View source for Federico Ghisliero

{{Infobox writer
| name                 = [[name::Federico Ghisliero]]

| deathdate            = 1619
| deathplace           = Turin, Italy
| resting_place        = 
| occupation           = {{plainlist
 | [[occupation::Soldier]] 
}}
| language             = [[Italian]]
| nationality          = [[Italian]]
| ethnicity            = 
| citizenship          = 
| education            = 
| alma_mater           = 
| patron               =

| period               = 
| genre                = [[Fencing manual]]
| subject              = 
| movement             = 
| notableworks         = ''[[Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero)|Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii]]'' (1587)
| manuscript(s)        = 
}}
Federico Ghisliero was a Bolognese soldier and fencer. Little is know about his early life, but he studied fencing under the famous [[Silvio Piccolomini]].

In 1587, he published a fencing treatise called ''[[Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero)|Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii]]'', dedicated to Ranuccio Farnese, who was 18 years old at the time of publication and would become Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Castro. Ghisliero's manual is notable for his use of geometry in relation to fencing, and the incredibly detailed illustrations, using concentric circles centered on where the fencer has placed most of their weight (often, but not always, the back foot), and illustrating multiple versions of each figure in a plate, showing the progression of the movements he describes.
{{TOC limit|3}}
== Treatise ==

{{master begin
 | title = Introduction
 | width = 100%
}}
{{master subsection begin
 | title = Dedication to Antonio Pio Bonello
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Michaael Chidester]]</p>

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[file:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii Title (alt).png|400px|center|border]]
| <p>'''Rules of many knightly<ref name="Cavagliereschi">''Cavagliereschi'' is Corsican for "chivalrous", while the Italian is "knightly".</ref> armies,'''</p>

<p>''Collected by Captain Frederico Ghisliero, in service to the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello.''</p>

<p>'''In Parma.''' [published] by Erasmo Viotto. 1587.<br/>''Licensed by the Superiors.''</p>
| {{paget|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii|Title (alt)|png|lbl=+ⅰ}}

|- 
| <p>'''To the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello,''' son of the Most Excellent Lord Girolamo Bonello, Marquis of Cassano.<br/><br/></p>

<p>'''F'''or ''two reasons, my Most Illustrious Sir, it has pleased me to direct to Your Most Illustriousness the present book of mine, which I have written here and now, and with good reason, on the use of arms. The first, so that with this new birth of mine I may wish you well, having intercepted with infinite pleasure the marriage which followed between you and the Most Illustrious Lady Octavia Bagliona: with which your Most Illustrious House may hope for a most happy succession: just as I desire that my birth, under the protection of your name, may live for a long time in safety. The other, so that by reading in this book, Your Illustriousness will be able to recognise in it those precepts, which perhaps up to now have been shown to you by a good Master in the handling of arms, your own virtue, which you have wished to adorn with many others in this most tender anchorage of yours. Therefore, let this effort of mine not be discouraging to you: for if it could be weak in itself, nevertheless, by reading it, Your Illustriousness will understand that you will be able to see much more than your own strength and merit would allow. I would like to thank Your Illustriousness for this letter. I kiss your hands.''</p>
| 
{{paget|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii|I (alt)|png|lbl=+ⅱ|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii II (alt).png|1|lbl=+ⅱv.1|p=1}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>''From Parma on April 22. 1587.''</p>

<p>&emsp;Affectionate Servant</p>

<p>&emsp;&emsp;Of Your Illustriousness,</p>

<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Federico Ghisliero.
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii II (alt).png|2|lbl=+ⅱv.2}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Dedication to Ranuccio Farnese
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Michaael Chidester]]</p>

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[file:Ghisliero_Title.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>'''Rules of many knightly<ref name="Cavagliereschi"/> armies,'''</p>

<p>''Collected by Captain Frederico Ghisliero, in service to the Most Serene Lord Ranuccio Farnese, Prince of Parma, & Piacenza, etc.''</p>

<p>'''In Parma.''' [published] by Erasmo Viotto. 1587.<br/>''Licensed by the Superiors.''</p>
| {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|7|lbl=+ⅰ}}

|- 
| <p>'''To the Most Serene Lord Ranuccio Farnese Prince of Parma, Piacenza, etc.'''</p>

<p>'''M'''''ost Gacious<ref>''La gratia'' is Catalan for "grace".</ref> and Serene Lord; when Your Highness reminded me of my service to you in the play of arms, that having worked with you only a little on one occasion; that I owed it to you to gather, almost in compendium, all about Theory and Practice. That I by showing in words, and by working with you struggled to obey you and to explain them. And I did that, not to believe that I will be perfectly aware of the profession of the use of arms (which is not really my profession, but is instead that of the military),<ref>Ghisliero is telling his reader that he is a soldier not a civilian swordsman, so it will have a different perspective to others, hence his later comments on siege craft. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> but by this means to show my gratitude to you. Because while I am deficient in many ways, if I may venture to be very brave, and rejoice very much, I have been noticed by the most illustrious Lord Silvio Piccolomini, for whom, and I hope always to show, that I owe the greatest gratitude to His Highness. How could I ever repay the receipt of this notice from? Even if I did, would I have put enough effort into the following work to warrant further regard from you?''</p>
| 
{{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|9|lbl=+ⅱ|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/10|1|lbl=+ⅱv.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''I wish to provide you a sign of my loving inclination to you and that I will forever serve you in my life through this work.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/10|2|lbl=+ⅱv.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''I add to this an ardent desire, which I too have together with your other faithful servants. Who is in this first flower of his age to want to provide to you the opportunity, which likewise from me can give you occasion, with this way shown by me, to become accustomed to the exercise: to your profit, and in a way that always protects your life and reassures those who worry about you.''<ref>This and the previous paragraph are commending the work to the patron, justifying the work’s existence and its purpose, common in treatises of the period. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/10|3|lbl=+ⅱv.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/11|1|lbl=+ⅲ.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''This can be seen in the old Gymnasium, and other places of the ancient emperors of Rome, (which we read about and know about their clothes) copied across many parts of Rome and the world, so that they and their people would take advantage of such exercise not just of the body but the soul. Such exercise makes it easier to be skilled in peace and war.''<ref>It was common to refer to “ancients” in the justification of the art of swordsmanship. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/11|2|lbl=+ⅲ.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''And while we can make this art<ref>When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the ''ars militari'' (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> profit on a thousand other occasions, if only it delivers the following two benefits at the same time it could be considered worthy, and we can do it very well through practicing this art: firstly vigour and robustness of the soul and body; the other which should not be taken lightly, and is the principle reason for this study to be pursued, is being able to defend against any insult against your person.''<ref>Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/11|3|lbl=+ⅲ.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''Therefore, Your Highness, in response to your kindness, what is most dear to me, and for your own good, this effort of mine to deliver to you the dearest of desires which can be achieved; the preservation of life, and the recreation of the mind.''</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/11|4|lbl=+ⅲ.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/12|1|lbl=+ⅲv.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''And the more willing you are to accept this gift of mine accompanied by very loyal advice (with which you may not always agree) that I do so with the example of the most serene Lord Duke A''<small>LESSANDRO</small>'', your father, which at the same age as Your Highness had spent time on this honourable pursuit and whose great name is well known. While his quality and greatness of name is not yet known to Flanders, all of Italy and almost all of the world is amazed at its incomparable value.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/12|2|lbl=+ⅲv.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''The principles of such greatness in Your Highness will no doubt be reflected in your and everyone hopes to see you walk in his footsteps to be just as great as him.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/12|3|lbl=+ⅲv.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''I am grateful to be abundantly committed to the serenity of your person and willing to help you through to this end. I kiss your hands with humble reverence.''</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/12|4|lbl=+ⅲv.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/13|1|lbl=+ⅳ.1|p=1}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>''The Palace of Your Most Serene Highness in Parma, 22 April 1587.''</p>

<p>&emsp;The most humble and devoted servant</p>

<p>&emsp;&emsp;Of Your Most Serene Highness,</p>

<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Frederico Ghisliero.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/13|2|lbl=+ⅳ.2}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}
{{master end}}

{{master begin
 | title = Theory
 | width = 100%
}}
{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 1
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>'''Rules of Many Knightly Armies'''</p>

<p>''Collected by Captain Federico Ghisliero, for the service of the Most Serene Lord ''R<small>ANUCCIO</small>'' Farnese, Prince of Parma, & Piacenza, etc.''<ref>The version dedicated to Antonino instead reads "...for the instruction of the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello".</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|1|lbl=1}}

{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|2|lbl=-}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''I''' have been considering several exercises of arms, which while different, contribute to the subtlety and nobility of the Cavalier;<ref>Cavalier – ''cavaliere'' – knights – so indicating the noble nature of the art which he is presenting. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> for whom understanding how to use the sword, more than any other instrument, will be important to defend his honour, both in sudden assaults, as well as in close combat, so as to be the one who is victorious, and achieves honour through feats of arms. To avoid confusion, as many have done in writing about this art, we will begin with as the principle of all our exercises, by considering the nature of man when altered by the power of the soul and his passions, and how that hinders his reason.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/16|1|lbl=2.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''he body of a man is composed of four simple elements.<ref>The Humours.</ref> The shape of the man’s body does not change the nature of these four elements, but the qualities and virtues of these natural elements change the man. These natures are:</p>
* earth, which is cold, dry and makes a man melancholy;<ref>Means sad.</ref>
* water, which is wet, moist and phlegmatic;<ref>Means calm.</ref>
* air, which is warm, moist and sanguine;<ref>Means optimistic.</ref> and 
* finally, fire, which is warm, dry and choleric.<ref>Means bad-tempered.</ref>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/16|2|lbl=2.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And if the man, according to the common nature of his species, has a temperate character not given to any extreme, then this is in contrast to brutish animals, whose natures are greatly inclined to extremes according to the common nature of each species and what we understand of their particular passions. So we see that all hares are timid, all lions are bold, all dogs are irascible;<ref>Hot-tempered.</ref> but man alone has natures common to all species, being timid, bold, irascible, and much subjected to passions.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/16|3|lbl=2.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|1|lbl=3.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Nothing of those inclinations, which have not a second nature common to all species, have determined the particular nature of each man: because for those which are predominantly in choleric humour are naturally hot-tempered; others because they are abundant in blood, are cheerful and bold in nature; and other because they have melancholic humour in excess make sounds of pain and are timid; and there is almost no one who is in all part equal in all quarters of the humours that it results in the passions in all parts being temperate and equal. We are all inclined to one more than another in accordance with the character which is in each of us.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|2|lbl=3.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>This is why, if the man is melancholic, he will be regarded as acting as an earthly element, being quiet, restrained, anxious and boring; it is as you see the earth, still, grave and narrow.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|3|lbl=3.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The water’s motions,<ref>''Moti'' has a number of meanings in modern Italian aside from "motion", including "motorcycle, bike, watercraft, riot, scooter".</ref> because they’re also falling, if not as bad as the land, are nonetheless limited, and are phlegmatic, which corresponds with the element of water and in the body this quality prevails as timid, simple and humble. The ripples which are almost indulged in the body and cast a pall which brings him low, he turns away his face, and then such calm gives rise to fear. What does that mean? It demonstrates the humanity and the pain.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|4|lbl=3.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|1|lbl=4.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>If there is an increased tendency toward, and attempt to be temperate, and not stretch [the emotions],<ref>The use of square brackets [] shows the insertion of the translator to aid in clarity of meaning throughout the document.</ref> there is a catch; what about the fire? For the sake of appealing elements, which comply with [the person’s will] is the death of the man’s blood (i.e. temperate, modest and real) to the emotions that correspond clearly to the passions of the soul; i.e. the love from which the beloved, the pleasure, the desire, and the hope is born.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|2|lbl=4.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The nature of fire tends toward extreme emotions, as you can see from its flames they reach extreme heights and torture everyone. Similar to this is the emotion of cholera, because they are violent, impetuous and ferocious: and since the emotions are very in like with the two passions, Hate and Anger, they easily appear in the human body, in which this element is predominate.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|3|lbl=4.3}}


|- 
| 
| <p>And because the art can overcome nature we will try to render the timid bold, while the bold man will continue to be bold. Ironically, even if slowly, we will reduce the choleric nature.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|4|lbl=4.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|1|lbl=5.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>While much fear, by its nature, can corrupt the judgement and impede [that ability of a person] to take advice, and the same can be applied to anger, then it would be easy for the timid to be bold and fear will diminish. The young must be more diligent because if you shy away from reason when increasing your capability with arms, these emotions will be more animated and will pose a danger because failure to manage fear will cause more fear.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|2|lbl=5.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>We will moderate cholera, and even the hot-tempered will be better able to use reason, if we operate with good austerity and he does not leave himself to the transports<ref>Contextually, ''transportar'' is in modern Italian ''trasporto'' and has been translated such.</ref> of his passions. We’re going to show him how well he has to balance everything so that he can come back [from his passions] and help stop them. With a plan this can be achieved slowly and safely.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|3|lbl=5.3}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>I should also like you to know that in imagining those things we have a great deal of hope, and good company, in whose such honourable members footsteps we can walk, to force, through the art of fencing and its practice, bend these emotions to our will and claim victory over them.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|4|lbl=5.4}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 2
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''To make it easier to learn this art, we will begin with Theory and after that, we’re going to deal with the Practice necessary to give respect to this profession.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|1|lbl=6.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''F'''irst of all, we must know that these particular circumstances or cognitions are those which are sought after in connection with the human condition; and although they are not intrinsic to the way a human works, they are always necessarily connected to the operation of man, in such a way that if he cannot do any of them, then he may not be able to do the rest of them:</p>
* the first is the fencer [or operator]<ref>Where the word ''operante'' which means the operator or the person taking action or more simply the will is used elsewhere, I translate it to fencer as operator has the wrong connotations in English for what Ghisliaro appears to wish to convey.</ref>
* the second is the work, or the action performed 
* the third is the matter around which we work; 
* the fourth is the instrument with which we work;
* the fifth is the place where we work;
* the sixth is the manner in which we work;
* the seventh is the end [the reason, motivation] for which we work.<ref>This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]</ref>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|2|lbl=6.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>It will therefore be necessary for the knowledge of this science of arms, for which we consider the aforementioned circumstances [to be addressed in order]:</p>
* the first of which is man
* the second<ref>The spelling of ''secóda'' is ''seconda'' in modern Italian. This shortening of words through the removal of ‘n’ is common in documents of the period.</ref> is the act of stabbing
* the third is motion
* the fourth sword to offend and the man to defend
* the fifth in public roads<ref>Public roads means the location is a public road.</ref> [or a private affair, a duelling field rather than a formal List]
* the sixth is the second way to offend others and defend ourselves I leave victory to the end.
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|3|lbl=6.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|1|lbl=7.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In truth, the body of a human being is in proportion with itself and is well suited to do everything, [as can be proved] by the ancient architects who created almost all things, such as the building of houses, churches, castles, ships, and also all kinds of factories. Yes, as it was done in ancient times, so is it done in modern times. This principle is particularly shown in Book Ⅲ by Vitruvius.<ref>Of Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture. [This same book is referenced in Thibault] [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|2|lbl=7.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>There is a common, and true, belief by men that their strength<ref>Or capacity.</ref> will come from their stature, but because some men are bigger in stature, and others are smaller. Each man should understand his stature, Vitruvius says that the foot is the sixth part of the stature of the human.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|3|lbl=7.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In this regard, Vegetio,<ref>Flavius Vegetius Renatus' ''On Roman Military Matters'' is likely the text to which he is referring. Which was a fourth century commentary on the training of Roman legions harking back to older methods. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> in the first book of the Art of War, says that Consul Mario celebrates the recruits; i.e. the new soldiers, at six feet high, had at least five feet, and ten inches, which are the ten parts of the twelve. It follows<ref>''Onde'' is Catalan. It is ''dove'' in Italian. Both mean ‘where’ in English.</ref> on then that where the six-foot-high man was of average size; and he, who is more than that, being very tall. So the man, when he passes seven feet, is supernatural and is called a Giant, according to the rule of Marco Varrone, as Aulus Gellius puts it in book Ⅲ of The Attic Nights.<ref>A second century book written by a Roman in the Attica region which encompasses the city of Athens.</ref></p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|4|lbl=7.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/22|1|lbl=8.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>This conforms with what [Gaius] Suetonius [Tranquillus] says in the Life of the Octavians about the stature of the Emperor, who was mediocre being five feet and three quarters,<ref>''Dodrans'' is a Latin contraction of ''de-quadrans'' which means “a whole unit less a quarter” or three-quarters.</ref> but this mediocrity is unknown except at the time and did not affect the fact he was a great man with many victories.<ref>Referencing the ‘ancients’ for authority was commonly used by authors of the time to demonstrate their comprehensive knowledge of the subject. It is intended to add gravitas to the treatise.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/22|2|lbl=8.2}}

|- 
| [[File:Ghisliero 01.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>The old philosophers also speculated that the circular figure is the perfect man, and this truth can be understood and measured in this way; let the man lie down flat with his face up and spread his arms, hands and legs as far as they can stretch and draw a circle with the centre being the navel: It’s going to turn out to be round and perfect.<ref>''All’hora'' is Catalan. Modern Italian is ''al tempo''.</ref> This gave Vitruvio himself the title of his third book, and the following figure.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/22|3|lbl=8.3}}

|- 
| [[File:Ghisliero 02.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>'''I'''n Chapter 17 of Pliny’s<ref>The Elder.</ref> seventh book of natural history he writes,<ref>''Scriue'' is Catalan. Modern Italian is ''lui scrive''.</ref> man is a figure of squares and angles and by opening up your arms and by stretching your fingers you will see from this shape that you can measure the size of your height. In the same way by keeping the man’s feet together and open arms are included in the square form of four equal lines, because: the first line passes across the top of the head, the next line passes through where the feet touch the floor, the third line passes through one of the hands and the last line passes through the other hand, as shown in this figure.</p>
| {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|24|lbl=10}}

|- 
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero 03.jpg|400px|center]]
<div style="text-align: center;">''Prospetiva &emsp; Scortio &emsp; Profilo''</div>
| <p>'''T'''his fencer will have three proportions in his body; his front, his ''scurzo'',<ref>''Scurzo'', does not translate appropriately from Italian. As with a number of words in Ghisliero’s treatise, it is likely a Catalase word or a unique spelling. Analysis of other treaties such as Jarod Kirby’s ''Italian Rapier Combat'' (Kirby, 2004) shows the following two definitions, on page 14 of the text, of a similar sound word that is contextually a more likely approximation of what ''scurzo'' means; “''Scanso'', A voidance, any evasive manoeuvre that moves the body of the direct line” and “''Scanso del pie dritto'', A voidance made by moving the right foot slightly off the direct line while turning the body.” So for the purposes of this translation, scurzo will mean in this text the middle stance as shown in Figure 3, i.e. a partial voiding stance halfway between perspective and profile.</ref> and his profile. When he stands in balance the front always shows the whole surface of the body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/26|1|lbl=12.1}}

|- 
| <p>The ''scurzo'', while receding in the middle between the perspective<ref>"Perspective" means front facing forward.</ref> and the profile, shows the edge of the flat surface.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/26|2|lbl=12.2}}

|- 
| <p>And the profile, when the right foot shows the surface of the side: as can be seen from the following demonstration.<ref>Also could be interpreted as "figure".</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/26|3|lbl=12.3}}

|- 
| <p>'''H'''owever, he cannot go from extreme to extreme unless he passes through the middle – the perspective and the profile, being the extremes of the ''scurzo'' – the fencer should not bring the body from one side to the other, instead should first bring it into the ''scurzo''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|1|lbl=14.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The proportion of the body is most effectively broken into three types of motion;</p>
# the motion of the whole body together; 
# then the motion of the arms; 
# then the motion of the leg; 
<p>so as not be confused we can say this is the most important principle, and leave the rest up to the painter.<ref>[[George Silver]]’s theory of the time for the hand and foot from his 1599 text ''[[Paradoxes of Defence (George Silver)|Paradoxes of Defense]]'' mirrors this framework. [note from Henry Fox] (Silver, 1599)</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|2|lbl=14.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The body’s motions are born from its lengths, latitudes, and proportions; and when they are compressed, turned around, and joined together [the fencer] will gain understanding of what is possible; by turning and stretching [the body’s parts] can be extended long them turn and stretched that it is possible for them to the end of their chains.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|3|lbl=14.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And<ref>''Et'' is Latin for ‘and’ in English and ''e'' in Italian.</ref> I will make some rules on these motions by categorising them into eight basic parts, which encompass the total movement of the body:</p>
# upwards
# downwards
# to the right
# to the left
# to extend towards the opponent [forward]<ref>This is not an exact translation – it is the best approximation based on context.</ref>
# to come away [from the opponent] 
# To turn [the body from profile to perspective], and
# to stop.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|4|lbl=14.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Basically, for every motion it is necessary for the body to be supported by the foot, without this support, in the way of bodies, it would tend to fall.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|1|lbl=15.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>So it is clear that the motions of the head are such that it is hard for a man to turn around in any part, unless he always has most of his body underneath him; and from this position he can move his weight from side to side and balance<ref>''Balancia'' translates into ‘balance’.</ref> so that either leg<ref>''Membro'' translates to ‘member’, but in English a better word is limb.</ref> can bear his weight.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|2|lbl=15.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Because the same can be seen, when someone extends his hand it supports some weight: once the foot is stopped, as the foundation of the balance, the other part of the body is opposed to equalize the weight.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|3|lbl=15.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>While, the man with evenly distant feet is in a state of rest from which the torso and leg extends up then the end of the chin will remain perpendicular to the tip of the foot.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|4|lbl=15.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>If you put your hand straight out, from the fountain of the body [shoulder],<ref>''ò á mano manca la fontanella'' directly translates to something like ‘the hand missing the ''fontanelle''’. This made no contextual sense, so it has been translated to ‘from the fountain of the body’ as ''fonta'' can mean ‘source’ in modern Italian. In the it states that “''Fontánella'', a little fountaine. Also a fontanell or cauterie [something to cauterise wounds], or rowling [turning round about, whirling or turning round], used also for the chiefe vein of a man’s body.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> it will always be perpendicular to the feet.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|5|lbl=15.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Whenever the body hangs over the part of the foot on which it poses, the shoulder will be perpendicular to the instep and the other leg will bear the body weight.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|6|lbl=15.6}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Always, that if he will raise his arm up, all the other parts of the body from that side down to the foot follow that motion of rising: in a manner that the heel of that foot will rise there from the floor, due to the motion of the same arm.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|7|lbl=15.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|1|lbl=16.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>A limb is never stretched out to one side, so that the others do not follow; nor does it oppress or constrict itself, so that the others do not follow the line towards the center.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|2|lbl=16.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The legs operate in three kinds of motion, these are; straight, circular, and transverse.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|3|lbl=16.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>It is correct, that when turning the body back into perspective<ref>‘Perspective’ is forward facing as can be seen in Figure 3.</ref> the legs should be prepared to take the step.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|4|lbl=16.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>While standing still with one foot, one foot can move the same distance as the other foot.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|5|lbl=16.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Traverse movement, as long as it is perspective, is made of a motion, of a right or left hand.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|6|lbl=16.6}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Importantly, the legs in profile will not be able to open as much as the length of the body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|7|lbl=16.7}}

|- 
| 
| <p>This line, or quantity described by the opening of the circle of the body, could be divided into infinity: but sufficient for this art we will divide it into four parts, that is,</p>
* in half a step,
* in one step,
* in one and a half steps, and
* in two steps.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|8|lbl=16.8}}

|- 
| 
| <p>By placing [weight] on one leg, the other cannot go much further than the space<ref>No good translation found, contextually translating ''spatio'' to ‘space’.</ref> of one step. From these openings in the circle, there are five ways that the body can stand other than in rest.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|9|lbl=16.9|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|1|lbl=17.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Firstly, when the body is in the balance, so that, even with the feet joined, the body is perpendicular to the diameter of its circumference; and that in so standing is ready to move all parts [of the body].</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|2|lbl=17.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Secondly, when the man stops, with all the weight of the body on his foot, the instep becomes the base of the Column – which is perpendicularly aligned with the fountain of the throat; this posture<ref>Polykleitos's ''Doryphoros'' is an early example of this position called ''contrapposto''. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)</ref> was invented by the ancient Polykleitos.<ref>Polykleitos wrote a lost treatise called ‘Artistic canons of body proportions’ in 5th Century Greece which provided a reference for standard body proportions. For more information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_canons_of_body_proportions (Wikipeadia, 2021)</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|3|lbl=17.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Thirdly, when man finds himself at rest in one step.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|4|lbl=17.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Fourthly, while the body is in ‘step and a half’ which then forms an equilateral triangle.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|5|lbl=17.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Fifthly, when the body is stopped in two steps with the right front foot raised, which is called forced step.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|6|lbl=17.6}}

|- 
| 
| <p>From these stills, the man forms six circles, two without setting himself in motion, & four after he has described one of the aforesaid quantities in forming a circle.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|7|lbl=17.7}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 04.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>In the first of the two forms [figure 4] the man, when standing in the balance describes a circle around his feet, the center of which he stands perpendicular.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|8|lbl=17.8}}

|- 
| <p>Secondly it will be, when the man is in said circle, a circle distant from his body is described, how much its length impacts; the center of here will also be the slope: as you can see in this figure.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|9|lbl=17.9|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|32|lbl=18|p=1}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero 05.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>'''T'''he first of the four forms of the man, when finds himself in the state of in stillness in the already mentioned position of second; and when his stance is not stable where the bodyweight resides, with one leg in the centre of the circle, it allows other leg to describe the edge of the circle, [this is the position] which we use to keep ourselves on guard.</p>

| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/33|1|lbl=19.1}}

|- 
| class="noline" | <p>The second one, when you take one step, then standing in that quiet step, stopping your other foot from moving describe another circle: through this we enter a with traversal<ref>The act or process of passing across, over, or through.</ref> motion to exit the points: it also forms the third, whereas, the fourth state is what we will enter when the attack is made, and when he moves into the fifth step, as this figure shows, it is what he will use to fight the enemy.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/33|2|lbl=19.2}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 3
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Having said that we have the fencer, or the architect, it is good to continue to describe the matter; since the action of stabbing is self-evident.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|1|lbl=21.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''A'''s the motion, and the matter, around which the man operates in this act of stabbing them, we have to know that movement, according to what Aristotle defends in the ninth text of his fifth book of the ''Physica'',s<ref>Aristotle’s fifth book of the ''Physica'', which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)</ref> is a mutation, or transmutation: the types of which some want to be six; i.e. Generation, Corruption,<ref>Change of shape.</ref> Augmentation,<ref>By addition or by growing.</ref> Decreasing,<ref>Also taking away or removing.</ref> Alteration,<ref>Putting things together or building.</ref> and Mutation<ref>Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.</ref> place-to-place. None other than Aristotle himself in the first section<ref>“Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)</ref> concludes that there are no more than three [types of movement]; i.e. quantity, quality mutation, and location. Of these three types the last type is what we need to know for our art, in which movement is nothing more than transmutation that sometimes causes a body to move from one place to another; and the terms of the movement are two instants.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|2|lbl=21.2}}

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| 
| <p>The instant in motion and the instant in time is, the Geometric bridge that is counted in magnitude; that is; which is not [just a] part, but is indisible [to it], and consequently is neither motion nor ''tempo'', but it is the beginning and end of every movement and of each time it is finished; as Aristotle describes in the text of the fifth section of book six of the ''Physica''.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|3|lbl=21.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|1|lbl=22.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Movement sits between two stillnesses: and the stillness, true rest, is nothing more than the precondition of movement.<ref>This same concept is present in Chapter 5 ‘Of ''tempo''’ in [[Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli]]’s 1610 publication ''[[Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli)|Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma]]'' and can be translated into the actions of the fencer undertaking the correct movements - from ward (stillness) to attack or defence (movement) to ward (stillness) again. It propounds that the fencer should always end an action in a ward. The same concept is raised in [[Angelo Viggiani dal Montone]]’s 1551 (published 1575) text ''[[Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani)|Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani]]'' (Montone, 1575) and [[Antonio Manciolino]]’s 1531 ''[[Opera Nova (Antonio Manciolino)|Opera Nova]]'' (Manciolino, 1531).</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|2|lbl=22.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And there are three movements, two simple – the straight and the circular – and the third a compound of these two, which serves the compound line.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|3|lbl=22.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The two simple motions are either natural or violent.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|4|lbl=22.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Natural movement is when the weight of bodies move from a higher place, to a lower place perpendicularly, and without any violence.<ref>"Violence" in this instance means outside force or against nature. The same concepts of natural and violent actions are used in Iberian swordsmanship, and they take higher guards to take advantage of this principle. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> Violent movement is what is applied forcefully upwards, here and there; to cause the possible movement.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|5|lbl=22.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In principle, natural motions are weak: and the more they continue the motion, the more they become stronger.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|6|lbl=22.6}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In principle, violent movements are of great effect; the further away they move, the more their strength disappears, and they become weak.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|7|lbl=22.7}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And there are four strong local movements:</p>

<p>One is called pushing, so we drive away the things we move, those on the other side we push: as we do in pushing the sword forward in a thrust.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|8|lbl=22.8}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The other [second] drawing is required, so unlike pushing, we make it pull and move towards us; as when we withdraw the sword.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|1|lbl=23.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The third bearing is named, therefore, not by us pushing or by us pulling but by carrying ourselves forward: yes, like he does when with the sword, still in a proportion with the motion of our body, we bring it to the ''tempo'' here and there.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|2|lbl=23.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The fourth revolution, or rotation, can be called that, when we move something in a circle, and that part of it towards us, and that part of it away from us, we turn in such a way that this movement is almost like a withdrawal, and almost like a ''springimento'':<ref>''Springimento'' is likely ''Springáre'' means ‘yarke, kicke or winze’ (Florio, 1611). Which likely means in context a preparation or a marshalling of position prior to deployment.</ref> as we see in circular attacks.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|3|lbl=23.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And five are the circumferences, which with motion a man forms in order to injure, since in his body he has five centers:</p>

*And the first is in the left foot, with which, standing still, and raising the right arm with the rest of the body in motion gives rise to a kind of circumference, which is the largest he has to do: and that makes the cut.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|4|lbl=23.4}}

|- 
| 
| 
* The second circumference is formed by the man, who is standing here at the center of the girdle of the body: and who with the rest, with his arm up, describes a circumference, of which many are used in a fight at the barriers.<ref>Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]</ref>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|5|lbl=23.5}}

|- 
| 
| 
* The third is done by the man while in one of the five states and while the whole body is stopped and centred on the shoulder and with the arm alone in motion, it describes a circumference, which is used to make the correct stance with the legs.<ref>''Bases'' mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.</ref>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|1|lbl=24.1}}

|- 
| 
| 
* The fourth is discrete by man, when the rest of the arm, called the ''lacerto'',<ref>“''Lacertoi'', the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus ''lacertoi'' will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.</ref> is set in motion with the whole body stable by centering the elbow<ref>Keeping the elbow near the body.</ref> and makes a circumference; which we use to cause injury when the enemy parries.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|2|lbl=24.2}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | 
* The fifth and final one made by the man, while the whole body is stable by and centred on the hand’s wrist,<ref>“''Rascetta'', the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> describes the smallest possible circumference that he can describe; which we use to make holes in the knuckles.
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|3|lbl=24.3}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 4
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Where we say stay there to follow our order, that of the offensive, defensive instrument.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|4|lbl=24.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''he offensive instrument is the sword, & the dagger is the defensive one and although sometimes the sword makes the dagger’s offering by parrying; and the dagger makes the sword’s offering by attacking, this happens by accident.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|5|lbl=24.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The sword, as an instrument of offense, is divided into the true edge,<ref>Direct translation is ‘good blade’.</ref> and false edge, both of which end up in one place: and while a body’s surface contains and is discussed in all three dimensions, we must take it as a line in its operation.</p>
| 
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|- 
| 
| <p>And there are four ways you can hold the sword in your hand:</p>

* in the first, putting a thumb over the ''costa''<ref>''Costa'' “the back of a knife or weapon.” (Florio, 1611) There isn’t a common English equivalent which is a single word.</ref> [the ricazzo], so that with this help it deals more directly with it: but in such a world the points are not working well and the hand isn’t at its full strength so as to enable it to be half open.
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| 
* in the second you can take it flat with the palm of the hand towards the ground. And this is done to have it seem lighter; since the hand with the arm in this state works almost as a support for the body, which makes the weight of the sword seem lighter; but in this way it will not cut and changes the lines in play, which is completely imperfect.
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| 
* in the third way, the sword is taken with the fist clenched in order to advance a finger’s length. This is true to the instrument [sword], but each time the attack is made, the instrument with which the arm must form a straight line as much as possible; this cannot be done with this grip, since in this way it always forms an obtuse angle, in addition to the fact that most of the cuts are flat attacks.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|4|lbl=25.4}}

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| 
* in the fourth and last way (which is the perfect) one takes the sword with a closed fist; and with the index finger the cross of the hilt is drawn: and in this way he has all the perfections.
| 
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| 
| <p>This sword, by its beating, can resemble the wedge, on which the heavier the weight it strikes, the greater the beat. Furthermore, the longer the distance between the weight which strikes and the wedge, the greater the impact.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|2|lbl=26.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>So the weight of the sword will be heavier more than it will be for itself; and with the power that moves it.<ref>This is consistent with [[Giacomo di Grassi]]’s treatise ''[[Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme (Giacomo di Grassi)|Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme]]'' (Grassi, 1570) which states that there is more power existing at the circumference of a circle than there is closer to the centre. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|3|lbl=26.3}}

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| 
| <p>For itself (because whenever the sword comes from a distance, the weight of the sword will become more acute, the more the motion will be greater) given that each serious item, while it moves, takes on more gravity [becomes heavier] when moved than when it is standing still; and the more it is moved from a distance, the greater the advantage.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|4|lbl=26.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>For the power moves in this way: because being able to form five circles [circumferences] (as we have said) conforming to those will increase the weight: because the first one, which is the largest, will be formed [with the most weight], the others will be made with a smaller and smaller weight since the circles will be smaller.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|5|lbl=26.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The defensive instrument, which I consider to be the dagger, has a resistant body; that has the pleasure of defending the body of the man; and can be held in the hand in three ways:</p>
* in the first, it is held flat in the hand, with the large finger in the middle of the blade, and by dividing the body into two parts, with a semi-circular movement it defends the right side, and with another semi-circular movement it defends the left side. And therefore it must be placed in presence in proportion; with these movements he makes the said defenses which have a lot of imperfections [flaws]:
** one is that that hand is subjected the offense:
** the other is that, even if the last point is only a small circle, the whole line of the dagger forms an angle with that of the arm, through which many lines [of attack] can enter
** in addition, it is subject to many disadvantages, both inside and outside, and both below and above.
| 
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| 
* In the second, you hold the dagger in your hand, bringing it closer to the right parts [side]; and only try to beat it outwards so that it prevents the attack from reaching the body. This is false, because instead of covering it, he uncovers it; and it is very violent. Besides, every time that the fist moves a little at an angle the dagger, thus held, will not prevent the sword from entering, and it too is subjected to deception.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/41|2|lbl=27.2}}

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| 
* In the third and last one (which is the perfect one) the dagger is held in the hand in such a way that one can cleave with it if necessary: and from here, with natural movements, the body is defended by covering it: which is thus always kept free from offense and is not subjected to deception.
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/41|3|lbl=27.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|1|lbl=28.1|p=1}}

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| 
| <p>In addition to this defending line, it will always dominate the opposing sword; and with its natural motions it will beat it, always helping the lines to their declination: because very little force adds new motion to any weight, which moves first.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|2|lbl=28.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Nevertheless, the last third of the sword will be beaten, since it is the ''debole''<ref>''Debole'' refers to the half of the blade from tip of the blade to one third down towards the hilt.</ref> in this respect: although when it attacks, it is the strongest or best. This is because, moving with violent motion, the first part of any inanimate thing is easy to move to the other part, which must be understood in this way: since everything is continuously moving, it is very easy to make it move obliquely from those ends to which the mover is attached, since the other end is transported with great speed.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|3|lbl=28.3}}

|- 
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| <p>And just as in the case of things which are thrown or pulled, the motion weakens in the end; so the movement continues to be weaker at the ''debole'' and the resistance is less. And on that part [of the blade] things are more easily pushed as there is greater weakness, and therefore less resistance, which is undoubtedly in its end.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|4|lbl=28.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The dagger is a defensive instrument which should form a straight line with the arm; and the same should form a right angle with the surface of the body. And at this point, the view of the man should pass through the ''forte''<ref>''Forte'' refers to the first third of the blade from the hilt to towards the tip.</ref> of the dagger, with the [true] edge over the ''debole'' of the enemy’s sword.<ref>Placing the edge over the ''debole'' like this is the basis of the Italian gaining ''stringere'' of the sword, or the Spanish ''atajo''. It's used to close and control the line to prevent the opponent from hitting us. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]</ref>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|5|lbl=28.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|1|lbl=29.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Working in this way with the dagger, we will by necessity use our sword to cut through the circle of the enemy’s body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|2|lbl=29.2}}

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| <p>And because the dagger always has to dominate the opponent’s sword, we must ensure that when we raise the sword to our enemy, we raise the dagger so that, always passing through it, we see the sword dominated from the inside [line].</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|3|lbl=29.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The dagger strikes in straight lines; in oblique lines it removes lines; and in angular lines it strikes the edge. And in three ways it strikes the enemy’s line:</p>
* in the first by will; 
* in the second by necessity; 
* in the third by progress; in the third it strikes inward, causing the longest wound.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|4|lbl=29.4}}

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| <p>If necessary, the sword is not beaten, but only by existing at the attack does he escape with the body, causing the attack to turn the false edge towards the ground.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|5|lbl=29.5}}

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| <p>At the point of contact, the sword is beaten with an outward semicircular motion, when the opposite sword is parried in an oblique line in the presence under the center of the extended body, making sure of the greatest possible length: if the end of the line were to move contrary to the other, the said length would not be reached.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|6|lbl=29.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|1|lbl=30.1|p=1}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>The defending line must be used to bring the line opposite to the center from where it originates: but when it finds itself in the center it must be beaten, and when it is not there it must be helped, so that it may arrive more quickly at its decline through natural motion.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|2|lbl=30.2}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 5
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Now that we have dealt with the offensive & defensive instrument, we will continue to speak of the place.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|3|lbl=30.3}}

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| <p>'''T'''he place, therefore, will be every kind of site: and because most of the time duels are fought on the public streets of the Cities; which are often disastrous both for the dandies and for being uneven: therefore we must adapt ourselves to every kind of site: which we will do, if we keep the body balanced; and the weight of it well distributed in the legs.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|4|lbl=30.4}}

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| <p>'''T'''he sixth condition, which is the manner in which we offend others and defend ourselves, consists principally in securing our body against the enemy’s offense; and therefore the offense will never be taken if we are not first certain of the defense. Nor will we ever defend ourselves simply, if at the same time we do not offend, for the true defense is to offend, which we will do with resolution; and if we are always the first to execute the attack.<ref>Here Ghisliero’s methods conforms to common Italian approaches of defence to: always counter an opponent’s attacks with consideration for returning the attack, always attack with concern for defence, and not attack unless secure against the opponent’s attack. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|1|lbl=31.1}}

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| 
| <p>These offenses give rise to two types of attacks: those of the cut and those of the point. </p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|2|lbl=31.2}}

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| <p>The cut has all these properties, that is to say, it is more natural to man than the point, since the motions of man are circular, it seeks a portion of the opposite body. It is a natural motion, and because it is more visible, it induces fear. It can also terminate in whatever part one wishes.<ref>Justifications for use of the cut seem to be relatively rare in fencing treatise of the time. Ghisliero’s justifications may even be unique. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|3|lbl=31.3}}

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| <p>Nevertheless it has these imperfections; that is to say, it has the capacity to expose the right side of the body and the lower arm; and it is not mortal, since it resists the bones and the weapons;  in addition to the figure of the body of the sword – which for not being spherical and therefore not being of equal weight – often resists the air and wounds flat; and the sword is prone to breaking.</p>
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| <p>The point is drawn with the body covered; and it arrives sooner than it is seen: and therefore it is more irreparable and it is of less movement. And because of the shape of the sword, which is made in the shape of a wedge, it wounds more surely, and is more deadly: and it will therefore be better to use than the cut.<ref>The same justification for the thrust is given for the thrust being used by the legionary with the gladius, remaining more covered and it being more deadly than the cut. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|1|lbl=32a.1}}

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| 
| <p>The cut is divided into three simple and two compound natures.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|2|lbl=32a.2}}

|- 
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero 06'.jpg|400px|center|link=File:Ghisliero 06.jpg]]
| <p>Of these three natures of the cut,</p>
* the first is the ''fendente'',<ref>''Fendente'' means vertical cut.</ref>
* the second is the ''traversale'',<ref>''Traversale'' – transversal or diagonal cut [sometimes ''squalembrato'' for downward or ''falso'' if rising] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and
* the third the ''tondo''.<ref>''Tondo'' – horizontal cut</ref>

<p>And all these three natures are divided into ''dritti''<ref>''Dritti'' – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called ''mandritta''] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and ''roversi'';<ref>''Roversi'' – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> the ''dritti'' are those which come from the lesser side. And these ''dritti'' and ''roversi'' divide the circle of man into eight equal parts, as can be seen in the figure below.<ref>The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]]’ 1630 treatise ''[[Academie de l'Espée (Gérard Thibault d'Anvers)|Academie de l'Espée]]'' ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'', 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins ''Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru'', or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'' – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). [[Salvator Fabris,]] in his 1606 text, ''[[Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris)|Sienza e Pratica d’Arme]]'' also has an illustration in the section ''Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero'' or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)</ref>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|3|lbl=32a.3}}

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| <p>Of the two compound natures, the first is the ''diritto ridoppiato'',<ref>''Diritto ridoppiato'' literally means right redoubled or a ''falso traversale'' meaning a diagonal rising cut.</ref> which is started with the true edge of the 
sword underneath and goes to wound the tip of the enemy’s right shoulder.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|1|lbl=32b.1}}

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| <p>The second is the ''stramazzone'',<ref>''Stramazzóne'' means a circular cut where the hand is the centre of rotation for the cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] Florio describes it as ‘''Stramazzóne'', a downe-right blow. Also a rap, a cuffe or wherret on the cheeke.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> which is made with the knot of the hand in the manner of a ''molinello'':<ref>‘''Molinello'', or ''Molinelli'' means a circular cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] As an aside, the ''Molinello'' for flags described in [[Francesco Fernando Alfieri]]’s 1638 treatise ''[[La Bandiera (Francesco Fernando Alfieri)|La Bandiera]]'' “The ''molinello'' is delightful. To perform it comfortably, you should have the standard in your right hand. You complete a full turn above the head, then throw it up in the air, catching it around the middle of the standard as the figure shows. The ''molinello'' is then turned towards the rear foot. After several rotations, as the hand becomes fatigued, you should grip the butt of the flag with your other hand and repeat the same lesson, again throwing it in the air as described above.” (Alferi, 1638)</ref> and the ''reversi'' are so called because they are placed opposite; beginning on the left side and ending on the right, and are of the same nature as the ''mandritti''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|2|lbl=32b.2}}

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| <p>The straight cut, because of its descent of natural motion to the center of the world<ref>‘World’ is translated from the word ''Mondo'' which means “the world, the universe. Also, a Mound or Globe, as Princes hold in their hands. Also, cleane, cleansed, pure, neate, spotlesse, purged. Also, pared, pilled. Also, winnowed, &c. Also, as we say, a world, a multitude or great quantitie.’ (Florio, 1611)</ref> [downwards due to gravity], is heavier than the other two: for it forms the line of direction to which the more its motions are connected with its weight, the more serious they are.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|3|lbl=32b.3}}

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| 
| <p>On the other hand, by occupying the imagined line, it does not allow a place for the opposite sword to enter in defense, as is the case with oblique cuts, which are all those lines that follow the angle formed by the line of the ''fendente'' and the ''tondo fendente''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|4|lbl=32b.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, the more these transversal cuts approach the perpendicular descent towards the center of the world; and the more they make an acute angle with the line of direction, the more they will approach the perfection of the cut. And on the contrary, the more they move away from it, and approach the horizontal line of the ''diritto tondo'', the less they will make an acute angle; and consequently they will be more oblique; and therefore of less weight and strength.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|5|lbl=32b.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|1|lbl=33b.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>From the description of the ''fendente tondo''<ref>''Fendente tondo'' means the upper half of the circle as shown in figure 6B. When speaking of the reverses, he is speaking of the lower half of the circle in figure 6B.</ref> and 
everything that has been said about ''mandritti'',  if it can be understood sufficiently, can be understood about the ''reversi'', since they are of the same nature.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|2|lbl=33b.2}}

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| 
| <p>All these cuts can be made by attacking with the wrist with a certain continuous motion; that is to say, aided from the beginning until the end by the power of the wrist. The man is more easily helped by the force of his body, (than by the force of his motion) and of the body as a whole; which then is aided by the reason of cutting through the middle;<ref>‘''Segáre'', to sawe. Also to part, to cut or devide through the middle.’ (Florio, 1611)</ref> which makes the wound greater. And, this has some good appearance, as the man in the process of being attacked is covered and lurches unevenly, and is more concerted in the operation.<ref>‘''Riversa''’ [singular] t ''de’roversi'', which means ‘to turn around, a reversion, reverting, reverse or a backblow. A powering down or overwhelmed’ – in short the ''riversa'' is a back-hand. (Florio, 1611) Note how even the cut from the wrist is aided by motion of the body, no doubt using the feet to move the body as the cut is made as well, all in their correct motion, to affect the cut. [Note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|3|lbl=33b.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But since the blow is a very strong force, as Aristotle declares in the ‘Decimation of the Mechanic Treatises’, we will conclude that all attacks, in order to be perfect, will be helped by the force of the body and by the blow.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|4|lbl=33b.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The second way of attacking is divided into three types: in ''imbroccata'', in ''stoccata'', and in ''punta riversa''.<ref>''Imbroccata'' means a descending thrust. ''Stoccata'', means a violent thrust ascending or rising. ''Punta riversa'' means a reverse thrust with the point of the sword.</ref></p>
* The ''imbroccata'' is that which is known above the hand; which comes from above to below in natural motion. And the same, when the declination does not end, but which terminates in the plane of the shoulder - and which forms an equilateral triangle - as well in the attacking as in the hitting, is called ''imbroccata aventata''.<ref>“''Auentáta'', a hurling, looke ''Auentáre''.” (Florio, 1611) “''Auentáre'', to hurle, to fling, to dart or cast with violence. Also, to leape or seaze greedily upon, to souse downe as a hawke, also to fill or puff with winde.” (Florio 1611 Dictionary). Therefore ''imbroccata aventata'' or ''imbroccata aventate'' means to violently attack using a thrust of the rapier over the dagger.</ref>
| 
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|- 
| 
| <p>''Stoccata'' is that which is made under a hand of violent motion, thrusting one’s own sword by its right: which also differs from the ''affuselata stoccata''; which is so called, because it has the same effect in attacking, and in recovering, as does the ''imbroccata aventata''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|2|lbl=34.2}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>''Punta riversa'' is that which parts [wounds] as it departs.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|3|lbl=34.3}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 6
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Because in any kind of strong attack the sword enters into some kind of line, it will be necessary to state some Geometric principles.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|4|lbl=34.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''he point, is therefore, understood to be that because of its smallness of quantity, and quantity terminated, it cannot be understood by any external sense, but only by our imagination. And what follows here is the point:</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|5|lbl=34.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The line is a quantity, with length, without width, & without thickness, or depth; & consequently it can only be drawn in the long run, since it can be drawn in any other direction.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|1|lbl=35.1}}

|- 
| rowspan="8" | [[File:Ghisliero p35.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>And the two terms, or extremities of the line are two points, as is seen in this example: {{dec|s|――――}}</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|2|lbl=35.2}}

|- 
| <p>There are three lines, namely, straight, oblique, & mixed.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|3|lbl=35.3}}

|- 
| <p>A straight line is one which extends from one point to another with the shortest possible length, and is as follows: {{dec|s|――――――――}}</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|4|lbl=35.4}}

|- 
| <p>A curved or twisted line is one which is stretched from one point to another, as is this one:<ref>The first two lines on the page are printed, but the second two needed to be drawn in by the artist.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|5|lbl=35.5}}

|- 
| <p>The mixed line will be able to be when it is composed of these two.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|6|lbl=35.6}}

|- 
| <p>Now for our purpose, the straight line is the one that starts from the left foot with the body in profile, and with the arm outstretched. And when the end of the sword is missing at the right side of the shoulder, with the sword in a straight line whenever it is present, it will be in a state to attack correctly.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|7|lbl=35.7}}

|- 
| <p>The sword will be in an oblique line when it is oblique to the opposite body: that is to say, when one sees the body of the sword, and not the tip.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|8|lbl=35.8}}

|- 
| <p>Parallel lines, or equidistant lines, are those which do not come together on either one side or the other, and we could imagine them stretching to infinity.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|9|lbl=35.9}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Hence, the attack will be at right angles to the opposite body, so that the enemy sword will form a parallel line with our body, and will also seek the attack on most of the opposite body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|1|lbl=38.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The right angle is caused by two lines which touch each other at right angles.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|2|lbl=38.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The acute angle will be that which is less than the right angle.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|3|lbl=38.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The obtuse angle will be that which is greater than the right angle.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|4|lbl=38.4}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 07.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>These lines are lengthened according to the help given them by the whole body and its parts: for example, the more the body bends, making an acute angle in its center with the line of the thigh and with that of the body, and likewise the more it opens the compass, and the more it causes the arm to form a straight line with the sword, the longer the line of the sword will be.<ref>This is the reason that the direct thrust from the shoulder in a straight line is the longest and most preferable and the reason to learn to thrust straight rather than aiming up toward the head. [Note by Henry Fox]</ref> And since these divisions could be multiplied indefinitely, it will suffice for the sufficiency of our art at this point, that we use the four openings of the compasses already mentioned, as can be seen in this figure.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|5|lbl=38.5}}

|- 
| <p>'''H'''owever, they can be extended in four ways:</p>

* The first, most real, is by compassing the body in profile, and extending the arm to form a straight line with the left shoulder: nevertheless, this line does not have a defense with it.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|1|lbl=40.1}}

|- 
| 
| 
* The second is when it would be longer, if after having been compassed in profile, the weight of the body were to be brought to the right leg; and if the elbowed shoulder were placed as a counterweight to the body: with all this the attack would be weakened, and the movement would be too great, and it would be necessary to fall back forcibly onto the other leg.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|2|lbl=40.2}}

|- 
| 
| 
* The third is the one by which one can extend the line a little further by bringing the foot a little behind the straight line; but this is a violent, uncomfortable and dangerous movement which could cause us to fall, and does not provide a certain line of retreat.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|3|lbl=40.3}}

|- 
| 
| 
* The fourth and last, and most perfect of all, is that which is done by bending the waist with the body in perspective, and with the compass open; and forming a straight line, turning the false edge of the sword towards the ground, which thus lengthens the line more than is done in profile: and this has joined with it the defense.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|4|lbl=40.4}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>In order to put an end to the seven circumstances, which are involved in all human operations, it remains to know brieflythe end, for which man dies in this action; and this is victory, which being known by itself, there is no need to say any more about it.</p>
| class="noline" | 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|5|lbl=40.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|1|lbl=41.1|p=1}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 7
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero p41.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>''Since all our discursive knowledge must come from whatever other supposed knowledge we may have, from which we can begin to deal with the subject in discourse, and since in the remainder of this treatise of ours we need some other Geometric principles, we shall set forth those.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|2|lbl=41.2}}

|- 
| <p>'''T'''he Circle, then (to begin here), or the circular figure, is a plane figure held by a single line; in the middle of which one can take a point, from which all the lines that extend around the circle, or circumference (the circumference is called that line which contains the figure) would be equal to each other: and that point is called the center.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|3|lbl=41.3}}

|- 
| <p>The diameter of the circle is called any straight line, passing through the center of the circle, & touching both equal parts; or let us say in two semicircles.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|4|lbl=41.4}}

|- 
| <p>The semi-circle will be a curvilinear plane figure contained by the diameter of the circle, & by half of its circumference.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|1|lbl=42.1}}

|- 
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero p42.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>The cord in a circle is that straight line which divides the circle into two unequal parts, and therefore does not pass through the center, as we see here.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|2|lbl=42.2}}

|- 
| <p>Hence that part, which rhymes with the greater part, is called the greater portion: & in it remains the center.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|3|lbl=42.3}}

|- 
| <p>That part then, which remains without the center of said circle, is called the minor portion.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|4|lbl=42.4}}

|- 
| <p>And we must know that not only bodies, but also surfaces, lines, and points do not have their own existence, except by the imagination, that they can be understood for themselves, and without application of matter to the sensible consciousness: in a sword, in which not only the body, but also the surface, the line, and the point have their essence; it is possible by means of imagination to understand the body is contained by a surface, and in it to imagine the lines, and the points for themselves considered, and without having regard to iron, or to other natural matter.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|5|lbl=42.5}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>And in this way we will consider the line in our operation abstracted from the matter of the sword, when it is not present; but when it is placed in a straight line, then we will consider the line applied to the matter of the sword.</p>
| class="noline" | 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|6|lbl=42.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/57|1|lbl=43.1|p=1}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 8
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Turning now to other principles, I say to you that, just as in other human operations seven conditions are necessary, so in this particular action of arms the same seven conditions are involved, namely, will, knowledge, measure [distance], time, occasion, place, and weight.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/57|2|lbl=43.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''he will is the one on which all our actions depend, since all the actions of the powers and of all the limbs are instruments of the will, which is the principal agent. This is in man, like a king who has a principal councillor, according to whose opinion he knows that he must do all things; and this is the intellect. He also has certain other subjects, who are like speculators; if they sometimes succeed in lying: and these are all the external, and internal senses. In addition to these, he has two other subjects, as his lieutenants; who must be ready to await the commands of the King, in order to obey him: which are the cognizable, & the irascible, which are appetitive powers: the office of which is to command the movement of the limbs. Lastly, the King has a minister, who is responsible for the execution of all that is imposed by him or by his lieutenants: and this executioner is the motivating force, who, according to his needs, uses the body and its parts as if they were instruments.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/57|3|lbl=43.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/58|1|lbl=44.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Now, in order to apply this to our purpose, I say that it is necessary that in the act of arms we have the will ready, with all its officials; so that the deadly virtue operates according to what it is going to do: and that it be intent on the attack more quickly than on the parry.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/58|2|lbl=44.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''S'''cience is the knowledge of something by its causes: and the question is asked of that thing, from where comes the essence and what is its cause; and by this one can conveniently assign the reason, once it arrives.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/58|3|lbl=44.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And just as in four ways, and no more, one can by reason dispel all doubts as to what effect it may have, or as to the producer of it, or as to the end of it; so there are only four kinds of causes of the effects; that is, the material, the formal, the factual, and the final.<ref>The effect of these causes is the fencer hitting their opponent using the technique. Poor technique means the fencer misses and/or dies.</ref></p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/58|4|lbl=44.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/59|1|lbl=45.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The material cause<ref>The material causes are the movements of the fencer’s body and sword.</ref> is that subject which, being under the form, is never dissolved from it until the form is sound, just as we shall say that motion is an example in these effects of our fencing.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/59|2|lbl=45.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Formal [cause]<ref>The formal cause is how the fencer uses the movements of the material cause.</ref> is that figure, or form, or fulfillment, which gives the intrinsic mode, and being, and appropriateness to that compound, which makes it be, as it is required to be that, of which it is the form: as for example are the proportions of lines.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/59|3|lbl=45.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The factual cause<ref>The factual cause is the fencer, with their measurements and proportions, and their ability to perform the material causes.</ref> is that cause from which comes the principle of that movement, and of that operation, which is necessary to the production of its effect: as for example, of the proportion of the straight line, the man who made it is the factual cause of that.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/59|4|lbl=45.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The final cause<ref>The final cause is the actual technique the fencer is trying to achieve.</ref> is that usefulness, or rather that apparent good, by which every worker is induced and encouraged to do his work, in order not to work in vain: as can be seen in the example of the straight attack: the apparent good of obtaining victory by means of that attack is the final cause.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/59|5|lbl=45.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>From matter, therefore, and from form, as from intrinsic causes, and proper essential parts, depend all things composed; so artificial, as natural: and likewise from that artificer [creator], who makes them, and from the end, which leads to them, as from extrinsic and external causes, they depend on their production.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/59|6|lbl=45.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/60|1|lbl=46.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And in whatsoever kind of cause, or mode of that cause, one may consider the cause, as well as the effect. And this sometimes in power, or rather readiness to produce it; sometimes in action; that is to say, in readiness, and aptitude to be able to do it: but we shall not say that man is the actual cause of the said wound, since at present he has not produced it.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/60|2|lbl=46.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''he measure [distance]<ref>Measure also often called distance. The measure of something is fluid due to the fencer’s, and their opponent’s, relative proportions in each combat and other considerations regarding weaponry. “The Spanish attempt to make it more certain by using proportionality, measuring against the length of the individual.” [note by Henry Fox] [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]] 1628 treatise Academie de l'Espée (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) “…the Distances and Instances (i.e. steps in the process of fighting) to be observed in training (which are the basic foundations and support for all the following parts) proceed from the proportions of Man, therefore without this same awareness, they cannot be duly comprehended, nor practiced with confidence. And the same goes for the Steps and Approaches, short and long, required by the variety of positions in the performance of these Exercises. From which it is apparent that one must begin with a good knowledge of the proportion of limbs and body parts, that one may at least be able to make some reasonable judgement on the reach of each movement, proportionally to the limb, or limbs, on which the movement depends, and from which it must be continued, ended, turned, returned, released, bound, or changed in a thousand different ways.” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée - – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 –Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630)</ref> by which we certify the quantity of the thing, is that quantity of ground, which is between the two combatants: and up to now they have tried to gain more or less knowledge of it by practice. And many have been accustomed to measure themselves, as the Spanish do: which is uncertain.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/60|3|lbl=46.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But we, wishing to establish a certain and determinate measure [distance], will consider the circle, according to which the body is formed in the first circle: as we have stated above.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/60|4|lbl=46.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/61|1|lbl=47.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And if men are unequal in stature, nevertheless, in conformity with their size, they describe the second circle well: and provided that the enemy is greater in height, nevertheless he never exceeds so much that he can increase the advantage held by the one who stands in the first circle.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/61|2|lbl=47.2}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 08.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>We therefore conclude that in order for the enemy to reach the center of the circle he must reach the circumference with one of his feet, because the length of the sword, which is two arms long,<ref>Approximately 46 to 50 inches or 117cm to 127cm.</ref> together with the hand and arm, makes a length of three arms,<ref>Approximately 69 to 75 inches or 175cm to 191cm.</ref> which is the distance from the circumference to the center.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/61|3|lbl=47.3}}

|- 
| <p>Hence this fellow, who is in such a state, will be able to open his compasses, and stop his enemy at a distance from his circumference, as far as the opening of his compasses allows: as we see here in this figure.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/61|4|lbl=47.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''ime is so closely related to, and connected with, motion, from which it can never be separated (for there can be no motion which is not slow or swift; and consequently made in more or less time) that it is necessary that it should be substantially or accidentally connected with motion; that is to say, that it should be one and the same thing; or that it should be an intrinsic accident.<ref>Distance can be measured by Time, and Time measured by Distance so in effect one is the other, and every action toward or away from an opponent is measured in both Time and Distance; he seems to say much the same thing further along. [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/63|1|lbl=49.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, since it is clear that if time were motion, it would follow that, just as speed and slowness are conjugated with one, so they would be conjugated with the other: for if it is true to say that this or that motion is either fast or slow, we shall not, nevertheless, call any motion fast or slow, since it is not possible to define anything as being the same: it remains, therefore, that it must at least be an accident.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/63|2|lbl=49.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And since those accidents, by their quantity, make known, and determine the quantity of some subject, they can for this reason be asked to measure that subject.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/63|3|lbl=49.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Tempo is therefore the number, or rather the measure [distance] of the movement, according to the fact that two instants, one before and the other after, determine the movement of both parties. And there are three times, past, present, and future; of these we need not speak of the past.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/63|4|lbl=49.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/64|1|lbl=50.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The present time in the action of arms cannot be known by us except by accident, when it happens that the opposite operates according to the customs of others; of whom we have knowledge: for, if time is the measure of motion, we cannot have knowledge of such time, if we do not first consider the nature of motion.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/64|2|lbl=50.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>For when motion is made by his own free will, and when the other has to receive motion from him, he will not be able to set himself in motion at the same time that the other begins to move, but he will be able to do so later, and consequently he who first sets himself in motion will finish before the other who has to receive motion from him. Therefore we will not be able to have any knowledge of this measure [distance] of motion, which is called fixed time.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/64|3|lbl=50.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Since, therefore, we have knowledge of time, we will have to operate in two ways: in the first (since motion is born of stillness) we will consider the nature of the stillness of the enemy’s sword: and the stillness likewise of the enemy’s state: for these will show us future motion; and consequently we will have knowledge of its measure [distance]; that is, of future time, called premeditated [''tempo''].<ref>Aristotelian motion is the consideration of “a stillness and motion” and is used by Capo Ferro as a method of reading the opponent in Chapter 5 ‘Of Tempo’ (Cagli’, 1610) [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/64|4|lbl=50.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/65|1|lbl=51.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In addition to this, we will give the enemy the motion; for which we will require him to make another motion as well; and consequently we will have knowledge of future time.<ref>Obligatory motion is the beginning of second intention. The fencer moves in a particular way so that the opponent has to do something in response, and then the fencer can follow on with their plan. [Note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/65|2|lbl=51.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the meantime, we shall ascertain that the movement which we make in order to impart motion to the enemy should be of short duration, so that it may be completed before the enemy becomes aware of it: and that, if he wishes to injure, he must make a greater movement than we shall make in order to impart motion to him: which will be easy for us if we keep the body together, so that it may immediately obey our will.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/65|3|lbl=51.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And in order that we may know ''tempo''<ref>I will start using ''tempo'' from this point on instead of time when describing time as a measure of distance, to differentiate between it and the common use of the word time. Following Ghisliero’s explanation of ''tempo'', it will be easier to use ''tempo'' to encapsulate this meaning.</ref> immediately, we shall apply to the motion which we make with our legs the time which is the measure of song or music: and since we may be in a state with our left foot in front when we depart from that stillness, and with our right foot against it as we pass to the fourth circumference, the measure of this motion will be eight beats, which is as important as a maximum.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/65|4|lbl=51.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>With the right foot we can then make four openings, as we have said: and the first is when we find ourselves in the first circle with the right foot in motion, we take the forced step; that is when we reach the fourth circle: that this motion is of four beats, as is a lunge.<ref>Sometimes extended to ''botta lunga'', depending on the author [note by Henry Fox].</ref> We will only use this motion when the enemy is at a distance.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/65|5|lbl=51.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|1|lbl=52.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When we then form the step in force, called an equilateral triangle (of which we use in making the attack) the measure of this motion consists of two beats: which is worth a short [''tempo''].</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|2|lbl=52.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The measure of the step formed when the right foot touches the second circumference, which is made in motion, is one measure, which is worth one half-step.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|3|lbl=52.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In forming a half-step, we will measure a motion, which will be of half a beat: as is the minimum ''tempo''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|4|lbl=52.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>That small opening of the compass which is made when the body is at its second rest, is a measure of ''tempo'', as is the value of a woman: that two together make a minimum.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|5|lbl=52.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Likewise, in order to give some rule for knowing the time of attacking, I say that it is when the opponent makes some movement, either with the sword alone, or with one of the legs, or with the right or the left, and when they make feints and provocations with the sword: all these movements, whether they be thrusts, or retreats, or turns, or provoking, always attack in those times.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|6|lbl=52.6}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And in three ways we attack, before the time, in the time, and after the time.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|7|lbl=52.7}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Forward in time it is called attack by premonition:<ref>“Attack into preparation” is what it is called in modern nomenclature, catching the opponent while they are preparing to act. [note by Henry Fox]</ref> and it is when the enemy is stationary with his sword parried, attacking him in that case on the nearest side.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|8|lbl=52.8|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/67|1|lbl=53.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In time, the enemy is attacked when he is in motion, executing the attack, or parrying: and in such a case he attacks the side which is in motion with the attack, which will be the right side, or the side which is in motion with the defense, which will be the left side.<ref>An action in half-time, because the action is in motion, thus not completed, interrupted. [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/67|2|lbl=53.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>After the time the attack is made, when the movement is at an end, returning to quietness, and the decline of the attack is followed. It is time to attack, when the sword leaves the imagined straight line, passing through our sight.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/67|3|lbl=53.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''L'''et all those who know that things must be done in their proper time and place, and never after that. We must therefore consider that, just as it is necessary to wait for it, and to choose it in order to act, so it is also necessary to take care not to let the point pass completely, at which it is good to give the thing we propose: which we call an opportunity, or conjunction; which, when lost, can rarely be regained.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/67|4|lbl=53.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And this occasion is a part of ''tempo'', which has in itself the opportunity to do something suitable. And this is considered in two ways: in the first, when the enemy provokes us with an injury; or when he makes feints or calls on us; or when he gives us a straight line; and in such a case one must not lose the opportunity to injure the enemy.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/67|5|lbl=53.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/68|1|lbl=54.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the second mode of opportunity is when we ourselves procure it, but in the proper manner, and not in the said terms: which are errors: as we shall learn from what follows.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/68|2|lbl=54.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''P'''lace is nothing other than the interior and ultimate surface of that body which contains it: which on all sides touches and approaches the ultimate, extrinsic [outward] surface of the body which is contained.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/68|3|lbl=54.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, for our purpose, the superficial surface of the opposite body will be the one which touches on all sides the extrinsic [outward] and ultimate surface of the sword, which then wounds the body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/68|4|lbl=54.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And because there are two ways of saying that something is found in this matter; that is to say, a common place of the attack will be the entire surface of the entire body: [but] the proper place will be a part of the surface, which ordinarily is that which lacks defense and which protrudes out the most.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/68|5|lbl=54.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And since the center of the body, in all the motions of the same body, is the part which is most immobile, we shall injure that part, as the proper place.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/69|1|lbl=55.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''S'''ince, as we have seen in the composition of man, he has his body composed of four elements, of which the two heavy ones cause the weight in him, which has the power to tend downwards; and also to resist contrary motion. That is to say, to those who would pull him backwards; and since the members of the body serve the will, as instruments of motivating virtue, we will not be able to obey them with the said elements, if the weight is not distributed in them, according to need.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/69|2|lbl=55.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>However, we must know that the weight of the body is distributed between the two columns [legs], and that it can be placed sometimes on one and sometimes on another. But this must be given with reason: since these two columns [legs] are the ends of the pendicular, which is in the middle; and since it is not possible to pass from one end to the other without passing through the middle, it will be necessary for the weight to be transported by these two columns [legs]; just as, if the weight is found on the missing leg, it will be transported to the right side, then it will be necessary first to place it in the middle, that is, in the pendicular, and then to unload it on the right side: and this will likewise be done from the right side to the left.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/69|3|lbl=55.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/70|1|lbl=56.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And because the part of the body that has to make any movement, whether it be upright or oblique, will not be able to do so comfortably if it is not relieved of its weight: therefore, the column [leg] that has to stand still, as if it were the leg of a compass, will always support the entire weight, so that the other relieved column [leg] can obey the will, carrying out the movement that will be commanded to do.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/70|2|lbl=56.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And by walking in an orderly manner with natural steps, the weight will be held together in action; so that it may be placed on one of the two legs as needed.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/70|3|lbl=56.3}}

|- 
| rowspan="3" class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero 09.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>In the same way, if a man wishes to gain ground on the right or left side, he must move by carrying the weight in the middle, and then the weight on the right leg, unloading it, and then gathering the missing leg in the first circle. However, he must never be bound to use both legs to move, except when he is walking.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/70|4|lbl=56.4}}

|- 
| <p>And in order that man may obtain the aforesaid particularity, we must know that the second circle, which he forms in motion, is divided into four right angles with two diameters: and while man is in the first of his circles, that is to say, in balance; and since it is necessary for him to leave, either with his right hand, or with his left hand, or forward, or backward, he will do so by moving only one of his legs, and with the other stable, remaining in the center of the first circle.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/70|5|lbl=56.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/71|1|lbl=57.1|p=1}}

|- 
| class="noline" | <p>And it should be noted that while we find ourselves with our feet in the first circle, and that we leave the first circle with a leg, and that we enter the second circle, which is set in motion, then we will divide that second circle into four plane trilateral figures, closed, and contained by three straight lines. And considering each of the three circles by itself, each time that a man is placed in one of them, and wishes to enter into one of the others, he will have to return to the first circle, which is made when stationary: and then, according to need, he will go into one of the four said figures; which is demonstrated by the figure which follows.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/71|2|lbl=57.2}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 9
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Since we have declared the seven circumstances which concur in the operation of arms, we must know that in order for an action of ours to be dependent on virtue, it must have four conditions; that is, that it be spontaneous, consulted, chosen and willed.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/73|1|lbl=59.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''S'''pontaneously done is understood to mean that we do it of our own free will; and conversely, those actions which we do not do of our own free will can be said not to be spontaneous.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/73|2|lbl=59.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>From this it follows as a rule for us, that a man in the act of arms, will do all his actions voluntarily, being the first to make a firm commitment: and consequently he will act in such a way that his opponent will have to do everything against his will, forcing him to parry.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/73|3|lbl=59.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Consultation, as Aristotle determined, is about those things which can fall under human counsel.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/73|4|lbl=59.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, in this art of ours, we will well consult all the means that can lead us to our goal, which is victory.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/73|5|lbl=59.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Election [choice or discrimination] is nothing other than a consent or assent to those things which are placed within us: for since a thing is first consulted and then elected, if it is first consulted and then judged, it will reasonably be elected.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/74|1|lbl=60.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>So that from these two conditions, which I have joined together, we shall constitute a rule, that after having consulted the means of offense +& defense, we shall choose the best proportion of injury and defense, and that we shall continually operate.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/74|2|lbl=60.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Our will is ready to have regard to that end, which is not only truly good, but also apparent: for the acquisition of which we must then spontaneously within ourselves consult the means, which can lead us to it; and those, finally, choosing virtuously to operate; as we shall do in the battle of arms, which is fought from hand to hand. If, having regard to the true good, which in this action is to defend oneself and to offend the enemy, we shall consult and choose those things which we will animously put into execution, which otherwise will annul the whole art of arms. </p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/74|3|lbl=60.3}}

|- 
| [[File:Ghisliero 10.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>And since from one point to another there is nothing but a straight line, and since one line is in the subject, the other cannot enter it, since two bodies cannot be in the same space at the same time, it remains that each time that two men come to combat each other, there will necessarily arise a circle of distance: which, starting from its diameter, and each of them forming a point, the one who first puts his sword into the diameter, which consequently becomes the straight line, will force the other to pass through it, so that he will have the offense as well as the defense, since the enemy’s sword will be parallel to his body. And so that this may be better understood, these figures, which follow below, should be well considered.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/74|4|lbl=60.4|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|75|lbl=61|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''he knowledge of arms being based on this, it has come to pass that the operations of those who have so far dealt with this matter have been various: they have either placed themselves in it, or else they have given the place, so that by parrying the enemy they might at the same time secure themselves by parrying; and by putting their sword in a straight line they might attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/77|1|lbl=63.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Those who have put their sword forward in a straight line have done so for the aforesaid reason, which is most important; and to keep themselves covered by the sword; and to keep the enemy at a distance: hence there are so, so many ways of gaining it.<ref>This is an important note; the sword is extended and the fencer is covered by the extension of the sword in a straight line. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/77|2|lbl=63.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And the first, as is the custom in Spain and Italy, is to gain it by dividing the sword into three parts: of which the first, towards the fist, is the ''forte'',<ref>Strongest third of the blade from the hilt toward the middle.</ref> because it is closer to the moving power: and the last is ''debole'',<ref>Strongest third of the blade from the hilt toward the middle.</ref> because it is far from the moving power: but while it is weak in parrying it is very strong in attacking.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/77|3|lbl=63.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Proceeding in this way, one must have placed his sword above that of the enemy in the ''debole'',<ref>Note the positions of the weapons relative to one another. This is consistent with the Aristotelian and the Iberian approaches. [note
from Henry Fox]</ref> keeping his arm gathered, and the fist of his hand placed on the level, or rather a little lower than that of the enemy.<ref>The position of the hand and blade position in this initial stage is vital to the techniques that will follow. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> In such a way that, while waiting for the other hand to release it, at the same time one gains a straight line by extending the arm. As a rule, one should keep in mind that one should go to the sword at one moment, and at the enemy body at another.<ref>This appears to be discussing taking the line or ''stringeri''.</ref></p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/77|4|lbl=63.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/78|1|lbl=64.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In defense of this, which I have said, it was customary at the time when the sword was in motion, in order to overcome it, to stop it in said motion, and to free the sword,</p>
* by making a motion with the sword alone, or 
* by using the disengaged joust, which is to carry the body from one leg to the other; or
* by withdrawing the left foot behind: and in this way proceeding from hand to hand, one against the other. 
<p>But this is more likely to be used as a feint than as a real attack: since men are unequal in size and strength, just as swords are unequal in length and weight, an altered man is unable to discern the minutiae of the game; and since this game is founded on uncertain principles, it will also be uncertain.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/78|2|lbl=64.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Some of them prevent many of these inconveniences by finding themselves in said line with their swords; when the enemy goes to square them, at that time they carry their swords outside the straight line. When they meet the enemy’s sword out of the straight line, and then, by placing their shoulder on the wall, without separating their sword from the enemy’s, they cross the line with their foot and strike with a ''punta riversa''.<ref>A “reversed thrust” in this instance.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/78|3|lbl=64.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Many of them, having considered that while they were gaining the weakness of the enemy’s sword, they could be attacked at the same time. In drawing their sword from the enemy, kept this order in going to the enemy’s sword, to bring the body towards it, so that if the enemy freed his sword, and attacked, he would find no place to attack: so that in that movement they put their sword into the attack in a straight line.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/79|1|lbl=65.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But when the enemy’s sword had been raised high, they gave the same opportunity to the enemy, so that he might be attacked. And this they did with certain cuts of the sword with the weapon accompanied, and united, with the same movement of the body with the right hand, or with the left hand; and attacking the enemy they at that time either bound the enemy’s sword with a ''molinello'', and attacked with the dagger; or attacked by putting at that tempo of his sword in a straight line.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/79|2|lbl=65.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>It has also been customary, in order to distract this straight line from its posture, to make feints, either from inside, or from outside with points, or with cuts, in order to frighten that person, who finds himself with his sword ''in presentia'':<ref>‘''in presentia''’ means the sword is on the line of engagement. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]</ref> so that, coming out of the line with his sword to parry, you would give him a place where he could put his sword into the enemy’s hand. But these people who make these feints first make a mistake in order to make the enemy make another one: which mistakes are then paid for by the loss of life.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/79|3|lbl=65.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/80|1|lbl=66.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And because he who finds himself in this posture, with every little movement will always maintain the said advantage, if he will always keep the point of his sword fixed in the right shoulder of the enemy; and wherever he will go he will follow it with the said vain hope. Hence many imagined not to retreat from that sword, pressing its weak point, but to overshadow it with their own; and so that they might have some distance to attack, they did so with the short foot in front: and they had to put their foot on the right side of the enemy’s foot, and the sword extended in a straight line to the level of the enemy; and having arrived at a distance, and with the right foot, increasing their wound.<ref>This explains the advantages of Ghisliero’s guard position, demonstrating that the guard is the foundation of a fencing system. [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/80|2|lbl=66.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>However, if he places himself in this line, if he makes a single movement with his right foot, he will injure the enemy: because when he is pursued by the enemy, he can be attacked by the ''punta scavizzata''<ref>''Punta scavizzata'' means hollow point.</ref> as it is called by these fencing masters, or by the ''gobba'';<ref>''Gobba'' means hump or hunchback.</ref> and when we provoke him from within, he can be attacked by the ''punta riversa'',<ref>''Puinta riversa'' is a spelling variation from ''punta riversa''.</ref> or by the ''incapocchiato''.<ref>''Incapocchiato'' does not translate, it suggests the word incapacitate. ''Incapocchiársi'' means ‘to become a doult or logger-head, to take a foolish conceite’ (Florio 1611) It might also mean encompassing in modern Italian.</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/80|3|lbl=66.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Others have based their actions on offense and defense, and have proceeded in various ways; or while the enemy is on guard, they have tried to make a strong blow with a cut, or a thrust, in order to provoke the enemy; so that by disconcerting themselves with the parry, or with the attack, they can parry and then attack.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/80|4|lbl=66.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/81|1|lbl=67.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>That is to say, when they found the sword present, they disconcerted it, either by beating it in its weakness with the true edge at the bottom, or with the false edge from the bottom upwards: so that they could attack at that time: in which way the parries, and attacks are reduced indefinitely: as can be seen in the books which have dealt with this.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/81|2|lbl=67.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Those who give an uncovered place do so in order to give the enemy an opportunity to attack, so that he may parry and attack; but the feints do great harm to them, and beyond that the same method is reduced indefinitely.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/81|3|lbl=67.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''B'''ut we, in order not to incur in these kinds of offences and defences, will not take care to put our sword in a straight line, nor, since there is that of the enemy, will we attempt to draw it in the said terms: on the contrary, we will act according to due reason. And because true science consists in knowing the causes of things; which, once known and removed, the effect is also removed, we shall consider the cause of such a line; which is the point of the enemy’s shoulder, and the point of our body at which the line is aimed: and each time the point of the line is removed from the extremity of our body, the effect of the line is consequently removed.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/81|4|lbl=67.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/82|1|lbl=68.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And this point can be recovered in two ways:</p>
* in the first, by not losing ground; and with the transversal path by going out or to the left;
* in the other, when ground is lost by retreating a step, and by striking the same point.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/82|2|lbl=68.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>To take the point out of the straight line is done in this way; that is to say, having divided the body into two parts equal to the diameter of our circle, in each part we constitute a point; and of our own free will we place one of them at the extremity of the line; or the enemy is the one who places his sword in one of them. And when of our own free we place it, it will always be the right one, in order to make the attack easier and more comfortable: because in this way we will gain a certain amount of ground.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/82|3|lbl=68.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When the enemy is the one who puts his sword into one of our two points, if by chance he puts it on the right side, we shall come out with the left foot; if on the left side, we shall come out with the right foot, so that by doing so we remove the effect of the enemy’s line.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/82|4|lbl=68.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In addition to annulling the enemy’s line, the re-movement of the forearm creates for us another line, in which, by drawing our sword, we can attack; and in this way our body salutes us, which, by running away from the first attacks...</p>
| 
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|- 
| 
| <p>...on our straight sides, will then withdraw them with a step backwards; and at the same time we will attack his arm: but attacking it on our left side, we will lose the ground with our left foot, and at that time we will attack. But we do not make use of this method, since we could operate in a better way.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/83|2|lbl=69.2}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 11.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>And since every kind of cause and every kind of object can be considered at times to be in the power of production, and at other times to be in action, so we will consider that line to be in action when it will not be there, but it will be capable of coming to us, since all lines in whatever kind of position they may be, are attacked in a straight line, as can be seen in these figures which follow.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/83|3|lbl=69.3}}

|- 
| <p>'''W'''e will distinguish, therefore, that our opponent will either be in one of two states, that is, at rest, or if he departs from that state, he will be in motion.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/85|1|lbl=71.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>While he is at rest, he will keep his sword in a straight line (that is, he will bring it forth) or, having it outside the said line, he will keep it in force [power, strength] to be ready to put it in said line.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/85|2|lbl=71.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When he holds the sword in production (that is, in the straight line) we must consider that, in accordance with the opening of his compasses, the sword will come to the point of the straight shoulder, and consequently the point of our surface will be on the right side of that line: this line will always be called straight, until it reaches the right side of the center of our body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/85|3|lbl=71.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>While our enemy holds his sword in power to put it in a straight line, it will be called an oblique line; which will either be in front (that is, in the presence) or behind (outside the presence).</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/85|4|lbl=71.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The sword will be said to be oblique in presence in three ways:</p>
* In the first, when it is present in the diameter of our circle, but then lies below the center of our body.
* In the second, the enemy sword will be said to be oblique to our body when both are within the diameter of the circle of distance; and the point of the enemy sword will be outside our body, either high, low, or in whatever kind of proportion we wish: this will be the case when we hold the sword’s fist against its fingers or hands.
* In the third, the opposite sword is oblique to our body, while it forms an angle with the arm, and the point of the sword exceeds the center of our body.
| 
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|- 
| 
| <p>Outside the present, or behind, the enemy can hold his sword in two ways: either with his right foot forward, or with his left foot. With his right foot he will hold it either low and collected, or high and in the act of striking a blow. When he holds it with his left foot forward, he will either hold it high in a ''guardia di falcone'',<ref>''Guardia di falcone'' means "falcon’s guard". This is what the Bolognese authors call ''guardia alta''. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]</ref> or low in a guard called by many ''coda lunga e larga''.<ref>''Coda longa, & larga'' or ''coda lunga e larga'' means "long and broad tail guard".</ref></p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/86|2|lbl=72.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And all these lines can be placed in an infinite number of proportions: and therefore it has come about that so many guards have been formed, because from all the principles of the attacks, from all their means, and from all their ends, postures can be formed. But so that we may not be confused, we shall refer only to these proportions, which we have said, in which the enemy will necessarily find himself: it doesn’t much matter whether they are a little higher or a little lower.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/86|3|lbl=72.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''R'''eturning now to the declaration of our art, I say that when the enemy finds himself in any kind of tranquillity in his posture, we must, in order to operate with knowledge, consider the four causes which cause the effects: first of all, the efficient cause, which is man; and this is the most general and remote cause in the action of this posture; but the most propitious and particular will be the act in which man finds himself; and this act shows us the effect which can arise from it.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/87|1|lbl=73.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The formal cause, which is motion in general from its stillness, denotes to us the measure of the particular motion, which is to bring it into effect.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/87|2|lbl=73.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The formal cause, which is the proportion of the enemy sword, reveals to us the effect of its attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/87|3|lbl=73.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>I want the final cause to be the one that we consider in this effect around the line of the sword, which in attacking has the purpose of striking our body. But the final cause will be the point on our surface.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/87|4|lbl=73.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And if the enemy finds himself with his sword in a straight line, but subjected to our dagger, as if he were on guard three and four, then, beating that line, and at the same time attacking, we will put our sword in a straight line: but with the sword alone we will come out with the short foot, attacking.</p>
| 
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|- 
| 
| <p>While the enemy will hold his sword against us in a straight line, in a state of straight foot, or short foot in front, as in guarding the head, or in front of the face, or with the right foot in front of the head in a first and second guard, we will keep as a rule the rule of going out of that straight foot with transversal movement.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/88|2|lbl=74.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When the enemy’s sword is oblique to our body, that is to say, in its first position under the center of our body, we must strike with our left foot in the same position, in order to ''scanso del corpo'',<ref>scanso del corpo means void the body. Basically, these are the body turns we use to take the body off the line of engagement. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]</ref> and here I am speaking only of the sword, because if we have the dagger, we will place it in the imagined line, and we will strike in our usual manner.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/88|3|lbl=74.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>If the enemy’s sword is oblique to our body in the second way (in this case we will see the body of the sword and not its point) we will always gain on our right hand, and escaping that length, and attacking, we will place our sword on the diagonal.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/88|4|lbl=74.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But if the sword is oblique in the third way, we must distinguish that if the point of the angular line is at the right of our straight point, then we will act against it as if it were in a straight line; but if it were with the tip of the sword in the chest at our short point, we will cut it off, driving our sword in a straight line into the wound.</p>
| 
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|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>In the event that our opponent should hold his sword backwards, or in a fury of presence, with his foot straight forward, as some do when they hold their swords together in order to make the ''inquartata'':<ref>''Inquartata'' means quartering step. It is a voiding action of the body which closes the inside line.</ref> or when they are in ''guardia alta in coda lunga e larga''; or with their foot short forward in a ''guardia di falcone''; or in a ''coda lunga'';<ref>“Long and high tail” guard.</ref> And even if it is finally in any kind of proportion, even if it is out of the present; we will always take care to fight with the body; and we will try to move it with our straight sides, since it is (as Aristotle says) natural to all animals.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/89|2|lbl=75.2}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 10
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Now, since we have declared the proportions of the lines when they are still, we will say of those that are in motion.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/89|3|lbl=75.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''W'''e must therefore consider that they depart from one stillness and come to rest in another:<ref>The sequence of the combatant should always be ward – blow – ward, or stillness – motion – stillness, it is a common and practical method in quite a few treatises. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> for all attacks depart from the center of the shoulder, which is the origin of the straight line; and in the attack they also return to said center.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/89|4|lbl=75.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Because all the motions of a attacked man are mixed; since, for example, in order to make a hit, it is necessary first of all to make a circular motion in order to cause a straight line, and likewise because man, in forming a attack, does so with violent and natural motion (but violent is of greater force than natural), we shall distinguish that motion has a beginning, middle and end.<ref>Examine di Grassi’s (Grassi, 1570) diagram of the thrust and movement of the arm for an example of this motion. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/89|5|lbl=75.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/90|1|lbl=76.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And in order that this treatise may be better understood, I, in this part which follows, postpone the oblique and violent movement which a man makes when he prepares his arm and brings it up and rests it in the state to make a cut or point, if it is time to attack his enemy. However, I intend to speak of the movement that is made when the arm, departing from that stillness, moves towards the attack; and this is that which is (as we have said) composed of violent and natural movement; violent with respect to the force of the moving force, which pushes and violates that weight as it descends; and natural with respect to the weight of the arm and of the sword, which by its nature tends towards the center of the earth.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/90|2|lbl=76.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, the said movement has its weak beginning, which is when it begins to descend: then it has its strong middle, which is when the arm reaches the shoulder level: in which plane is the greatest blow that man can make, because there the violence of man’s strength ends. Finally, there is the end of the force, or less strong, which is when the arm exceeds the plane of the shoulder, because the movement becomes more natural, since the violence ceases, the arm is being helped a little by the rest of the moving power.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/90|3|lbl=76.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/91|1|lbl=77.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And since these three terms are distinguished differently, we must act against each of them: and because the parry is of the lowest order (as far as the sword is concerned) it should not be done: because, since nature does not allow for a vacuum, if one is the first to attack, the motion will always keep the other subject to the parry: so that in two ways we will be shielded from hostile offenses.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/91|2|lbl=77.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the first, if we are at a distance, we will be able to injure at the beginning of the movement, so that we will entertain the opposite: which, when struck (by nature, which repels evil) will not follow once the movement has begun. And this is said to be attacked before time, while the motion is weak.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/91|3|lbl=77.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And we must be very careful that this mode of defense is done resolutely, by putting the body in profile, stretching out, and attacking the straight and hostile sides: and this for as long as the weight of the arm, or that of the moving arm, in that movement, is directed towards the center of the earth.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/91|4|lbl=77.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Moreover, swords which cut and pierce have a different effect from swords which pierce: for if we attack our opponent when his weight is already in decline with the sword, which pierces and passes, we would be well offended, but the enemy could also attack us.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/92|1|lbl=78.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And the reason is this, that if the weight of the body, which was plumb with its diameter on the flat earth’s surface, were removed from the pendulum, and from the point; that is to say, from the stillness: and that the weight were declining at its natural center, it would not be possible to withdraw that weight upwards: since all things hardly move towards the side contrary to its intrinsic inclination.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/92|2|lbl=78.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And in confirmation of this. The soul of man, which is one in itself, cannot at one and the same time be very intent on commanding the movements of his hands and other limbs, and using its senses to learn the pain of injury.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/92|3|lbl=78.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore we conclude that it is excellent to attack the enemy before he has the weight of his body on the ground.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/92|4|lbl=78.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the second way of shielding ourselves from the lines of motion, we can do this in two ways: and in the first, we can lose the ground by moving the point of our body away from it: in the first of the two ways, as we have said, when we lose a step of ground, we will come out straight with the points: and we will injure the opposite arm: or we will pass straight ahead, coming out with the point of presence: and we will also injure the weaving arm. And this is said to be attacked in time in strong motion.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/92|5|lbl=78.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/93|1|lbl=79.1|p=1}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>In the other, the attacks [wounding blows] are allowed to pass through empty spaces [voids]; and as soon as the sword passes through the rays of our vision with the strong attacks [wounding blows], which we find more effective, it attacks itself after a while in weak motion.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/93|2|lbl=79.2}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 11
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''But because most men do not have this subtle knowledge of how to offend others, and how to defend themselves: because men, moved by nature,<ref>Nature means their passions.</ref> parry attacks in the middle of their movement; that is, in the strong, when the arm reaches the plane of the shoulder. Therefore, in discussing the parry,<ref>Parate – parade – often later used, especially in smallsword in place of ‘parry’. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> we will choose the best one.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/93|3|lbl=79.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''A'''nd it is done in four ways: In the first way, all motions are helped to their declination, because all things, while they are in motion, move more easily than if they were to immediately come out of stillness. And this is done in the following way: if one were to come out of the right line with the right foot; and with the left foot, accompanied by a traverse, one helps any attack, which may come from the right side of the enemy at its declination, and then taking over with the right foot one attacks the side which is closest to us.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/93|4|lbl=79.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/94|1|lbl=80.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Thus, in all attacks which come from the left side of the enemy, as in the case of blows of all three types, and of compound attacks, by exiting from the diameter of the circle towards the enemy’s left side with a transversal cut, we shall help the said lines to descend, and with the least movement we shall attack more easily.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/94|2|lbl=80.2|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the second way of parrying we repulse the enemy’s blows: if he is disconcerted in this way (and this way is good for making the sword fall from the hand of the enemy), as soon as he makes one of the attacks (be they cutting or pointed) which come from the straight sides, we gain ground with the right foot followed by our natural hand of motion, while we seek the enemy’s left hand. And with a ''mezzo mandritto''<ref>''Mezzo mandritto'' means a half-leg cut.</ref> that line at the ''debole''; that is, in the last third towards the point of the sword; and respond with the most convenient attack.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/94|3|lbl=80.3|p=1}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>In the same way, all attacks that come from the left side, with the growth of the short foot, are ''mezzo riverso''<ref>''Mezzo riverso'' means a half-reversed cut.</ref> cut, which slashes towards the ground; and so, with the advance of the right foot, the enemy is wounded.</p>
| class="noline" | 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/94|4|lbl=80.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/95|1|lbl=81.1|p=1}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 12
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''And well, we say that in addition to this method (since it is useful) there are two other ways to make the sword fall from the hand of the enemy.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/95|2|lbl=81.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''I'''n the first, with the sword alone, with the ''Garatusa''<ref>''Garatusa'' is Spanish for thrust. In fencing it is a technique composed of nine movements, and the participation of two and three angles, that they make to [through, from] both parts [locations, sides], from the outside and from the inside, ''arrojando'' the sword with force to the sides, and from there they return to raise it [the sword] to wound with a thrust in the face or chest. It is not safe [sure]. (Ghost Sparrow Publications, 2021)</ref> (as it is called in this way), which is done with a straight cut and with the reverse cut. With these two cuts we neet the last third of the opponent’s sword to cut to the enemy’s hand with a ''mandritto'' or ''riverso'' as our blade falls; and we must try, with a blow from our sword, to make it fall lower than the enemy’s point, and with the hook of the hand cutting the edge of the enemy’s sword. If we then try to use our blow to reach the same level, which only differs in that the point of our sword will be aimed at the enemy’s left hand, and if we use a sharp edge to cut through the false edge of the sword, we will easily achieve our goal.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/95|3|lbl=81.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the second, we place our sword under that of the enemy, and the point of the sword rests on the right arm of the enemy: then, with our dagger placed inwards, we turn it outwards, giving the effect of a leaver: thus causing the sword to fall.</p>
| 
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|- 
| 
| <p>In the third way of parrying, one parries all attacks with a true edge; and if one could also parry with a false one, nevertheless, since this parry is weak, we have omitted it. And placing the sword in a straight line, one parries and attacks by running the edge of the sword: and to all proportions of lines made by the right side of the enemy, one parries by guarding the entrance with the left foot, or with the right ahead: and to those, which come from the left side, one parries by turning the good edge to guard the face.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/96|2|lbl=82.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the fourth and last, one parries all attacks by guarding the head; and this method is safer than the third, since it is not subject to deceptions; and with it one responds to that attack which is more comfortable, by receiving the blow in the first third of the sword, in the forte of the sword; then, gathering up the short foot in the parry, one prepares it for the right; one may attack either by cutting straight on or by cutting ''riverso''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/96|3|lbl=82.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When someone is strong, he may parry covered, that is, with the sword a little crossed in the strongest part of the sword, and then wound with that attack being made more comfortable following the parry that was made.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/96|4|lbl=82.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>For all these kinds of proportions of lines, which are stationary as well as in motion, since we must overcome them, it will be necessary for us to move with our bodies in four acts, which we will call guards, not because we must remain in them to await the enemy, but in order to hold him, and together to carry out the offense and defense. We shall therefore constitute four guards, since there are four attacks, and four ways of operating, which we shall show in the drawing, each having its own injury [attack].</p>
| 
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|- 
| 
| <p>'''A'''nd the first will be this one, which is seen below; and in which, in order that the body may obey the will, we have chosen the first posture of the body invented by Polyclitus,<ref>Polykleitos's ''Doryphoros'' is an early example of this position called ''contrapposto''. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)</ref> which keeps all the weight united in the left leg.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/97|2|lbl=83.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The right foot is relieved of weight, since it is the one that has to enter into motion: & the body is found in the first circle of the four, which it forms in motion: so that in a short time it can turn on all sides.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/97|3|lbl=83.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The operation with the foot straight ahead, as Vegetio says in the eighth chapter, was the custom of the ancient Romans, who, when they threw the pili,<ref>Pili (pilum or pila) was the javelin of which the Romans were armed with two along with their sword. [note by Henry Fox]</ref> kept their left foot ahead so that the blow would be of greater force, and when they used the sword they kept their right foot ahead so that the sides would be covered and the sword would be closer to the enemy.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/97|4|lbl=83.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/98|1|lbl=84.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Of the three proportions of the body in this posture, the curvature is increased, or should we say the view of a face, and half a face, in order to show the enemy the least possible amount of surface. And in order not to allow the enemy only a point, it is this point, in order to remove it from the enemy’s sword, where the body bends forward with its first movement, which it does with the whole body; as we said above; and consequently the sword approaches the opposite point.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/98|2|lbl=84.2}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 12'.jpg|400px|center|link=File:Ghisliero 12.jpg]]
| <p>And since the sword, while it is in its natural state, denotes the future blow, we will place it in such a proportion that it will be able to make a single attack by the posture of the hand. It should therefore be placed in such a state that, when the body is in ''scurzo'' and the arm is raised in its natural state, the sword and arm form the same line with the body. So that when a line is drawn from the extreme point of the sword, a square figure is formed as shown by the posture.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/98|3|lbl=84.3}}

|- 
| <p>In this proportion the sword will be close to the point of contact, because turning only the fist and with it forming an equilateral triangle in motion, the sword will enter in a straight line to attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/98|4|lbl=84.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In his attacks, descending from the circumference to the center in natural motion from top to bottom, he will search the whole body, which is the common place of the attack: and it will be irreparable [harm] because in its motion it forms a semicircle, and because the fist forms an equilateral triangle, so the sword makes three views to the enemy’s eye.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/98|5|lbl=84.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/99|1|lbl=85.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>With this posture the man attacks with the fourth length, which is better than the other three; as we have said, and with a short time he parries, and attacks, and takes his [enemy’s] life.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/99|2|lbl=85.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When we have the dagger, we shall hold it in such a proportion that it can dominate the enemy’s sword, and that from here ours can dominate the enemy’s dagger; or with the left hand we shall be ready to defend.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/99|3|lbl=85.3}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 13.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>'''W'''e shall nevertheless observe that, being in this posture, we shall be able to enter into the other three; and from one into the other of these, as the need arises, only by moving with one leg and stopping with the other. As, for example, if the enemy sword were to aim at our right point, since according to the precept, once we have removed the point at which the sword is aiming, we will also remove the effect of the other foot by going out into the second circle, which is made in movement, of transversal movement, and unloading the weight of the body on the other leg, we will form the second guard.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/101|1|lbl=87.1}}

|- 
| <p>In this second guard, since the right foot has to walk to the attack, it is relieved on the side of its weight; and the sword naturally enters into a position of ''imbroccata''; and the dagger, even though it dominates the enemy sword, is ready for defense: and with the same stroke and length of line it attacks itself, as can be seen in the following figure. </p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/101|2|lbl=87.2}}

|- 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 14.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>'''A'''nd because, as has been said, we have divided our body into two equal parts by the diameter of the circle, that is to say, in part straight and in part left, since, as Boethius says in the Book of Divisions, any division is to be of two parts; if the enemy were to place his sword on our left-handed point, we would take that point away from the enemy’s sword with our right foot in a crosswise motion in the second circle: which we do in motion; and ''scurzo formaremo'' with our feet and our body in reverse we shall form the third guard, keeping the arm straight in a state of ''imbroccata'' and the hand well extended; which has the power to close off the enemy’s sword: as we see in this figure.</p>
| {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|103|lbl=89}}

|- 
| <p>'''I'''f a man is in any one of these three guards, and if, by chance, the enemy should place his sword in the present position, but at an angle, then he will enter the fourth guard by the movement of his right foot alone: if this description, which I will give below, is in itself particular, without the man finding himself in any of the said guards.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/105|1|lbl=91.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The right foot is placed next to the left foot in the first circle with the body in parallel; and by withdrawing the right foot backwards in a straight line through the diameter of the circle; which is formed on the ground, arriving in the third circumference of the third circle with the right foot; the fourth guard is formed, with the whole weight of the body in the right leg.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/105|2|lbl=91.2}}

|- 
| class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero 15.jpg|400px|center]]
| class="noline" | <p>In retreating with the right foot one makes a semi-circle with the sword; and this is placed under the crossed arm; which is kept extended, and prone to the defence; and in that strike, which is made with the right foot, one gains with the hind hand a foot of ground, to deceive the enemy; and the body is kept above the right leg to distance it from the enemy. And if one is attacked by the right, because the body is the one that first moves to the front, it does not matter that the weight is in that position. And the posture is this, which follows below.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/105|3|lbl=91.3}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 13
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>'''Now that we have described''' ''the theorems of this art, it remains for us to demonstrate the practice. But before describing it, since this little digression, which I am about to make, is so much in keeping with our purpose, even if it is to enter into another subject, and since it will give great pleasure to those who will make the profession, and will also serve to increase their understanding, I have decided to deal briefly, and in general, with the offences and defences of fortresses. And only  only those that can be applied to our own particular faculties, in order to learn how to defend our own bodies and offend those of the enemy.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/107|1|lbl=93.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Since the fortresses, which were naturally built on strong sites, have become weak through use, man has used his art to devise a plan for building a fortress which would be less subject to the defects which have become apparent through a new way of building.This, with the various order of ''Bellouards''; cauldrons, flattenings, finials, curtains, shoulders, parapets, ramparts, matte houses, buttresses, ditches, and ramparts; and of so many other parts, and membranes, as are seen in the books of Teti, Tartaglia Castriotto, all of whom have dealt with this.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/107|2|lbl=93.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/108|1|lbl=94.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But nature, having formed the body of man in such a measured proportion, as has been said, has likewise constituted in it the fortress composed of the various orders, as we have said, with which the fortresses have been made. He has two hands, like Bellauardi, which defend the ''cortina'',<ref>''Cortina'' means a long wall running level from one bulwark to another.</ref> which is the body; and likewise he has the other parts, as will be seen in the following treatise.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/108|2|lbl=94.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And in order that the fortresses may be impregnable, it would be better if he always held back all his offences in such a way that they would offend the enemy, and in such a way that the latter would not in any way allow them to be approached; which so far it seems has not been found: for the offence is carried out in a straight line: and by that means, by which those on the inside offend the enemies; with it, those outside discover everything.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/108|3|lbl=94.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>As a consequence of this, man’s fortitude must have these two conditions; that is to say:</p>
* one is to keep his offenses free and not subject to the enemy’s offenses
* the other is not to let the enemy come within his distance.

<p>We will therefore strive to keep the sword and the dagger not subject to the offence, but out of the way, as has been said, speaking of the first posture for this purpose adopted by the Illustrious Signor Silvio Piccolomini.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/108|4|lbl=94.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And just as a bulwark, when he is deprived of his offences, cannot help and defend the other, nor can he defend the ''cortina'', so each time that one of the hands, which are almost like a bulwark of the man’s ''cortina'', becomes impeded in such a way that it cannot carry out its offence, the other will remain subject to the enemy; and we will remedy this defect if we keep them free (as has been said) and ready for their task.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/109|1|lbl=95.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Not permitting the enemy to approach the ditch is considered by all good soldiers to be the best defence that can be made: because once the ditch is lost, the fortress is said to be half gained. And therefore it is the opinion of good men that every effort should be made to defend the ''strada coperta''.<ref>A ''strada coperta'' is a close walk or passage made on the top of a counter-scarpe in which the besieged may cover themselves from the enemies (Florio 1610)</ref> Which, when it is well made, can easily be defended from the archibuseria;<ref>''Archibuseria'' likely is an alternative spelling of ''archibugiera'', which are a wall with slits, in a fortress, through which a weapon can be fired.</ref> by keeping good soldiers on this wall (who at the right time and in the right place) can make strong attacks on the enemy.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/109|2|lbl=95.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>From this usefulness of keeping the enemy at a distance, we must continually endeavour to ensure that our opponent never comes close to setting foot on the circumference of the second circle; which we form in such a state (as we have said above) as the edge of the ditch of our fortress, by drawing a good distance from the walls: that is to say, from the posture of ''imbroccata aventata'', without opening the compass; and with sorties, extending our legs and entering the fourth circumference; which we form in motion, compressing you in a forced step, (as we have said above) so that with greater length we may prevent the enemy.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/109|3|lbl=95.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/110|1|lbl=96.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The proper time for sorties is when it rains, or if the enemy is exhaused by continuous fighting, or at mealtimes or according to the best judgment of the person who finds himself in the of needing to organise sorties.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/110|2|lbl=96.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Similarly, when the enemy is in motion, we shall attack him by making a sortie in the fourth circumference, because while he is in motion he will not be able to respond with a wounding attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/110|3|lbl=96.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>A part of a good, well-armed soldiery is chosen to undertake the sortie and is secretly taken to the ''strada coperta''. The enemy is suddenly attacked, and then in order that the said soldiery may be secure in its retreat, the walls are armed and use the ''archibuseria'' to defend the soldiery.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/110|4|lbl=96.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the same way, we shall choose the best of the attacks and suddenly wound the enemy; for he, having seen us so far from his body, does not expect such an attack. But in order to be able to retreat in safety, we shall attack him with a ''riverso traversale''<ref>''Riverso traversale'' means a transverse or diagonal blow during retreat. “It’s equivalent to a ''riversa squalembrato'' or ''falso manco'', depending on whether ascending or descending.” [note from Henry Fox]</ref> on the retreat, which we shall make on the way to the ''strada coperta''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/110|5|lbl=96.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But the offense, which cannot be carried out against fortresses by day is easily carried out by night by gaining the  bulwark [or battlements]. Consequently one arrives at the trench, and because the true offense is that which is carried out when one is sure of not being offended, one must pull the ropes and take the trenches. By this means and by covering oneself, one approaches the trench.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/110|6|lbl=96.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/111|1|lbl=97.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>So we, while we are offending our opponent, will always make with our dagger a semi-circle in motion, which will defend our body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/111|2|lbl=97.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The trench will dominate the corner of bulwark inside and must be attacked so that it will create a trap that the enemy, discovering the will of his opponent, does not have time to [discover] and defend himself.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/111|3|lbl=97.3}}

|- 
| class="noline" | 
| class="noline" | <p>So if our enemy tries to dominate us with the sword or the dagger (because our hands, which are our bulwarks, are mobile) we will not allow it. On the contrary, we will continuously dominate our opponent’s sword and dagger so that our body will not be wounded.</p>
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/111|4|lbl=97.4}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}

{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 14
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>''Assuming, that our opponent has made the trenches; and that he has approached the pit wishing to enter the fortress with them, it will be convenient to clear the way with the offense.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/112|1|lbl=98.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>There are three ways in which fortresses are offended, namely, </p>
* the hidden underground; 
* with the battery, the hoe, the shovel, and the stove; or 
* with the air; that is, when the cavalry is raised in such a way that those inside cannot appear for defense.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/112|2|lbl=98.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>There are three ways in which our fortress [body] can be attacked: with low attacks, with middle attacks, and with the others above.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/112|3|lbl=98.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When fortresses are attacked by mines and quarries, the defender tries to recognize the place, which he does with real instruments. For when the lower places are hit, the sign of the movement is given by these instruments; and when the defender is assured of the place, he either cuts off that part of the fortress, detaching it from the whole body of the fortress, or he finds the other part with the same pit, in order to make the mine disappear, and to make it go out; or he tries to destroy it with water or fire.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/112|4|lbl=98.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the same way, when we are offended by low lines, as when the enemy makes an quartered, armoured attack, we will counter them by bending in our belts [sucking in our stomachs]; and we will not allow them to fall into the circle of our body.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/113|1|lbl=99.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Overt attacks on the ground are principally made with artillery, which is used to make a breach and raise the defences, so that the ditch is gained, which can then be attacked with the hoe, shovel and stove.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/113|2|lbl=99.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The artillery should be placed as close as possible to the place where it is to be used, if the site allows it: because the closer the weight of violent motion through the air, the greater the effect it will have on a resisting body, the closer it will be to the driving force, and the greater the effect: and this effect is very important in order to obtain the goal in a short time, which is most valuable in attacking fortresses, as well as being less costly.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/113|3|lbl=99.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, we shall attack as much as possible when the enemy is so far away from us that we are sure to be able to engage him with our strength; for if we begin our offense from a distance, we shall lose time and show contempt, and by uncovering ourselves give the enemy the opportunity to attack us; and when we are a little farther away, we shall advance first with our left foot, and then with our right foot we shall make the attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/113|4|lbl=99.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The greatest effect of the artillery in its strike is when the ball attacks the flat surface of the wall at a right angle, because the diameter of the ball operates entirely in the offense, and when the ball strikes obliquely, part of the diameter touches the wall and part goes empty.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/114|1|lbl=100.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the same way, the attack must be made at a right angle, i.e. we must ensure that the sword in its attack forms a right angle with the flat surface of the body, so that in such a position the sword against us becomes oblique to our body. Furthermore, when the attacks are oblique, they are avoided with every slightest movement of the body and become useless.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/114|2|lbl=100.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The place where the battery is to be made is on the face of one of the bulwarks, since once the defences of the other have been raised, and that side is defended, and those above it, it is safe to walk to the assault.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/114|3|lbl=100.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the same way, we will beat the enemy’s bulwark which will be the hand that is closest to us and consequently we will keep ours far from offense.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/114|4|lbl=100.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Some believe that the ''cortina'' should be beaten, since it is weaker than the bulwark’s flank and face. This is because of its breadth, and because of the space it provides for retreat: for the benefit of which one can stand on horseback with the assailants which is not the case when the ''cortina'' is beaten as there is no place to retreat to, except on the plain; besides which the way is wider. But they do not consider that it would be in the midst of five attacks, of which there are four on each side and one on each front.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/114|5|lbl=100.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/115|1|lbl=101.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore we always seek to attack those parts of the body which are part of the defence. This is why we shall always seek to would the part of the body that is furthest out [from the centre] and nearest to us,  for it will be the weakest, as it is in fortresses, and will lack defence.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/115|2|lbl=101.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Since we see that the most defensible part of the wall is the ''cortina'', since the bulwarks are made to defend it, and of this the wall which forms the angle with the flank is the most defensible, we shall always concede to the enemy the point of our ''cortina'', which is the right flank: so that we may find ourselves in a better defence; and we require the enemy to submit to many offences.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/115|3|lbl=101.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, when the enemy wishes to attack at this point, with horizontal attacks, such as thrusts, he will strike the line with the lesser bulwark; and he will attack with the straight line.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/115|4|lbl=101.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And if any one wishes to strike with the left bulwark, he will need to pass the perspective of his body in the straight line he imagined; in which the right bulwark will be seen; and it will be possible to attack him.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/115|5|lbl=101.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Similarly, if we were to attack the right with the same attack we would offend it.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/116|1|lbl=102.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The aerial offence is made when a hill is created on the outside [of the fortress] and with it one stands at a knight’s level [at the same level] with those on the inside. [Those on the inside] cannot appear to the defence because the greatest offence to the ''cortina'' is that this position shows every part inside it.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/116|2|lbl=102.2}}

|- 
| 
| </p>Therefore, we will always keep our sword at the enemy’s side, and we will attack them with ''imbroccata aventata''<ref>''Imbroccata aventata'' means a hurling or forceful thrust given over the dagger.</ref> from above and below.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/116|3|lbl=102.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Those on the inside can also defend themselves by rising, if it is possible for them to do so; and by making counter-attack, or they can make a diagonal attack, or they can resolve in by closing the distance quickly. And from here the defenders can try to prevent the enemy from building the hill; or attempt to lay mines prior to the hill being built.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/116|4|lbl=102.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, as the enemy raises his sword, we shall raise our dagger, which must always be directed toward the the opponent’s thrust.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/116|5|lbl=102.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But returning to the battery, I say that, assuming that the breach has been made with it, a practical soldier should be sent to assess it and consider</p>
* whether the ascent is easy; 
* whether the path to be taken is safe; and 
* especially whether there are any casemates in the flanks.
<p>And from the inside he must see if the enemy has withdrawn and how all the places can be found inside and from this point, according to the report of that same soldier, the Captain decides [what action to take].</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/116|6|lbl=102.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/117|1|lbl=103.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In the same way, once we have attacked, we will try to recognize what the enemy is doing [to counter-attack]: since he is enraged by our blow, we are warned to be more ready for the second attack than for the first.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/117|2|lbl=103.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>There are four ways of retreating, all of which have the same effect.</p>
* In the first, a ditch is dug in a straight line, across the whole length of the broken wall: and the ''casematte'' are made in the sides of the ditch with lumber. More rough wood is placed at the tip along with the earth which is dug so the embankment is also made good, prominent, and with the parapet of ''gabionate''.<ref>''Gabionate'' fortifications or fences made of Gabions – cages or baskets full of earth set with ordinance to hide and defend Cannoniers. (Florio 1611)</ref>
* In the second, they are made half-moon style.
* In the third, at an angle.
* In the fourth, with pincers.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/117|3|lbl=103.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And we must leave as little ground as possible to the enemy, so that he will not have a place to bring and lodge his artillery on it. These retreats are much better, when there is a place for them, than is the stopping of the gap in the breach: because one cannot work except at night; and this too can sometimes be done badly and therefore the shelter will be weak.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/117|4|lbl=103.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/118|1|lbl=104.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Thus, once we have attacked, we will retreat in three steps, always keeping the body in perspective, so that the enemy cannot attack us, while we remain stationary in the distance that our retreat will be at half-moon.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/118|2|lbl=104.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, when the retreats are made as they should be, they are very difficult to gain, because any line that enters a circle is entered by that circle.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/118|3|lbl=104.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, we shall always be in a state of retreat with our body in a semi-circle, necessitating the enemy to come into the middle of our retreat; which will be the sword and dagger placed in our guard. For whatever kind of attack may occur in the middle of our weapons will be parried by the dagger and the enemy will be wounded by our sword.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/118|4|lbl=104.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And when one wishes to enter into such retreats, one must use the French style trench: which is very difficult, & very hard: for when one digs it is necessary to throw oneself on the ground from the sides to cover oneself: & in front of this are placed ''fascinoni; overo tavoloni'': but the ''difenfore aggiustandovi'' a piece of artillery, does great damage. In addition, it itself walks towards the enemy, and tries to repel them with many devices.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/118|5|lbl=104.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/119|1|lbl=105.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Similarly, if our enemy in his despair, should wish to enter our retreat, covering himself with his dagger and sword, we will throw him back and meet him with a decisive attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/119|2|lbl=105.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But the best thing to do is to seize the enemy by the shoulders, so as to render useless to him all the strength we have built up, by beating again at the back of the retreat; or by walking under cover with a hoe and shovel, which the experienced captain will again remedy by closing off the beaten place with another semi-circle.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/119|3|lbl=105.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In this way, if the enemy wishes to attack us from behind, we will, by means of a semi-circle, close in on him in the midst of our forces, and at that time attack him.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/119|4|lbl=105.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore, in this way of attacking and defending, we proceed so far as to reduce them to the extreme; whereupon the defender, by cutting off the offended part, and remaining in isolation, necessitating the the enemy to think of new attacks.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/119|5|lbl=105.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When we are reduced to this end, which will be when we have allowed ourselves to be deceived by the enemy, who will have arrived at our distance, we will lose a step of ground; and we will form a new circle: and thus we will give cause to the enemy to attack us: which we will remedy with our usual parries and attacks.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/119|6|lbl=105.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/120|1|lbl=106.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>It remains, to complete this treatise, to speak of the assault, which can be carried out:</p>
* with valour and with diligence, 
* on arriving with the general camp, and with rapidity, (having first recognised the weakest place)
<p>He plants the pieces to raise the defences and the canons to make the battery and together makes the approaches so that the overwhelmed defender loses his courage and has no time to make his defences.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/120|2|lbl=106.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>As we proceed in this way, we recognize the enemy’s state and the position in which he holds his sword, and we will take him on with speed and resolution to attack him and at the weakest place; that is to say, that part of his body which will be closest to us.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/120|3|lbl=106.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When the assault is made, the General places his whole army in battle in his squares of arms, and places the cavalry at the points where the enemy could attack his army; and those who are ordered to be the first to make the assault enter the trench through the ditches, led by their captains, after whom the standard bearers go out with their banners.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/120|4|lbl=106.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>He then orders the others, who have to help and refresh the assault, to be ready: the Master of the Field of that regiment is responsible for them.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/120|5|lbl=106.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>He then orders the others, who have to help and refresh the assault, to be ready: the Master of the Field of that regiment is responsible for them.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/121|1|lbl=107.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Similarly, from the ''trincerone'',<ref>''Trincerone'' means a large, well-equipped trench.</ref> the musketry and arquebuses are fired, with which the whole ''trincerone'' is armed.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/121|2|lbl=107.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>In this way, having arranged the attacks, which, in offending, are defending, the artillery is fired. And under that favour, giving themselves in the drums, they return to the assault. This is then refreshed by the people already commanded to fight hand-to-hand according to need, who, led by the Sergeant-Major to the edge of the ditch, animously assault the fortress.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/121|3|lbl=107.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The defender stands in battle with his men; and with part of them he throws back the attackers. He also does this with the artillery, which is fired at the enemy’s artillery and with other things he helps himself (which I shall not mention here for the sake of brevity) but the best defense is to have the arquebusiers’ continue to fire at each other.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/121|4|lbl=107.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Moreover, he sends soldiers into the ditch so that they can attack the assailants from behind then the soldiers who are in the trenches oppose them and make them retreat.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/121|5|lbl=107.5}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Therefore our will, which is the Captain General of our army and our fortress, wishing to attack, will do so with diligence and resolution; and will dispose his army in battle, ordering the external sense of sight to look at the coming of the enemy’s line in its extremity: since that should wound the body, and not the hand, as others wish.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/122|1|lbl=108.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Moreover, no matter how little movement the hand makes, the point of the sword makes a much greater movement; therefore, if we look at the hand, we will lose the time to attack, because we will not see in time the angle constituted by the imagined line and the line of the sword.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/122|2|lbl=108.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>He will likewise command the appetitive power, which is desirable and pleasant, to oppose with it those things which impede our end. And to command the motivating power to be on the alert, in order to give motion to our limbs, which will have to be united, so that, when necessary, they may attack and obey the will.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/122|3|lbl=108.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Part of these limbs will go to the attack and part will defend those which will do the offense; as the dagger will do, when it defends the right part of our body which goes to the offense and so doing, we will obtain our end, which will be victory.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/122|4|lbl=108.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>''The end of the Theory.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/122|5|lbl=108.5}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}
{{master end}}


{{master begin
 | title = Practice
 | width = 100%
}}
{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 15
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

|- 
| 
| <p>'''On the Practice'''</p>

<p>''Our practice can be reduced to a few things, because by our action we negate all the principles of the various offenses that can be made.''</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/123|1|lbl=109.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>'''T'''herefore, as soon as the enemy is seen from afar, the cloak should be dropped from the straight shoulder, and the dagger should be thrust forward on the straight flank with the left hand. Then, first, the sword will be drawn from the scabbard, and then the dagger, and at the same time the fists and teeth will be clenched and the eyes widened, showing prideful expression.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/123|2|lbl=109.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>After this, with the lowered arms thrust out from the body, and with natural steps we shall walk; and before we reach the distance we shall acknowledge the enemy; and we shall beware with which foot he comes forward, and with which weapon: for if he holds his dagger forward, this will be to defend himself; if his sword, to attack; however, if he does so in whatever way we choose, it will always be we who will decide and and give him the motion.<p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/123|3|lbl=109.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And supposing that the enemy finds himself in a state with his sword in action in a straight line, but dominable by our dagger, as in the third and fourth guards, we shall place our body in perspective, and in the narrow position we shall enter into the first posture, in which, following the aforesaid rules, we shall be able to attack with a short stroke, and at the same time we shall be able to strike the enemy’s sword, and distort it from that line, helping it to decline.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/123|4|lbl=109.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/124|1|lbl=110.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>For if we consider the four causes which we have mentioned above, the first of which is the posture of the body, we can be certain that the body in motion can come in a straight line, and the proportions of the sword, the formal cause, show us that the attack is in a straight line. The material cause shows us that any other kind of movement that the enemy makes, either with his body or with his arm, either by pushing, or by retreating, or by bearing, or by turning, will be made in a longer ''tempo'' than would be the movement indicated by the posture; the final cause, which is the extreme point of that line, is now removed from the dagger, because the dagger, by beating, takes it away from its position.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/124|2|lbl=110.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And in order that man may not be confused or mistaken, we must know that all the rules we have stated apply equally to the game of the sword and dagger as to that of the single sword: but they differ only in this: that when we have the dagger, and fight against straight lines, which are present, but subject to our dagger, then it is not necessary for us to take out the points, which are the final causes of these lines; for with the dagger we remove the effect of the attack by striking them.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/124|3|lbl=110.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/125|1|lbl=111.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But with the sword alone, which is devoid of such a defense, when we fight against these proportions of lines, we will always be attacked, and we will do so with our left foot, since we need to remove the point with the movement of our body; since we do not have the dagger: and with our left hand we will close the return to the enemy’s sword, as shown by the two small figures in this first demonstration, which will follow below.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/125|2|lbl=111.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And with the straight lines, in high ''fresentia'',<ref>No translation of this word is available.</ref> with the accompanying weapons and with the sword alone, we will operate in the same way.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/125|3|lbl=111.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>When fighting against oblique lines, we shall follow the same order: and only we shall differ in this, that with the sword alone, when we are attacked by necessity; that is, at the time when the enemy is attacking us, we shall do so in a straight line, with the body in profile.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/125|4|lbl=111.4}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And returning to the declaration of the Practice, I say that if we find the enemy in the third or fourth guard, either with his legs open or closed, we will present ourselves to him in perspective, and by placing ourselves in first guard with the foot not even in the diameter of the circle, immediately after our sight passes through the ''forte'' of our dagger and attacks the ''debole'' of the enemy’s sword, we will resolutely attack the right side of the sword in ''tempo'': as is shown in this figure, which follows, in which, as in all the others, it is only the guard with his dagger, which is made of will ahead of time: and there is also a certain line drawn from the fist of our posture, which signifies the attacking of necessity in time; that is, the manner of attacking, when the enemy attacks; furthermore that line, which arises from the fist of the opposite, denotes the first posture of the sword of the same enemy.</p>
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/125|5|lbl=111.5|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|126|lbl=112|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>I will not hesitate to say that if our enemy was in a state with a straight line in front of him, but well extended, (as many do to keep the enemy at a distance), then we would strike that parried sword with the dagger, describing a semi-circle outwards with it, so that more length could be extracted from our body in the attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/128|1|lbl=114.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>Whenever our opponent is placed in</p>
* the first or second guard, or 
* the guard against the face, or 
* in the entrance guard, 
<p>the sword will be placed high up in a straight line.  We will act against it in this way; we shall place our body in perspective in the first circle, and putting our foot straight ahead in the diameter of the circle, we shall of our own free will oppose the straight point, and with our left hand we shall move out of the circle into the second circle.  We shall attack by striking with our dagger using the second guard either in ''tempo'' or ahead of ''tempo''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/128|2|lbl=114.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>And there are three things that could make this contrary operation of ours possible;</p>
* the first is that in the appearance that we make, he could end up walking along that line attacking us, but we will attack him in the premeditated ''tempo'';
* the second is that he could attack us in the movement that we make, when we went out with the point of attacking us: which is not for knowledge; because our movement is of short duration: so that we will have acted first, before he has seen it. 
* the third is that he may retreat when we strike the blow in perspective: his retreat will not be so great as our growth, since we are moving together; and in this case we shall attack as we usually do with a forward thrust.
| 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/128|3|lbl=114.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/129|1|lbl=115.1|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>If the enemy changes his guard after the man arrives in the straight, the manner in which he is to be placed will determine how we will proceed against him in accordance with the above rules.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/129|2|lbl=115.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>I have wished to give these few reasons for greater intelligence. It may not be necessary, because all the figures which are to be shown below are based on all the said rules, and this one, which now follows, demonstrates the effect of the second guard, and that line which comes out of the enemy’s shoulder,  which signifies the proportion of the sword to the opposite, in which it is supposed to be.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/129|3|lbl=115.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>If the enemy were to be placed in the same guards, but would keep his sword fixed on our left-hand point, we would immediately place our left foot of the same diameter as the right foot that held the enemy in front of us, and then, coming out with our right foot in a transversal movement in the second circle, we would form the third guard, and from above to below we would strike with our cross, leaving the defence to be carried out naturally by our left arm, as if it were one piece, with both hand and dagger.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/131|1|lbl=117.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The enemy, when we go to attack, could change his sword underneath; but only by bringing the weight of the body back to the missing<ref>''Manca'' means missing, and probably means back or voided leg.</ref> leg, and with that alone making a small movement, will he beat that sword, and make the same attack.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/131|2|lbl=117.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>I will not repeat all the reasons, because what has been said of the first guard is also meant to be said of all the straight lines: it is sufficient that these figures demonstrate the effect, as does this one below, which demonstrates how it is done by being attacked before ''tempo'' and in ''tempo''.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/131|3|lbl=117.3}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But when the enemy has his sword in preference,<ref>This probably means that the sword has mechanical advantage in a thrusting position.</ref> but obliquely under the center of our body, we will then appear in the united state, and with the body well protected in the first guard, opposing the dagger, a body is resistant to the oblique line, so that it does not rise, we will choose the best attack possible that can be made. But we must prepare ourselves against all the danger that lies in the fact we are approaching the dagger when we strike it, and therefore, with the premeditated ''tempo'' (since the oblique line cannot be used in a short time for anything other than a straight line), we will place our dagger on the imaginary line, on which the sword must fall, and this imagined line appears below in this figure.</p>
| {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|133|lbl=119|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>If the enemy were to hold his sword obliquely in the second way, we would immediately, after having reached the diameter (with the body in perspective) enter the smallest circle of distance. [The smallest circle] is marked with dots, as is the other small circle which we also form in the state. And placing our feet on the cord<ref>''Corda'' means rope or cord, but in this context means the diameter of the circle.</ref> of the said large circle we would form the first guard: that thus gaining the distance (in case he attacks). We shall likewise attack, by placing our sword in the diagonal and our dagger in the imagined line; in which that sword must come obliquely, as this figure shows very well, in which we see the effect which our attack makes; and the effect which the enemy’s attack makes.</p>
| {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|135|lbl=121|p=1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The opposite of ours may be found with the sword oblique to our body, in the third way, as has been said of the sword. That is to say, angular, but we shall have ascertained if the extremity of the sword is at the right angle to our left parts; and immediately on arriving at the distance we shall place ourselves in the fourth guard. And we shall attack with the greatest length of the body; moving it first; and then following the movement with the right foot we shall cut that line and we shall help it with the dagger to its circumference. We are certain that the sword, being in this angle, will be able to make a straight line, and that we, by carrying the weight of the body to the missing leg, will overcome it by attacking it on first guard. If, when we appear, the same angular line is made straight, we will return to the first circle on first guard, and we will operate as we have said, on first guard.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/137|1|lbl=123.1}}

|- 
| 
| <p>But if the sword is at an angle, and it is placed on the right side of our straight sides, so that in such a position we see its body and not its point, we will go to the first guard, working against it as if it were a straight line.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/137|2|lbl=123.2}}

|- 
| 
| <p>The following figure shows very well the effect of the enemy and the effect of our posture.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/137|3|lbl=123.3}}

|}
{{master subsection end}}
== Temp ==
{{master subsection begin
 | title = Chapter 16
 | width = 90em
}}
{| class="master"
|- 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>

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{{master subsection end}}
{{master end}}

{{master begin
 | title = Copyright and License Summary
 | width = 100%
}}
For further information, including transcription and translation notes, see the [[Talk:{{PAGENAME}}|discussion page]].

<section begin="sourcebox"/>{{sourcebox header}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = Images
 | authors     = 
 | source link = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1518476n
 | source title= Bibliothèque nationale de France
 | license     = public domain
}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = Translation
 | authors     = [[Nicola Boyd]]
 | source link = 
 | source title= ''[[:media:Rules of many knightly armies (Nicola Boyd).pdf|Rules of many knightly armies]]''
 | license     = noncommercial
}}
{{sourcebox
 | work        = Transcription
 | authors     = [[Nicola Boyd]]
 | source link = 
 | source title= [[Index:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|Index:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero)]]
 | license     = noncommercial
}}
{{sourcebox footer}}<section end="sourcebox"/>
{{master end}}

== Additional Resources ==

{{bibliography}}

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Ghisliero, Federico}}
{{early Italian masters}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Masters]]
[[Category:Italian]]