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The '''Gladiatoria Group''' is a series of several [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] manuscripts that share the same art style and cover the same material—various types of [[armor]]ed fencing. These are interesting texts in that they seem to be contemporary with the tradition of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], but not directly influenced by it. Gladiatoria is thus one of very few glimpses into the characteristics of a potentially independent German martial tradition. | The '''Gladiatoria Group''' is a series of several [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] manuscripts that share the same art style and cover the same material—various types of [[armor]]ed fencing. These are interesting texts in that they seem to be contemporary with the tradition of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], but not directly influenced by it. Gladiatoria is thus one of very few glimpses into the characteristics of a potentially independent German martial tradition. | ||
− | The core of the Gladiatoria group is a series of plays of [[armored fencing]] following the typical progression of a [[judicial duel]]: beginning with [[spear]]s and small [[shield]]s called ''ecranches'', moving to [[ | + | The core of the Gladiatoria group is a series of plays of [[armored fencing]] following the typical progression of a [[judicial duel]]: beginning with [[spear]]s and small [[shield]]s called ''ecranches'', moving to [[sword]]s, then employing [[dagger]]s on foot and [[wrestling|on the ground]]. (Traditional dueling would typically begin on horseback before going to foot combat, and the ''ecranche'' is designed for mounted fencing, but Gladiatoria seems to skip that stage entirely.) The diverse manuscripts in the group sometimes describe other kinds of fighting as well, such as the [[sword and buckler]] of the [[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Cod. Guelf 78.2 Aug. 2º]] or the [[longshield]] of the [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|MS Germ. quart. 16]], but these teachings lack some of the common elements of the core Gladiatoria complex and will not be covered on this page. They may be found on the individual manuscript pages. |
− | There are currently five known versions of the Gladiatoria treatise, the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] (MS U860.F46 1450), the [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]] (MS KK5013), the [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]] (MS Germ. quart. 16, the only version with a title page), the [[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel]] (Cod. Guelf 78.2 Aug. 2º), and the [[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris]] (MS Cl. 23842) versions. [[Hans-Peter Hils]] mentions a sixth lost manuscript identified as MS T in his edition of Gladiatoria,<ref>Hils, Hans Peter. "''Gladiatoria'': Über drei Fechthandschriften aus der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts." ''Codici Manuscripti'' 13. Verlag Brüder Hollinek, 1987. pp. 1-54. Print.</ref> but [[Dierk Hagedorn]] has since determined that this is the New Haven (which Hils did not have access to). Aside from these five, there are several other manuscripts that some scholars have ascribed to the group. These include the the [[Cod.11093]] and part C of the [[ | + | There are currently five known versions of the Gladiatoria treatise, the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] (MS U860.F46 1450), the [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]] (MS KK5013), the [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]] (MS Germ. quart. 16, the only version with a title page), the [[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel]] (Cod. Guelf 78.2 Aug. 2º), and the [[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris]] (MS Cl. 23842) versions. [[Hans-Peter Hils]] mentions a sixth lost manuscript identified as MS T in his edition of Gladiatoria,<ref>Hils, Hans Peter. "''Gladiatoria'': Über drei Fechthandschriften aus der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts." ''Codici Manuscripti'' 13. Verlag Brüder Hollinek, 1987. pp. 1-54. Print.</ref> but [[Dierk Hagedorn]] has since determined that this is the New Haven (which Hils did not have access to). Aside from these five, there are several other manuscripts that some scholars have ascribed to the group. These include the the [[Cod.11093]] and part C of the [[Bauman Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.4º.2)|Bauman Fechtbuch]] (also known as [[pseudo-Gladiatoria]] for this reason). In each case, there are disqualifying factors that lead us to exclude them from the group, but additional research may reverse these decisions. |
While the three oldest texts in the Gladiatoria complex present a fairly identical set of plays, the slightly later Wolfenbüttel version contains significantly more material, primarily in the dagger section. The origin of this additional material is unknown, and the text-less nature of that manuscript makes it difficult to place these plays in any sort of context. | While the three oldest texts in the Gladiatoria complex present a fairly identical set of plays, the slightly later Wolfenbüttel version contains significantly more material, primarily in the dagger section. The origin of this additional material is unknown, and the text-less nature of that manuscript makes it difficult to place these plays in any sort of context. | ||
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! <p>Illustrations<br/>from the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]], [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]], and [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]]</p> | ! <p>Illustrations<br/>from the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]], [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]], and [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]]</p> | ||
! <p>{{rating|C|Draft Translation (from the Kraków)}}<br/>by [[Benedict Haefeli]]</p> | ! <p>{{rating|C|Draft Translation (from the Kraków)}}<br/>by [[Benedict Haefeli]]</p> | ||
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven Version]] (1430s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna Version]] (1430s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Carsten Lorbeer]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków Version]] (1440s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Kristian Babic]], [[Robert Brunner]], [[Marion Freundl]], [[Alexandra Gießl]], [[Barbara Kappelmayr]], [[Julia Lorbeer]], [[Carsten Lorbeer]], [[Andreas Meier]], [[Marita Wiedner]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel | + | ! <p>[[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel Version]] (1465-1480){{edit index|Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris | + | ! <p>[[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris Version]] (1490s){{edit index|Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
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! <p>Illustrations<br/>from the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]], [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]], and [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]]</p> | ! <p>Illustrations<br/>from the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]], [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]], and [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]]</p> | ||
! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the Kraków)}}<br/>by [[Hugh Knight|Hugh T. Knight, Jr.]]</p> | ! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the Kraków)}}<br/>by [[Hugh Knight|Hugh T. Knight, Jr.]]</p> | ||
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven Version]] (1430s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna Version]] (1430s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Carsten Lorbeer]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków Version]] (1440s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Kristian Babic]], [[Robert Brunner]], [[Marion Freundl]], [[Alexandra Gießl]], [[Barbara Kappelmayr]], [[Julia Lorbeer]], [[Carsten Lorbeer]], [[Andreas Meier]], [[Marita Wiedner]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel | + | ! <p>[[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel Version]] (1465-1480){{edit index|Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris | + | ! <p>[[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris Version]] (1490s){{edit index|Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
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| {{paget|page:MS Germ.Quart.16|10r|jpg}} | | {{paget|page:MS Germ.Quart.16|10r|jpg}} | ||
| <p>{{paget|Page:Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º|041v|png|blk=1|p=1}}<ref>Similar</ref></p> | | <p>{{paget|Page:Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º|041v|png|blk=1|p=1}}<ref>Similar</ref></p> | ||
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| [[File:MS U860.F46 1450 07r.jpg|400px|center]] | | [[File:MS U860.F46 1450 07r.jpg|400px|center]] | ||
− | | <p>[12] Note the tenth technique of the sword which is called ''straß der glider'':<ref>What is ''straß der glider''? It is likely ''glider'' is ''glieder'' from modern German, meaning "joints". While the use of ''straß'' (probably "road") is confusing here, the contextual use in this and the following plate suggest these to be a class of techniques attacking joints. Other texts (e.g., ''[[ | + | | <p>[12] Note the tenth technique of the sword which is called ''straß der glider'':<ref>What is ''straß der glider''? It is likely ''glider'' is ''glieder'' from modern German, meaning "joints". While the use of ''straß'' (probably "road") is confusing here, the contextual use in this and the following plate suggest these to be a class of techniques attacking joints. Other texts (e.g., ''[[Bauman Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.4º.2)|Bauman Fechtbuch]]'' fol. [[Page:Cod.I.6.4º.2 015r.jpg|15r]]) use the term ''Armbrüche'' (lit. "arm breaks") for joint locking techniques so this might represent a separate kind of attack, especially one intended to disarm an opponent.</ref> When one thrusts with full power and wants to drive the technique on the other then thrust your point towards the outside of his sword and drive through between his hands with your pommel and catch onto his right wrist and jerk towards you so that you break his arm or throw him as you see it in the picture above.</p> |
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| <p>[49] <br/></p> | | <p>[49] <br/></p> | ||
− | <p>Note the technique of the wrestling from the ''wag''<ref>"''Wag''" might be ''Waage'' or scale, which in the [[ | + | <p>Note the technique of the wrestling from the ''wag''<ref>"''Wag''" might be ''Waage'' or scale, which in the [[Bauman Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.4º.2)|Bauman Fechtbuch]] (fol. [[Page:Cod.I.6.4º.2 003r.jpg|3r]]) is used to refer to the Balance Stance of the feet.</ref> and it is the forty-sixth technique of the sword: When both thrust towards the face on the inside then push his point away with strength with your sword and release your right hand from your sword and grab behind his left elbow with it and move your right foot forward behind his left foot and quickly grab around his body with your right arm and throw him as seen in the picture above.</p> |
| <p><br/></p> | | <p><br/></p> | ||
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! <p>Illustrations<br/>from the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] and [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]]</p> | ! <p>Illustrations<br/>from the [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] and [[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna]]</p> | ||
! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the Kraków)}}<br/>by [[Jeffrey L. Forgeng]]</p> | ! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the Kraków)}}<br/>by [[Jeffrey L. Forgeng]]</p> | ||
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven Version]] (1430s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)|Vienna Version]] (1430s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Carsten Lorbeer]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków | + | ! <p>[[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków Version]] (1440s){{edit index|Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Kristian Babic]], [[Robert Brunner]], [[Marion Freundl]], [[Alexandra Gießl]], [[Barbara Kappelmayr]], [[Julia Lorbeer]], [[Carsten Lorbeer]], [[Andreas Meier]], [[Marita Wiedner]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel | + | ! <p>[[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel Version]] (1465-1480){{edit index|Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
− | ! <p>[[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris | + | ! <p>[[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris Version]] (1490s){{edit index|Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p> |
|- | |- | ||
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<section begin="sourcebox"/>{{sourcebox header}} | <section begin="sourcebox"/>{{sourcebox header}} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] | + | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] Illustrations |
− | | authors = [[Yale Center for British Art]] | + | | authors = [[Yale Center for British Art]] |
− | | source link = http://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/2034813 | + | | source link = http://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/2034813 |
− | | source title= Yale Center for British Art | + | | source title= Yale Center for British Art |
− | | license = | + | | license = public domain |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Gladiatoria (KK5013)|Vienna]] | + | | work = [[Gladiatoria (KK5013)|Vienna]] Illustrations |
− | | authors = [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] | + | | authors = [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = |
− | | source title= [[commons:Category:Ms. KK5013|WikiMedia Commons]] | + | | source title= [[commons:Category:Ms. KK5013|WikiMedia Commons]] |
− | | license = default | + | | license = default |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]] | + | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]] Illustrations |
− | | authors = [[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]] | + | | authors = [[Biblioteka Jagiellońska]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/284599/content |
− | | source title= | + | | source title= Biblioteka Jagiellońska |
− | | license = | + | | license = public domain |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = Translation | + | | work = Translation |
− | | authors = [[Benedict Haefeli]] | + | | authors = [[translator::Benedict Haefeli]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = |
− | | source title= Document circulated online | + | | source title= Document circulated online |
− | | license = copyrighted | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = Translation | + | | work = Translation |
− | | authors = [[Hugh Knight|Hugh T. Knight, Jr.]] | + | | authors = [[translator::Hugh Knight|Hugh T. Knight, Jr.]] |
− | | source link = http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/the-gladiatoria-fechtbuch/6526454 | + | | source link = http://www.lulu.com/product/paperback/the-gladiatoria-fechtbuch/6526454 |
− | | source title= {{nowrap|''The Gladiatoria Fechtbuch: A Fifteenth-Century German Fight Book''}} | + | | source title= {{nowrap|''The Gladiatoria Fechtbuch: A Fifteenth-Century German Fight Book''}} |
− | | license = copyrighted | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = Translation | + | | work = Translation |
− | | authors = Dr. [[Jeffrey L. Forgeng]] | + | | authors = Dr. [[translator::Jeffrey L. Forgeng]] |
− | | source link = http://www.higginssword.org/guild/study/gladiatoria/gladiatoria_dagger.pdf | + | | source link = http://www.higginssword.org/guild/study/gladiatoria/gladiatoria_dagger.pdf |
− | | source title= Higgins Armory Sword Guild | + | | source title= Higgins Armory Sword Guild |
− | | license = copyrighted | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] Transcription | + | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)|New Haven]] Transcription |
− | | authors = [[Dierk Hagedorn]] | + | | authors = [[Dierk Hagedorn]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = |
− | | source title= [[Index:Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)]] | + | | source title= [[Index:Gladiatoria (MS U860.F46 1450)]] |
− | | license = copyrighted | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Gladiatoria (KK5013)|Vienna]] Transcription | + | | work = [[Gladiatoria (KK5013)|Vienna]] Transcription |
− | | authors = [[Carsten Lorbeer]] | + | | authors = [[Carsten Lorbeer]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = |
− | | source title= [[Index:Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)]] | + | | source title= [[Index:Gladiatoria (MS KK5013)]] |
− | | license = copyrighted | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]] Transcription | + | | work = [[Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)|Kraków]] Transcription |
− | | authors = [[Kristian Babic]], [[Robert Brunner]], [[Marion Freundl]], [[Alexandra Gießl]], [[Barbara Kappelmayr]], [[Julia Lorbeer]], [[Carsten Lorbeer]], [[Andreas Meier]], [[Marita Wiedner]] | + | | authors = [[Kristian Babic]], [[Robert Brunner]], [[Marion Freundl]], [[Alexandra Gießl]], [[Barbara Kappelmayr]], [[Julia Lorbeer]], [[Carsten Lorbeer]], [[Andreas Meier]], [[Marita Wiedner]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = |
− | | source title= [[Index:Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)]] | + | | source title= [[Index:Gladiatoria (MS Germ.Quart.16)]] |
− | | license = copyrighted | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel]] Transcription | + | | work = [[Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)|Wolfenbüttel]] Transcription |
− | | authors = [[Dierk Hagedorn]] | + | | authors = [[Dierk Hagedorn]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = |
− | | source title= [[Index:Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)]] | + | | source title= [[Index:Wolfenbüttel Picture Book (Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º)]] |
− | | license = copyrighted | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox | {{sourcebox | ||
− | | work = [[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris]] Transcription | + | | work = [[Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)|Paris]] Transcription |
− | | authors = | + | | authors = [[Dierk Hagedorn]] |
− | | source link = | + | | source link = |
− | | source title= [[Index:Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)]] | + | | source title= [[Index:Cluny Fechtbuch (Cl. 23842)]] |
− | | license = | + | | license = copyrighted |
}} | }} | ||
{{sourcebox footer}}<section end="sourcebox"/> | {{sourcebox footer}}<section end="sourcebox"/> | ||
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== Additional Resources == | == Additional Resources == | ||
− | + | {{bibliography}} | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
== References == | == References == |
Latest revision as of 19:12, 27 October 2023
Gladiatoria Group | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Author(s) | Unknown |
Illustrated by | Unknown |
Patron | Unknown |
Date | ca. 1430s |
Genre | |
Language | Early New High German |
Archetype(s) | Currently lost |
Manuscript(s) |
|
First Printed English Edition |
Knight, 2008 |
Concordance by | Michael Chidester and Dierk Hagedorn |
Translations | Traduzione italiana |
The Gladiatoria Group is a series of several 15th century German manuscripts that share the same art style and cover the same material—various types of armored fencing. These are interesting texts in that they seem to be contemporary with the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, but not directly influenced by it. Gladiatoria is thus one of very few glimpses into the characteristics of a potentially independent German martial tradition.
The core of the Gladiatoria group is a series of plays of armored fencing following the typical progression of a judicial duel: beginning with spears and small shields called ecranches, moving to swords, then employing daggers on foot and on the ground. (Traditional dueling would typically begin on horseback before going to foot combat, and the ecranche is designed for mounted fencing, but Gladiatoria seems to skip that stage entirely.) The diverse manuscripts in the group sometimes describe other kinds of fighting as well, such as the sword and buckler of the Cod. Guelf 78.2 Aug. 2º or the longshield of the MS Germ. quart. 16, but these teachings lack some of the common elements of the core Gladiatoria complex and will not be covered on this page. They may be found on the individual manuscript pages.
There are currently five known versions of the Gladiatoria treatise, the New Haven (MS U860.F46 1450), the Vienna (MS KK5013), the Kraków (MS Germ. quart. 16, the only version with a title page), the Wolfenbüttel (Cod. Guelf 78.2 Aug. 2º), and the Paris (MS Cl. 23842) versions. Hans-Peter Hils mentions a sixth lost manuscript identified as MS T in his edition of Gladiatoria,[1] but Dierk Hagedorn has since determined that this is the New Haven (which Hils did not have access to). Aside from these five, there are several other manuscripts that some scholars have ascribed to the group. These include the the Cod.11093 and part C of the Bauman Fechtbuch (also known as pseudo-Gladiatoria for this reason). In each case, there are disqualifying factors that lead us to exclude them from the group, but additional research may reverse these decisions.
While the three oldest texts in the Gladiatoria complex present a fairly identical set of plays, the slightly later Wolfenbüttel version contains significantly more material, primarily in the dagger section. The origin of this additional material is unknown, and the text-less nature of that manuscript makes it difficult to place these plays in any sort of context.
Contents
Treatise
As the oldest manuscript, the New Haven version would normally be used to set the order of plays. However, it has been extensively damaged and disordered during its history (and especially in the 20th century), and its current sequence of plays is the result of guesswork during a recent binding. Since the next two oldest versions, Vienna and Kraków, are in general agreement, they will be used to establish the order instead.
To illustrate the different amount of content in each manuscript, the New Haven illustrations are used whenever available. Plays in the Vienna version that are missing from New Haven are illustrated from that source. Illustrations from the Kraków version are only used for plays not present in both older manuscripts (presumably invented after they were created). Due to the fact that Wolfenbüttel and Paris versions appear in mixed anthologies combining multiple sources, plays from these two that are not reflected in at least one other version will not be included below.
Spear
Sword
Dagger
Copyright and License Summary
Additional Resources
The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.
- Cavazzuti, Carlo (2015). Gladiatoria. Asola: Gilgamesh Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-6867-080-1.
- Hagedorn, Dierk; Bartłomiej Walczak (2015). Gladiatoria. New Haven - MS U860.F46 1450. Herne: VS-Books. ISBN 978-3-932077-42-5.
- Hagedorn, Dierk (2015). "The Adventures of the Gladiatoria Manuscript from New Haven." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 3(1): 183-208. doi:10.1515/apd-2015-0006.
- Hagedorn, Dierk (2016). "German Fechtbücher from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance." Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe: 247-279. Ed. by Daniel Jaquet; Karin Verelst; Timothy Dawson. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-31241-8.
- Hagedorn, Dierk (2017). "Spezialeinsatz mit Mordschlag und Straße der Glieder: Der Kampf im Harnisch in den Gladiatoria-Handschriften." 'Kunst dye dich zyret' – Fechten als Mittel persönlicher und institutioneller Repräsentation. Ed. by Thore Wilkens; Uwe Fiedler. Dresden: Sandstein Verlag. ISBN 978-3954983315.
- Hagedorn, Dierk (2022). "Joining the Dots: Additional Comments on the Connection Between Bauman's Fight Book, the Gladiatoria Group, and Fiore de'i Liberi." Bauman's Fight Book: Augsburg University Library Ⅰ.6.4º 2: 195-210. Ed. by Michael Chidester. Medford: HEMA Bookshelf. ISBN 978-1-953683-27-4.
- Hils, Hans-Peter (1987). "Gladiatoria: Über drei Fechthandschriften aus der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts." Codices manuscripti & impressi 13: 1-54.
- Knight, Hugh T., Jr. (2008). The Gladiatoria Fechtbuch: A Fifteenth-Century German Fight Book. Self-published.
- Muhlberger, Steven (2005). Deeds of Arms. Highland Village: Chivalry Bookshelf. ISBN 978-1-891448-44-7.
- Muhlberger, Steven; Will McLean (2019). Murder, Rape, and Treason: Judicial Combats in the Late Middle Ages. Wheaton: Freelance Academy Press. ISBN 978-1-937439-41-5.
- Tzouriadis, Iason-Eleftherios (2020). "The Foot Combat as Tournament Event: Equipment, Space and Forms." The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle: Tourneys, Jousts and Pas d'Armes, 1100-1600: 155-184. Ed. by Alan V. Murray; Karen Watts. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 9781783275427.
- Walczak, Bartłomiej (2008). "Judicial Armoured Dagger Combat of Gladiatoria and KK 5013." Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts: 173-196. Ed. by John Clements. Boulder: Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3.
References
- ↑ Hils, Hans Peter. "Gladiatoria: Über drei Fechthandschriften aus der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts." Codici Manuscripti 13. Verlag Brüder Hollinek, 1987. pp. 1-54. Print.
- ↑ Lit: turn the iron below itself
- ↑ Es läßt sich nicht zweifelsfrei ausmachen, ob das Wort durchgestrichen oder die Tinte nur verwischt wurde
- ↑ Lit. "turn your place"
- ↑ Zwischen „gew“ und „omen“ befindet sich ein Zeichen, daß wie eine schließende Klammer aussieht.
- ↑ Könnte auch „deim“ heißen.
- ↑ Beim ´z´ ist zwar ein Aufstrich am Beginn des Wortes zu sehen, dieser geht aber nicht über das Niveau des ´z´. Das Wort wird deshalb als „zukch“ anstatt „tzukch“ transkribiert.
- ↑ Last letter in the inner fold not visible.
- ↑ Illustration contains an error.
- ↑ Über dem Wort befindet sich ein kurzer Strich. Es ist nicht ersichtlich, ob es sich dabei um einen Nasalstrich handelt oder den Umlaut ´ä´ oder ´ö´ kennzeichnen soll. Hier wird es als ´ä´ transkribiert.
- ↑ Der Anfangsbuchstabe ist eindeutig als ´v´ zu identifizieren, das Wort muß aber „recht“ heißen. Vergleiche auch 30r 2. Zeile 1. Wort „resch“
- ↑ Der Schreiber hat das erste ´l´ zu tief gezogen, so dass es einem ſähnelt, es wird hier dennoch als ´vallen´ transkribiert.
- ↑ Disappears into the margin.
- ↑ Difficult to decipher from «als er». The text reaches into the lower, clipped off margin.
- ↑ Der Schreiber fügt dem Buchstaben l meist einen kurzen Aufstrich an, womit das Wort wie „zwelifft“ aussieht, dies wird hier aber vernachläßigt
- ↑ Das Wort ist nicht lesbar und läßt sich auch mit Hilfe der Ms. germ. Quart. 16 nicht ergänzen, da dieses dort fehlt.
- ↑ Folio 8 appears to have been added to the Kraków version at the end of its production. It's been moved to the beginning of the sword section because it appears to be intended as an introductory note, inserted between the first and second play because that's as close to the beginning of the section as the layout of the manuscript would allow.
- ↑ The left margin is clipped off, so the initial letters are missing occasionally.
- ↑ vor dich nicht eindeutiges so
- ↑ Geschrieben ist „ärtt“, sinngemäß ist ortt gemeint.
- ↑ This seems to suggest holding the sword well back—close to the body—so there is room to thrust up under the attacker's palm.
- ↑ Difficult to read due to a speck.
- ↑ Neben dem s befinden sich 2 Punkte und ein halbhoher Schaft. Dies könnte auch auf die Kombination „sü“ hinweisen, wird aber hier als „si“ transkribiert
- ↑ „darhin“ könnte auch nur „darin“ heißen. Das ´h´ sieht hier eher wie eine schließende Klammer aus und könnte auch auf einen Abschreibfehler hindeuten
- ↑ Similar
- ↑ A speck has made portions of the text difficult to read.
- ↑ What is straß der glider? It is likely glider is glieder from modern German, meaning "joints". While the use of straß (probably "road") is confusing here, the contextual use in this and the following plate suggest these to be a class of techniques attacking joints. Other texts (e.g., Bauman Fechtbuch fol. 15r) use the term Armbrüche (lit. "arm breaks") for joint locking techniques so this might represent a separate kind of attack, especially one intended to disarm an opponent.
- ↑ nach bruch setzt der Schreiber drei Punkte, offenbar um anzuzeigen das der Satz durch das in den Text ragende Bild nicht unterbrochen ist.
- ↑ Die r-Abbreviatur befindet sich am Ende des Wortes, wird hier aber sinngemäß mit andern transkribiert.
- ↑ korrekt wohl: wenn ainer den andern das ort an dye prust hat gesetzt
- ↑ Dringen = Crowding. This refers to pressing into one's opponent after lodging one's point in the opponent's mail in armored halfsword combat and is the same as Ringeck and von Danzig's Fourth Guard of the halfsword.
- ↑ dreyvndreyßigst fälschlich für Zweiundreissigstes ?
- ↑ nhd : davon
- ↑ Wer es ... gemalet siest Hierbei müßte es sich um das 38. Stück handeln
- ↑ Partially illegible due to clipping.
- ↑ „tenken“ wurde aberhalb der Zeile ergänzt.
- ↑ Hs: als du es oben gemalt ist, du wurde vom Hg. getilgt
- ↑ The rest of the line disapears in the margin.
- ↑ „auffs“ wurde oberhalb der Zeile ergänzt.
- ↑ "Wag" might be Waage or scale, which in the Bauman Fechtbuch (fol. 3r) is used to refer to the Balance Stance of the feet.
- ↑ Perhaps this refers to the angle of your hand as you reach through?
- ↑ The last line diappears in the margin.
- ↑ Some words illegible because of clipping.
- ↑ Jump up to: 44.0 44.1 Underlined by a later hand in pencil
- ↑ Hs: ob du er dir, du wurde vom Hg. getilgt
- ↑ Über dem Wort befindet sich ein Nasal- oder ein Zierstrich, wird aber in der Transkription vernachlässigt.
- ↑ Über dem Wort befindet sich ein Nasal- oder ein Zierstrich, wird aber in der Transkription vernachlässigt.
- ↑ tencken korrigiert für teincken ? temcken ? trincken ?
- ↑ Wurde am oberen Rand des Blattes durch eine andere Hand ergänzt, ist aber nicht vollständig zu lesen.
- ↑ „oben“ wurde oberhalb der Zeile ergänzt.
- ↑ Wurde am oberen Rand des Blattes durch eine andere Hand hinzugefügt.
- ↑ The rest of the line disappears in the clipped margin.
- ↑ Part
- ↑ lentter
- ↑ „zum´“wurde sinngemäß ergänzt, da im Text, durch eine Beschädigung des Blattes nur ein ´z´ und ´m´ erkennbar sind.
- ↑ Das Wort ist im Text nur fragmentarisch erkennbar, da das Blatt hier beschädigt ist und wurde deshalb sinngemäß ergänzt.