Paride del Pozzo

Paride del Pozzo
Also known as	Paridis de Puteo
Born	1410 Pimonte
Died	1493 Napoli
Resting place	Chiesa d'Sant Agostino
Occupation	Jurist
Citizenship	Neapolitan
Alma mater	University of Naples
Patron	Alfonso V of Aragon
Influenced	Achilles Marozzo
Genres	Legal treatise
Language	Italian Renaissance Latin
Notable work(s)	De duello (1476)

Paride del Pozzo (called il Puteo; Latin: Paridis or Paris de Puteo) (1410-1493) was 15th century Italian jurist. He was born in Pimonte in the Duchy of Amalfi, from a family of Piedmontese origin. He moved to Napoli early in life, where he began his study of the law; he went on to study at universities in Roma, Bologna, Firenze, and Perugia. Upon his return to Napoli, he entered the service of Alfonso V of Aragon ("the Magnanimous"), king of Napoli, and served in positions including General Auditor and General Inquisitor.

Later in his career, Pozzo wrote and published various legal treatises; perhaps owing to their position at the very beginning of the history of printing, they were reprinted many times over the subsequent century. In 1472-73, he published De syndicatu officialium, a treatise on forensic evidence. He followed this in 1476-77 with De duello, vel De re militari in singulari certamine ("On the Duel, or On Military Matters in Single Combat"). This treatise is particularly important due to its detailed descriptions of dueling laws and customs, which help establish the context of 15th century fighting systems, and also of incidents from specific historical duels, which shed light on how fighting looked in practice.

Pozzo died in 1493 and was buried in the Chiesa d'Sant Agostino in Napoli.

Treatise

De Duello

Table of Contents

Draft Translation by Michael Chidester	First Edition [Latin] (1476)  by Kendra Brown	Italian Translation (1521)  by Michael Chidester	Spanish Translation (1544)  by Michael Chidester	English Translation (1580)  by David Kite
		[2r]	[IIr] ¶ Tabla Del Libro	[007r] The Table
			primero. ¶ Capitulo I. De las Batallas como fueron por Dios promessas. folio I. ¶ Capitulo II. De la manera del desafiar / y gajo de Batalla. folio I. ¶ Capitulo III. La calidad que busca para venir a las singulares Battalas. folio I. ¶ Capitulo IIII. De las singulares batallas si son promessas por Justicia y razon de una persona a otra. folio II. ¶ Capitulo V. De las condiciones que deven tener aquellos Cavalleros que querran entrar a combatir en las singulares batallas de persona a persona contra otro Cavallero. folio III. ¶ Capitulo VI. De las batallas de una persona a otra: como son negadas en ciertos lugares & tiempos. folio III. ¶ Capitulo VII. Como los casos de las singulares batallas donde no es constitucion de armas se juzgan por imperial ley. folio IIII. ¶ Capitulo VIII. Como aquestas bastallas se deven en començar con gran Justicia del reutador a premiado por su honrra: y por necessidad de su definision. folio V. ¶ Capitulo IX. De los perlados si pueden conceder licencia de combatir en la tierra dela Romana yglesia: o en la possession eclesiastica. folio V. ¶ Capitulo X. Como en las batallas de una persona a otra se demuestra al divino juyzio el qual es proprio de aquel que aura Justicia. folio V. ¶ Capitulo XI. Como por Juyzio de astrologia de tales batallas aquel sera vencedor que oviere las planetas de cielo en mejor despusicio las quales dan auctoridad no esperada. folio VI. ¶ Capitulo XII. Como la prueva la qual se haze por fuerça de Armas no es cierta por quanto es opinion que en virtud de Dios se deva la victoria a quien tiene Justicia. folio VI. ¶ Capitulo XIII. Quando algun Covallero desafiado en el dia señalado no pareciesse / & fuesse fama ser muerto como se procedera contra el. folio VII. ¶ Capitulo XIIII. Qual de los desafiados deve elegir las Armas y el Juez / y el campo para combatir. folio VIII. ¶ Capitulo. XV. De la calidad / y modo de combatir de una persona a otra / y de la dispusicion de sus personas. folio VIII. ¶ Capitulo XVI. De los desafiados entrados en el campo o Liça qual de estos deve primeramente combatir. folio IX. ¶ Capitulo XVII. Si dos desafiados entrados en la Liça o palenque si se podria arrepentir sin licencia del Juez diputado por ellos. folio IX. ¶ Fenesce la primera tabla.	Libri primi Capita Howe Combatte were permitted of God. ca. 1 Off the Mannor of Defiannce. ca. 2 What thinge be required in Combatt. ca. 3 Whether particular Combatte be sufferable by Iustice and reason. ca. 4 Of what condicion those men sholde be that enter into Combatt. ca. 5 Howe particular Combatte in certeine places and times be forbidden. ca. 6 Howe channce of particular combat where is no constitucion of armes, are to be Iudged. ca. 7 How the Challenger ought wth Iustice & for defence of honnor only enterprize the Combatt. ca. 8 Howe in particular combat the Divine Iustice is moste favourable to them that fight for right. ca. 9 Howe the Astronomers doe suppose that the disposition of the heavens doth geve victorie. ca. 10 Howe ye triall of armes is not ever certein. ca. 11 When one of the fighters doe not appeare at the daye & is reported to be dead, howe to proceede. ca. 12 Wch of the fighters ought to chose the weapon the place and the Iudge. ca. 13 Of the mannor & fasshion of fightinge man to man & the disposition of the parties. ca. 14 Wch of the fighters beinge in ye feilde ought firste to Assaile. ca. 15 Whether the fighters beinge in the feilde may wthout Licence repente. ca. 16
			¶ Capitulo I. De la calidad que deve tener el lugar: o campo adonde se ha de hazer la Batalla singular. folio IX. ¶ Capitulo II. Quando fuesse el pregon por el Juez mandado que ninguno de los combatidores la señal dentro en el palenque passasse saltendose a fuera: & si por fuerça de su enemigo passasse si meresceria castigo. folio X. ¶ Capitulo III. De la prueva la qual se haze por batalla de persona a persona. folio XI. ¶ Capitulo IIII. Quando entrados en Liça o palenque para combatir a todo trance: y el uno huye y es preso por el juez si su enemigo le podra despues ofender estando en poder del oficial. folio XI. ¶ Capitulo V. Quando se ha de hazer una singular batalla: primero se deven traer indicios por do se presuma ser verdad aquello que ha reutado se opone. folio XI. ¶ Capitulo VI. Quando el reutado oviesse hallado Juex y campo seguro / y si despues este Juez lo negasse de no estar en tal batalla: si era obligado el reutado de buscar otro Juez. folio XII. ¶ Capitulo VII. Quando dos combatientes passassen la Liça o señal / y despues su pitamente tornassen. folio XII. [IIv] ¶ Capitulo VIII. Quando el reutador acometiesse al reutado antes que viniessen al lugar diputado. folio XII. ¶ Capitulo IX. Si el reutado no hallasse Principe el qual quissiesse assegurar el campo para combatir si es obligado a yr a buscar el dicho campo seguro en tierra de infiles. folio XIII. ¶ Capitulo X. Como deve el cavallero tomar justa querella para proceder en el combatir a tal que de la empresa quede vencedor. folio XIII. ¶ Capitulo XI. Siendo uno señor de vassallos: si dos de sus vassallos le demanan el campo seguro para combatir si podra justamente acevtallo. folio XIII. ¶ Capitulo XII. En que caso es tenido el principe a sus subditos el campo conceder. folio XIIII. ¶ Capitulo XIII. Si por el perlado se podra vedar la batalla particular siendo por el principe seglar promessa. folio XIIII. Capitulo XIIII. Como se deve por razon elegir / y denegar el juez competente en la batalla particular. folio XIIII. ¶ Capitulo XV. Qual principe de razon tiene auctoridad de conceder de hazerse la batalla entre cavalleros. folio XIIII. ¶ Capitulo XVI. Del juramento que han de hazer aquellos que querran entrar a combatir en batalla particular a todo trance. folio XV ¶ Capitulo XVII. Quando fuesse hecho por el Juez mandamiento que qualquier de los combatientes que traspassasse la señal del palenque: o Liça fuesse perdedor. folio XV. ¶ Capitulo XVIII. Del que traspassa la señal o cercado: solo desdezirse mas la pena de la cabeça: sino voluntariosamente la traspassasse deve de ser castigado. folio XV. ¶ Capitulo XIX. Como un cavallero reutado de otro batalla de todo trance el qual deve elegir Juez competente / eligen Juez sospechoso al reutador. folio XVI. ¶ Capitulo XX. Si el reutado a batalla no hallare lugar ni juez si este tal es obligado a buscar lugar escondido y solitario para combatir con su reutador. folio XVII. ¶ Fenesce la tabla del segundo libro.	Libri Secundi capita Off the qualitie of the place appointed for particular combatt. ca. 1 If commanndmt be geven by the Iudge yf none of the fightrs shall go out of the limitts proscribed, yf one of them by force of thennemy do it, whethr he deserueth punishmt. ca. 2 [007v] What triall is made by particular battle. ca. 3 When two be entred into the feilde to fighte for life and deathe, the one of them runneth awaye & is taken, whether his ennemie maye hurte him in the handes of the officer. ca. 4 Howe comminge to combat it behoueth the challinger to declare somme presumptions of that wherwth he chardgeth the defender. ca. 5 When the defender hath fonnde the Iudge & place, yf the Iudge wolde not assent to the Combat, whether this defendr be bonnd to finde an other Iudge. ca. 6 When the fighters doe passe the limitte & retorne in agein, what is to be saide. ca. 7 When the Challinger assaileth the defender before he commeth to the place appointed howe to prcede. ca. 8 Yf the defendr cannot finde any Prince that will grannt place for combatt, whether he be bonnde to goe to anie Infidell Prince. ca. 9 Howe a gent ought to fighte for a iuste quarrell to the ende that he maye the rather have virtue. ca. 10 Yf the lorde off a Signorie be required to grannte place for combat whether he may iustlie doe it. ca. 11 In what cases a Prince is bonnde to grannte combat to his Subiecte. ca. 12 Howe the Iudge ought be for reasonable cause allowed or disallowed. ca. 13 What Prince hathe aucthoritie to grannte combatt betwext gentlemen. ca. 14 What othe they are to take that will enter into particular Combatt. ca. 15 When a Proclamation is made by the Iudge that yf anie of the fighters shoulde pass the limitte that he sholde be reputed vanquished. ca. 16 When the Penaltie is that who so passeth the limitte shall not only be vanquished but also loose his heade, yf anie againste his will do passe whether he shalbe punished. ca. 17 When the defendr choseth a suspected Iudge what is to be saide. ca. 18 If the defender cannot finde a Competent Iudge whether he ought to goe into somme solitaire Place wth the Challinger or not. ca. 19
			¶ Capitulo I. De la jornada diputada para combatir. folio XVII. ¶ Capitulo II. De la jornada dada por el Rey carlos de francia al rey don Pedro de aragon en Bordella. folio XVII. ¶ Capitulo III. Quando un cavallero desafiado a batalla aplazado el dia sobreviniesse algun impedimiento a el o al que lo desafio si podra escusarse: o si procedera en su contumacia. folio XVIII. ¶ Capitulo IIII. Quando en el dia señalado la batalla no se pudiesse difenir si deve ser señalada otra jornada. folio XVIII. ¶ Capitulo V. Quando uno de los desafiados para cierta jornada quisiesse reutar a otro cavallero: si aquel segundo reutado podra responder que sastifaga y cumpla de la primera y despues yo sastifare. folio XIX. ¶ Capitulo VI. Quando do cavalleros fuessen desafiados para una cierta jornada: si el uno de ellos antes de la diputada jornada combatiesse con otro cavallero a todo trance y fuesse de aquel vencido: o desdezido si podria ser reprovado en el dia de la batalla reprovada. folio XIX. ¶ Fenesce la Tabla del tercero Libro	[008r] Libri tercij Capita Of the daye appointed for fights. ca. 1 Of the daie of Combat betwext the kinge Carlo and the kinge Pietro of Arragon. ca. 2 When at the daye of fighte an impedimente doe happen to one of the fighters, whether he shalbe excuzed, or receive sentence to his disaduanntage. ca. 3 When the Combat cannot be finished in one daye, whether a seconde day maye be geven or no. ca. 4 If after the defiannce and daie geven one of the fighters doe challinge an other man, whether he so challenged may lawfullie saye performo thy firste combat & then I will answr ye. ca. 5 Where two knights at defiannce appointe a day to fighte before wch daie one of them doth happen to fight wth an other man, & is vanquished, whether therfore he maye after appointed daye be repressed. ca. 6
			¶ Capitulo I. En el qual se trata de la elecion de las Armas. folio XIX. ¶ Capitulo II. De las armas segun la Ley Lombarda. folio XX. ¶ Capitulo III. Quando dos cavalleros deliberassen combatir con espadas sin otra arma militar. folio XX. ¶ Fenesce la Tabla del quarto libro.	Libri guarti [!] capita Of the Election of the weapon, & of other armes. ca. 1 Of armes accordinge to the lawe of Lombardie. ca. 2 When the fighters doe appointe to fighte wth swordes disarmed. ca. 3
			¶ Capitulo I. En el qual se trata de los campiones los quales se dan a la Batalla por cavalleros: los quales de razon pueden dar campion. folio XX. ¶ Capitulo II. De dos campiones que fuessen vencidos / o que combatiessen con algun fraude o engaño. folio XX. ¶ Capitulo III. De ciertos casos en los quales es licito dar campion en Batalla de oltrance. folio XXI. [IIIr] ¶ Capitulo IIII. De como el campion deve de ser semejante. folio XXI. ¶ Capitulo V. Como un hombre infame no se puede dar por campion. folio XXI. ¶ Capitulo VI. Como los campiones deven jurar al entrar de la Liça segun su credito que combaten con Justicia / y de hazer su dever. folio XXI. ¶ Capitulo VII. Como al rustico que es reutador se le puede dar campion semejante a el. ¶ Capitulo VIII. Como siendo una vez vencido un campion: no podra mas por otro combatir eceuto por si. folio XXI. ¶ Capitulo IX. Como no es licito corromper el campion. folio XXI. ¶ Capitulo X. Si el cavallero vassallo es tenido ser campion de su señor. folio XXII. ¶ Capitulo XI. Como aquellos que no son en hedad para combatir / y las mugeres biudas / y un conde desafiado de uno que fuesse menos que no el: estos pueden dar campion. folio XXII. ¶ Capitulo XII. Como en caso de omecidio no se puede dar campion eceuto si el acusador no quisiesse personalmente combatir. folio XXII. ¶ Capttulo[!] XIII. Como se puede dar el campion segun la respuesta del reutado. folio XXII. ¶ Fenesce la tabla del quinto Libro.	Libri guinti capita What Champions maye be geven in particular combat. ca. 1 Of such Champions as be vanquished or that fighte fraudulentlie. ca. 2 Of certeine cases wherin it is lawfull to appoint a champion. ca. 3 Howe Champions ought to be equall. ca. 4 Howe no infamous person can be admitted a Champion. ca. 5 Howe Champions entringe into the liste ought to sweare to fight accordinge to Iustice wth respecte of their reputacion & dueite. ca. 6 Howe yf a Champion be once vanquished he cannot after fight for anie man besides him selfe. ca. 7 A gent Challenged by a yeoman may answere by his champion. ca. 8 Howe it is not lawfull to corrupt a Champion. ca. 9 Whether a gent be bonnde to be his Princes Champion. ca. 10 Whether men wthin age weomen or widoes maye appointe a Champion, or whether an Earle may so doe to his inferior. ca. 11 [008v] Howe a Murderer cannot be a Champion unles his accuser do refuze to fight in person. ca. 12 Howe Champions are geven accordinge to the answer of ye defender. ca. 13
			¶ Capitulo I. En el qual se trata por quantas causas se puede venir a gajo de batalla. folio XXII. ¶ Capitulo II. Quando sera causa justa para hazerse batalla. folio XXIII. ¶ Capitulo III. En quantos casos es licito venirse a la batalla. folio XXIII. ¶ Capitulo IIII. Como las batallas ovieron el oriden de dios: y como se premiten. folio XXIII. ¶ Capitulo V. Por qual persona se puede tomar la batalla. folio XXIIII. ¶ Capitulo VI. Por que ocasion son exercitadas las batallas. folio XXIIII. ¶ Capitulo VII. En quantos casos se deve hazer justicia de uno que mata a otro en batalla particular / o en algun Torneo publico. folio XXIIII. ¶ Capitulo VIII. Si un cavallero mata en un territorio a otro si por el señor puede ser punido por omecidio. folio XXIIII. ¶ Capitulo IX. Si uno es reutado para batalla de otro si el que es señor del reutado le puede mandar que no combata. folio XXIIII. ¶ Capitulo X. Si desafia uno a un vassallo de un señor si este tal deve de ser castigado por el Señor. folio XXV. ¶ Capitulo XI. Si dos cavalleros de dos campos se desafian fuera del exercito si deven de ser castigados. folio XXV. ¶ Capitulo XII. En que caso puede el señor combatir con el vassallo. folio XXV. ¶ Capitulo XIII. De dos enemigos que hazen paz si veniendo a nueva querella de batalla si se rompe la Paz. folio XXV. ¶ Capitulo XIIII. De uno que prometiesse hazer desdizir a un otro so una gran pena sino guardasse lo prometido si podra venir a Batalla. folio XXV. ¶ Capitulo XV. De una muger si puede combatir personalmente: o por campion. folio XXVI. ¶ Capitulo XVI. Si un mancebo siendo sugeto a su padre aceuta la batalla con otro si por el padre puede ser estorvado. folio XXVI. ¶ Capitulo XVII. De uno que injuria a otro / y el ptro propulsa la injuria si se puede venir a la Batalla. folio XXVI. ¶ Capitulo XVIII. En que caso el señor puede esquifar la batalla con su subdito. folio XXVII. ¶ Capitulo XIX. En que caso uno que es injuria do puede venir a batalli. folio XXVII. ¶ Capitulo XX. Si uno puede venir con otro en una otra querella a batalla. folio XXVIII. ¶ Capitulo XXI. Si uno que es reutado si puede mudar querella. folio XXVIII. ¶ Capitulo XXII. En que caso por injuria puede venir a batalla. folio XXVIII. ¶ Capitulo XXIII. Si uno que es injuriado de verdad puede venir a batalla. folio XXVIII. ¶ Capitulo XXIIII. Como se ha de hazer sino se halla el reutado a batalla. folio XXIX. ¶ Capitulo XXV. De la misma cautela. folio XXIX. ¶ Capitulo XXVI. Si un cavallero desafia a un filosofo si es tenido el filosofo a respondelle. XXX. [IIIv] ¶ Capitulo. XXVII. De dos cavalleros que traen una misma empresa a quien deve quedar / o si se puede por traerla el otro venir a Batalla. folio XXX. ¶ Capitulo XXVIII. Como se rehusa la Batalla contra el infamador / & Como se viene a ella. folio XXXI. ¶ Capitulo XXIX. En que manera uno que tiene injusta querella puede venir a Batalla con el que lo desafio. folio XXXI. ¶ Fenesce la tabla del sexto libro.	Libri sexti capita In howe manie causes men maie come to wager of battell. 1 ffor what causes men maye come to Combatt. ca. 2 In howe manie cases Combat is permitted. ca. 3 Howe Combatts had beginninge of God & howe they are permitted. ca. 4 ffor what persons men maye come to Combat. ca. 5 ffor what reasons the exercise of armes is used. ca. 6 In howe manie cases punishement is to be done vppon those that kill men in particular Combat. ca. 7 Whether a man maye be punished for sleinge an other in the territorie of an other Prince. ca. 8 If a man Challenged may be forbidden to fight by his Prince. ca. 9 Whether a gent Challenginge the vassal of an other Prince shalbe punished. ca. 10 If two knights of sondrie armies doe come to defiannce whether they ought be punished. ca. 11 In what cases the L. is bonnd to fight wth his vassall. 12 If two enemies be made freinds and fall into a new quarrell whether the peace betwext them be broken. ca. 13 If vppon a penaltie a man promiseth to geve the lie to an other, whether not so doinge he maye come to Combat. ca. 14 Whether a woman maye fight in person or by champion. 15 Whether a sonne acceptinge battle offered maye be forbidden by his father. ca. 16 If one iniuried doe repulse the iniurie whether they maye come to combat. ca. 17 In what cases the lorde maye not refuze to fight wth his vassall. ca. 18 In what cases a man iniuried maye come to combat ofte. ca. 19 Whether a defender maye Channge ye quarrell. ca. 20 In what case for iniurie a man maie comme to defiannce. 21 Whether a man iniuried in his trouth may come to combat. ca. 22 If the defendr doe not appeare to combat howe to prcede. ca. 23 [009r] Of the same Master. ca. 24 If a knight doe challenge a Philosopher whether he be bonnde to answere. ca. 25 If two gent doe geve one armes or badge whether for that cause they maie come to combatt. ca. 26 In what sorte Combat is to be eschewed wth a defamed Person. ca. 27 In what mannor a man havinge an vnlawfull quarrell maye come to Combat. ca. 28
			¶ Capitulo I. Donde se trata de la nobleza de los cavalleros que vienen a batalla donde se trata en materia de la nobleza. folio XXXII. ¶ Capitulo II. Si dos emperadores son elegidos en discordia si se deve venir por ellos a batalla de persona a persona. folio XXXV. ¶ Capitulo III. Si ay lugar de batalla entre un Rey y un emperador. folio XXXVI. ¶ Capitulo IIII. Si es caso de batalla entre dos reyes que contendieron sobre un reyno. folio XXXVI. ¶ Capitulo V. Si un Rey no siendo coronado si podra reutar a otro Rey coronado a Batalla. folio XXXVII. ¶ Capitulo VI. Si un conde que no reconoce superior si puede ser desafiado de otro conde que reconosce superior. folio XXXVII. ¶ Capitulo VII. Si un noble de natura puede desafiar a un conde o varon. folio XXXVIII. ¶ Capitulo VIII. Si un duque o capitan de armas reutado por un cavallero si lo podra rehusar. folio XXXIX. ¶ Capitulo IX. Si un noble puede rehusar a gajo de Batalla a un hombre de guerra ysperto en ella el qual no es de natura noble. folio XXXIX. ¶ Capitulo X. De la excelencia y dignidad de la Armada milicia. folio XL. ¶ Capitulo XI. Si un simple hombre de guerra Soldado puede venir a Batalla con un Capitan. falio[!] XLI. ¶ Capitulo XII. Si un hombre de guerra rustico dexasse las armas si despues podra venir a batalla con un noble. folio XLII. ¶ Capitulo XIII. De una batalla particular cinco de un cabo y cinco de otro quales de ellos deven de ser vencedores. folio XLII. ¶ Capitulo XIIII. Si un oficial siguiendo las armas y no dexando su oficio si puede venir a batalla con un hombre de guerra. folio XLIII. ¶ Capitulo XV. De uno que esta puesto a abatalla por si / y al tiempo que ha de venir a la batalla comete algun delito si por aquesto puede ser repulsado. folio XLIII. ¶ Fenesce la Tabla del setipmo Libro.	Libri septimi Capita Of what estate they ought to be that are permitted to combat. 1 Whether two Emperors maye come to Combatt ca. 2 Whether betwext an emperor & kinge there is place for Combatt. ca. 3 Whether betwext ii kings contendinge for one kingdome there be place of Combatt. ca. 4 Whether a kinge Crowned maye Challenge a kinge vncrowned. ca. 5 Whether an Earle that is an absolute Prince maye be Challinged by an Earle that is a Subiecte. ca. 6 Whether a gent by birth may Challenge an Earle or Baron. ca. 7 Whether a Captaine generall challinged by a gentleman ought to answere or not. ca. 8 Whether a gent by birth maye refuze an older Souldier. ca. 9 Of the exellencie of Armes. ca. 10 Whether an ordinarie Soldier may come to combat wth a Capteine or other officer. ca. 11 Whether a Soldier discontinuenge armes maye fight wth A gent. ca. 12 In a match of five to five which of them ought to be victorious. ca. 13 Whether an artificer professinge Armes & yet vsinge his crafte maye fight wth an other Souldier. ca. 14 Whether after defiannce one of the fighters committinge a facte of defiamacyon for the same may be repulsed. ca. 15
			¶ Capitulo I. Si hecho el pacto y concierto de romper diez Lanças / y el uno de los dos cayera en tierra por encuentro Si la Batalla es fenescida no esperando de romperlas diez Lanças. folio XLIII. ¶ Capitulo II. De dos que en un mismo punto el uno hiriesse al otro y el otro al otro de las quales heridas murieron todos dos qual de ellos deve de ser el vencedor. folio XLIIII. ¶ Capitulo III. De dos cavalleros desafiados a cavallo de los quales el uno descavalgo apie & mato a su enemigo si justamente deve de ser vencedor. folio XLIIII. ¶ Capitulo IIII. Como dos combatientes los quales havian capitulado que aquel que cayesse del cavallo fuesse del otro vencido y cayendo juntos al primer encuentro qual de aquellos deve de ser el vencedor. folio XLIIII. ¶ Capitulo V. De dos cavalleros entrados en campo a todo trance / el uno cayo en tierra havia tomado el freno del otro cavallo enemigo dandole de sofrenadas al cavallo por hazer caer al cavallero el Juez despartio la Batalla. folio XLV. ¶ Capitulo VI. De dos entrados en Batalla de todo trance / y el uno echa por tierra al otro / y aquel que estava de baxo dize yo soy vencido / y dio una herida al que [IVr] estava encima de la qual lo mato es de saber agora qual de aquestos ha de ser el vencedor. folio XLV. ¶ Capitulo VII. De la honra de dos cavalleros quando en la batalla el uno desarma al otro ciertas armas quales le son las mejores y de mas honra. folio LXVI. ¶ Capitulo VIII. Quando en la batalla de todo trance o en otra se haran heridas corporales en los miembros humanos / el que oviere mayor honrra / y loor se vera. folio LXVI. ¶ Capitulo IX. De las justas y torneos como se deven por el juez y los exercitados en aquel juzgar. folio LXVI. ¶ Capitulo X. De dos cavalleros desafiados para conbatir a todo trance con maças herradas / de los quales el uno truxo el palo de la maça concavado: y lleno de polvos pestiferos: con la qual polvora vencio a su enemigo. folio XLVI. ¶ Capitulo XI. De dos entrados en campo para combatir a todo trance con espadas el uno descavalga a pie & toma a su enemigo que esta a cavallo se dexa caer encima de el: y lo vencio. folio LXVIII. ¶ Capitulo XII. De dos combatientes aviendo el uno herido al otro gravemente se amortecio por ver la sangre del herido / y el herido se levanto: & tomo a su enemigo que le avia herido al qual hallo amortescido / & atolo de pies y de manos / y despues dende a poco espacio de tiempo: esta herido se murio. folio LXIX. ¶ Capitulo XIII. De dos desafiados a todo trance: el reutador promete de provar lo que dize y despues de entrados en la liça de un encuentro / todos dos murieron / es de saber: si el Reptador / o el Reptado / es el perdedor / o si seran yguales. folio XLIX. ¶ Capitulo XIIII. De dos cavalleros el uno del encuentro cayo en tierra: y tomo el cavallo: y endereçolo contra su enemigo / de manera que a coces y bocados derribo al cavallero y al cavallo en tierra por la qual cayda fue muerto. folio L. ¶ Capitulo XV. De dos combatientes qual uno tomo por el pie al otro:y lo tuvo por largo tiempo hasta la noche no faziendole le otra ofensa si este deve de ser vencedor. folio L. ¶ Capitulo XVI. De dos combatientes de los quales el uno cayo desgraciadamente en los pedaços de las lanças rotas: & no por virtud del enemigo. folio LI. ¶ Capitulo XVII. Como dos cavalleros esguiçaros vinieron a ytalia a combatir / y el uno de ellos metio en el campo un cierto engaño a manera de abrojos con el qual engaño vencio a su enemigo: a que? es agora de versi es bien vencido / o sino. folio LII. ¶ Capitulo XVIII. Como dos Cavalleros combatiendo / dixo el uno al otro: yo me rindo: y diziendolo alargo el espada: y mato a su enemigo. folio LII. ¶ Capitulo XIX. Quando el uno de los combatidoes cae del cavallo: y el otro va colgado: y estordecido por el estacada desman parandola: qual es perdedor. folio LVI. ¶ Capitulo XX. Quando entre dos combatidores el uno viniesse armado con muchas armas y el otro ligeramente: y a la primera carrera contra lo capitulado dio una herida de detras al cavallo del enemigo. folio LVI ¶ Capitulo XXI. Quando dos por causa de traycion combaten y el uno jamas puede vencer al otro si por humanidad del juez se devrian despartir: si o no. folio LIIII ¶ Capitulo XXII. Si dos combatidores a todo trance: y el uno en tierra cayesse: y por aviso del hermano que mirando los estava contra el mandamiento del juez: si el hermano avisado podra ser vencedor. folio LIIII. ¶ Capitulo XXIII. De dos que son desafiados para combatir a todo trance: con tal partido que si el uno cavesse / o fuesse herido: quedasse por perdedor / o desdezido: uno cayo por desgracia: & no por encuentro fue herido: si puede alegar el otro haver causa de victoria. folio XXXV ¶ Capitulo XXIIII. De dos cambatidores: los quales avian capitulado: el de mas heridas diesse al otro	[009v] Libri Octaui Capita Off Channces that happen in Particular Combatt & of Agremente taken betwext the fighters. ca. 1 Of two fighters that were in one Combat slaine wch of them ought be victorious. ca. 2 Of two knights agreed to fighte on horsback the one dismounteth and sleath his enemie whether he ought to be victorious. ca. 3 Of two gent havinge agreed that wch of them weare vnhorsed sholde be reputed vanquished, at the firste encounter they fell both, wch of them ought be victorious. ca. 4 Of two knights beinge wthin the liste to fight for life the one is overthrowne, he beinge on the grounde hurtheth the horse of his enemie wch the Iudge seinge departeth the Combatt. ca. 5 Of two gent beinge wthin the liste to fight for life, the one overthrowth the other, he that was ouerthrowen sayth, I am vanquished, & wth those wordes geueth him yt ouerthrowe him a greate wounde wherof he died, wch of them ought to have victorie. ca. 6 Of the honnor wch is gotten in thexercise of armes when one disarmeth an other of certeine peces & whether of them doth beste performe his parte. ca. 7 When in Combat for life or other, therbe corporall hurtes geven wch be of more or losse honnor or more or losse praiseworthy. ca. 8 Of the orders of Iustes and publique firmamente. ca. 9 Of two knights agreed to fighte for life wth mases of Iron, one of them bringeth a mase full of pestiferous pouldr wherby he became victorious. ca. 10 Of two gent entred into the feilde to fighte for life wth swordes, the one dismounteth & taketh holde of his ennemies foote beinge on horsback, who notwthstandinge alighteth also overthrowe him. ca. 11 Of two fighters, the one woundeth his ennemie & seinge his bloode soundeth, the man wounded duringe his sounde doth binde him & after him self dieth. ca. 12 Two gent at defiannce doe come to Combat for life, the Challinger dooth pmise [promise] to pve [prove] his quarrell, at the first incountr they booth die whether ye Challinger be vanquished or the case doubtfull. ca. 13 [010r] Of two men at Armes thone vnhorsed wth his owne sworde strake his owne horse, wch horse thorough furie of the wonde goeth to the other horse & fightinge wth him, causeth his rider to fall also in fallinge breaketh his legge & dieth. ca. 14 Of two fighters, of whome, the one taketh the other by the legge, & he holdeth him till thende of the daye wthout furthr hurte whether for so doinge he be victorious. ca. 15 Of two men at Armes, thone of them by channce thorough his his [sic] horses stomblinge vppon a Troncheon of broken lannce & not thennemies force falleth. ca. 16 Of one that brought certeine pricks of Iron & by such crafte overcame his ennemie. ca. 17 Of two gent the one in fightinge saide I yelde & at the same instannt strake his ennemie & slewe him. ca. 18 When two men at Armes doe incounter, thone is vnhorsed the other loseth his stirrops, is amazed & wandreth he wot not whether wch of them is victored. ca. 19 When ii men at armes do capitulate to ronne iii Courses for lyfe, & then wth ye sworde to ende the Combat, at the first course the one beinge lightlie armed dismounteth & hurtheth thennemies horse. ca. 20 When two gent fight for a quarrell of treason, afterlonge fightenge & neither of them vanquished, whether by the Iudge they maye be parted. ca. 21 Where ii fighte on horsbacke for life, the one is vnhorsed & lieth flat vnseene, whether a standrby maye wthout punishement speake. ca. 22 Where ii men at armes doe agre to fight for life wth condicion that wch of them be vnhorsed or hurte sholde be vanquished & dishonnored, the one thorough disgrace, & not the ennemies virtue falleth wthout hurte, whether the other maye claime victorie. ca. 23 When ii men at armes be agreed to ronne certeine courses& yf he that receiveth moste hurte sholde be victored, it happeneth they were both hurte in diuers places, wch of them ought be victorious. ca. 24 In fight betwext two gent the one hath his eie put owte the other his nose cut of wch of them deserueth most honnor. ca. 25 [010v] Two men at armes doe ronne the Course of the feilde for life, thone is hurte on the arme, the others on the legg, wch of them hath gained most honnor. ca. 26 When a man leftehanded doth fight wth an other that striketh wth the right hannde, & they be both hurte on their fightinge hande what Iudgement ought to be geven. ca. 27 Where the Challinger & defendr be hurte in like members wch of them ought be victorious. ca. 28 In a Matche of fowre wch of them ought be victorious. ca. 29 When it is agreed to fight equallie, yf one of the fighters otherwise arem them selves, wch of them ought have ye victorie. ca. 30 Of two knights that fought for life, the Prince desirous to part them, putteth downe his Staffe, the one after hurteth his ennemie, saienge he sawe it not, what chastizement such disobedience deserueth. ca. 31 Of a Match of seven men at armes against the like nomber. ca. 32 Of A Challinger yt in Combat loseth his sworde whether the defendr ought be victorious. ca. 33 Of a Certeine knight that brought to the feilde a ball of artificiall fire, wch beinge cast vppon the grounde kept back the Ennemies horse. ca. 34 When in Combat for life the one denieth & the victorious doe pardon him yt is victored whether notwthstandinge the Iudge may punish him, or let him wth his posteritie remaine a traitor. 35 When one in Combat is vanquished, and after alleageth that he confessed an vntruth beinge forced therto, whether he ought to be harde. ca. 36 When the Iudge departeth the Combat for pittie or other cause, not attendinge the ende whether anie of the fighters maye Complaine. ca. 37 When one of the fighters is hurte wthin the liste, he beinge hurte overthroweth thennemie, & putteth a knife to his throte readie to kill him, the Iudge doth part them, the hurte man dieth wch ought be victorious. ca. 38 When the Prince yt grannted Combat dothe pardon the victored, & comanndeth that he shall neither be slaine nor prisoner whether ye victorious maye challenge his chardge, & the valewe of his Prisoner at the Princes hande. ca. 39
				[011r] Libri Nom Capita Iff a man vanquished in personall combat not beinge slaine nor deineth his worde, but yeldeth him selfe a prisoner, whether his aduersarie maye afterwardes kill him. ca. 1 Yf a Prisoner yelded doth obteine libertie & returneth whethr he to whom his prisoner may commannd him base seruice & things unfitt for a gent. ca. 2 Yf a man vanquished in Combat & yelded prisoner be suffered to goe at libertie & retorne at the Call of the vanquisher yf his Prince doe likewise send for him wch of them he oughte obeye. ca. 3 A gent victorious havinge taken a prisoner doth suffer him to have libertie vppon pmise [promise] to retorne, yf after beinge called he doe refuze, whether his prince may inforce him to performe the promise. ca. 4 When a gent vanquished & prisoner doth become a L. Prince or Duke, whether he be bounde to retorne to his taker. ca. 5 A Soldier taken by thre, & beinge prisonner to them all is by them all once called to wch of them he ought obeye. ca. 6 Whether a man vanquished & accepted prisoner to goe vpon his pmise [promise] maye redeme his faith for money or otherwise. 7 A man vanquished in personall fighte & yelded prisoner, is geven to the Prince, whether ye Prince maye put him to ransomme. ca. 8 Whether a man vanquished & made a prisoner, shall remaine a prisoner to the sonne of the vanquisher after his deathe. ca. 9 A prisoner suffred to goe vppon his faith beinge called to retorne doothe alledge impediments, whether he maye so doe. ca. 10 Whether A Prisonner taken in Combat for life maye be geven & made the Prisoner of an other by guifte of his Taker. ca. 11 Whether a man havinge slaine a rebell in Combatt may claime the rewarde pmised [promised] by the Prince. ca. 12 Howe that he who dieth in Combatt doth not die a Slave, but maye make his will & receive the Sacrament. ca. 13 [011v]  Whether the spoiles of the vanquished ought to apporteigne to the vanquisher. ca. 14 Whether a man accused enteringe into Combat wth his accusr & not beinge vanquished ought to be acquit. ca. 15 Whether A prisoner taken by a base souldier ought be the prisonner of him self or his Captaine. ca. 16 Whether it be lawfull to alter the quarrell within the listes. ca. 17 Of one yt yeldeth wthout deinenge whether the combat ended, he be bounde to deine. ca. 18 Whether a prisoner goinge at libertie vppon his faithe be bounde to appeare at his takers call havinge any lett. 19 Whether a gent taken prisonner in Combat & let goe vpon his faithe, & denienge he is a prisonner may be by his taker againe called to combat. ca. 20 If two men at armes doe agre to ronne a certeine nomber of Courses, or fight a certeine nomber of blowes, wth their mases or swordes, whether they maie ronne or fight more then the composition. ca. 21 Yf a man weareth an Emprease & one other dooth touche it wch of them ought be Challinger. ca. 22 Whether it be lawfull to touche an Emprease wthout leave of the lorde of that place where the Emprease is worn. 23 Whether a gent repulsed touchinge an Emprease maye be denied to fighte. ca. 24 If two doe fight for life whether ye Iudge maye departe them. ca. 25 Yf a gent doth weare an Emprease & one other dooth touche it, whether any of them may refuze to fight. 26 Whether a gent bearinge an Empreas to fight vppon certen condicionsexpressed, & the Condicions not kept, yf the Combat ought to cease. ca. 27 If two gentlemen fight vppon Condicions whether for anie newe iniurie they may be broken. ca. 28 If a gent doe beare an Empreas, & the same is touched by iii sondrie p[er]sons, wch o them ought first come to combat. ca. 29 [012r] Of one that vanquished his ennemie in Combat, wth armes more light then was agreed vppon, whether he ought be victorious. ca. 30 If two Ennemies doe take a truce ,& the one doth weare an empreas, whether the other towchinge it may be refuzed to fighte. ca. 31 Whether a gent wearinge an Empreas & vanquished may after be repulced. ca. 32 Of thende of Combatte for life. ca. 33 Two gent doe come to Combat & are made freindes by their Prince, they one of them for the same dothe thank his Prince, whether for so doinge he ought be reputed a denier and vanquished. ca. 34 Of fowre gent two of them defienge thother two, & whether two of them maie ioyntlie offende one ennemie. 35 Yf two gent defie two others, of whome the one falleth sicke, whether the Combat ought be deferred till his recouerie. ca. 35 Where two be bounde to fight for life, & before the combat perfourmed, one of them becommeth a Clerke, & received dignitie of churche, whether for that respect, he maye aduoide the Combat. ca. 36 If one gent doothe defie an other whether a thirde person maie intrude him self into the quarrell. ca. 37 Yf a man suspected of treason be vanquished in Combat & yet refuzeth to confesse the faulte, whether he shall after be accompted a Traitor. ca. 38 Whether fleinge or deniall wth a mans owne mouth be a greater dishonnor. ca. 39 Finis Tabelle Indicis huius Libri

Book 4 - On Armaments

Draft Translation by Michael Chidester	First Edition [Latin] (1476)  by Kendra Brown	Italian Translation (1521)  by Michael Chidester	Spanish Translation (1544)  by Michael Chidester	English Translation (1580)  by David Kite
The fourth book begins, in which is treated the selection of armaments. Chapter 1. In the first chapter of the present book, it is written whether the weapons of those who are challenged by pledge of battle should follow the covenant of engagement signed between them (such as lance, sword, dagger, iron-shod mace, axe, or whichever other arms, according to the decision that they should fight). Or it is lawful for each of them to carry, apart from the appointed weapons, other small arms such as knives and stilettos, with which they might prevail if necessary despite not being named or covenanted between them. And similarly, in battle on foot one may bring long weapons and also short weapons (such as bodkins and spikes and similar instruments of battle). However, some are wont to measure the weapons, and others do not care if they be equal. But when the battle is made to the death, every manner of weapon may be carried even if it be not specified in the covenant. And in the case that the challenged had not made a choice of weapons, it will be left to each of the two to carry the weapons that they want for the battle. Because Emperor Federico described in the constitution of the Kingdom of Sicily that the weapons be equal. However, by common custom whichever of them wishes may use whichever weapon seems best (not contravening the pact and covenant between them).	[48r] Incipit Liber quartus. De Armis. 1 [A]Rma quiden pugnantium in duello erunt sedum federa & conventiones pugilim quippe cum armis conventis pugnabunt quia si equites pugnare [48v]	[119] Incomincia il quarto libro, nel quale se tracta dela electione dele arme. Capitulo I. NEl primo capitulo del presente libro se descrive, si como l'arme deli disfidati per guagio de battaglia debbeno essere secondo la conventione deli pacti fermati tra loro se con lanze, spate, daghe, mazze ferrate o con quale se voglia altra armatura, secondo la deliberatione debbeno combattere. Pero e licito a ciascuno de loro portare oltra quelle arme deputate altre piccole como sono li cortelli, pugnali, quatrelli conliquali se possano prevalere nel necessario, quantunche non fosseno nominati tra loro capituli. Similmente in battaglia pedestre se po portare arme longhe, & piccole como sono brocchette, & ponzoni, & de simile natura de instrumenti de battaglia pero alcuni sogliono mesurare l'arme, alcuni non curano che siano mesurate; ma quando la battaglia fosse a tutta oltranza se potria portare ogni generatione de arme benche non fosseno specificati neli pacti; & in caso chel rechiesto non havesse facto electione de l'arme fara ne l'arbitrio de tutti doi l'arme che volesseno portare nela battaglia. Perche descrive Federico Imperatore nela constitutione del regno de Sicilia che l'arme siano equale; pero de commune consuetudine quale se voglia de loro potra usare quel'arme [120] che meglio li parera non contravenendo ali pacti;	[19v] ¶ Comiença el quarto Libro en el qual se trata de la elicion de las armas Capitulo Primero. EEn el primer capitulo del presente Libro se escrive si las armas de los desafiados por gajo de batalla deven ser segun la convincion y partido firmado entre ellos si con lança y espada: y daga: y maça herrado: o qual quiera otra armadura segun la deliberacion deven combatir o si es licito a cada uno de ellos traer otras armas {vitra} de aquellas que son señaladas otras chicas como son cuchillos: y puñales quadrillos con los quales se pueda ayudar en la necessidad aunque no fuessen nombrados ni capitulados entre ellos: y semejantemente en batalla a pie si se puede traer armas luengas y chicas como son broquetes punçones: y de semejante natura de ustrumento de batalla por que algunos suelen medir las armas: y algunos no curan que sean medidas mas quando la Batalla fuesse hecha a todo trance podria traer todo genero o manera de armas con tal que no fuessen defendidas por convenencia entre ellas: y en caso que el reutado no oviesse hecho la elecion de las armas sera en el alvedrio de todos dos llevar las Armas que ellos quisieren ala batalla / y porque escrive Federico Emperador en la constitucion del Reyno de Cecilia que las Armas sean yguales Pero comun constituciones que qualquiera de ellos [20r] pueda usar aquellas armas que mejor le pareceran no viendo en contra del patio /	[48r] The Ffowerthe Booke wherin is declared the Election of the weapon and Armes. Capitolo Primero In the ffirste chapter of this ffowrth booke is mencioned what weapons are allowed in combatt wch are accordinge to the agrement betwext the parties as lannces swordes daggers maces of Iron or such like It is lawfull for them to weare besides thease somme others of small importannce, as knives and daggers wherof sometimes they maye receave somme commoditie, though in the agrement no mencion be made of them at all. Lykewise in fight on foote a man maye weare a longe or shorte weapon at his plessr, as Tucke or shorte swordes, and such like instrumente of warre. Some are of a opinion to have all weapons measured, somme others make therof none accompte, but when combat is vppon lyfe and death a man maye vse whatsoever weapon him liste, albeit it be not specified wthin the agremente. And in case the defender hath not chosen the weapons, then shall it be free for either of them to make their owne choise. Federick [sic] the Emperor in his constitucion of the kingdome of Sicilia saith that the weapons wolde be eequall, wheruppon it semeth the custome is, that every man may choose his own weapon, so as the same doe not repugne to the agremente.
And as it is narrated about one of our Neapolitans who, lightly armed, made to carry into the list a certain quantity of smooth, round, and small rocks to cast by hand, which so injured his enemy and in this manner offended him that after the first throws he was overthrown and defeated, just as did the king David to the giant Goliath, who he killed with stones. It is also narrated of another knight, who carried a quantity of javelins into the list, which he placed in the ground at various points, with which he assaulted his opponent whenever he threw one, and then retreated whenever he was attacked, and in this way he remained the victor. And because of this it is declared that the enemy should, with all subtle industry and ingenuity, seek to defeat whatever he decides to do against you, and you against him. For to strive with all advantage to work for salvation of life is desired by all generations of animals, but when fighting for love or for vow or for showing virtue, one should continue according to the covenant of the match, or agreement, without any advantage of either side, because the ancient proverb says "For love are great things done, and guard against any advantage that you receive no harm".		& perche se narra de uno nostro regnicola il quale armato ligiero se fece conducere nel steccato certa quantita de pietre si lice tonde, & piccole apte a menare a braccio con le quale percosse il suo nimico, in modo & in tal manera lo offese che dapo lo assalto lo vinse, & superollo; si como fece Re David al gigante Golia ilquale occise con pietre. De un'altro Cavaliero anchora se narra che porto una quantita de giavarine dentro del steccato le quale in diversi lochi le fixe in terra; & con quelle insultando il suo nimico quando tirandole, & quando fugendole sempre con nove offese se adoperava tale che a la fine rimase vincitore. Et per questo se denota chel nimico se debbe con ogni subtile industria, & ingegno superare cercando quallo che lui deliberasse contra de te adoperare, tu contra epso con ogni avantagio se sforza adoperarlo per salvatione dela vita desiderata a ogni generatione d'animali. Pero quando se combattesse per amore, per voto, o per monstrare la virtu se debbe seguire secondo la conventione deli pacti senza alcuno avantagio dele parte; perche dice l'antiquo proverbio, per amore se fanno de gran tracti; guardate del avantagio che danno non habi.	y convencion que entre ellos esta porque se cuenta de un nuestro por nombre nicola: el qual armado ligero se hizo traer en el estacada cierta cantidad de piedras lisas y redondas aparejadas para tirar con la mano con las quales hirio a su enemigo de modo y manera lo ofendio que luego a los primeros tiros lo derribo y vencio assi como hizo el rey David al gigante Golias el qual mato con piedras: de otro cavallero tanbien se dize que truxo una cantidad de cuchillos dentro del estacada y en diversos cabos los hinco en tierra / y con aquellas salteo a su enemigo quando le tirava una y quando se retraya: y con nuevas ofensas se defendia de tal manera que al fin quedo vencedor: y por aquesto se declara que el enemigo se defendia de tal manera que al fin quedo vencedor: y por aquesto se declara que el enemigo se deve con toda sotil industria y ingenio buscar venciendo aquello que el delibra hazer contra ti: y tu contra el: con toda ventaja esfuerça a obrarlo por salvacion de la vida desseada a toda generacion de animales pero quando se combatiesse por amor o por boto o por mostrar la virtud se deve seguir segun la convincion del partido o concierto sin alguna ventaja de las partes porque dize el antiguo proberbio por amor se hazen grandes tratos: y engaños guardate de tal ventaja que daño no recibieras.	It is reported, that a contrie man of ours beinge lightlie armed, caused a number of rounde stones to be brought into the lyste wherwth he assailed his enemie, and in that sorte at laste did vanquish him as kinge David did Golias the Giannte who was slaine wth stones, we reade of one other gentleman, who brought certeine pricke of yron into the liste wch he bestowed in divers places of the grounde wherwth in thende he overcame his enemie. Therefore it is to be considered, that thennemye sholde be assayled by all pollecie & endevor for the savetie of lyffe, wch every creature naturallie desireth but when a man fighteth for love or to showe his virtue [48v] Then shall he proceede accordinge to order before agreed vppon w[i]thout further advanntage, for the proverb saith Per amore si fanno gran tratti, guardati de l’auantagio che danno non habbi. ~
	De armis concessis secundum ius longobardum. et quid de consuetudine. 2 [I]n duello secundum iura longobarda concessa sunt scuta & fustes. [49r]	Dele arme secondo la lege Longobarda. Capitulo II. VEderemo appresso secondo la lege de Imperatori longobardi quali forono inventori in Italia del combattere per guagio de battaglia, se debbe combattere con scuti, & bastoni [121] & con armecto, schineri; salvo se la battaglia fosse causata par delicto de infidelitate; perche alhora se deveria combattere con arme militare. Et quando la battaglia se fa con bastoni debbeno essere equali; & in caso che nel combattere se rompesseno se debbeno deli altri provedere. Pero quando combattesseno con arme militare rompendose non debbeno prendere l'altri; perche se imputano a la sua mala fortuna; & in caso che uno cascasse non debbe essere sublevato secondo la consuetudine de li oltramontani, & Italici cascando l'arme, overo rompendose in battaglia de tutta oltranza non potranno altre arme recercare, per respecto che pare per divino judicio intravenga; attale che la battaglia se fornisca; reservato se facesseno altri pacti, neli quali havesseno deliberati de rompere tante lanze, overo de correre tanti colpi toccati con lanze, o con haste quale rompendose potranno l'altre repigliare; ma per evitare il periculo essendo convenuti de combattere con spate sara licito portarne due, o piu per sua volunta.	¶ Capitulo .ii. De las armas segun la ley Lombarda. AHora sera de ver segun la ley de los emperadores Lombarda qua;es fueron los inventores en ytalia para combatir por gajo de batalla si se deve combatir con escudo y baston y con almete equinado salvo si la Batalla fuesse causada por delito de infidelidad porque a la ora se devria combatir con arma militar y quando la batallase haze con baston deven ser yguales en caso que combatiendo se rompiessen deven les de proveer de otros pero quando combatiessen con arma militar si se rompiessen no deven tomar otras: por que se imputa a su mala fortuna y si por caso el uno cantanos / y los ytalianos caendose les armas: o rompiendose les en la batalla de oltrance no pueden otras armas buscar por respeto que parece ser por divino juyzio portal que la batalla se acaba reservando si hiziesse en otro concierto en el qual oviesse deliberado de romper tantas lanças o de correr tantos golpes tocados con lanças con astas los quales siendo concertados rompiendose podran tomar otras mas por evitar el peligro porque siendo concertados para combatir con espadas sera licito traer dos o mas a su voluntad.	Of Armes accordinge to the Lawe of Lombardie. ~ . ~ . Ca[pitolo] 2. Lett vs nowe consider accordinge to the Lawe of the emperors of Lombardie, the first inventors of Combatte in Italie whether a man maye fighte w[i]th sheildes and staves, the battle not beinge for infidelitie, for then a man ought to use the weapon of a Soldier. And when as the combat is tried w[i]th staves, the same ought to be equall and yf perchannce they breake in fighte, then ought others to be provided But yf in fight w[i]th weapons martiall they happen to break then shall none other be provided, because the breakinge is imputed to his evill fortune, or yf happelie one of the fighters doe fall, he ought not be helped up, accordinge to the custome used beyonde the mountaines. The Italians beinge in fighte for life and deathe, and happeninge to lose his weapon by breakinge or otherwist, maye not be permitted to take an other weapon in hande, because the hap hereof semeth to proceede of the devine Judgemente therby to ende the combat (unles by former agremente) it be ordered to the contrarie. As yf they agreed to breake a certeine nomber of lannces, or to runne a certeine nomber of courses, or yf the fight be w[i]th swordes, and the parties agreed to fight w[i]th two thre or fowre accordinge to the Agremente. ~ . ~ . ~ . ~ . ~ . ~ . ~ .
Chapter 3: When two knights decide to fight with swords, without other military armaments It brings to mind two knights who, having pledged for battle, obtained a field from a prince. They had decided an agreement to fight unarmed apart from swords and without any body armor, and with this, each one would show their mettle in defending their cause/right, and in order to defend their lives they would put themselves in a state such that each had the semblance of a raving dragon. Seeing this, on the appointed day [the prince] did not want the battle to be made, seeing that it was more suitable for vile butchers than for valorous knights, and for this work and provision the prince was highly praised. And in a similar case for the worthy prince, he would not permit such a battle except with military weapons, fighting at least partially armored (and partially unarmored). Combat without all the armaments necessary for military exercise is not pertinent to good knights, and likewise good knights in the field are wont on occasion, in similar endeavors, to exercise their valorous persons in order to show their strength, and to defend their justice. And it is described in Lombard law that battle between knights should not be made with sticks, nor with stones$mdash;unless there be contrary testimonies, then in that hour they should fight with sticks and shields in order to prove which of them had spoken the truth.	[49v] & exempla doctoru[m] .l.i.ff. de manu .vin. & dicit[?] lombarda .q[uem? cappelli 367 very unsure] pugna debet fieri cu[m] armis militaribus .ut in lombar. ubi dicit qui[?] no[n] debet fieri pugna fuste vel lapide sed armis militaribus nisi in testibus pugna[n]tibus [Cf.????] ipsi pugna[n]t fustibus &	Quando li cavalieri deliberasseno combattere con spate senza arme militare. Capitulo III. ACcade fare mentione de doi cavalieri quali havendone guagio de battaglia obtenere da un principe il campo ilquale vedendo che haveano deliberati per pacto combattere desarmati solo con spate senza altre arme corporale, & con quelle ogn'uno de loro monstrare il suo ardire defensare la sua ragione, & defendere la vita se possono in modo che ognun de loro parea un drago rabiato, & [122] nela giornata non volse che la battaglia se facesse vedendo che era piu conveniente a vilissimi beccarini, che a valorosi cavalieri; & sumamente fo laudata la sententia de tal principe; & in simili casi per degno principe questo saria da fare de non permettere tal battaglia; reservato quando con arme militare in parte armati, & in parti desarmati combattesseno non saria apertenente a boni cavalieri combattere senza tutte le arme necessarie alo exercitio militare, & como boni cavalieri sogliono inel campo, & in simile imprese exercitare loro valorose persone per cagione de demonstrare loro forze, & defensare loro iustitia; & descrivese nela longobarda lege che la battaglia fra cavalieri non se devera fare con bastoni, ne con pietre; reservato quando fosseno li testimonii contrarii; perche alhora deveriano combattere con bastoni, & scuti per provare chi de loro havesse dicta la verita;	¶ Capitulo .iii. Quando dos cavalleros delibrassen combatir con espadas sin otra arma militar. ESse de hazer memoria de dos cavalleros los quales haviendo gajo de batalla o{b}tener de un principe el campo el cual haviendo que havian delibrado por su concierto combatir desarmados mas solo con espada sin otra armadura corporal: y con aquella cade uno dellos mostrar su animo defendiendo su razon: y defender la vida se pusieron a manerra que cada uno de ellos parescia un dragon ravioso. En la jornada no quiso que la batalla se hiziesse viendo que era mas conviente a viles carniceros que a valeriosos cavalleros sumamente fue loada la obra: y proveymiento de tal principe semejante caso por digno principe a questo seria de hazer de no premetir tal batalla reservando quando con arma militar: y en parte armado: y en parte desarmado combatiessen no seria preteneciente a buen cavallero combatir sin todas las armas necessarias al exercicio militar como buenos cavalleros suele en el campo en semejante empresa exercitar sus valerosas personas por ocasion mostrar sus fuerzas / y defender su Justicia que la batalla entre cavalleros no se deveria hazer entre Cavalleros con bastones ni con piedras [20v] reservando quando fuessen los testigos contrarios porque a la ora deverian combatir con bastones y escudos por provar qual de ellos oviesse dicho la verdad	[49r] When the fighters doe Appointe to fighte with swordes disarmed. ~ . ~ . ~ . Capitolo 3. It semethe not impertinent to make mention that whereas two gentlemen havinge obteyned place for combatt of somme prince doe determine to fighte clerelye disarmed with swordes onlye and therewith to showe the nobylitie of their mindes in the defence of reason and lives. And beinge thus prepared like dragons appearinge at day appointed the prince forbiddeth them to fighte, supposinge this manner of doinge more meete for butchers and suche lyke, men of base condition then for noble and couragious gentlemen. The opinion of the prince was greatlie commended in not sufferinge them to proceede in fight accordinge to their determination unles theye doe appear in somme parte armed and furnished with weapon meete for the exercise of a soldier, for it is not the parte of a gentleman to be unfurnished all kinde of armes meete for the exercyse of the warre, which all good soldiers were wonte ever to have readie of purpose to practize in feilde their valiannt bodies in feates of armes and therby to declare their force and defend their righte. In the law of Lombardie it is declared that gentry ought not to enter into combatt with staves nor stones, riservato quando fussino gli testimonij contrarij. For then they ought to fight with staves and sheildes in the triall of truthe.
It happened that two Ultramontane knights came into Italy to fight unarmed apart from swords and knives, and having obtained a free field, they gave notice to a judge, to whom many knights appealed that he not permit this cruelty that would get them killed, and the field was revoked by the prince. And the judge made harmony between them with excusatory words that should be said by the challenged party. And so they returned to their land where, after they arrived, they had a new dispute between them, whether the words of the challenged could be unsaid or not, and because of this they went on another journey for another battle. And for this reason, at the end of the present work I will write at length about the manner of unsaying, which should be made one way by the challenged and one way by the challenger, which intervenes in similar battles that are made person-to-person.		& accade che venendo in Italia doi Cavalieri oltramontani per combattere desarmati solo con spate, & pugnali havendo obtenuto il campo libero pervenendo in notitia del iudice al quale molti cavalieri supplicaro che non permettesse si crudelmente farli amazare fo per il principe revocato il campo; & facta tra loro concordia per il iudice de alcune parole exusatorie se devesseno dire per il rechiesto se retornorno nel loro paese dove essendo pervenuti hebbeno fra loro novo rebacto se le parole dicte dal rechiesto erano desdicta si, o no; perche seguiro nova impresa in un'altra battaglia; & per questo al fine dela presente opera descriveremo ad pleno dela desdicta como, & quale se debbe fare si per il rechiesto, & si anchora per il rechieditore che intraveneno a simile battaglia che se fanno da persona a persona.	acaescio que viniendo en ytalia dos cavalleros Oltramontanos para combatis desarmados: mas solamente con espadas y puñales: y haviendo tenido el campo libre veniendo a noticia del juez al qual muchos cavallero le suplicaron que no permitiesse assi cruelmente haz ellos matar fue por el Principe revocado el campo: y hecho entre ellos concordia por el Juez de algunas palabras escusatorias que se deviessen dezir por el reutado. E assi se bolvieron en su tierra donde despues venidos ovieron entre ellos nueva quistion diziendo si las palabras dichas por el reutado si era desdezido o no por lo qual figuieron nueva empressa en una otra batalla y por aquesto al fin de la presente obra escrivire mos cumplidamente de la manera del desdezir lo qual se deve hazer assi por e reutado como por el reutador y que intreviene en semejante batalla que se haze de persona a persona.	There happened to come into Italie two gentlemen stranngers of purpose to fight with swordes and daggers disarmed who havinge obteyned libertie of feilde elected their judge to whome repaired diuers other gentry prayenge him nott to permitt so great a crueltie that the one sholde in this sorte sleae the other. At the firste the prince revoked the feilde and caused concored betwext the gent to be made by the Judge with certein wordes of excuse on the parte of the defender, which done they retorned into their contrie, where beinge arrived, they fall againe into a newe quarrel, wheter the excuse made before were a yeldinge or unsayeinge or not. Heereuppon ensueth a newe question, [49v] if the saide wordes were a deniall or not? Wheruppon a combat maye be granted. But in the case of deniall we shall in the ende of this worke discourse at large, what and howe the defenders deniall shal be understoode, and in what sort the challenger shall enter into like personall battle. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~. ~ .
End of the fourth book		Finisse il quarto Libro.	¶ Fenesce el quarto libro.	Finis Libri Quarti.

Copyright and License Summary

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Work	Author(s)	Source	License
Translation	Michael Chidester	Wiktenauer
Latin (1476)	Kendra Brown	Index:De duello, vel De re militari in singulari certamine (Paride del Pozzo)
Italian (1521)	Michael Chidester	Index:Duello, libro de re (Paride de Pozzo)
Spanish (1544)	Michael Chidester	Index:Libro llamado batalla de dos (Paride del Pozzo)
English (1580)	David Kite	Index:Questions of Honor and Arms (MS V.b.104)