before his times much decayed) hath restored and partelye brought to the examples of the old, partely by his owne inventions amended and adorned, so hath he taken great regard to the exercise of Armes, as one of the principall partes of the militarie ordre, where out are risen such comodites as unto every man is knowne not onely in these Countries but also in the uttermost partes of the worlde. [6] perly set downe in the ende ech severall picture with his severall difference of stand or posture and that to give truer light to the judgement of the observer. But above all is to be well considered that which seemes here to require a leasurly and slow proceeding in the apprehension (by reason of the smalenes of the sculpture which could not conveniently be otherwise formed) that I say) must the industrious learner with a diligent practise strive to bringe to a nimble and quicke readines of action. Nevertheleße so, as that in the best fashon and with the most care and providence he make it appear that it is to offend the ennemy without hurting or anoynig him self or his fellowe, the rest the written instructions and the pictures shall shewe.

Caliver

Images	No Translation	English Transcription (1607)  by Michael Chidester	Dutch Transcription (1607)	French Transcription (1607)	German Transcription (1607)
		[7] Shorte Instruction Upon the Contrefaictinges, Touching the Right Use of Calivers, for the yonge or inexpert Shot, which instruction by Cypher letters is agreeing or answering orderly with every picture. And because here to are joyned some pictures of standing still for sentenels, to shew how the souldier in tyme of need (readie with his peece) shall stand, there fore doe the writinges also there of agree with every figure or picture, according his number.
		In the 2. figure is taught, how he going and preparing him self to shoote, shall take the peece from the neck, that is to say, he shall not with the left hand pull the peece from the shoulder, but shall take it with the right hand onely (like as this figure sheweth) beyond the great skrue, because the peece fals there, (benig ballanced in the hand) much lighter, and shall take it of with one hand alone (whereby shall be sene that he is mayster of his peece) sinking it a little in the left hand without bending or hanging his bodye towards it.
		In the 3, how he shall hold and governe the peece before he take it in the left hand, he shall with the right hand hold the peece in ballance, with the mouth upwards, without tutching the bodye, and have readie the left hand to meete the peece and to receavce it in the same.
		In the 4. how he shall carye the peece in the left hand, standing and going, not onely easely and well, but also hold it in ballance in the same hand, that it doe not lye to high nor to low, and also not hurt his fellowe if the peece went of by chaunce, setting for ease and suretye sake the elbow against his hyppe, like as this figure teatcheth.
		In the 5. how he shall well and proprelye take the match out of the left hand with the tumb and second finger, holding alwayes the peece in a due hight, as well for the ease, as for not to hurt his fellowe unadvisedlye, and although that generally (for some good respects) we have ordayned to take the matche betwixt the thumb and second finger, yet is it not our purpose so precisely to binde a man thereto, as that he maye not take the same betwixt the thumb and two next fingers, if that be easier for him.
		In the 6. how he shall blow of the match and hold it wel betwixt the thumb and second finger, before he do put it upon the Cock, that is to saye, he shall bring the match handsomely neare the mouth, and blow of the same under the hand, without bending him self to much thereto, like as this figure sheweth.
		In the 7. how he shall with the thumb and the second finger, bring the match into the Cock, and not skrue it in, for to loose no tyme and is te be understood, that he alwayes a fore hand, shall direct the widenesse of the Cock to the thicknesse of the match, for to be the sooner readie to shoote.
		In the 8. how he shall hansomly trye his matche and with the thum and second finger governe the same, to the end he may make it presently longer, shorter, as also higher, and so set the fame that the peece do not faile or refuse him.
		In the 9. how he shall blow of the match speedely and well, and being well blowne of, finely with open armes and with the two fore fingers cover the pan lid for the sparkes, and shall open the same [8] without bending him selff towards it, bringing handsomely the peece to his mouth, like as this figure sheweth.
		In the 10. how he shall present the peece, from above downewards, and not from beneath opwards, to the ende he doe no harme te his fellowe, that goeth a fore him, (if by chaunce the peece went of) and also that the bullet that can not alwayes (especially in tyme of haste) be rammed in, do not fall out.
		In the 11. how he shall set the peece against his brest and present it, bowe his head, hold up the right elbow, and stand right and fall with his bodye, and because the peece shall be set against the brest and not against the shoulder, shall set the bodye to it: moreover how he shall bow in the knee the left legge, that must stand before, and hold styf and strong the right, legge that must stand behind, to the end he may bothe the better governe and discharge his peece, as also accomodate, him selfe in the presentinge of it.
		In the 12. how he shall (having shott) take the peece oderly from his cheeke, and hold it up least he should hurt his fellowe if the peece (fayled before) should chaunce then unawares to goe of.
		In the 13. how with the same fingers where with he set the match in the cock, he shall handsomely rake it againe awaye, not pluckinge or twitchinge it, as also, that by such unheedynes he put not the coale of the matche out.
		In the 14. how he shall joyne the match againe betwixt the fingers where he hath had it out at the setting of it up, holding still the peece upwards.
		In the 15. how he shall blow out the panne standing yet open, and having shot of the peece, becanse (if any sparck should be remayning therein) the tutch-boxe doe not take fire at the putting in of neew pouder, and so hurt him self, making (to winne tyme) in the meane whyle the tutchboxe readie.
		In the 16. how he shall put the pouder in the panne out of the tutch-boxe, and not out of the charges or flaske, for not to loose tyme in drawing or turning of the same, holding in the meane tyme the peece upwards, for the reasons a fore said.
		In the 17. how he shall put to the panne with his fore finger. like as this figure sheweth.
		In the 18. how he shall cast or shake the pouder or cornes of from the panne, if any might lye upon it, because the peece shall not go of, when he shall come to trye the match.
		In the 19. how he shall blow of againe the pouder, al thoug he have shaked it of, for more assurance.
		In the 20. if he will charge againe, how he shall turne the peece with the left hand, wich to do handfomely, he shall convaye it with the right hand under towards the left fide.
		In the 21. how he shall lett the peece sincke by the left side, and with the right hand take the flaske or bandelier.
		In the 22. how he shall open the charge of the flaske, or els if he doe weare a bandolier, he shall doe like as is shewed by the Musquettiers.
		In the 23. how he shall put the pouder out of the greater flaske, holding alwayes the peece from the ground, if he be able to doe it.
		In the 24. how he shall with a turned hand draw the skowring stick out of the stock, and hold the peece from the ground, like as this figure sheewes.
		In the 25. how he desiring to take the skowring stick shorter in his hand, shall turne the end of the same (which is the end that furst he pulled out (and thrust it to his bodye, slippinge the hand quickly to the neather end, to bringe it the better and the steadyer into the peece and if he will shoote with a bullet he shall take the bullet with the same hand (wherewith he now hath the skowring stick shorter) out of his mouth or from thence where he carrieth his bullets, and with like quicknes put it into the mouth of the peece.
		In the 26. how he shall with the skowring-stick ramme in the pouder and the bullet together, holding alwayes the peece from the ground, like as this figure sheweth.
		[9] In the 28. how he shall (to take shorter the skowring-stick) thrust the same againe to the bodye, as is taught before.
		In the 29. how he shall (having the skowring-stick under and the end) surely and with speede put the same in the stock againe.
		In the 30. how he (desirous to take the peece againe in the right hand) shall bring the same first with the left hand before him, like as this figure sheweth.
		In the 31. how he shall with the right hand take the peece belowe under at the great skrue, and hold it upwards, being readye to laye it againe upon his shoulder.
		In the 32. how he shall with one hand lay the peece againe upon the shoulder, being very readie with the other hand,to hold it fast there upon.
		In the 33. how he having the peece upon his shoulder, going to be sentinel shall hold and carye it againe, like as is sayd at the first figure.
		In the 34. how he standing sentenell and will make him readie, shall with one hand take the peece from the shoulder, as is taught before.
		In the 35. how he standing sentenell, and having taken the peece from the shoulder, shall receive it in the left hand.
		In the 36. how he (standing sentenell having the peece in the left hand) shall hold the right arme or elbow som what from hym with his hand at the Seer, and the stock against the right hippe, like as this figure teatcheth.
		In the 37. how he (standing sentenell) shall hold and governe the peece in ballance in the left hand, for to have the right hand at libertye.
		In the 38. how he (standing sentenell) shall well and orderly take the match out of the left hand with the thumb and second finger.
		In the 36. how he (standing sentenell) shall bring the match with the thumbe and second finger towards the mouth, and blow it of, holding in the meane time the peece in ballance in the left hand.
		In the 40. how he (standing sentenell) shall with the thumbe and second finger Cock the match, without skruing the same in, as is taught before.
		In the 41. how he (standing sentenell) shall with the thumb and second finger guide and conveniently trye the match.
		In the 42. how that he (standing sentenell that vpon any sodeine occasion he maye be readye) shall with the two foremost fingers cover the panne, to prevent the falling of any sparkes, provided alwayes that his match be light and Cockt, ready to discharge.
		The words of Command. By which the Captaynes shall command theyr Souldiers orderly, all what they have to doe with the peece. Which words also agree by order upon every figure. 1. Shoulder your Peece and marche. 2. Unshoulder your Peece. 3. And with the right handhold it up. 4. In the left hand take your Peece. 5. In the right hand take your matche. 6. Hold wel your match and blow it of. 7. Cock your match. 8. Try your match. 9. Blow your match, and open your pann. 10. Present your Peece. 11. Give fire. 12. Take downe your Peece, and in the left hand hold it well. 13. Uncock your matche. [10] 14. And joyne it againe betwixt your fingers. 15. Blow out your pan. 16. Proyme your pan. 17. Shut your pan. 18. Shake of your pan. 19. Blow of your pan. 20. Turne about your peece. 21. And to your left side let it sinke. 22. Open your charges. 23. Charge your peece. 24. Your skowring-stick draw out. 25. Your skowring-stick take shorter. 26. Ramme your pouder. 27. Your skowring-stick draw out your peece. 28. And take it shorter. 29. Put up your skowring-sticke. 30. With the left hand bring forward your Peece. 31. And with the right hand hold it up. 32. Shoulder your Peece. 33. Hold your Peece well upon your shoulder, and marche to the place of garde. 34. Unshoulder your peece. 35. And in the left hand let it sinke. 36. Hold your Peece well. 37. With the left hand alone hold your Peece. 38. In the right hand take your match. 39. Blow of your match. 40. Cock your match. 41. Try your match. 42. Garde your pan and stand readie.
		Generall Command. Hold up the mouth of the Peece. Here to must a Comandour looke, and alwayes have his eyes upon his Souldiers, and use them to hold the Peece alwayes upwards, for to prevent all mischief.

Musket

Images	No Translation	English Transcription (1607)  by Michael Chidester	Dutch Transcription (1607)	French Transcription (1607)	German Transcription (1607)
		[11] Shorte Instruction For the Figures: So Much as Concerneth the Right Use of Muskett for the yonge or inexpert Souldier, which instruction doth orderly agree with the Cypher letters of eche figure. And because there be some figures of stilstandinghe postures here after annexed, as found fitt for sentinels to use, to shew how a souldier in tyme of neede shall stand readie with his Musket in the Musket rest, therefore are the sayd instructions following appropriated to every figure according to theyr number.

Pike

Images	No Translation	English Transcription (1607)  by Michael Chidester	Dutch Transcription (1607)	French Transcription (1607)	German Transcription (1607)
		[15] Brief Instruction upon the contrefaictinges, Concerning the Right Use, of All what a Souldier needeth to know in handling of the Pike, for the yonge or untrayned Souldier, which instruction agreeth by nomber with every figure in order.

Copyright and License Summary

For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the discussion page.

Work	Author(s)	Source	License
Images	Jacob de Gheyn II	Rijksmuseum
Translation
Dutch Transcription		Index:Wappenhandelinghe van Roers Musquetten ende Spiessen (Jacob de Gheyn II) 1608.pdf
English Transcription	Michael Chidester	Index:The Exercise of Armes For Calivres, Muskettes, and Pikes (Jacob de Gheyn II) 1607.pdf
French Transcription		Index:Maniement d'Armes d'Arquebuses, Mousquetz, et Piques (Jacob de Gheyn II) 1608.pdf
German Transcription		Index:Waffenhandlung von den Rören Musquetten undt Spiessen (Jacob de Gheyn II) 1608.pdf