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Difference between revisions of "Philippo di Vadi"
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+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 1 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
}} | }} | ||
{| class="floated master" | {| class="floated master" | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | ! | + | ! <p>Images</p> |
! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
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− | | | + | | <p>{{red|b=1|Chapter I begins}}</p> |
− | + | ||
− | < | + | <p>If you wish to truly know<br/> |
− | If fencing is an art or science | + | If fencing is an art or science<br/> |
− | Hark my words, I say.</ | + | Hark my words, I say.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Ponder this, my statement:<br/> |
− | It is a true science and not an art | + | It is a true science and not an art<br/> |
− | + | And Geometry, which divides and separates,</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>By infinite numbers and measures<br/> |
− | By infinite numbers and measures | + | And fills her papers with science,<br/> |
− | And fills her papers with science.</ | + | Shows this with its pithy eloquence.<ref>I, and Mele and Porzio before me (on page 41), were confounded by the page break between this line and the next. ''E mostrallo con breve eloquenza./La geometria che divide e parte.'' F3v, f4r. I am indebted to Prof Petrina for pointing out that Geometry, not the author, is the subject of the sentence. I mention this particularly because I know that many readers will trace the translation line by line, comparing it to a transcription or the scans of the ms, and may wonder why Geometry is apparently on the wrong line! It serves to illustrate the differences between the two languages, and as a reminder that similar changes to word order can be expected throughout.</ref></p> |
− | < | + | <p>The sword is placed in her care,<br/> |
− | So measure blows and steps together | + | So measure blows and steps together<br/> |
− | So Science keeps you safe.</ | + | So Science keeps you safe.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>From Geometry fencing is born,<br/> |
− | And under her it has no end; | + | And under her it has no end;<br/> |
− | And both of them are infinite.</ | + | And both of them are infinite.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And if you heed my doctrines,<br/> |
− | + | You’ll know how to answer with reason<br/> | |
− | And pluck the rose from the thorns.</ | + | And pluck the rose from the thorns.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>To make your opinion clearer,<br/> |
− | + | And to sharpen your intellect,<br/> | |
− | + | So you may be able to answer to everyone:</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>MMusic adorns her and chooses her as its subject,<br/> |
− | + | Song and sound are added to the art,<br/> | |
− | + | To make it a more perfect science.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>So Geometry and Music combine<br/> |
− | Their scientific virtues in the sword, | + | Their scientific virtues in the sword,<br/> |
− | To adorn the great light of Mars.</ | + | To adorn the great light of Mars. </p> |
− | < | + | <p>Now if you like what I have said,<br/> |
− | And the explanations I have written | + | And the explanations I have written<br/> |
− | Keep them in mind, | + | Keep them in mind, and don’t let it fall out.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>So answer true as I have told you,<br/> |
− | In fencing you will find no end, | + | In fencing you will find no end,<br/> |
− | + | As every backhand finds its fore,<br/> | |
− | Counter by counter without end.</ | + | Counter by counter without end.</p> |
− | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 03v.jpg|3v.4 | + | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 03v.jpg|3v.4}} |
{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|04r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 04v.jpg|4v.1|p=1}} | {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|04r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 04v.jpg|4v.1|p=1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 2 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | | <p>{{red|b=1|Chapter II. Measure of the two-handed sword.}}</p> |
− | + | ||
− | < | + | <p>The sword should be of the correct size,<br/> |
− | The pommel should come under the arm | + | The pommel should come under the arm<br/> |
− | As it appears here in my writing.</ | + | As it appears here in my writing.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>As you wish to avoid any trouble,<br/> |
− | The pommel should be round to fit the fist | + | The pommel should be round to fit in the closed fist<br/> |
− | Do this to | + | Do this not to enter the trap.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And may this be always done:<br/> |
− | The handle should be always a span | + | The handle should be always a span<br/> |
− | + | Who does not have this measure will be defeated.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>So your mind is not deceived,<br/> |
− | The crossguard should be as long as the handle | + | The crossguard should be as long as the handle<br/> |
− | And pommel together, and you won't be | + | And pommel together, and you won't be doomed.<ref>Note that on folio 28r where he gives the form of the sword to be used in armour, the crossguard is as long as the handle alone, not handle and pommel together. The images tend to suggest this latter arrangement.</ref></p> |
− | < | + | <p>The crossguard should be strong and square as needed<br/> |
− | With a wide and pointed iron, | + | With a wide and pointed iron,<ref>This could refer to the blade, but most practitioners believe it refers to the crossguard itself, which can indeed be sharpened for striking with, as we see in the section on combat with the sword in armour. The word is ‘ferruza’; ‘ferruzo’ means ‘a little piece of iron’, so the implication is that this would refer to the crossguard.</ref><br/> |
− | It must cut and thrust to do its duty.</ | + | It must cut and thrust to do its duty.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Take note and understand this addendum<br/> |
− | If you wish to test the sword in armour, | + | If you wish to test the sword in armour,<br/> |
− | Make the cutting edges four fingers from the point, | + | Make the cutting edges four fingers from the point,<br/> |
− | With the handle as is said above,</ | + | With the handle as is said above,</p> |
− | With pointed crossguard, and note well the text. | + | <p>With pointed crossguard, and note well the text.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 04v.jpg|4v.2}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 04v.jpg|4v.2}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 3 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | | <p>{{red|b=1|Chapter III. Theory of the sword.}}</p> |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | < | + | <p>Grasp the sword manfully,<br/> |
− | + | Because the cross is a royal weapon,<br/> | |
− | + | Harmonise it with your bold spirit.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If you have a judicious mind,<ref>''si tu averai nel cervel tuo sale'', lit. “if you have salt in your brain”.</ref><br/> |
− | + | You must consider here,<br/> | |
− | + | Which way to take to climb these stairs.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>The art of the sword is only a crossing,<br/> |
− | The | + | Delivering thrusts and cuts in the fight,<br/> |
− | + | To make war against he who stands against you.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>On one side you make defence<br/> |
− | + | The forehand blows go from one side,<br/> | |
− | The | + | The backhands from the other side make offence.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The true edge falls on the forehand side,<br/> |
− | + | And note well this principle<br/> | |
− | + | The backhand takes the same road as the false edge.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And follow then as the saying goes,<br/> |
− | + | Place yourself in guard with the sword in hand,<br/> | |
− | + | If you pass forwards or back<ref>''Passi o torni'', lit. “pass or return.” It’s clear from the context that this means forwards or backwards. Also, on f22r of the Getty ms, Fiore describes the three turns and four steps which make up the footwork of his system. By pairing ''accrescere'' and ''discrescere'', ''passare'' and ''torrnare'', it’s clear that ‘passare’ is a pass forward and ‘tornare’ is a pass backward. See also f19r where ‘tornare’ is used and the fencing context makes it absolutely clear that it refers to passing back with the front foot.</ref> remain side-on.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>So that you will not play in vain,<br/> |
− | + | Face the side to which you turn,<br/> | |
− | + | And enter from there. And don’t let this seem strange to you:</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Place your sword towards the target<br/> |
− | + | Against the companion with your point in his face,<br/> | |
− | + | And be quick to strike him.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>You must be very careful,<br/> |
− | + | Keep an eye on the weapon that can strike you,<br/> | |
− | + | Grabbing the tempo and the measure, well collected.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Make your heart agree with your feet and arm<br/> |
− | + | In defending with good measure,<br/> | |
− | + | That you may take all the honour.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And note well and understand my text<br/> |
− | + | That if the companion strikes with his sword,<br/> | |
− | + | And achieves the crossing with yours,</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Watch that you do not end up out of the line,<br/> |
− | + | Go with the cover and with the point to the face,<br/> | |
− | + | The blows go hammering the head.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Play of the cross and you will not be conquered,<br/> |
− | + | If the companion crosses wide and you thrust,<br/> | |
− | + | You want to not be divided from him.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>When you are joined with him at the half sword,<br/> |
− | + | Get closer to him, as reason calls for,<br/> | |
− | + | And leave the wide play and confront him there.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Also it is often so,<br/> |
− | + | That a man doesn’t feel very strong,<br/> | |
− | + | Then he needs cunning, not words.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Pass out of the way with agility,<br/> |
− | + | With the cover of the good backhand,<br/> | |
− | + | Redoubling swiftly with a forehand.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If you don’t feel your cunning has been lost<br/> |
− | + | Leave the wide and find the stretto play<br/> | |
− | + | This will make strength change sides.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And take note of and understand this saying,<br/> |
− | + | That when crossing, you will cross with strength,<br/> | |
− | + | Because it dampens the effect of his sword.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Know that cleverness always overcomes strength,<br/> |
− | + | Make the cover and immediately strike,<br/> | |
− | + | In largo and constrained you’ll beat down strength.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And if you want to make him feel your point,<br/> |
− | + | Go out of the way with a pass across,<br/> | |
− | + | Make him feel your point in his chest.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>With the point high and the pommel low<br/> |
− | + | And the arms out [of the line] with a good cover,<br/> | |
− | + | Pass to the left side with a good pace.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And if the point will find an open way,<br/> |
− | + | Passing to the outside do not fear,<br/> | |
− | + | In every way you will make your offer.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Press in and grasp the grip of his sword,<br/> |
− | + | If this cannot be done well,<br/> | |
− | + | Crushing his sword does the duty.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Always match your passes<br/> |
− | + | With the enemy’s, and when you find him<br/> | |
− | + | (And what I say do not forget)</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>As you see that he moves the sword,<br/> |
− | + | Or if he passes, or even strikes,<br/> | |
− | + | Or you pass back, or you find him near,</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Let wisdom, strength and boldness go<br/> |
− | + | With him who desires honour in arms,<br/> | |
− | + | Lacking these, he must exercise more.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>You must have a bold heart,<br/> |
− | + | If a big man appears strong to you<br/> | |
− | + | Use cunning, it will give you advantage.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Be as careful as you would be with death<br/> |
− | + | That your play is not courteous,<br/> | |
− | + | When the other tries to shame you.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And note well this statement of mine,<br/> |
− | + | You know your heart, not the companion’s<br/> | |
− | + | Do not ever fall into that illusion.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Make yourself great in trickery<br/> |
− | + | If you wish for success in this art<br/> | |
− | + | That will bear good fruit.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Note well and understand this part:<br/> |
− | + | He who wishes to use the art to oppose everyone,<br/> | |
− | + | Out of a thousand, one will best him,<ref>This is very obscure in the Italian. Prof. Petrina suggests: “Imbratar carte” means write a lot with little effect – it is usually said of a bad poet. So – he who wishes to oppose his own art to everybody else’s is writing a lot to no effect?” Alessandra Petrina, personal correspondence, 23rd March 2018.</ref></p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And so he loses his honour for one single mistake.<br/> |
− | + | He who is below may believe to be above,<br/> | |
− | + | And this is the kind who is often combative with others,</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Often he will start a disagreement with another,<br/> |
− | And | + | And what started as such becomes a quarrel,<br/> |
− | + | Here is where he who knows the art will show his mettle.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If the tongue could cut by its nature,<br/> |
− | + | And strike as well as the sword can,<br/> | |
− | + | The dead would be countless.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And make sure your mind does not fall<br/> |
− | + | But choose your defence with reason,<br/> | |
− | And | + | And with justice go justly.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>He who wishes to offend others without reason<br/> |
− | + | Certainly damns his soul and body<br/> | |
− | + | And brings shame upon his master.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And you must also keep in mind<br/> |
− | + | To always honour your teacher,<br/> | |
− | + | Because money alone does not repay such a debt.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>He who wishes to master the sword and be dextrous,<br/> |
− | + | Must be accomplished in teaching and learning,<br/> | |
− | + | While removing from you any wrong action.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If you never stop prizing loyalty,<br/> |
− | + | You can talk to princes and kings,<br/> | |
− | + | So that this art be used by them.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Because they are expected to govern<br/> |
− | + | And for each to maintain justice,<br/> | |
− | And | + | For widows, orphans and other affairs.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>All sorts of good things come from this art,<br/> |
− | + | By arms the cities are governed,<br/> | |
− | + | And the crowds are kept under control.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And she maintains in herself such dignity,<br/> |
− | And | + | That it often warms your heart,<br/> |
− | + | Driving out cowardice from you.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>This [art] will make you acquire both riches and honour,<br/> |
− | + | And this passes above all other things,<br/> | |
− | + | Be always in your lord’s good graces.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If you will have such a magnificent art,<br/> |
− | + | You will never be poor, anywhere,<br/> | |
− | + | Because this virtue is so glorious.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If poverty shows you the cards<br/> |
− | + | Only once, then you will see,<br/> | |
− | + | By this art, riches will embrace you.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Sometimes you will find yourself<br/> |
− | + | Being like a blown-out candle,<br/> | |
− | + | Do not doubt that you will soon return.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>To find this art I have spared no pains,<br/> |
− | But as I release her, I truly swear | + | I speak not of the old but the new,<br/> |
− | She | + | I am happy to have put her to paper.</p> |
− | So it | + | |
− | | | + | <p>I have kept her firmly imprisoned,<br/> |
+ | But as I release her, I truly swear:<br/> | ||
+ | She gives me wealth, and as it happened to me,<br/> | ||
+ | So it happens to those in whom virtue is found.</p> | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 04v.jpg|4v.3|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|05r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|05v|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|06r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|06v|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|07r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 07v.jpg|7v.1|p=1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 4 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
− | | | + | | <p>{{red|b=1|Fourth Chapter}}<ref>This number is written out (''quarto''), and does not have a roman numeral in the ms, so I have written it out here.</ref></p> |
− | '' | + | |
− | < | + | <p>This art is so noble and refined,<br/> |
− | She | + | She teaches man [how] to proceed,<br/> |
− | Makes the eye quick | + | Makes the eye quick, bold and noble.</p> |
+ | |||
+ | <p>This art teaches you to turn well,<br/> | ||
+ | Teaches also to cover and be strong,<br/> | ||
+ | And cuts and thrusts, it teaches [you] to parry well.</p> | ||
− | < | + | <p>How many are those, the numberless dead,<br/> |
− | + | To whom the art did not appeal,<br/> | |
− | And | + | And so they closed the doors of life.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>There is no greater treasure than life,<br/> |
− | + | And everyone strives to defend it,<br/> | |
− | + | To hold onto it as hard as they can.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Abandon material goods, and all valuable things,<br/> |
− | + | Defend your body with this art,<br/> | |
− | + | And you will have honour and glory.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Oh what a laudable and good thing it is<br/> |
− | + | To learn this art that costs you so little,<br/> | |
− | And you | + | And a thousand times gives you life.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Oh in how many ways it can serve you,<br/> |
− | + | Without searching you will find quarrels,<br/> | |
− | + | Blissful is he who can put out another’s fire.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>My art, new and made with reason,<br/> |
− | + | I speak not of the old, that I leave<br/> | |
− | + | To our ancestors and their beliefs.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If you do not want your honour to be thrown down,<br/> |
− | + | Measure your tempo and that of the companion.<br/> | |
− | + | This is the foundation of the art and its measure.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Open your ears to the great text,<br/> |
− | + | And understand its beautiful principles,<br/> | |
− | + | To not give your teacher cause for lament.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Make it so the swords are always sisters<br/> |
− | And | + | When you come to fence with someone<br/> |
− | + | And choose between them the one you want.<ref>The image here is of a formal duel, in which the duellists are given their choice of weapons. This indicates a specific context for this art to work in.</ref></p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Do not give advantage of the sword<ref>Advantage of the sword is presumably length, especially in a duelling context.</ref> to anyone<br/> |
− | + | You will be in danger of being shamed,<br/> | |
− | And | + | And this is something that everyone must follow.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Good eye, knowledge, speed are needed,<br/> |
− | You will | + | And if you have strength and heart with you<br/> |
− | + | You will give everyone their due.<ref>Lit. “You will make everyone scratch their own mange”</ref></p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Understand my statement well,<br/> |
− | And | + | A big man should have a long sword,<br/> |
− | + | And a little man should have a short one.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>A man’s great strength can break the guards,<br/> |
− | + | But natural cleverness will keep that in check,<br/> | |
− | + | It gives good boldness to a small man.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Who knows many actions carries venom with him.<br/> |
− | + | Who knows few, struggles<br/> | |
− | + | And in the end [he] remains [with] wind, or less.<ref>This is a poetic image, which conveys the defeat of the ignorant by the knowledgeable.</ref></p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And if you follow my thread<br/> |
− | + | And grasp the principle of this art,<br/> | |
− | + | At need this will extract you from trouble.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>And note well the saying which goes:<br/> |
− | + | Do not display the secrets of the art,<br/> | |
− | + | So you won’t be injured for this cause.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Also understand well this other thing:<br/> |
− | + | The sword that is longer is deadly,<br/> | |
− | + | You cannot play against it without danger;</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Make sure they are of equal measure,<br/> |
− | + | As I said to you in the first chapter<br/> | |
− | + | Of our book, that is above.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>I only esteem the sword of two hands,<br/> |
− | + | And this is the only one I use at need,<br/> | |
− | + | And of which the verse of my book sings.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If you don’t want to be shamed,<br/> |
− | + | Don’t pick a fight with more than one:<br/> | |
− | + | You’ll end up sounding worse than a bagpipe.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>If force constrains you to contend<br/> |
− | + | With more than one, then keep this in mind,<br/> | |
− | + | Take a sword that you can really use.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>Choose a weapon that is light, not heavy,<br/> |
− | + | So it is easily controlled<br/> | |
− | + | And you do not have to struggle with the weight.</p> | |
− | < | + | <p>At need you can take another way,<br/> |
− | + | And you leave the thrust and employ<br/> | |
− | And you | + | Other blows to even things out,</p> |
− | < | + | <p>As you will hear in my text.</p> |
− | + | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 07v.jpg|7v.2}} | |
− | |||
− | + | {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|08r|jpg}} | |
− | |||
{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|08v|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 09r.jpg|9r.1|p=1}} | {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|08v|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 09r.jpg|9r.1|p=1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 5 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 556: | Line 615: | ||
| | | | ||
'''Chapter V Of Thrusts and Cuts''' | '''Chapter V Of Thrusts and Cuts''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>The sword has a point and two edges, |
But note well and understand this text, | But note well and understand this text, | ||
− | That memory will not fail you.</ | + | That memory will not fail you.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>One is the false, and the other the true, |
And reason commands and desires, | And reason commands and desires, | ||
− | That this is fixed in your brain.</ | + | That this is fixed in your brain.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Forehand and true edge go together, |
Backhand and false edge stay together, | Backhand and false edge stay together, | ||
− | Except the fendente which wants the true.</ | + | Except the fendente which wants the true.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Understand my text well, |
The sword goes with seven blows | The sword goes with seven blows | ||
− | Six cuts with the thrust that strikes.</ | + | Six cuts with the thrust that strikes.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>So that you will find this seam, |
Two from above and below and two in the middle, | Two from above and below and two in the middle, | ||
The thrust up the middle with deceit and suffering, | The thrust up the middle with deceit and suffering, | ||
− | That our Air is often calm.</ | + | That our Air is often calm.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 09r.jpg|9r.2}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 09r.jpg|9r.2}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 6 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
'''Chapter VI The seven blows of the sword.''' | '''Chapter VI The seven blows of the sword.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>We are the fendenti and we make quarrels, |
To strike and cut often with grief, | To strike and cut often with grief, | ||
− | The head and the teeth with the right reason.</ | + | The head and the teeth with the right reason.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And all guards that are made low to the ground, |
We break often with our cunning, | We break often with our cunning, | ||
− | Passing from one to the other without trouble.</ | + | Passing from one to the other without trouble.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The blows make a bloody mark, |
When we mix them with the rota | When we mix them with the rota | ||
− | We support the entire art.</ | + | We support the entire art.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Fendente for striking we are well endowed, |
Returning to guard from pass to pass, | Returning to guard from pass to pass, | ||
− | Note we are not slow to strike.</ | + | Note we are not slow to strike.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I am the rota and I have in me such a load, |
That you want to mix me with the other blows, | That you want to mix me with the other blows, | ||
− | I place a thrust often at a bow.</ | + | I place a thrust often at a bow.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I cannot be courteous or loyal |
Turning I pass through forehand fendente | Turning I pass through forehand fendente | ||
− | And destroy arms and hands without delay.</ | + | And destroy arms and hands without delay.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>People call me Rota by name, |
I seek the false of the sword | I seek the false of the sword | ||
− | I please the mind of he who uses me.</ | + | I please the mind of he who uses me.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>We are volanti, always crossing |
And from the knee up we go, | And from the knee up we go, | ||
− | Fendente and thrusts we often banish.</ | + | Fendente and thrusts we often banish.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>By crossing us pass without fail, |
The Rota that come up from below, | The Rota that come up from below, | ||
− | And with the fendente warms our cheeks.</ | + | And with the fendente warms our cheeks.</p> |
− | | | + | | |
+ | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 09r.jpg|9r.3|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 09v.jpg|9v.1|p=1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 7 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
'''Chapter 7 Of the thrust.''' | '''Chapter 7 Of the thrust.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>I am he that quarrels with |
All the other blows, and I am called the thrust. | All the other blows, and I am called the thrust. | ||
− | I carry venom like the scorpion.</ | + | I carry venom like the scorpion.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I feel so strong, bold and quick, |
Often I make the guards plough again | Often I make the guards plough again | ||
− | When I am thrown at others and confront them</ | + | When I am thrown at others and confront them</p> |
By my harmful touch, when I join them. | By my harmful touch, when I join them. | ||
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 09v.jpg|9v.2}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 09v.jpg|9v.2}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 8 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
'''Chapter VIII The quarrel of the cuts and thrusts.''' | '''Chapter VIII The quarrel of the cuts and thrusts.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>The rota with the fendente and the volante |
Say to the thrusts “we will show | Say to the thrusts “we will show | ||
− | That you are not so dangerous”.</ | + | That you are not so dangerous”.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And when they come to us, |
All the blows can make them lose their way | All the blows can make them lose their way | ||
− | Losing in this joust the chance to strike.</ | + | Losing in this joust the chance to strike.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The blow of the sword does not lose its turn, |
Little worth the thrust to him the quick turn, | Little worth the thrust to him the quick turn, | ||
− | It makes it go very wide, the blows going that way.</ | + | It makes it go very wide, the blows going that way.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>If you don’t have a slack memory, |
If the thrust doesn’t strike it loses the strike | If the thrust doesn’t strike it loses the strike | ||
− | All the others deem it weak.</ | + | All the others deem it weak.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Against just one the thrust finds its place, |
Against more it doesn’t do its duty, | Against more it doesn’t do its duty, | ||
− | This is found in the text and the act.</ | + | This is found in the text and the act.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>If the thrust throws a rota do not fear |
If it does not immediately take a good fendente, | If it does not immediately take a good fendente, | ||
− | It remains fruitless against my parry.</ | + | It remains fruitless against my parry.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Keep in mind here, |
If the thrust enters but does not swiftly exit, | If the thrust enters but does not swiftly exit, | ||
− | It lets the companion strike back hard.</ | + | It lets the companion strike back hard.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Your sword is expert at slicing a blow, |
The thrust will lose its way to the strike, | The thrust will lose its way to the strike, | ||
− | It is mocked with the help of the low cross.</ | + | It is mocked with the help of the low cross.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I make a straight fendente at you with the sword, |
And break you out of that guard. | And break you out of that guard. | ||
− | So that you are forced into a bad spot.</ | + | So that you are forced into a bad spot.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Do not lose a single hour of learning. |
The great blows with a serene hand, | The great blows with a serene hand, | ||
− | Will place you above the others and give you honour.</ | + | Will place you above the others and give you honour.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Break all low guards |
Low guards await small loads, | Low guards await small loads, | ||
− | And so heavy ones pass without difficulty.</ | + | And so heavy ones pass without difficulty.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Heavy arms do not go quickly to the step, |
− | Light ones go and come like an arrow in a bow.</ | + | Light ones go and come like an arrow in a bow.</p> |
| <p>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|10r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 10v.jpg|10v.1|p=1}}</p> | | <p>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|10r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 10v.jpg|10v.1|p=1}}</p> | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 9 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
'''Chapter IX Of the Cross.''' | '''Chapter IX Of the Cross.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>I am the Cross with the name of Jesus |
My sign is made both in front and behind | My sign is made both in front and behind | ||
− | To find many more defences.</ | + | To find many more defences.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>If I find myself against a different weapon, |
I do not lose my way, this has been proven | I do not lose my way, this has been proven | ||
− | This I often go looking for.</ | + | This I often go looking for.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And when I find a long weapon, |
Then with reason I make my defence, | Then with reason I make my defence, | ||
− | To gain the honour in every venture.</ | + | To gain the honour in every venture.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 10v.jpg|10v.2}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 10v.jpg|10v.2}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 10 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
'''Chapter X Discussion of the half sword.''' | '''Chapter X Discussion of the half sword.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>Wanting to follow in this great work, |
It is necessary to explain bit by bit, | It is necessary to explain bit by bit, | ||
− | All the strikes of the art.</ | + | All the strikes of the art.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>So that you will understand and use |
The system well, I wish to first make clear | The system well, I wish to first make clear | ||
− | The turning principle of the sword.</ | + | The turning principle of the sword.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And with arms extended |
− | Bring the edge to the middle of the companion.</ | + | Bring the edge to the middle of the companion.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And if you wish to appear great in the art, |
You should go from guard to guard, | You should go from guard to guard, | ||
With a slow and serene hand, | With a slow and serene hand, | ||
− | With steps that are not out of the ordinary.</ | + | With steps that are not out of the ordinary.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>If you wish to make a stramazone at someone |
Do it with a small turn to the face | Do it with a small turn to the face | ||
Don’t make a very wide turn | Don’t make a very wide turn | ||
− | Because all long movements are for nothing.</ | + | Because all long movements are for nothing.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Making the roverso you will be helped, |
Passing out of the way with the left foot, | Passing out of the way with the left foot, | ||
Following with the right foot too, | Following with the right foot too, | ||
− | Keeping an eye out for a good parry.</ | + | Keeping an eye out for a good parry.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>When you wish to enter in to half sword |
As the companion lifts his sword, | As the companion lifts his sword, | ||
Then don’t hold back, | Then don’t hold back, | ||
− | Grab the tempo or it will cost you dear.</ | + | Grab the tempo or it will cost you dear.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Place yourself in the guard of the boar, |
When you enter with the thrust at the face | When you enter with the thrust at the face | ||
Do not leave your point in the face, | Do not leave your point in the face, | ||
− | Turn quickly a roverso fendente.</ | + | Turn quickly a roverso fendente.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And draw a mandritto, and keep this in mind. |
So that you understand my intention, | So that you understand my intention, | ||
With clear reasoning, | With clear reasoning, | ||
− | I hope to show you the way.</ | + | I hope to show you the way.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I don’t want your blows to be solely roverso, |
Nor just fendente, but between one and the other, | Nor just fendente, but between one and the other, | ||
If between is the common one. | If between is the common one. | ||
− | Hammering the head on all sides.</ | + | Hammering the head on all sides.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Also I advise you when you have entered, |
Be with the legs paired with his | Be with the legs paired with his | ||
You will be lord, and clear, | You will be lord, and clear, | ||
− | To constrain and strike valiantly.</ | + | To constrain and strike valiantly.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And when you strike a roverso fendente, |
Bend the left knee, and note the text, | Bend the left knee, and note the text, | ||
Extend the right foot, | Extend the right foot, | ||
− | Without changing it, i.e. to the other side.</ | + | Without changing it, i.e. to the other side.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Also, if you see you are going to be attacked, |
The left foot and the head now, | The left foot and the head now, | ||
Because they are closer together, | Because they are closer together, | ||
− | So don’t use the direct line, but remain on the diagonal.</ | + | So don’t use the direct line, but remain on the diagonal.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>So you will be safe from every side, |
So you want the fendente, strike from the right, | So you want the fendente, strike from the right, | ||
You need to bend | You need to bend | ||
− | The right knee: and extend well the left.</ | + | The right knee: and extend well the left.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Clearly the head will also be attacked, |
With the right foot that is closest. | With the right foot that is closest. | ||
This is the better way. | This is the better way. | ||
− | This is not the footwork of our ancestors.</ | + | This is not the footwork of our ancestors.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>It is not necessary that anyone contradict this, |
Because you will be stronger, and more secure, | Because you will be stronger, and more secure, | ||
Hard in defence, | Hard in defence, | ||
And make war with shorter movements. | And make war with shorter movements. | ||
− | And neither can anyone throw you to the ground.</ | + | And neither can anyone throw you to the ground.</p> |
− | | | + | | |
+ | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 10v.jpg|10v.3|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|11r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|11v|jpg|p=1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 11 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 789: | Line 928: | ||
| | | | ||
'''Chapter XI Principles of Swordplay. | '''Chapter XI Principles of Swordplay. | ||
− | < | + | <p>When you are joined at the half sword, |
Make a mandritto or roverso, | Make a mandritto or roverso, | ||
Be sure to grasp the sense | Be sure to grasp the sense | ||
− | Of what I say, because it is to the point.</ | + | Of what I say, because it is to the point.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>If you are there, keep a sharp eye out, |
And look quickly with the cover, | And look quickly with the cover, | ||
And hold the sword up, | And hold the sword up, | ||
− | So your arms play above your head.</ | + | So your arms play above your head.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I cannot say in a few words, |
Because the matter is of the half sword, | Because the matter is of the half sword, | ||
So that you will be better pleased, | So that you will be better pleased, | ||
− | When you parry, parry with a fendente.</ | + | When you parry, parry with a fendente.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Brush aside the sword, a little shortened, |
Treading on that of the companion, | Treading on that of the companion, | ||
You will make a good deal, | You will make a good deal, | ||
− | Parrying well however many blows.</ | + | Parrying well however many blows.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>When you parry the roverso, keep in front, |
The right foot, and parry as I have said. | The right foot, and parry as I have said. | ||
Parrying the mandritto, | Parrying the mandritto, | ||
− | Keep in front your left foot.</ | + | Keep in front your left foot.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>You should also keep in mind, |
When you strike a roverso fendente, | When you strike a roverso fendente, | ||
To keep a careful eye out, | To keep a careful eye out, | ||
− | So that a mandritto doesn’t come from underneath.</ | + | So that a mandritto doesn’t come from underneath.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And if the companion strikes and you all of a sudden |
Parry, making then to the head | Parry, making then to the head | ||
A blow with the false edge | A blow with the false edge | ||
− | And as he lifts it, strike a good roverso.</ | + | And as he lifts it, strike a good roverso.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>From below, through his arms, |
Redoubling then with a quick mandritto, | Redoubling then with a quick mandritto, | ||
And note also this, | And note also this, | ||
− | That you do not fail the Reason of the Art.</ | + | That you do not fail the Reason of the Art.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>If you strike a mandritto, then beware, |
His roverso so he doesn’t strike you, | His roverso so he doesn’t strike you, | ||
Make it that your sword | Make it that your sword | ||
− | Parries with a fendente, so you are not caught.</ | + | Parries with a fendente, so you are not caught.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And if it comes to you then to want |
To enter underneath and grab his handle. | To enter underneath and grab his handle. | ||
And then do your duty, | And then do your duty, | ||
Hammering his moustache with your pommel, | Hammering his moustache with your pommel, | ||
− | Being very wary that hindrance does not grab you.</ | + | Being very wary that hindrance does not grab you.</p> |
− | | | + | | |
+ | {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|12r|jpg|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.1324 12v.jpg|12v.1|p=1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 12 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 845: | Line 998: | ||
| | | | ||
'''Chapter XII Discussion regarding the Feints of the Sword.''' | '''Chapter XII Discussion regarding the Feints of the Sword.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>Again I advise you, and note my words well, |
− | That when you have entered into half sword</ | + | That when you have entered into half sword</p> |
− | < | + | <p>You then well from every side |
− | Following the art with good feinting.</ | + | Following the art with good feinting.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Feints call out to obfuscate |
They hide from the other’s defence. | They hide from the other’s defence. | ||
Do not let him understand, | Do not let him understand, | ||
− | What you want to do from one side or the other.</ | + | What you want to do from one side or the other.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I cannot show you so well, |
With my words how to do it with a sword, | With my words how to do it with a sword, | ||
Make your mind go | Make your mind go | ||
− | To investigate the art with my sayings.</ | + | To investigate the art with my sayings.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And grasp valour with reason |
As I admonish and as I teach you | As I admonish and as I teach you | ||
And do it with cunning | And do it with cunning | ||
You follow that which I have written in so many verses, | You follow that which I have written in so many verses, | ||
− | To discover the depths and the banks of the Art.</ | + | To discover the depths and the banks of the Art.</p> |
− | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 12v.jpg|12v.2}} | + | | |
+ | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 12v.jpg|12v.2}} | ||
+ | |||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 13r.jpg|13r.1}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 13r.jpg|13r.1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 13 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 873: | Line 1,041: | ||
| | | | ||
'''Chapter XIII Principles of the half-sword.''' | '''Chapter XIII Principles of the half-sword.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>Being then joined at the half sword, |
You can well hammer more and more times, | You can well hammer more and more times, | ||
Striking on only one side, | Striking on only one side, | ||
− | Your feints go on the other side.</ | + | Your feints go on the other side.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And when he loses his way with parrying, |
And you hammer then on the other side, | And you hammer then on the other side, | ||
Then you should decide | Then you should decide | ||
− | If you need to finish by closing in.</ | + | If you need to finish by closing in.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And if you want to throw blows, |
Let a fendente roverso go, | Let a fendente roverso go, | ||
− | <sup>Turning it across</sup>And a false edge with the point in his face.</ | + | <sup>Turning it across</sup>And a false edge with the point in his face.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Do not be divided from his point, |
With roverso or mandritto | With roverso or mandritto | ||
With whichever you can work. | With whichever you can work. | ||
− | Because the knees bend on every side.</ | + | Because the knees bend on every side.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Following that which I showed you above, |
− | I repeat for you again this addition,</ | + | I repeat for you again this addition,</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Always enter with the point, |
Forcing upwards from below, finishing in the face | Forcing upwards from below, finishing in the face | ||
− | And you can strike just at the right time.</ | + | And you can strike just at the right time.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 13r.jpg|13r.2}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 13r.jpg|13r.2}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 14 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 904: | Line 1,085: | ||
| | | | ||
'''Chapter XIIII Theory of the half tempo of the sword''' | '''Chapter XIIII Theory of the half tempo of the sword''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>I cannot show you in writing |
The theory and method of the half tempo | The theory and method of the half tempo | ||
Because it remains in a knot | Because it remains in a knot | ||
− | The shortness of the tempo of his strike.</ | + | The shortness of the tempo of his strike.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The half time is just one turn |
Of the knot: quick and immediately striking, | Of the knot: quick and immediately striking, | ||
It can rarely fail | It can rarely fail | ||
− | When it is done in good measure.</ | + | When it is done in good measure.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>If you note well my writing |
One who does not practice will parry badly | One who does not practice will parry badly | ||
Often the turning | Often the turning | ||
− | Breaks with a good edge the other’s brain.</ | + | Breaks with a good edge the other’s brain.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Of all the art this is the jewel, |
Because it treats as one the strike and the parry, | Because it treats as one the strike and the parry, | ||
Oh what a valuable thing, | Oh what a valuable thing, | ||
So practice it with good reason, | So practice it with good reason, | ||
− | And it will let you carry the banner of the art.</ | + | And it will let you carry the banner of the art.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 13v.jpg|13v.1}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 13v.jpg|13v.1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 15 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
'''Chapter XV Theory of the sword against the rising blow | '''Chapter XV Theory of the sword against the rising blow | ||
− | < | + | <p>There are many who make their base |
In turning strongly from every side | In turning strongly from every side | ||
So be advised, | So be advised, | ||
− | As his sword turns, move</ | + | As his sword turns, move</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And you turn and you will win the test, |
Harmonise yourself with him and also with the strikes | Harmonise yourself with him and also with the strikes | ||
And make your going thus | And make your going thus | ||
− | With your sword directly to his.</ | + | With your sword directly to his.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>To clear your mind of illusions, |
You can also go into boar’s tooth guard, | You can also go into boar’s tooth guard, | ||
And if he with the turning, | And if he with the turning, | ||
− | And you escaping from below up.</ | + | And you escaping from below up.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Listen and understand my reasoning, |
You who are new to the art, and experts too, | You who are new to the art, and experts too, | ||
I want you to be sure, | I want you to be sure, | ||
− | That this is the art and the true science.</ | + | That this is the art and the true science.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Grasp this, that is a steelyard’s trace, |
That if the companion is in the iron door guard, | That if the companion is in the iron door guard, | ||
Lock this into your heart, | Lock this into your heart, | ||
− | You should be in the archer’s guard,</ | + | You should be in the archer’s guard,</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Watch out that your point does not waver, |
That of the companion covers his sword; | That of the companion covers his sword; | ||
Go a little out of the way | Go a little out of the way | ||
− | Straightening the sword and the hand with the point.</ | + | Straightening the sword and the hand with the point.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>When your sword is joined at the crossing, |
Then do the thirteenth constrained action, | Then do the thirteenth constrained action, | ||
As is you can plainly see | As is you can plainly see | ||
− | Pictured in our book of seven leaves.</ | + | Pictured in our book of seven leaves.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>You can also use in this art |
Striking and closing that are more handy, | Striking and closing that are more handy, | ||
Leave the more left-handed, | Leave the more left-handed, | ||
Keep those that favour your hand, | Keep those that favour your hand, | ||
− | So you will often have honour in the art.</ | + | So you will often have honour in the art.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 13v.jpg|13v.2}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 13v.jpg|13v.2}} | ||
+ | |||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 14r.jpg|14r.1}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 14r.jpg|14r.1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Chapter 16 | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
'''Chapter XVI Mastering the sword''' | '''Chapter XVI Mastering the sword''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>It is necessary that the sword should be |
A great shield that covers all, | A great shield that covers all, | ||
And grasp this fruit, | And grasp this fruit, | ||
− | That I give you for your mastery.</ | + | That I give you for your mastery.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Be sure that your sword does not |
Make guards or strike far away, | Make guards or strike far away, | ||
O how sensible this thing is, | O how sensible this thing is, | ||
− | That your sword makes short movements.</ | + | That your sword makes short movements.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>Your point should watch the face, |
Of the companion, in guard or striking, | Of the companion, in guard or striking, | ||
You will take his courage, | You will take his courage, | ||
− | Seeing always the point staying in front of him.</ | + | Seeing always the point staying in front of him.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And you will make your plays always forwards, |
With your sword and with a small turn, | With your sword and with a small turn, | ||
With a serene and nimble hand, | With a serene and nimble hand, | ||
Often breaking the tempo of the companion, | Often breaking the tempo of the companion, | ||
− | You will weave a web different than spider’s.</ | + | You will weave a web different than spider’s.</p> |
[END] | [END] | ||
− | | | + | | |
+ | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 14r.jpg|14r.2|p=1}}<br/>{{paget|Page:Cod.1324|14v|jpg|p=1}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{master subsection begin | ||
+ | | title = Diagrams | ||
+ | | width = 90em | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | {| class="floated master" | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ! <p>Images</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>{{rating|B}}<br/>by [[Guy Windsor]]</p> | ||
+ | ! <p>[[De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324)|Transcription]]<br/>by [[Marco Rubboli]] and [[Luca Cesari]]</p> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Cod.1324 15r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_15r.jpg]] | | [[File:Cod.1324 15r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_15r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am callipers, that divide into parts, |
O fencer heed my reason, | O fencer heed my reason, | ||
− | Thus measure the tempo similarly.</ | + | Thus measure the tempo similarly.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The nature of the bear is to turn, |
Going here, there, up and around | Going here, there, up and around | ||
Thus your shoulder should move, | Thus your shoulder should move, | ||
− | Sending your sword out to hunt.</ | + | Sending your sword out to hunt.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I am a ram, always on the lookout, |
Naturally always looking to butt, | Naturally always looking to butt, | ||
So your cut should be clever, | So your cut should be clever, | ||
− | Always parry when there is an answer.</ | + | Always parry when there is an answer.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The right hand should be prudent, |
− | Bold and deadly as a serpent.</ | + | Bold and deadly as a serpent.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The eye with the heart should be alert, |
− | Bold and full of foresight.</ | + | Bold and full of foresight.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>With the left hand, the sword is to thrust |
Or to strike when it is joined | Or to strike when it is joined | ||
And if you want the strike to be complete | And if you want the strike to be complete | ||
− | Make it as quick as a greyhound.</ | + | Make it as quick as a greyhound.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>And he who does not have these keys with him |
− | Will make little war with this play.</ | + | Will make little war with this play.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The legs keys it is well said, |
− | Because you close them and also open them,</ | + | Because you close them and also open them,</p> |
− | < | + | <p>You see the sun, that makes great turns, |
And where it is born it returns. | And where it is born it returns. | ||
The foot with the sun should return together, | The foot with the sun should return together, | ||
− | If you want the play to adorn your person.</ | + | If you want the play to adorn your person.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>The left foot firm without fear, |
Make it constant like a rock | Make it constant like a rock | ||
− | And then your body will be completely safe.</ | + | And then your body will be completely safe.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>When one or other foot bothers you |
Turn it quickly like a mill wheel, | Turn it quickly like a mill wheel, | ||
The heart must be foresightful, | The heart must be foresightful, | ||
− | That expects shame and honour.</ | + | That expects shame and honour.</p> |
| {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|15r|jpg}} | | {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|15r|jpg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Cod.1324 15v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_15v.jpg]] | | [[File:Cod.1324 15v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_15v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>These are the blows of the two-handed sword, |
− | Not those of the mezo tempo, they remain in a knot.</ | + | Not those of the mezo tempo, they remain in a knot.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I am the rota and I often turn, |
− | Finding the falseness of the sword.</ | + | Finding the falseness of the sword.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>We are the volante, always crossing, |
− | From the knee up we go destroying.</ | + | From the knee up we go destroying.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>We are the fendenti and we start the fight, |
− | Breaking the teeth in our direct way.</ | + | Breaking the teeth in our direct way.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>I am the thrust, dangerous and quick, |
− | Mistress of the other blows.</ | + | Mistress of the other blows.</p> |
| {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|15v|jpg}} | | {{paget|Page:Cod.1324|15v|jpg}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | {{master subsection end}} | ||
{{master end}} | {{master end}} | ||
Line 1,082: | Line 1,305: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_16r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_16r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>Here are the guards with their names, |
− | Each of your sides is shown.</ | + | Each of your sides is shown.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|16r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|16r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am the strong middle iron gate |
− | Dealing death with thrust and fendente.</ | + | Dealing death with thrust and fendente.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the guard of the woman, and I am not vain, |
− | ::I conceal the length of the sword.</ | + | ::I conceal the length of the sword.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|16r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|16r-c}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|16r-d}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16r.jpg|16r-d}} | ||
Line 1,096: | Line 1,319: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_16v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_16v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am the flat ground iron door, |
− | Always impeding cuts and thrusts.</ | + | Always impeding cuts and thrusts.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the guard of the falcon, high up above, |
− | ::To make defences in all sorts of ways.</ | + | ::To make defences in all sorts of ways.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-a}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-b}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-b}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am the short guard of the extended sword, |
− | I often strike with the turn back.</ | + | I often strike with the turn back.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the archer’s guard, to deceive |
− | ::I use malice very much in my reign.</ | + | ::I use malice very much in my reign.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-c}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-d}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 16v.jpg|16v-d}} | ||
Line 1,113: | Line 1,336: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_17r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_17r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am the guard of the true window |
− | I raise from the art the thing from the left.</ | + | I raise from the art the thing from the left.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the crown and I am made master |
− | ::Of binds I am found to be adept.</ | + | ::Of binds I am found to be adept.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-a}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-b}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-b}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>With the deadly guard of the boar’s tooth |
− | Anyone looking for trouble, I’ll give them plenty.</ | + | Anyone looking for trouble, I’ll give them plenty.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the long guard with the short(ened) sword, |
− | ::That with my cunning defeats the blows.</ | + | ::That with my cunning defeats the blows.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-c}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-d}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17r.jpg|17r-d}} | ||
Line 1,130: | Line 1,353: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_17v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_17v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am the frontal guard, so secure |
− | Of cuts and thrusts I have the solution.</ | + | Of cuts and thrusts I have the solution.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the guard of the boar and I am outside, |
− | ::That of strikes I do not make a home.</ | + | ::That of strikes I do not make a home.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|17v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|17v-a}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|17v-b}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|17v-b}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I have made a roverso fendente on the left foot, |
Without changing the foot turning the hips | Without changing the foot turning the hips | ||
− | I strike a dritto without further movement.</ | + | I strike a dritto without further movement.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|17v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 17v.jpg|17v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 18r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_18r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 18r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_18r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By this grip of your arm that I have made, |
− | I can hit you with a cut or pommel strike.</ | + | I can hit you with a cut or pommel strike.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18r.jpg|18r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18r.jpg|18r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By this turn that I quickly make to my sword |
− | I will not pause with this strike.</ | + | I will not pause with this strike.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18r.jpg|18r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18r.jpg|18r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 18v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_18v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 18v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_18v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I have bound you from the roverso side, |
− | You’ll be thrown to the ground by a blow of the sword.</ | + | You’ll be thrown to the ground by a blow of the sword.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18v.jpg|18v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18v.jpg|18v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>In this way I have you with the left hand, |
− | I will not hold back striking with cuts and thrusts.</ | + | I will not hold back striking with cuts and thrusts.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18v.jpg|18v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 18v.jpg|18v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 19r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_19r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 19r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_19r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By this turn that I have given to my sword |
− | I think I will have cut the middle of your throat.</ | + | I think I will have cut the middle of your throat.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19r.jpg|19r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19r.jpg|19r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>You will go to the ground with this technique |
− | And your play has completely failed.</ | + | And your play has completely failed.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19r.jpg|19r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19r.jpg|19r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 19v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_19v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 19v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_19v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I do not wish to make war with my sword, |
− | But with yours I’ll throw you to the ground.</ | + | But with yours I’ll throw you to the ground.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19v.jpg|19v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19v.jpg|19v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I have turned you with force and without difficulty |
− | With my skill I will break your arm.</ | + | With my skill I will break your arm.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19v.jpg|19v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 19v.jpg|19v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 20r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_20r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 20r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_20r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>With skill I have placed you in a similar position, |
− | I’ll make you go to the ground at the first blow.</ | + | I’ll make you go to the ground at the first blow.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20r.jpg|20r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20r.jpg|20r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>In this way I’ll put you in a lock |
− | And break your arm (in the time it takes to) say “hello”.</ | + | And break your arm (in the time it takes to) say “hello”.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20r.jpg|20r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20r.jpg|20r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 20v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_20v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 20v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_20v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By this turn of the pommel I have bound you, |
− | Immediately If I want to I’ll throw you to the ground.</ | + | Immediately If I want to I’ll throw you to the ground.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20v.jpg|20v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20v.jpg|20v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By this turn of the blade that you have done, |
− | I will break your arm at the first attempt.</ | + | I will break your arm at the first attempt.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20v.jpg|20v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 20v.jpg|20v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 21r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_21r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 21r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_21r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By the turn quick I have given my sword, |
− | I’ll strike your arm or your head.</ | + | I’ll strike your arm or your head.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21r.jpg|21r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21r.jpg|21r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>If I put my hilt to your sword |
− | I’ll make it fall with this action.</ | + | I’ll make it fall with this action.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21r.jpg|21r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21r.jpg|21r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 21v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_21v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 21v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_21v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>This is a grip that I do from below, |
− | I will make it fall at the first go.</ | + | I will make it fall at the first go.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21v.jpg|21v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21v.jpg|21v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>You believed I would strike with a backhand blow, |
− | With the elbow I push your sword across.</ | + | With the elbow I push your sword across.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21v.jpg|21v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 21v.jpg|21v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 22r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_22r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 22r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_22r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>Making the turn that my handle has given, |
− | I make you fall to the ground backwards.</ | + | I make you fall to the ground backwards.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22r.jpg|22r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22r.jpg|22r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>This is a disarm that is above, |
− | And if I want to I’ll lay you flat.</ | + | And if I want to I’ll lay you flat.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22r.jpg|22r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22r.jpg|22r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 22v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_22v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 22v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_22v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>The feint that I made to strike a fendente, |
− | Cuts the jaw and teeth together.</ | + | Cuts the jaw and teeth together.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22v.jpg|22v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22v.jpg|22v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>From the backhand strike that I have done, |
− | I’ll give you a good strike with my pommel.</ | + | I’ll give you a good strike with my pommel.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22v.jpg|22v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 22v.jpg|22v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 23r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_23r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 23r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_23r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>This is a grip that I do on the inside, |
− | I feel that you’re going to the ground.</ | + | I feel that you’re going to the ground.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23r.jpg|23r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23r.jpg|23r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I have given you my sword in the head, |
− | Yours I’ll take with my quick cunning.</ | + | Yours I’ll take with my quick cunning.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23r.jpg|23r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23r.jpg|23r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 23v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_23v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 23v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_23v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I beat your sword aside with the middle of the blade, |
− | You’ll get a good deal from my pommel.</ | + | You’ll get a good deal from my pommel.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23v.jpg|23v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23v.jpg|23v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>Turning a roverso you parried badly, |
− | Entering into a bind at the middle of the blade</ | + | Entering into a bind at the middle of the blade</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23v.jpg|23v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 23v.jpg|23v-c}} | ||
Line 1,293: | Line 1,516: | ||
'''Guards of the Axe in Armour.''' | '''Guards of the Axe in Armour.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>I am the guard of the woman, of great offence, |
− | To respond to any situation.</ | + | To respond to any situation.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am in the guard of the boar, with its saying, |
− | ::I’ll destroy your body for sure.</ | + | ::I’ll destroy your body for sure.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-t|lbl=24r}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-t|lbl=24r}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-a}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-a}} | ||
Line 1,303: | Line 1,526: | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am called the Archer’s guard, |
− | I always make blows deviate.</ | + | I always make blows deviate.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the guard of the cross, so called, |
− | ::No cuts or thrusts can bother me.</ | + | ::No cuts or thrusts can bother me.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-c}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-d}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24r.jpg|24r-d}} | ||
Line 1,312: | Line 1,535: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 24v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_24v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 24v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_24v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I was in boar’s tooth with the axe, |
− | In this way I have struck you in theface.</ | + | In this way I have struck you in theface.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24v.jpg|24v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24v.jpg|24v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>Lifting the visor I strike your face, |
− | I struck you: all defences are gone.</ | + | I struck you: all defences are gone.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24v.jpg|24v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 24v.jpg|24v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 25r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_25r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 25r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_25r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I place my hand under the right arm |
− | I’ll place you in the lock as is written.</ | + | I’ll place you in the lock as is written.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 25r.jpg|25r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 25r.jpg|25r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>This is the grip that I do to you, |
− | You’ll lose your axe and I’ll strike your head.</ | + | You’ll lose your axe and I’ll strike your head.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 25r.jpg|25r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 25r.jpg|25r-c}} | ||
Line 1,350: | Line 1,573: | ||
'''Guards of the Sword in Armour.''' | '''Guards of the Sword in Armour.''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>I am the lower snake guard, |
− | That is good for striking with thrusts.</ | + | That is good for striking with thrusts.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the guard of the serene leopard, |
− | ::That with the tail will give you poison.</ | + | ::That with the tail will give you poison.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-t|lbl=26r}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-t|lbl=26r}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-a}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-a}} | ||
Line 1,360: | Line 1,583: | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am the snake, held high, |
− | Above and below I do my work.</ | + | Above and below I do my work.</p> |
− | < | + | <p>::I am the leopard’s tail over the arm, |
− | ::I will chase away any sword from me.</ | + | ::I will chase away any sword from me.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-c}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-d}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26r.jpg|26r-d}} | ||
Line 1,369: | Line 1,592: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 26v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_26v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 26v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_26v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am the first wounder of the art, |
− | To make defence on any side.</ | + | To make defence on any side.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26v.jpg|26v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26v.jpg|26v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I push my point into your face, |
− | You see my sword rising upand up.</ | + | You see my sword rising upand up.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26v.jpg|26v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 26v.jpg|26v-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 27r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_27r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 27r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_27r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>You will let go of your sword in spite of your wishes, |
− | I will do even worse to you too.</ | + | I will do even worse to you too.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 27r.jpg|27r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 27r.jpg|27r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>If I can’t stick a point in your face, |
− | I’ll stick a pommel instead, as it is there.</ | + | I’ll stick a pommel instead, as it is there.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 27r.jpg|27r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 27r.jpg|27r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 27v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_27v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 27v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_27v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By the pass I have made out of the way, |
− | I’ll throw you to the ground with your sword.</ | + | I’ll throw you to the ground with your sword.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 27v.jpg|27v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 27v.jpg|27v-a}} | ||
Line 1,420: | Line 1,643: | ||
'''Play of the Long Lance''' | '''Play of the Long Lance''' | ||
− | < | + | <p>With a short lance I’ll wait in this way, |
− | I invite you to come with long and short.</ | + | I invite you to come with long and short.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28r.jpg|28r-t|lbl=28r}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28r.jpg|28r-t|lbl=28r}} | ||
{{section|Page:Cod.1324 28r.jpg|28r-a}} | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28r.jpg|28r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>From the way I wait for you with a spear |
− | I can strike you in the chest with a half turn.</ | + | I can strike you in the chest with a half turn.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28r.jpg|28r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28r.jpg|28r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 28v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_28v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 28v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_28v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>By the half turn that I have made to my spear, |
− | I’ll strike you in the chest or side.</ | + | I’ll strike you in the chest or side.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28v.jpg|28v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28v.jpg|28v-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>Here end the blows of the spear, |
− | They usually go to this technique.</ | + | They usually go to this technique.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28v.jpg|28v-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 28v.jpg|28v-c}} | ||
Line 1,634: | Line 1,857: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 38r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_38r.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 38r.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_38r.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I defend myself just as well as I can, |
− | As you strike I will overcome you.</ | + | As you strike I will overcome you.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 38r.jpg|38r-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 38r.jpg|38r-a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>As you throw, your blow will be lost; |
− | I’ll beat away your weapon with a backhand blow.</ | + | I’ll beat away your weapon with a backhand blow.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 38r.jpg|38r-c}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 38r.jpg|38r-c}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 38v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_38v.jpg]] | | rowspan="2" | [[File:Cod.1324 38v.jpg|300px|center|link=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cod.1324_38v.jpg]] | ||
− | | < | + | | <p>I am in guard with a good forehand blow, |
− | As you throw at me you’ll understand the text.</ | + | As you throw at me you’ll understand the text.</p> |
| {{section|Page:Cod.1324 38v.jpg|38v-a}} | | {{section|Page:Cod.1324 38v.jpg|38v-a}} | ||
Revision as of 17:17, 3 February 2020
Philippo di Vadi Pisano | |
---|---|
Born | 1425 Pisa, Italy |
Died | 1501 Urbino, Italy (?) |
Occupation | Fencing master |
Nationality | Pisa, Italy |
Ethnicity | Ligurian |
Citizenship | Pisan |
Patron | Guidobaldo da Montefeltro |
Influences | Fiore de'i Liberi |
Genres | Fencing manual |
Language | |
Notable work(s) | De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi |
Manuscript(s) |
|
First printed english edition |
Porzio and Mele, 2002 |
Concordance by | Michael Chidester |
Translations | Alternate English translation |
Philippo di Vadi Pisano was a 15th century Italian fencing master. His name signifies that he was born in Pisa, a city in northern Italy, but little else can be said with certainty about the life of this master. It may be that he was the same Philippo Vadi who was governor of Reggio under the marquisette of Leonello d’Este and later, from 1452 to 1470, counselor to Borso d’Este, Duke of Ferrara.[1] Some time after this, Vadi composed a treatise on fencing entitled De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi ("On the Art of Swordsmanship"); it was dedicated to Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino,[2] and gifted to him between 1482 and 1487,[3] but while this may indicate that he served the duke after leaving Ferrara, there is no record of a Master Vadi being attached to the ducal court.
Vadi was probably an initiate of the tradition of Fiore de’i Liberi, as both his teachings and the format of his treatise closely resemble those of the earlier master. As both Leonello and Borso were sons of Niccolò III d’Este, owner of two copies of Fiore's treatise Fior di Battaglia, Vadi would have had ample opportunity to study his writings.
Contents
Treatise
Images |
||
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To my most illustrious Prince Guido di Montefeltro Duke of Urbino |
[1r.1] Ad illustrissimus Principem meum Guidum Feretranum Ducem Urbinatem | |
This little book I dedicate to you, most honourable prince Guido, |
[1r.2] Hunc tibi do princeps dignissime guide libellum | |
Philippo Vadi offers this book on the Art of fencing in earnest[5] to the illustrious Prince Guido di Montefeltro Duke of Urbino. |
[1r.3] Philippi Vadi servi Liber de Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi, ad illustrissimus Principem Guidum Feretranum Ducem Urbini. | |
[6]Just as my earnest mind, devoid of all cowardice and spurred by an outpouring of natural desire in my earliest thriving years, moved me towards warlike deeds and matters; so did it move me, as time progressed and as I grew in strength and knowledge, to learn more of those warlike deeds, matters, styles and skills through hard work, such as how to play with the sword, lance, dagger and pollax. |
[1r.4] HAvendomi mosso per appetito naturale quale producea fuori el mio franco animo alieno da ogni viltade nelli mei primi e floridi anni ad acti e cose bellicose: cussì per processo di tempo cre- [1v.1] sendo in forze et in sapere mi mosse per industria ad volere inparare più arte e modi de ingiegno de dicti acti et cose bellicose, come è giuchare di spada de lanza di daga e azza. | |
Of these things, through the guidance of almighty God, I acquired a good deal of knowledge and this through the practical experience and instruction of many teachers from various different countries, all masters and utterly proficient and knowledgeable in this art. |
[1v.2] De le qual cose medi ante lo aduito de summo idio ne ò acquistato assai bona notitia e questo per pratica experientia e doctrina de molti maestri de varii e diversi paesi amaestrati e docti in perfectione in tale arte. | |
And not to diminish but instead to increase this doctrine so that it will not perish from my negligence, because from it comes no small help in battles, wars, riots and other warlike tumults: instead it gives all men trained and instructed in this material immediate and unique help: it has been suggested and required that I compile a booklet concerning these things by people I have surpassed in the art, and am more long winded than: adding to this various figures and placing various examples so that any man versed in this material can use if for assaults at arms, and can defend himself intelligently and be advised of all the types and styles. |
[1v.3] Et per non minuire anzi volendo acrescere tal doctrina acioché per mia negligentia epsa non perisca per che da epsa non procede pocho alturio ne’ bataglie, guerre, rixe e altri tumulti bellicosi: Immo dona agli omini instruti e periti in tale materia uno prestantissimo e singulare sussidio. Ho proposto e statuido nella mente mia de compillare uno libretto concernente cosse le qualle sono più oltra e più prolixe de tale arte: depingendo in quello varie figure e ponendoli exempli diversi, per li quali qualunqua homo instructo in tal materia, possa usare ne l so asaltare e nel so diffendere, astucie, calidità e avisi di più ragione e manere. | |
Therefore, anyone with a generous spirit will see this little work of mine as a jewel and a treasure and will keep it in memory deep within their heart, so that this art and discipline should never fall into the hands of peasants and low-born men. |
[1v.4] Adunque ciascuno di generoso animo vederà questa mia op ereta, ammi epsa sì come uno gioiello e texauro e recordansello ne lo inti mo core, a ciò che mai, per modo alcuno, tale industria arte e dotrina non perve- [2r.1] nga a le mane de homini rusticali e di vile condizione. | |
Because Heaven has not made these rough-hewn men, ignorant and beyond all cleverness and diligence and wholly bereft of bodily agility, but instead they were made like animals without reason, just to carry heavy burdens and do base and rustic work; and because I declare them to be in every way alien to this science; everyone of perspicacious intelligence and lively limbs such as courtiers [l.10], scholars, barons, princes, dukes and kings, should on the contrary be welcomed into this noble science according to the principle of the Instituta which states: not only should the Imperial Majesty be honoured with Arms, but it must also be armed with sacred laws. |
[2r.2] Perché el cielo non à generato tali homini indocti, rozi et fuori de ogni ingiegno et industria et omnino alieni da la agilità del corpo, ma più tosto sono stati generati a similitudine de animali inragionevoli a portare carichi et fare opere vile e rusticale. E perché debitamente io vi dico loro essere per ogni modo alieni da tal scientia e per l’opposito al mio parere, ciascuno di perspicace ingegno e ligiadro de le membra sue, come sono cortegiani, scolari, baroni, principi, Duchi et Re, debeno essere invitati a questa nobile scientia, secondo el principio de la “Instituta” quale parla e dice così: el non bixogna solo la maestà inperiale essere honorata di arme ma ancora è necesario epsa sia armata de le sacre legge. | |
Nobody should think that there is anything false or any kind of error in my book, because I have omitted and carved out anything unsure, and included only things that I have seen and tested. Let us begin then to explain our intention, with the aid and grace of the omnipotent God, blessed be His name. |
[2r.3] Né sia alcuno quale creda che in questo mio volume sia posta cosa falsa o invelupata de alcuno errore, perché tollendo e rescecando via le cosse dubiose, solo li metterò cose vedute e provate da me: comenzando ad unque ad exprimere la intentione nostra, con l’adiuto e grazia de lo omnipotente dio del qualle el nome sia benedetto in eterno. | |
Some animals, lacking reason, ply their skills naturally without any knowledge. Man, instead, naturally lacks skills and his body lacks weapons. Nature compensates for this deficiency of weapons by giving man his hands, and for his lack of natural skills by offering him the virtues of intelligence and thought. Even if a man were born with some level of skill, he would not be able to acquire the remainder naturally, that is, learn to use all weapons and know each skill. He was therefore not endowed by nature with either skill or weapon. Consequently, among all animals, man needs intelligence and reason, through which art and ingenuity flourish and in which he overtakes and surpasses all other animals. Just so every trained and clever man of good intelligence overtakes and surpasses any other who is stouter and stronger than him. |
[2r.4] Et perché alcuni animali inrationabili fano li loro artificii naturalmente, senza alcuna doctrina de l’homo [2v.1] manca de artificio naturalmente sì come il corpo de quello manca de arme debitamente li presta la natura per lo mancamento de dite arme le mane et in loco de quello che ‘l manca de artificij naturali, li presta la virtù de intellecto e cogitatione, e come si lui avesse avuto alcuni artificii naturalmente non poria acquistare artificii per lo resto; e per lo meglio a lui ad usare tutte le arme e tutti li artificii, però non li fo prestato da dita natura né arme né artificio. Have adoncha bixogno tra li altri animali lo intelletto e ragione, ne le qual cosse fiorisce arte et ingiegni, de’ quali due cosse non solo avanza e supera tutti gli animali: ma ciascuno homo docto e adoctato de bono ingiegno avanza a supedita qualunqua sia più robusto di lui e più pieno di forze. | |
As the famous saying goes: cleverness overcomes strength. And what is greater still and almost incredible: the wise rules the stars. An art that conquers all, and dominates anyone who would fight you or stand against you, is born from the aforesaid cleverness and other piercing thinking. And not only can just one man prevail against another, but also a way and possibility exists for one man to overcome many. Not only do we show the way and the theory of combating the adversary as well as to defend yourself against him, but we also teach methods on how to take the weapon from his hand. |
[2v.2] Iusta illud preclare dictum: ingenium superat vires, et quod maius est et quasi incredibile, sapiens dominabitur astris: nasce da dito ingiegno e da altri e penetrative cogitatione, una arte de vincere superare e debbelare qualunque vol conbatere e contrastare; e non solo adviene che uno homo vinca l’altro, ma ancora nasce modo et posibilità che uno solo superi più persone, e non se mostra solo el modo e documento de assaltare lo adversario e repararsi e deffendersi da lui, ma etiam se insegna advi [3r.1] si de togliere l’arme sue di mano: | |
Oftentimes in these texts, a small person of little strength overcomes, prostrates and throws a big, tough and brave man to the ground; just so, you will see how the humble can overtake the proud, and the unarmed the armed. And many times it happens that someone on foot defeats and conquers someone on horseback. |
[3r.2] per li quali documenti, spese fiate uno de poche forze e picolo sottomete prosterne et sbate uno grande robusto, e valoroso e cusì adviene che anche uno humile avanza el superbo e uno disarmato lo armato. Et molte volte accade che uno a piedi vinci e sconfigie uno da cavallo. | |
But because it would be very inconvenient if this noble doctrine were to wilt and die through negligence, I, Philippo di Vadi from Pisa having studied this art ever since my first flourishing years, having travelled to and practiced in many different countries, lands, castles and cities to collect the teachings and examples of many perfect masters of the art, having acquired and obtained (by the Grace of God) a sufficient portion of the art, I have decided to compose this little work, in which I have organised and shown at least the main points of four types of weapon: the lance, sword, dagger and axe. |
[3r.3] Ma perché el seria cossa molto inconveniente che così nobile doctrina per negligentia perise e venise meno, Io philippo di vadi da pisa, havendo ateso a tale arte insino a li mei primi et floridi anni havendo cercato e praticato più et diversi paesi et terre castelle e citade per racogliere amaestramenti et exempli da più maestri perfecti nell’arte, per la dio gratia havendomi acquistato et conseguito una particella assai sufficiente, ho deliberato de conponere questo mio libreto nel qualle ve si ponerà e dimostrarà almeno la noticia di quatro manere d’arme, cioé lanza, spada, daga e aza. | |
And in this book, I will describe the rules, the methods and the actions of this art, with examples illustrated with various figures, so anyone new to the art can understand and learn how to fight, and by which trick and ploy he can fend off and beat aside the opponent’s attacks and counters. I have only included in the aforesaid book the good and true doctrine, which I have received from the most perfect masters, with great pains, efforts, and sleepless nights. And I have also included things that I have discovered and often tested. |
[3r.4] Et in epso libro per mi si descrivirà regole, modi et atti de talle arte, metendo li exempli con varie figure, aciò che ciascheduno, novo ne l’arte, comprehenda e cognosca li modi de assaltare, e per le qualle astutie e calidità lui expella et rebuti da sé le contrarie e i nimici colpi; ponendo solo nel dicto libro quella doctrina [3v.1] vera e bona la qualle io con grandissimi affanni et fatiche e vigilie ho inparato da più perfectisimi maistri metandoli ancho cosse per mi atrovate e spesso provate. | |
Let me remind and admonish all not to be rashly presumptuous, nor to be so bold as to interfere in this art and discipline unless one is high-minded and filled with gallantry. That is because whoever is thick-brained, pusillanimous and cowardly must be banished from such nobility and refinement. To this doctrine should only be invited such men as soldiers,[7] men at arms, scholars, barons, lords, dukes, princes and kings of the land, and any of those whose task is to govern the state, and to any of these who defend widows and orphans (both of which are pious and divine works). |
[3v.2] Ricordando et amonendo ogniuno non prosumma temerariamente né habia ardire de intermeterse in tale arte e scienzia, se lui non è magnanimo e pien de ardire: perché qualuncha homo grosso d’inzegno, pusilanimo e ville, debbe essere caciato e refudato da tanta nobilità e gientileza: perché solo a questa dottrina se debeno invitare sacomani, homini d’arme, scolari, baroni, Signori, Duchi, Principi e Re di terre de le qualli ad alcuni de loro apertene a governare la repubblica; et ad alcuni de loro apertene deffendere pupili e vedoe: et tute due sono opere divine e pie. | |
And if this little work of mine finds its way into the hands of anyone versed in the art, and appears to him to have anything redundant or wrong, may it please him to cut, take away or add to it as he pleases. Because in the end I place myself under his correction and judgement. |
[3v.3] Et se questa mia opereta pervenisse a mane de alcuno docto nella arte e paresseli che in epsa fosse alcuna cossa superflua o manchevole piazali de resecare minuire e acrescere quello li parerà, perché insino da mò io mi sottopono a sua correctione e censura. |
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Here are the guards with their names, Each of your sides is shown. |
[16r-a] Voii seti guardie con li nomi vostre
| |
I am the strong middle iron gate Dealing death with thrust and fendente. ::I am the guard of the woman, and I am not vain,
|
[16r-c] Son mezana porta di ferro forte [16r-d] Io son posta di donna e non son vana | |
I am the flat ground iron door, Always impeding cuts and thrusts. ::I am the guard of the falcon, high up above,
|
[16v-a] Son porta di fero piana terrena [16v-b] Son posta di falcon superba e altera | |
I am the short guard of the extended sword, I often strike with the turn back. ::I am the archer’s guard, to deceive
|
[16v-c] Son posta breve di spada longeza [16v-d] Son posta sagitaria per ingiegno | |
I am the guard of the true window I raise from the art the thing from the left. ::I am the crown and I am made master
|
[17r-a] Io son la posta di vera finestra [17r-b] Io son corona e son fatta maestra | |
With the deadly guard of the boar’s tooth Anyone looking for trouble, I’ll give them plenty. ::I am the long guard with the short(ened) sword,
|
[17r-c] Con mortal posta de denti cinghiare [17r-d] Son posta lunga con la spada curta | |
I am the frontal guard, so secure Of cuts and thrusts I have the solution. ::I am the guard of the boar and I am outside,
|
[17v-a] Son posta frontal tanto sicura [17v-b] Son posta posta di cingiaro e son di fora | |
I have made a roverso fendente on the left foot, Without changing the foot turning the hips I strike a dritto without further movement. |
[17v-c] El reverso fendente ho tratto sul pè stanco | |
By this grip of your arm that I have made, I can hit you with a cut or pommel strike. |
[18r-a] Per sto pigliare di brazo chio t’ò fato | |
By this turn that I quickly make to my sword I will not pause with this strike. |
[18r-c] Per la volta fata a mia spada presta | |
I have bound you from the roverso side, You’ll be thrown to the ground by a blow of the sword. |
[18v-a] Io t’ò per parte riversa ligato | |
In this way I have you with the left hand, I will not hold back striking with cuts and thrusts. |
[18v-c] Per tal modo tengo con la man stanca | |
By this turn that I have given to my sword I think I will have cut the middle of your throat. |
[19r-a] Per tale volta ch’i’ ò a mia spada data | |
You will go to the ground with this technique And your play has completely failed. |
[19r-c] Tu anderaii per terra a tal partito | |
I do not wish to make war with my sword, But with yours I’ll throw you to the ground. |
[19v-a] Con la mia spada non voglio far guerra | |
I have turned you with force and without difficulty With my skill I will break your arm. |
[19v-c] Io t’ò volto per forza e senza inpazo | |
With skill I have placed you in a similar position, I’ll make you go to the ground at the first blow. |
[20r-a] Con destreza t’ò posto a simil atto | |
In this way I’ll put you in a lock And break your arm (in the time it takes to) say “hello”. |
[20r-c] Per questa forma t’ò messo in la chiave | |
By this turn of the pommel I have bound you, Immediately If I want to I’ll throw you to the ground. |
[20v-a] Per sto voltar di pomo io t’ò ligato | |
By this turn of the blade that you have done, I will break your arm at the first attempt. |
[20v-c] Per sto voltar de mella che tu hai fatto | |
By the turn quick I have given my sword, I’ll strike your arm or your head. |
[21r-a] Per la volta data a mia spada presta | |
If I put my hilt to your sword I’ll make it fall with this action. |
[21r-c] S’io metto el mio mantener a la tua spada | |
This is a grip that I do from below, I will make it fall at the first go. |
[21v-a] Questo è una presa ch’io facio de fora | |
You believed I would strike with a backhand blow, With the elbow I push your sword across. |
[21v-c] Tu credesti ch’io tresse el man riverso | |
Making the turn that my handle has given, I make you fall to the ground backwards. |
[22r-a] Per la volta ch’el mio mantener ha dato | |
This is a disarm that is above, And if I want to I’ll lay you flat. |
[22r-c] Questo è un tor de spada ch’è soprano | |
The feint that I made to strike a fendente, Cuts the jaw and teeth together. |
[22v-a] La vista feci di trar un fendente | |
From the backhand strike that I have done, I’ll give you a good strike with my pommel. |
[22v-c] Nel trar d’il man riverso ch’io t’ò fato | |
This is a grip that I do on the inside, I feel that you’re going to the ground. |
[23r-a] Questa è una presa ch’io te facio dentro | |
I have given you my sword in the head, Yours I’ll take with my quick cunning. |
[23r-c] Io t’ò dato de la spada mia in la testa | |
I beat your sword aside with the middle of the blade, You’ll get a good deal from my pommel. |
[23v-a] De meza mella rebatto tua spada | |
Turning a roverso you parried badly, Entering into a bind at the middle of the blade |
[23v-c] Voltando el man riverso mal parasti |
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Guards of the Axe in Armour. I am the guard of the woman, of great offence, To respond to any situation. ::I am in the guard of the boar, with its saying,
|
[24r] GUARDIE D’AZA IN ARME [24r-a] Son posta di dona de grande offesa [24r-b] So in posta di cingiaro con il dir sona | |
I am called the Archer’s guard, I always make blows deviate. ::I am the guard of the cross, so called,
|
[24r-c] Io mi chiamo posta sagitaria [24r-d] Son posta di croce così chiamata | |
I was in boar’s tooth with the axe, In this way I have struck you in theface. |
[24v-a] Io era in dente de cinghial con l’aza | |
Lifting the visor I strike your face, I struck you: all defences are gone. |
[24v-c] Levata la visera io t’ò nel volto | |
I place my hand under the right arm I’ll place you in the lock as is written. |
[25r-a] T’ò la mano sotto el brazo drito | |
This is the grip that I do to you, You’ll lose your axe and I’ll strike your head. |
[25r-c] La presa ch’io ti facio serà questa |
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Guards of the Sword in Armour. I am the lower snake guard, That is good for striking with thrusts. ::I am the guard of the serene leopard,
|
[26r] GUARDIE DI SPADA IN ARME [26r-a] Io son sotana posta serpentina [26r-b] Son posta de leopardo sereno | |
I am the snake, held high, Above and below I do my work. ::I am the leopard’s tail over the arm,
|
[26r-c] Io sum serpentino e sto di sopra [26r-d] Son coda di leopardo sopra el brazo | |
I am the first wounder of the art, To make defence on any side. |
[26v-a] Io son il primo feritore de l’arte | |
I push my point into your face, You see my sword rising upand up. |
[26v-c] Io spingo al volto tuo la mia punta | |
You will let go of your sword in spite of your wishes, I will do even worse to you too. |
[27r-a] La spada vo’ che lasci al tuo dispetto | |
If I can’t stick a point in your face, I’ll stick a pommel instead, as it is there. |
[27r-c] Se non posso al volto tuo meter punta | |
By the pass I have made out of the way, I’ll throw you to the ground with your sword. |
[27v-a] Per lo passare mio for de strada | |
FORM OF THE SWORD IN ARMOUR The sword for fighting in armour should have the form as written below, thus: it should be of a length to come with the pommel under the arm, sharpened four fingers from the point. It’s handle should be of a span. The crossguard should be as long as the handle of the sword. And it should be pointed on every side. And similarly, the pommel should be pointed, so that you can strike with any of these parts. |
[27v-c] FORMA DE SPADA IN ARME La spada da conbatere in arme vole avere la sotoscrita forma cioé la sua longeza vole arivare el pomo sotto el bracio, tagliare quatro dita in punta, el suo manico vole eser de una spana. L’elzo vol esere longo qua(n)to è il manico de la spada: e vol esere aguzo da ogni lato, e similmente vol esere aguz o il pomo per possere ferire con ognuno de questi. |
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Play of the Long Lance With a short lance I’ll wait in this way, I invite you to come with long and short. |
[28r] GIOCO DE LANZA LONGA [28r-a] Per corta lanza aspetto a sto partito | |
From the way I wait for you with a spear I can strike you in the chest with a half turn. |
[28r-c] Per lo modo con la lanza t’aspeto | |
By the half turn that I have made to my spear, I’ll strike you in the chest or side. |
[28v-a] Per meza volta che mia lanza à dato | |
Here end the blows of the spear, They usually go to this technique. |
[28v-c] Qui finiscono i ferir de lanza |
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[1] I do this counter to you,Turning you with the grip on your arm. |
[29r-a] Questo contrario che io te facio | |
[2] With the hand that you have on my shoulder,You’ll go to the ground in a bad hour. |
[29r-c] Per la man che tu hai sopra la spalla | |
[3] I can take the dagger and strike youWith this grip, and I cannot fail. |
[29v-a] La daga tor te posso e ferire | |
[4] With the dagger on the ground I’ll make you fallWith the turn that I do, and with my knowledge. |
[29v-c] La daga in terra ti farò cadere | |
[5] This thrust is done immediatelyI make your dagger fall very fast. |
[30r-a] Questa punta sie subito fataa | |
[6] This thrust that I have placed in your hand,Quickly you will drop your dagger. |
[30r-c] Questa ponta in la man t’ò metuta | |
[7] This cover I make very quickly,So you will be placed in the lock. |
[30v-a] Questa coverta io farò ben tosto | |
[8] I will leap to a play using this cover,And with my dagger I’ll open the way. |
[30v-c] A un gioco saltarò per mi coverta | |
[9] With this cover that you want to do,I’ll make you go into the lower lock. |
[31r-a] Per questa coverta che tu voi fare | |
[10] I can take the dagger or strike,If I don’t want to completely fail the art. |
[31r-c] Si posso tor la daga ancho ferire | |
[11] If I push the dagger towards the ground,You will make no more war with it to me. |
[31v-a] S’io carco la daga verso terra | |
[12] Here I look for your hand to strike itI’ll make you come under the lock. |
[31v-c] Qui cerco la tua man per lei feri(ri) | |
[13] This crossing that I make against youI’ll place you in the lock without difficulty. |
[32r-a] Questo incrociare che verso te i’ facio | |
[14] This strike I make with the fist,I’ll stick your dagger into your body. |
[32r-c] Questo ferire con lo pugno faccio | |
[15] I make the cover of one hand,I make your dagger go to the ground. |
[32v-a] I’ facio la coperta d’una mano | |
[16] From the way I have grabbed you I do not doubtThat you’ll go to the ground, I say immediately! |
[32v-c] Per lo modo ch’io t’ò preso non dubito | |
[17] By the way that I have got youI’ll break the arm and the dagger very quickly. |
[33r-a] Al modo ch’io te tengo so’ disposto | |
[18] You see well the way that I have you,So you and your dagger will be my pawn. |
[33r-c] Tu vedi bene a modo ch’io te tegno | |
[19] I see that this play will not fail me.As I break your arm over my shoulder. |
[33v-a] Io vedo questo gioco non me falla | |
[20] Because of this way that the arm is grabbed,I will lock you with this dagger. |
[33v-c] Per questo modo el bracio vo pigliare | |
[21] I saw that you are bound and going to the ground,I break the arm and you’ll lose the dagger. |
[34r-a] Vedi che sei astretto e in terra vai | |
[22] In this way I have you, and I make a burden,And I can then follow the close and wide. |
[34r-c] A questo modo tengo e facio carco | |
[23] I come at you with crossed arms,And I can do all the previous plays. |
[34v-a] Io vengo a te con le braci incrociate | |
[24] You’ll go to the ground by the backhand,By this play your life is lost. |
[34v-c] Andarai in terra per man riversa | |
[25] I say you are badly taught in this art;You will find yourself suddenly on the ground. |
[35r-a] Tu sei ne l’arte dico asai mal dotto | |
[26] By this grip I say I have you,I am certain you will go into the lock. |
[35r-c] Per questa presa io disse co’ io t’ave | |
[27] I make a lock to this, your elbow;I’ll break your arm for you without doubt. |
[35v-a] Io farò un carco a cquesto tuo cubbito | |
[28] This is a very strong destruction of the arm,The pain that you’ll have will ruin your composure. |
[35v-c] Questo è un guastare di bracio molto forte | |
[29] I have put you in the lock, to your despite,Because you are not perfect in the Art. |
[36r-a] Io t’ò messo in la chiave al tuo dispeto | |
[30] With my right hand I have made this move;I will stick the dagger in your thigh. |
[36r-c] Co’ la man drita ò fato cotal mossa | |
[31] When you’re on the ground you’ll say,“I didn’t believe it would come to this”. |
[36v-a] Quando in terra serai ti porai dire | |
[32] This is a strong way to throw someone to the ground;If I wish it, you will die. |
[36v-c] Questo è un metere in terra ch’è assai forte | |
[33] I have you, by the way that I parried;You will go to the ground against your wishes. |
[37r-a] Io te tengo in modo al mio parere | |
[34] You must just go to the ground,And you’ll make no more war with the dagger. |
[37r-c] El ti bixogna puro andar in terra | |
[35] By the pass that I do under the arm,You’ll go to the ground with much trouble. |
[37v-a] Per lo passare fato soto el bracio | |
[36] THE MEASURE OF THE DAGGERThe length of the dagger should be just to the elbow, with an edge and two corners. The grip should be the length of the fist, as the shape is shown depicted here below. |
[37v-c] MESURA DE DAGA La longeza de la daga vol esere fin a el gomito con un taglio e dui cantoni, el manico vol esser d’uno somesso como apare la forma d’essa dopent a qui di sotto. |
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I defend myself just as well as I can, As you strike I will overcome you. |
[38r-a] Io mi difendo puro quanto poso | |
As you throw, your blow will be lost; I’ll beat away your weapon with a backhand blow. |
[38r-c] Como tu lance el colpo serà perso | |
I am in guard with a good forehand blow, As you throw at me you’ll understand the text. |
[38v-a] Io sono in guardia col bon man dirito | |
Following the work are some dagger techniques as follows. You must consider the act, the grip, the principle and the finish to understand the way. Knowing how cunning human nature is, and for everyone who is practiced in the art can understand all the actions depicted and shown in this, my little work, mainly of the sword, the axe, the spear and the dagger. |
[38v-c] Seguitando l’opra precede alcuni partiti de daga como seguita: bixogna considerare l’ato la presa el principio el finire, per volere intendere el modo: avixo e quanto sia l’ingiegno de l’humana natura e però ognuno che sia pratico nell’arte porà intendere tutti gli altri dopinti e posti in questa mia opereta e prima de spada, aza, lanza e daga. | |
Dagger technique |
[39r-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[39r-c] Finiri del partito | |
Dagger technique |
[39v-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[39v-c] Finiri del partito | |
Dagger technique |
[40r-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[40r-c] Finiri del partito | |
Dagger technique |
[40v-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[40v-c] Finiri del partito | |
Dagger technique |
[41r-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[41r-c] Finiri del partito | |
Dagger technique |
[41v-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[41v-c] Finiri del partito | |
Dagger technique |
[42r-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[42r-c] Finiri del partito | |
Dagger technique |
[42v-a] Partito de daga | |
End of the technique |
[42v-c] Finiri del partito |
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the discussion page.
Work | Author(s) | Source | License |
---|---|---|---|
Images | Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma | WikiMedia Commons | |
Translation | Guy Windsor | The School of European Swordsmanship | |
Transcription | Marco Rubboli and Luca Cesari | Index:De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi (MS Vitt.Em.1324) |
Additional Resources
- Vadi, Filippo. Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi: 15th Century Swordsmanship of Master Filippo Vadi. Trans. Luca Porzio and Gregory Mele. Union City, CA: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2002. ISBN 978-1891448164
- Vadi, Filippo; Rubboli, Marco; and Cesari, Luca. L'arte Cavalleresca del Combattimento. Rome: Il Cerchio Iniziative Editoriali, 2005. ISBN 88-8474-079-7
- Windsor, Guy. Veni Vadi Vici. A Transcription, Translation and Commentary of Philippo Vadi's De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi. The School of European Swordsmanship, 2013. ISBN 978-952-93-1686-1
References
- ↑ For an alternative theory as to the identity of Philippo di Vadi, see Greg Mele. "Interesting information on the Vadi family (Philippo Vadi)". HEMA Alliance Forum. 06 June 2012. Retrieved 09 October 2012.
- ↑ Vadi, Philippo di. De Arte Gladiatoria Dimicandi [manuscript]. MS Vitt. Em. 1324. Rome, Italy: Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, 1480s.
- ↑ Rubboli, Marco and Cesari, Luca. The Knightly Art of Combat of Filippo Vadi. Document circulated online.
- ↑ The translation of these lines was kindly done by Alan Cross, personal correspondence, 28 September 2016.
- ↑ The title that the manuscript is known by comes from this line of the book: de arte gladiatoria dimicandi. Dimicare means to fight in earnest against your enemies; l’arte gladiatoria is the art of fencing. Together, the sense is “the art of fencing in earnest against your enemies”, as opposed to fencing for fun, exercise or display.
- ↑ I am indebted to both Prof Alessandra Petrina and Tom Leoni for their suggestions on improving this section.
- ↑ The word here is ‘sacomani’ (more commonly saccomani), a kind of man at arms who follows the army looking for spoils. I think ‘scavenger’ would not be inaccurate, but clearly Vadi is laying out a hierarchy of martial prowess, with kings at the top, barons in the middle, and men at arms near the bottom. Saccomani is the lowest class of men worthy to learn the art, and so elevated above what comes to mind when we think ‘scavenger’. I’ve used the generic ‘soldier’ here. It is not a normal translation of this term, but it fits this hierarchy better.
- ↑ I, and Mele and Porzio before me (on page 41), were confounded by the page break between this line and the next. E mostrallo con breve eloquenza./La geometria che divide e parte. F3v, f4r. I am indebted to Prof Petrina for pointing out that Geometry, not the author, is the subject of the sentence. I mention this particularly because I know that many readers will trace the translation line by line, comparing it to a transcription or the scans of the ms, and may wonder why Geometry is apparently on the wrong line! It serves to illustrate the differences between the two languages, and as a reminder that similar changes to word order can be expected throughout.
- ↑ Note that on folio 28r where he gives the form of the sword to be used in armour, the crossguard is as long as the handle alone, not handle and pommel together. The images tend to suggest this latter arrangement.
- ↑ This could refer to the blade, but most practitioners believe it refers to the crossguard itself, which can indeed be sharpened for striking with, as we see in the section on combat with the sword in armour. The word is ‘ferruza’; ‘ferruzo’ means ‘a little piece of iron’, so the implication is that this would refer to the crossguard.
- ↑ si tu averai nel cervel tuo sale, lit. “if you have salt in your brain”.
- ↑ Passi o torni, lit. “pass or return.” It’s clear from the context that this means forwards or backwards. Also, on f22r of the Getty ms, Fiore describes the three turns and four steps which make up the footwork of his system. By pairing accrescere and discrescere, passare and torrnare, it’s clear that ‘passare’ is a pass forward and ‘tornare’ is a pass backward. See also f19r where ‘tornare’ is used and the fencing context makes it absolutely clear that it refers to passing back with the front foot.
- ↑ This is very obscure in the Italian. Prof. Petrina suggests: “Imbratar carte” means write a lot with little effect – it is usually said of a bad poet. So – he who wishes to oppose his own art to everybody else’s is writing a lot to no effect?” Alessandra Petrina, personal correspondence, 23rd March 2018.
- ↑ This number is written out (quarto), and does not have a roman numeral in the ms, so I have written it out here.
- ↑ The image here is of a formal duel, in which the duellists are given their choice of weapons. This indicates a specific context for this art to work in.
- ↑ Advantage of the sword is presumably length, especially in a duelling context.
- ↑ Lit. “You will make everyone scratch their own mange”
- ↑ This is a poetic image, which conveys the defeat of the ignorant by the knowledgeable.
- ↑ Erased.