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| rowspan=3 | <p>[33] '''Of the Guards.'''</p>
 
| rowspan=3 | <p>[33] '''Of the Guards.'''</p>
  
<p>As one cannot make some composition of beautiful and judicious writings without employing the letters of the alphabet, so does it occur in this our art of fencing, that without the following guards, and some voids and slips of the body which come to be the foundation of this exercise, one could not in any way show this use of ours; therefore the following six figures are designated alphabetically. “A” demonstrates the first to you, and the second is presented to you as “B”, and the third as “C”. The fourth is named as “D”, the fifth as “E”, and the sixth as “F”.</p>
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<p>Even as one cannot make some composition of beautiful and judicious writings without employing the letters of the alphabet, so does it occur in this, our art of fencing, that without the following guards, and some voids and retreats of the body which come to be the foundation of this practice, one could not in any way demonstrate this, our use; therefore the following six figures are designated alphabetically. “A” demonstrates prima to you, and seconda is presented to you as “B”, and terza as “C”. Quarta is named as “D”, quinta as “E”, and sesta as “F”.<ref>Note that in the plates that follow, figures continue to be labeled as A through F, generally representing the starting position of each figure. Quinta and sesta are not otherwise explained as prima through quarta were, but as judged by these plates and the occurrences of these two guards in the sections on dagger and rotella, they apparently describe guards involving an auxiliary arm, where the sword is low, usually in terza or less often in quarta, while the left hand is held either low for quinta, or high for sesta.</ref></p>
 
| rowspan=3 | {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|61|lbl=44}}
 
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| <p>[33] '''Figure Explained by Way of the Alphabet.'''</p>
 
| <p>[33] '''Figure Explained by Way of the Alphabet.'''</p>
  
<p>Figure that demonstrates resting in guard, as is shown in our art, and the incredible increase of the long blow, in regard of the members which are all moved to strike.</p>
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<p>Figure that demonstrates resting in guard, as is shown in our art, and the incredible increase of the long blow, in regard of the members which are all moved to strike.<ref>A through G indicate the positions of bodily members while in guard, as, for example, while seeking measure. H through M indicate the positions of bodily members upon the completion of the lunge.</ref></p>
  
A. The left shoulder
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A. The left shoulder in guard
  
B. The leg of the left knee
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B. The leg of the left knee in guard
  
C. The planting of the left foot
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C. The planting of the left foot in guard
  
D. Ordinary pace
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D. The ordinary pace in guard
  
E. Sole of the right foot
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E. The placement of the right foot in guard
  
F. The thigh and the calf at a slope
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F. The thigh and the calf at a slope in guard
  
G. The hand of the right arm
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G. The hand of the right arm in guard
  
 
H. The increase of the right arm, of the same length
 
H. The increase of the right arm, of the same length
  
I. The increase of the right knee, almost a step
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I. The increase of the right knee, almost a pace
  
K. Increase of the pace, a little more than a foot<ref>Piede.</ref>
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K. The increase of the pace, a little more than a foot
  
L. The increase of the left foot, with its turn
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L. The increase of the left foot with its turn
  
 
M. The increase of the left knee of a half pace
 
M. The increase of the left knee of a half pace
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|-  
 
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| [[File:Capo Ferro 06.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 06.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[34] '''Way of Gaining the Sword on the Inside in the Straight Line and Striking According to the Point that the Enemy Will Give.'''</p>
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| <p>[34] '''Method of Gaining the Sword on the Inside in the Straight Line and Striking According to the Point that the Enemy Will Give.'''</p>
  
<p>There are two causes (it seems to me) for which it is necessary to stringer the adversary: the first is to stringer the sword in order to seek the measure and the tempo; the other is to stringer the body of the adversary in order to seek only the measure; which excellent stringerings are considered in the straight line; and because there are two causes of stringering there must also be two occasions: the first occasion of stringering the sword, in order to seek the measure and tempo, is when the said adversary lies in an oblique line, because the adversary lying with the sword in fourth which is aimed on an oblique line at your left side, you will lie with the sword on the outside, and disengage with an increase of pace in order to stringer it on the inside with the said straight line, as the figures show you; from this he can cause you a good deal of difficulty, seeing as how only the said straight line suffices to stringer the sword, the adversary's sword lying in an oblique line; the second occasion, that of stringering the body in order to find only the measure, is when the adversary lies in the straight line, or with his body uncovered, then without stringering the sword in order to seek the tempo, it will suffice to only stringer the body with the straight line in order to find the measure, and then to strike according to the point; although the use of the art requires that one stringer the sword in all the lines without some utility. Striking according to the point, one must understand that every time that the point of the opposing sword be in your line then you will be able to strike in the straight line where the height of the point of the enemy's sword will give its direction, taking a palmo from the point of your enemy's sword, however, with the forte of your sword, and you will strike safely, taking heed that if it is as high as the middle of your head you will strike him in the face, and were it to the middle of your body you will be able to strike him in the face and in the breast; this is called "to strike according to the point that the enemy's sword will give"; moreover in this way you will be able to safely disengage the sword from all sides in order to attack; however, when disengaging you will carry the forte of your sword in primo tempo to the point of the adversary's sword, and do not do as some masters do, who disengage, and do so in order to strike in primo tempo, arriving with the point of their sword on the forte of the enemy's sword, not perceiving that they give the point to the enemy, and most of the time they are offended, as is seen in our figures.</p>
+
<p>There are two reasons (it seems to me) for which it is necessary to draw close to the adversary:<ref>Note that the term “stringere” is used in this passage for both drawing close to the body of the enemy (“stringere la vita”), and in the sense of stringering of the sword (“stringere la spada”). This has made the translation somewhat awkward; I have translated “stringere” as “draw close” or “stringer”, and rendered “stringimenti” as “closings” in this passage, to reflect these different meanings, although the verb is identical in the original.</ref> the first is to stringer the sword in order to seek measure and tempo; the other is to draw close to the body of the adversary in order to seek only measure; which closings are best considered in the straight line; and because there are two causes of closing there must also be two occasions: the first occasion, of stringering the sword in order to seek measure and tempo, is when the said adversary lies in an oblique line, because the adversary lying with the sword in quarta which is aimed on an oblique line at your left side, you lying with your sword on the outside, will disengage with an increase of pace in order to stringer it on the inside with the said straight line, as the figures show you; nor must this cause you any sort of difficulty, seeing as how only the said straight line suffices to stringer the sword when finding the adversary's sword lying in an oblique line. The second occasion, that of drawing close to the body in order to seek only measure, is when the adversary lies in the straight line, or with his body uncovered; then without stringering the sword in order to seek the tempo, it will suffice to only draw close to the body with the straight line in order to find the measure, and then to strike according to the point; although the use of the art requires that one stringer the sword in all the lines without any utility. Striking according to the point, one must understand, that every time that the point of the opposing sword is in your presence then you will be able to strike in the straight line where the height of the point of the enemy's sword will give its direction, taking a palmo from the point of your enemy's sword, however, with the forte of your sword, and you will strike safely, taking heed that if it is as high as the middle of your head you will strike him in the face, and were it even with the middle of your body you will be able to strike him in the face or the chest. This is called "to strike according to the point that the enemy's sword will give"; moreover in this way you will be able to safely disengage the sword from all sides in order to attack; however, when disengaging you will carry the forte of your sword in primo tempo to the point of the adversary's sword, and do not do as some masters do, who disengage, and do so in order to strike in primo tempo, arriving with the point of their sword on the forte of the enemy's sword, not perceiving that they give the point to the enemy, and most of the time they are offended, as is seen in our figures.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|67|lbl=50}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|67|lbl=50}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 07.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 07.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[35] '''The Present and Subsequent Figures Demonstrate Diverse Manners of Wounding on the Outside, Always Presupposing a Stringering on the Inside and a Disengage by the Adversary in a Thrust for the Attack.'''</p>
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| <p>[35] '''The Present and Subsequent Figures Demonstrate Diverse Manners of Striking on the Outside, Always Presupposing a Stringering on the Inside and a Disengage of the Point by Your Adversary in Order to Strike.'''</p>
  
<p>For an explanation of the following figure I say that D being narrow to the inside of the figure marked C, the same C disengages to attack with a thrust to the chest of D. D then attacks with a thrust to the left eye with a firm foot or an increase of a step as seen in the figure. But still I say that if C had been clever, when disengaging he would have disengaged by way of a feint, with his body held back, and D, in approaching, would have been confident in attacking C. Then C would have parried the enemy's sword with the false or the true edge to the outside, giving him a mandritto to the face or an imbroccata to the chest and then he would return to a low fourth.</p>
+
<p>By way of clarification of the following figures, I say that D having the figure marked C stringered on the inside, the same C disengages in order to give a thrust to the chest of figure D. D strikes him with a thrust in the left eye with a fixed foot or an increase of pace as the figure shows. But yet I say that if C had been a shrewd person, when he disengaged he would have disengaged by way of a feint, with his body somewhat held back, and D approaching confidently in order to attack C, C would have parried the enemy's sword to the outside with the false or the true edge, giving him a mandritto to the face or an imbroccata to the chest, and in such a conclusion would retire into a low quarta.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|69|lbl=52}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|69|lbl=52}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 08.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 08.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[36] '''Figures that Demonstrate How Much Measure is Lost by Attacking the Leg.'''</p>
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| <p>[36] '''Figures that Demonstrate How Much Measure is Lost by Attacking the Legs.'''</p>
  
<p>C having gained the sword of D, this same C turns a riverso to the leg of the figure noted as D. During the attack of the riverso, D is able to make a stramazzone to the arm or a thrust to the face as a result of it being tipped too far forward. As seen in the figure, D throws the right leg back in the attack. Always, I say, that when D was stringering C, had C been clever, he would have given a riverso to the face followed by a mandritto fendente to the head and thus he would have been safer.</p>
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<p>The sword of the figure C being gained by the figure D, this same figure C turns a riverso to the leg of the figure marked as D. D is able to strike him during the turning of the riverso, with a stramazzone to the arm or a thrust to the face, as a consequence of his leaning too far forward; as the figure shows, the said figure D moreover draws his right leg back during the attack. Always, I say, that when D was stringering the sword of C, had C been a shrewd person, he would have given a riverso to the face followed by a mandritto fendente to the head and thus he would have been safer.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|71|lbl=54}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|71|lbl=54}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 09.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 09.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[37] '''A Figure that Attacks in a Passata while the Adversary Disengages in Order to Wound.'''</p>
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| <p>[37] '''A Figure that Strikes in a Passata while the Adversary Disengages in Order to Strike.'''</p>
  
<p>Figure D having gained the sword on the inside of the figure noted as C, the same C disengages to give a stocatta to the face of D. D attacks him to the face in second with a passing step making a grip with the left hand at the same time of the hilt of the enemy's sword. I will never fail to say that had the one called C been a clever person, he would have disengaged as a feint with his body held back to the rear. D advancing confidently to pass, C falsing underneath his sword and turning an inquartata with a void of the body, passing his leg crossed behind, would wound him in the chest.</p>
+
<p>Figure D having gained the sword on the inside of the figure marked as C, the same C disengages to give a stocatta to the face of D. D strikes him in the face in seconda with a passata, giving a grip with the left hand to the hilt of the enemy's sword. I will never fail to say that if C had been a shrewd person, he would have disengaged the sword as a feint with his body held back somewhat to the rear, and D approaching confidently to pass, C falsing underneath the enemy’s sword and turning an inquartata with a void of the body, passing his leg crossed behind, would strike him in the chest.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|73|lbl=56}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|73|lbl=56}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 10.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 10.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[38] '''A Figure that Wounds in Fourth to the Right Armpit while the Adversary Disengages to Strike.'''</p>
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| <p>[38] '''A Figure that Strikes in Quarta Under the Right Arm to the Pectoral<ref>“Pectoral” i.e. “poccia”— properly, a breast or nipple. I use “pectoral” to distinguish between “a breast” (one side of the chest) and “the breast” (the chest in general), on the assumption that Capo Ferro is not being so specific as to recommend aiming precisely for the nipple.</ref> while the Adversary Disengages in Order to Strike.'''</p>
  
<p>C having gained the sword of D, the same C will turn a riverso to the face of the figure noted as D. D will then attack into the riverso in quarta, raising his arm and hilt of his sword and at the same time stepping forward well as the sword goes to the chest under the sword arm as you can see. However, instead of turning the riverso, C should have drawn back his sword while retiring back somewhat and lifted his sword in an oblique line (so that its tip was directed at the opponent's left side); [in this manner], if D had entered in fourth, C could have parried with a half mandritto and delivered a riverso to D's face or a thrust to his chest.</p>
+
<p>The sword of the figure C being gained by the figure D, the same C turns a riverso to the face of the figure marked as D. D strikes him in quarta in the chest under the sword arm during the turning of the riverso, raising his arm and the hilt of his sword well, increasing his pace well, as you see. However, I say that if C, instead of turning the riverso, had drawn back his sword while retiring back somewhat, and lifted his sword in an oblique line so that its point faced toward the adversary's left side, and D had wanted to enter in quarta, C, parrying with a mezzo mandritto, would have given him a riverso to the face or a thrust to the chest.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|75|lbl=58}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|75|lbl=58}}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 11.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 11.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[39] '''A Figure that Wounds in Fourth to the Right Armpit while the Adversary Disengages to Strike.'''</p>
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| <p>[39] '''The Manner of Striking by Diverse Actions Under the Enemy's Sword.'''</p>
  
<p>Beginning in third, you will put yourself in a high transverse quarta such that the point of your sword is aimed at the left shoulder of your adversary, and he coming to cover yours in an oblique line, you during his coming turning your hand into second with a bending and lowering of the body will wound him in contra tempo to the body under his sword as shown in the figure. Second, if your adversary had you narrow on the outside, disengage a feinted thrust in fourth to the face and when he parries, turning your hand with the same bending, you will strike him under the sword, as above. Third, if he has you narrow on the inside, you will be able to disengage with a feinted thrust in third to the face and as he raises his sword to parry you will wound him under the sword turning your hand to second in the manner previously mentioned. Fourth, if you are narrow on the inside of your adversary and he disengages to thrust you in the face, you will be able to wound him in two ways: first, you will be able to attack in contra tempo as he approaches, lowering your body and your sword in third; and also you will be able to wound him by parrying in third with the point high and turning the hand to second while striking as previously mentioned. Fifth and last, if you are narrow on the outside of your adversary and he disengages to stringer your sword on the inside, at the same time you will turn the hand, and with a lowering and bending of the body you will attack in third under the sword in the same manner as above.</p>
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<p>Beginning in terza, you will put yourself in a high transverse quarta so that the point of your sword is aimed at the left shoulder of your adversary, and he coming to cover yours in an oblique line, you turning your hand into seconda during his approach, with a bending and lowering of your body, will strike him in contra tempo in the body under his sword as the figure shows. Second, if your adversary had you stringered on the outside, disengage a feinted thrust in quarta to the face, and he wishing to parry, turning your hand with the same bending, you will strike him under the sword, as above. Third, if you had been stringered on the inside, you will be able to disengage with a feinted thrust in terza to the face, and he raising his sword to parry you will strike him under the sword turning your hand into seconda in the manner as above. Fourth, your adversary being stringered on the inside of you, and he disengaging in order to strike you in the face with a thrust, you will be able to strike him in two manners: first, you will be able to strike him in contra tempo during his approach, lowering, however your body, and your sword in terza; and also you will be able to strike him by parrying in terza with the point high, turning your hand into seconda during striking in the fashion as above. Fifth, and last, if your adversary were stringered on the outside of you and he disengaged in order to stringer your sword on the inside, at the same time turning your hand with a lowering and bending of your body you will strike him in terza under his sword in the same manner as above.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|77|lbl=60}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|77|lbl=60}}
  
 
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| [[File:Capo Ferro 12.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 12.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[40] '''Figure that Parries with the Sword with Both Hands and Wounds with a Thrust to the Throat with a Passata while the Adversary Disengages the Sword.'''</p>
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| <p>[40] '''Figure that Parries with the Sword with Both Hands and Strikes with a Thrust to the Throat with a Passata while the Adversary Disengages the Sword.'''</p>
  
<p>Figure D having gained the sword of the figure noted as C on the inside in low guard, and C disengaging to give a stoccata to the chest of D, D passes with the left foot and at the same time presses the enemy’s sword down with both hands and attacks the chest in third. But without any doubt, if C had been an intelligent person, when disengaging the point to attack he would have disengaged somewhat retired, and D, parrying and passing with both hands to wound C, C only with a lowering of the point of the sword toward the earth and turning the hand to second with a voiding of the body to the left side of the adversary and a disengagement of the edge above the enemy's sword will wound on the inside with a riverso to the face, returning to third; or having parried, he will pass to the inside with the left leg; turning the body to the right, and holding his sword with both hands, while turning he will give a thrust to the chest going to D so that he cannot be saved.</p>
+
<p>Figure D having gained the sword of the figure marked as C on the inside in low guard, and the said C disengaging to give a stoccata to the chest of figure D, D passes with the left leg and at the same time, pressing the enemy’s sword down with both hands, strikes him in the chest in terza. But without any doubt, if C had been an intelligent person, when he disengaged the point to attack he would have disengaged somewhat retired, and D, parrying and passing with both hands to strike C, C only with a lowering of the point of the sword toward the earth and turning his hand to seconda, somewhat voiding his body toward the left side of the adversary and disengaging the edge over the enemy's sword, will strike him on the inside with a riverso to the face, retiring into terza; or having parried,<ref>This final maneuver is difficult to interpret; the subjects of the actions are not specified. It is possible that the meaning is that once D has parried, then C (being somewhat retired) may pass to the right with his left leg while holding his own sword in two hands, thereby turning his body somewhat and consequently freeing his sword out from under D’s, and then strike D in the chest.</ref> he will pass to the inside with the left leg; turning the body to the right, and holding his sword with both hands, while turning he will give him a thrust to the chest, going to him so that D cannot be saved.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|79|lbl=62}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|79|lbl=62}}
  
 
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| [[File:Capo Ferro 13.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 13.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[41] '''Figure that Wounds with a Scannatura of the Point to the Right Flank with a Step while the Adversary Disengages to Attack.'''</p>
+
| <p>[41] '''Figure that Strikes with a Scannatura by a Thrust to the Right Flank with a Passata while the Adversary Disengages to Strike.'''</p>
  
<p>This manner of attack is called the scannatura, which is made in the following manner with C being narrow on the outside of the sword of the figure noted as D. The same figure D disengages a thrust to the face of C and the same C, meeting the sword of the enemy on the outside, lowering the point to second and passing with the left leg at the same time wounds him in the flank, lowering his hilt with his body and seizing his hand as you see.</p>
+
<p>This manner of attack is called the scannatura,<ref>“Scannatura”: literally, “butchering”.</ref> which is done in the following manner, the figure designated as C having the sword of the figure marked as D stringered on the outside. The same figure D disengages a thrust at the face of C, and the same C, meeting the enemy’s sword on the outside,<ref>While it is not explicitly stated, C must disengage in some fashion in order to parry D’s attempted thrust to C’s face on the outside. It is likely that C disengages under to parry the high thrust with his own point high, then abandons the engagement by lowering his point in seconda to strike the flank. A less likely possibility given the order in which events are described is that he disengages over and parries outward and low by lowering his point in seconda, essentially as a transport.</ref> lowering the point to seconda, and passing with the left leg in one same tempo strikes him in the flank, lowering the hilt with the body and seizing his hand as you see.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|81|lbl=64}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|81|lbl=64}}
  
 
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| [[File:Capo Ferro 15.png|400x400px|center]]
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| [[File:Capo Ferro 14.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[42] '''The Present and Subsequent Figures Demonstrate Diverse Ways to Attack to the Inside Always Presupposing a Stringering on the Outside and a Disengagement by the Enemy of the Point in Order to Attack.'''<ref>This play appears after the subsequent one, but appears to be introducing it, so the two have been swapped.</ref></p>
+
| <p>[42] '''Figure that Strikes Under the Sword of the Enemy in Contra Tempo without Parrying, Only with a Lowering of the Body as the Figure Demonstrates.'''</p>
  
<p>The following figures demonstrate diverse ways to attack on the inside presupposing always a stringering on the outside on your side, and on that of your adversary, a disengage in order to attack you. D disengages as aforementioned and C will attack in fourth with a firm foot, or with a step, to the throat or face. But if D had been an intelligent person, when he disengaged he would have done so with a beating of his enemy's sword with his edge, followed with a thrust to the face or a riverso to the arm of figure C, then retiring into terza in ordinary pace.</p>
+
<p>Figure D having gained the sword of the figure C on the inside, and the same figure C disengaging to give a stoccata to the face of figure D, D lowering his body and stepping forward with his right leg in one same tempo strikes him in seconda below the enemy's sword in contra tempo without parrying as the picture shows. And moreover he could succeed were the said thrust done differently, that is, that C disengaging to give a stoccata to figure D in the face, D parries in terza with the point high and in the same tempo lowering the point and turning the sword to seconda he could strike him in the chest with a passata while also giving him a grip on his sword hand. But if C was an experienced person he could have only withdrawn his right foot to the rear and in his<ref>“In his approach” refers to D’s approach with a passata; C’s counter is to slip measure by withdrawing the leg, then execute the parry and scannatura described.</ref> approach, meeting the enemy's sword on the outside and in the same tempo lowering the point and turning the hand to seconda he would strike him with a scannatura below the enemy's sword; alternately, in his withdrawing, he will parry with his left hand from above downwards under his arm and will strike D with a high seconda to the chest or to the face.</p>
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|85|lbl=68}}
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| [[File:Capo Ferro 14.png|400x400px|center]]
+
| [[File:Capo Ferro 15.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[43] '''Figure that Wounds Under the Sword of the Enemy in Contra Tempo Without Parrying, Only with a Lowering of the Body as Demonstrated in the Picture.'''</p>
+
| <p>[43] '''The Present and Subsequent Figures Demonstrate Diverse Ways of Striking to the Inside, Always Presupposing a Stringering on the Outside and a Disengagement of the Point by Your Adversary in Order to Strike.'''</p>
  
<p>D having gained the sword of C on the inside, the same C disengages to give a stoccata to the face of D. D lowers the body and steps forward with the right leg at the same time wounding in contra tempo without parrying, in second, below the enemy's sword as in the picture. And he would be more able to succeed in the said thrust if he would have done it differently, that is when C disengages to give a stoccata to the face of D, D would parry in third with the point high and in the same tempo lowering the point and turning the sword to second he could attack to the chest with a passing step while grabbing the sword hand. But if C was a practiced person he would have thrown the right foot to the rear and in his approach he would confront the enemy's sword on the outside and in the same tempo lower the point and turn the hand to second to attack with a scannatura below the enemy's sword. Or in his drawing back, he could parry with the left hand from above to below his arm and wound D in a high second to the chest or to the face.</p>
+
<p>The following figures demonstrate diverse ways of striking on the inside, always presupposing on your side a stringering on the outside, and on that of your adversary, a disengage in order to strike you. D disengaging as above, C will strike him in quarta with a fixed foot, or with an increase of pace, in the throat or face. But if D had been an intelligent person, when he disengaged he would have disengaged with a beating of his enemy's sword with his edge, giving him a thrust to the face or a riverso to the arm of the figure designated as C, withdrawing into terza in ordinary pace.</p>
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|83|lbl=66}}
+
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|85|lbl=68}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 16.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 16.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[44] '''Double Mode of Gaining the Enemy's Sword on the Inside and the Outside.'''</p>
+
| <p>[44] '''Double Method of Gaining the Enemy's Sword on the Inside and the Outside.'''</p>
  
<p>Knowing through experience how useful it is to know how to gain the enemy's sword, I have not wanted to fail to say the manner which one must adopt, going to stringer and gain the same. First, in wanting to go to stringer the adversary's sword, on the inside as on the outside, according to the occasion, one must stringer the same at a distance of about one palmo from the point. If it occurs that one has to stringer on the inside, the point of the sword will look to the right shoulder of the enemy; and if to the outside it will look to the left shoulder. Having done so, one will go walking towards the sword of the enemy; if it occurs that he disengages, in that instant one will counterdisengage with a return of the sword to its place, or with the same counterdisengage one will wound him in the tempo of his disengage. Moreover, if it occurs that the adversary comes to stringer the sword, on the inside or the outside, which is found lying level in the straight line with the arm extended, in that instant one will disengage and stringer, walking forward. And if it occurs that you must disengage in order to stringer on the inside, you will, in this disengage, carry your right foot forward, bending your body toward your right side, carrying your left hand near to your right, and passing then with your left foot, you will strike him with a thrust in the breast in fourth; and having to disengage in order to stringer on the outside, one will in a similar manner carry the right foot forward with a bending of the body to your left side, and passing with the left foot, wound in second to the chest. Moreover, be aware that the following figures demonstrate stringering the sword on the outside in third; however you must follow the rule of gaining the sword of the adversary as stated above.</p>
+
<p>Knowing through experience how useful it is to know how to gain the enemy's sword, I have not wanted to fail to describe the manner which one must adopt in going to stringer and gain the same, and first, wanting to go to stringer the adversary's sword, on the inside as on the outside, according to the occasion, you will first have to stringer the same at a distance of about one palmo from the point; if it occurs that you have to stringer on the inside, you will make the point of the sword aim at the adversary’s right shoulder; and if on the outside, at the left shoulder. Having done so, you will go walking towards the adversary’s sword; if it occurs that he disengages, in that instant you will counterdisengage with a return of your sword to its place, or with the same counterdisengage you will strike him in the tempo of his disengage. Moreover, if it occurs that the adversary approaches in order to stringer your sword, on the inside as well as the outside, which is lying level in the straight line with your arm extended, in that instant you will disengage and stringer, walking forward; and if it occurs that you have to disengage in order to stringer on the inside, you will carry your right foot forward during the disengage, bending your body toward your right side, holding your left hand near your right, and then passing with your left foot, you will strike him with a thrust in the breast in quarta; and if you have to disengage in order to stringer on the outside, you will in a similar manner carry your right foot forward with a bending of your body to your left side, and passing with the left foot, strike the chest in seconda. Moreover, be aware that the following figures demonstrate stringering the sword on the outside in terza; however you must follow the rule of gaining the sword of the adversary as stated above.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|87|lbl=70}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|87|lbl=70}}
  
Line 1,184: Line 1,186:
 
| <p>[45] '''Figure that Strikes Near the Ear with a Void of the Right Foot.'''</p>
 
| <p>[45] '''Figure that Strikes Near the Ear with a Void of the Right Foot.'''</p>
  
<p>The figure noted as C being narrow on the outside of figure noted B and this figure disengaging to attack in 4th the figure called C, the same figure noted as C attacks with a void of the right foot in a traverse to the outside of his sword and attacks into the face near the ear. I will never fail to say that if B had been an experienced person he would have disengaged the sword in order to feint, and with the body held back rather a little to the rear, and C coming confidently toward B in order to strike B with the void of the crossed right foot, B, meeting his enemy's sword on the outside, lowering his point in second and passing with the left leg in the same tempo, would wound him in the flank, seizing his sword hand.</p>
+
<p>The figure designated as C having the figure marked as B stringered on the outside, and this figure disengaging to strike the figure designated as C in quarta, the same figure marked as C strikes him in the face near the ear outside of his sword with a void of the traversed right foot. I will never fail to say that if B had been an experienced person he would have disengaged the sword by way of a feint with his body held back somewhat to the rear, and C approaching confidently in order to strike figure B with the void of the traversed right foot, B, meeting the enemy's sword on the outside, lowering his point in seconda and passing with the left leg in one same tempo, would strike him in the flank, giving him a grip to his sword hand.<ref>This final counter by B appears simply to be the scannatura once more.</ref></p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|89|lbl=72}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|89|lbl=72}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 18.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 18.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[46] '''Figure that Wounds to the Throat in Fourth on a Pass with the Left Foot.'''</p>
+
| <p>[46] '''Figure that Strikes the Throat in Quarta on a Passata of the Left Foot.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>The figure designated as C having the sword of the figure B stringered on the outside, and the same figure B disengaging to give a stoccata to the face of figure C, C strikes him in quarta in the throat or the face during the disengage on a pass as the picture shows.</p>
  
<p>The figure designated as C being narrow to the outside of the sword of the figure B, and the same figure B disengaging to give a stoccata to the face of C, C wounds him during the disengage in the throat or the face in fourth on a pass as the picture shows. But if B had been an experienced person he would have disengaged his sword to feint, with his body held back somewhat to the rear, and C coming securely to pass forward in fourth, B turning then with a void of his body, passing with his left leg behind his right, would wound him in the chest.</p>
+
<p>But if B had been an experienced person he would have disengaged his sword by way of a feint, with his body held back somewhat to the rear, and C approaching confidently to pass with the quarta, B executing an inquartata with a void of his body, passing with his left leg behind his right, would strike him in the chest.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|91|lbl=74}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|91|lbl=74}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 19.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 19.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[47] '''Figure that Wounds in Fourth with a Void of the Body Carrying the Left Leg Crossed Behind the Right.'''<br/><br/></p>
+
| <p>[47] '''Figure that Strikes in Quarta with a Void of the Body, Carrying the Left Leg Crossed Behind the Right.'''<br/><br/></p>
  
<p>Figure D having gained the sword against figure C on the outside, and D disengaging to give a thrust to the face of C, C wounds in fourth with a void of the body by stepping with the left leg crossing behind the right as the figure demonstrates. If D had been an experienced person he would have disengaged to gain the sword on the inside of C with a bending of the body toward his right side, and having gained it, would have passed forward immediately with the left foot, giving him a thrust in fourth to the chest, or he would have disengaged with a mezzo mandritto, beating the enemy's sword, giving C a riverso to the face, returning to third and thus he would have been secure.</p>
+
<p>The sword of figure D being gained on the outside by figure C, and D disengaging in order to give a thrust to the face of figure C, C strikes him in quarta with a void of the body, stepping with the left leg crossing behind the right as the figure demonstrates. But if D had been an experienced person he would have disengaged in order to gain the sword of figure C on the inside, with a bending of his body toward his right side, and having gained it, would have passed forward immediately with his left foot, giving him a thrust in quarta to the chest; alternately he would have disengaged with a mezzo mandritto, beating the enemy's sword, giving C a riverso to the face, withdrawing into terza, and thus he would have been secure.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|93|lbl=76}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|93|lbl=76}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 20.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 20.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[48] '''Figure that Strikes the Face in Second on a Passata while Seizing the Sword Arm of the Enemy with the Left Hand.'''</p>
+
| <p>[48] '''Figure that Strikes the Face in Seconda on a Passata while Giving a Grip to the Sword Arm of the Enemy with the Left Hand.'''</p>
  
<p>By clarification of the following figures, C, having his adversary, that is, the figure D, narrow to the outside, and the same D disengaging to give a stoccata to C, the same C parries the enemy’s sword in fourth with a beat of the right foot, and all in one tempo, passing and turning the body, he will strike him in second in the face, although this can also be done without passing, striking him in fourth in dui tempi. But if D had been a person practiced at swordplay, when C disengaged to parry in fourth with a beating of his right foot, D would have counter-disengaged his sword to the outside and would have struck him in the face in second, retiring to the rear into third, following the enemy’s sword with his sword in said retiring, and thus would C be wounded.</p>
+
<p>By clarification of the following figures, C, having his adversary, that is, the figure D, stringered to the outside, and the same D disengaging to give a stoccata to figure C, the same C parries the enemy’s sword in quarta with a beat of the right foot, and all in one tempo, passing and turning the body well, he will strike him in seconda in the face, although this can also be done without passing, striking him in quarta although in dui tempi.<ref>For clarification of the footwork accompanying primo tempo vis-à-vis dui tempi parries, see “Explanation of some terms of fencing” #7, “Of the parries”.</ref> But if D had been a person experienced in swordplay, when C disengaged to parry figure D in quarta<ref>This passage presents some difficulty—C is not described as disengaging in the beginning of this plate, only as having parried in fourth (which would not require a disengage since D was described as having begun on the outside and then disengaged to attack). It is possible that the subsequent “counterdisengage” by D is D’s own return to outside stringimento following an initial disengage to the inside by way of a feint.</ref> with a beating of his right foot, D would have counterdisengaged his sword to the outside and would have struck him in the face in seconda, withdrawing to the rear into terza, following the enemy’s sword with his sword in said withdrawing, and thus would C be struck.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|95|lbl=78}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|95|lbl=78}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 21.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 21.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[49] '''Figures of the Sword and Dagger which Demonstrate the Manner of Stringering the Adversary's Sword Finding Oneself in a High Prima on the Inside, Noting that if the Point of the Enemy's Sword is Aimed at Your Right Shoulder then it Must Be Found on the Outside; and You Will Adopt the Same Manner in Gaining the Low Guards.'''</p>
+
| <p>[49] '''Figures of the Sword and Dagger which Demonstrate the Manner of Stringering the Adversary's Sword, He Being Found in a High Prima on the Inside, Noting that if the Point of the Enemy's Sword is Aimed at Your Right Shoulder then it Must Be Found on the Outside; and You Will Adopt the Same Manner in Gaining the Low Guards.'''</p>
  
<p>The following figures demonstrate the play of sword and dagger, and principally is taught the manner of stringering the sword of the adversary, finding oneself in a high prima, noting that it is not possible in a figure to demonstrate all of the manners of stringering on the outside and on the inside, from low and from high, deferring the description to the reader of such, noting only that if the point of the enemy's sword is aimed towards your right side you will find him on the outside, and moreover that if it occurs to you to stringer the low guards, one stringers with the sword in the sloping line, with the third as with the fourth.</p>
+
<p>The following figures demonstrate the play of sword and dagger, and principally is taught the manner of stringering the sword of the adversary, he being found in a high prima, noting that it is not possible in one figure to demonstrate all of the manners of stringering on the outside and on the inside, from low and from high, deferring in this to the discretion of the reader, noting only that if the point of the enemy's sword is aimed towards your right side you will find him on the outside, and moreover that if it occurs to you to stringer the low guards, you will stringer with the sword in the sloping line,<ref>“Sloping line” i.e. “linea pendiculare”—a downwardly angled, that is hanging or sloping line. Thus when the adversary’s sword is high, one must point one’s sword upwards, and similarly when the adversary’s sword is low, one must point one’s sword downwards in order to stringer it. In these cases it is apparently necessary to depart from the straight line in order to stringer.</ref> with the terza as with the quarta.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|97|lbl=80}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|97|lbl=80}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 22.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 22.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[50] '''Figures that Demonstrate how with a Single Parry with the Dagger It Is Possible to Wound in Three Places with the Point, that Is in the Face, to the Chest, and to the Thigh.'''</p>
+
| <p>[50] '''Figures that Demonstrate how with a Single Parry with the Dagger It is Possible to Strike in Three Places with a Thrust, Namely in the Face, in the Chest, or in the Thigh.'''</p>
  
<p>These following figures demonstrate an artful manner of wounding in three diverse ways with the thrust and with a single parry of the dagger, which are done thus: you being in fourth, having the adversary narrow on the inside in whatsoever guard apt for stringering on the inside, he can disengage to give you a thrust in two ways: to the face or chest. However, he having disengaged to attack you, you will parry his sword to the inside with your dagger over your right arm, and in the first occasion you will be able to attack him high or low, that is, to the face, or under the arm to the chest or in the thigh; and in the second only to the face or thigh.</p>
+
<p>These following figures demonstrate an artful manner of striking in three different ways with a thrust with a single parry of the dagger, which are done thus: that, in quarta, having the adversary stringered on the inside in whatsoever guard apt for stringering on the inside, he will be able to disengage to give you a thrust in two ways: to the face or chest; however, he having disengaged to strike you, you will parry his sword to the inside with your dagger over your right arm, and in the first occasion you will be able to strike him high or low, that is, to the face, or under the arm in the chest or in the thigh; and in the second only to the face or thigh.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|99|lbl=82}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|99|lbl=82}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 23.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 23.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[51] '''A Figure that Wounds on Second to the Chest Between the Weapons By a Pretense, Disengaging Over the Dagger, and Also in the Same Manner Could Have Wounded in Fourth.'''</p>
+
| <p>[51] '''A Figure that Strikes on Seconda in the Chest Between the Weapons by a Pretense, Disengaging Over the Dagger, and Also in the Same Manner Could Have Struck in Quarta.'''</p>
  
<p>The adversary lying in a low third with the arm withdrawn, and with the dagger forward and united with the sword, you will place yourself opposite him in a high third, making a feint in a high fourth or a similar third outside of the dagger to the face, and while he raises his dagger to parry and attack you in fourth, you will disengage over his dagger and in the same tempo parrying to the inside you will wound him in second to the chest.</p>
+
<p>The adversary lying in a low terza with the arm withdrawn, and with the dagger forward and united with the sword, you will place yourself opposite him in a high terza, making a feint outside of the dagger to the face in a high quarta or a similar terza, and while he raises his dagger to parry and attack you in quarta, you will disengage over his dagger and, in the same tempo, parrying to the inside you will strike him in seconda in the chest.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|101|lbl=84}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|101|lbl=84}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 24.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 24.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[52] '''A Figure that Strikes Above the Right Arm to the Chest and Makes the Sword Fall with the Schiodatura<ref>Unfastening.</ref> of the Sword and the Dagger.'''</p>
+
| <p>[52] '''A Figure that Strikes Above the Right Arm to the Chest and Makes the Sword Fall with the Unfastening<ref>I.e. “schiodatura”, from “schiodare”, “to loosen or unnail”. A prying action may be implied by the name.</ref> of the Sword and the Dagger.'''</p>
  
<p>With this figure you will easily comprehend and learn the manner of casting down the sword from the hand and giving as well in the same tempo a thrust to the chest. That is to say finding yourself in third with the arm withdrawn and uniting the dagger with the sword, the adversary being in the same guard, or in fourth, you will commence to stringer his sword on the inside in fourth and you will lower your dagger to the middle of your right arm in an oblique line; and your adversary disengaging in fourth to thrust you in the chest you will wound him to the outside with a punta riversa to the body, raising the hilt of your sword somewhat and in the same tempo parrying down with the flat of your dagger to the outside you will cause him to abandon his weapon through force.</p>
+
<p>From this figure you will easily be able to comprehend and learn the manner of casting down the sword from the hand and giving as well in the same tempo a thrust to the chest; that is, finding yourself in terza with your arm withdrawn and uniting your dagger with your sword, the adversary being in the same guard, or in quarta, you will commence to stringer his sword on the inside in quarta, and you will lower your dagger to the middle of your right arm in an oblique line; and your adversary disengaging to strike you in the chest in quarta, you will strike him from the outside with a punta riversa to the body, raising the hilt of your sword somewhat and in the same tempo parrying downward with the flat of your dagger to the outside you will force him to abandon his weapon.<ref>In practice, actually disarming the enemy has proven difficult unless some forward motion (toward the opponent) with the flat of the dagger accompanies the parry to the outside.</ref></p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|103|lbl=86}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|103|lbl=86}}
  
 
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|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 25.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 25.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[53] '''A Figure that Parries with the Dagger High to the Inside and Wounds with a Roverso to the Thigh, and in Fourth to the Chest as Demonstrated in the Picture.'''</p>
+
| <p>[53] '''A Figure that Parries with the Dagger High to the Inside and Strikes with a Riverso to the Thigh, and in Quarta to the Chest as the Figure Demonstrates.'''</p>
  
<p>Finding yourself in fourth with the dagger high and your adversary in whatsoever guard apt for stringering on the inside, with the right leg forward, you will commence to stringer him on the inside in fourth, and he disengaging to wound you in fourth to the face, you will parry to the inside with the dagger above your right arm, and you will be able to wound him either with a riverso to the thigh or with a quarta below the arm.</p>
+
<p>Finding yourself in quarta with the dagger high and your adversary in whatsoever guard apt for stringering on the inside, with the right leg forward, you will commence to stringer him on the inside in quarta, and he disengaging to strike you in the face in quarta, you, parrying to the inside with your dagger, over your right arm, will be able to strike him either with a riverso to the thigh or with a quarta below the arm.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|105|lbl=88}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|105|lbl=88}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 26.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 26.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[54] '''A Figure that Parries with the Sword in Fourth Accompanied with the Dagger and Wounding in Fourth to the Face or with a Riverso to the Arm as Shown in the Picture.'''</p>
+
| <p>[54] '''A Figure that Parries with the Sword in Quarta Accompanied with the Dagger and Strikes in Quarta to the Face or with a Riverso to the Arm as the Figure Shows.'''</p>
  
<p>If it so happens that you find yourself in an extended third with the dagger at your wrist and your adversary in whatever guard he wants apt for stringering on the outside, you will commence to stringer him in the same third, now high, now low, and according to the occasion without moving the dagger from its place, and your adversary disengaging to wound you in fourth or second, parrying in fourth with the sword accompanied with the dagger you will be able to wound him, as you can see, either by a riverso to the arm or a quarta to the face.</p>
+
<p>If it so happens that you find yourself in an extended terza with the dagger at your wrist, your adversary being in whatsoever guard apt for stringering on the outside, you will commence to stringer him with the same terza, now high, now low, according to the occasion, however without moving the dagger from its place, and your adversary disengaging to strike you in quarta or seconda, parrying in quarta with your sword accompanied with your dagger you will be able to strike him, as you see, either with a riverso to the arm or a quarta to the face.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|107|lbl=90}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|107|lbl=90}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 27.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 27.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[55] '''A Figure that Makes a Feint Above the Dagger, and the Enemy, Raising to Parry the Same, Strikes Him in the Chest, Disengaging the Sword Under in Fourth.'''</p>
+
| <p>[55] '''A Figure that Makes a Feint Above the Dagger, and, the Adversary Raising to Parry the Same, Strikes Him in the Chest in Quarta, Disengaging the Sword Under.'''</p>
  
<p>Finding yourself in an extended third with the dagger at the wrist and the adversary in a low fourth with the sword withdrawn and his dagger high and extended, you will commence to make a feint above his dagger in third. Maintaining your dagger in its place, he parrying up with his dagger, wanting to strike you in the same tempo in fourth or second, you will disengage under, and parrying his attack therewith you will wound him in fourth in the chest.</p>
+
<p>Finding yourself in an extended terza with the dagger at the wrist, and the adversary being in a low quarta with his sword withdrawn and his dagger high and extended, you will commence to make a feint above his dagger in terza; maintaining your dagger in its place, he parrying upwards with his dagger, wanting to strike you in the same tempo in quarta or seconda, you will disengage under, and parrying his attack therewith<ref>“Parrying his attack therewith” i.e. at the same time. Note that the picture shows the parry being accomplished with the dagger.</ref> you will strike him in quarta in the chest.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|109|lbl=92}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|109|lbl=92}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 28.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 28.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[56] '''A Figure that Makes a Feint Above the Dagger, and the Enemy, Raising to Parry the Same, Strikes Him in the Chest, Disengaging the Sword Under in Fourth.'''</p>
+
| <p>[56] '''Figure that Parries Under His Right Arm with the Dagger, and Strikes in Seconda into the Face or with a Stramazzone Riverso in the Sword Arm.'''</p>
  
<p>Lying in a low or high third, with your dagger at your wrist, your adversary being in whatsoever guard accommodated to stringer on the outside you will begin to stringer on the outside in high or low third, according to the occasion, elevating your dagger, and he wanting to disengage through to the inside, and throw from fourth or second, you parrying down with the dagger under your sword arm, will throw at him a stramazzone to his arm or you will strike him in second in the face, as is shown:</p>
+
<p>Lying in a low or high terza, with your dagger at your wrist, your adversary being in whatsoever guard convenient to stringer on the outside, you will begin to stringer on the outside in high or low terza, according to the occasion, elevating your dagger, and he wanting to disengage to the inside, and throw in quarta or seconda, you, parrying down with the dagger under your sword arm, will throw at him a stramazzone to his arm or you will strike him in seconda in the face, as is shown.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|111|lbl=94}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|111|lbl=94}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 29.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 29.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[57] '''Figure that Strikes over the Dagger in Second into the Left Shoulder while the Adversary Seeks to Gain the Sword Against Him from the Outside.'''</p>
+
| <p>[57] '''Figure that Strikes Over the Dagger in Seconda into the Left Shoulder while the Adversary Seeks to Gain the Sword Against Him on the Outside.'''</p>
  
<p>If you lie in extended third with your dagger in an oblique line over the beginning of the forte of your sword, your adversary being in the same guard, he coming to stringer on the outside also in third, you will disengage and beat his sword with yours in fourth all in one tempo, and immediately parrying his already pressed sword with your dagger, you will strike him at the same time over his dagger in the left shoulder.</p>
+
<p>If you lie in extended terza with your dagger in an oblique line over the beginning of the forte of your sword, your adversary being in the same guard, he coming to stringer on the outside also in terza, you will disengage and beat his sword with yours in quarta all in one tempo, and immediately parrying his already pressed sword with your dagger, you will strike him in the same tempo over his dagger in the left shoulder.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|113|lbl=96}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|113|lbl=96}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 30.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 30.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[58] '''Figure that Strikes in Second Over the Dagger into the Left Shoulder from a Feint, Parrying with His Dagger from Above to Below Under His Right Arm.'''</p>
+
| <p>[58] '''Figure that Strikes in Seconda Over the Dagger into the Left Shoulder from a Feint, Parrying with His Dagger from Above to Below Under His Right Arm.'''</p>
  
<p>You being in third or fourth with your arm back, with your dagger at your wrist, your adversary being in fourth with his sword back and dagger high and extended, you will make a feint at him from under his dagger, elevating yours, and parrying him down with your dagger toward his left side you will disengage in the same tempo over his dagger, parrying the enemy’s sword to the inside under your right arm, and you will strike him in second over his dagger.</p>
+
<p>You being in terza or quarta with your arm withdrawn, with your dagger at your wrist, your adversary being in quarta with his sword withdrawn and dagger high and extended, you will make a feint at him from under his dagger, raising yours, and he parrying down with his dagger toward his left side, you will disengage in the same tempo over his dagger, parrying the enemy’s sword to the inside under your right arm, and you will strike him in seconda over his dagger.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|115|lbl=98}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|115|lbl=98}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 31.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 31.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[59] '''Figure that Strikes on a Passata with a Thrust in Falso From Beneath, Up Between the Weapons into the Breast, Parrying with His Dagger over His Right Arm, Stringering the Weapons Together Well.'''</p>
+
| <p>[59] '''Figure that Strikes on a Passata with a Thrust in Falso From Beneath Upwards, Between the Weapons into the Chest, Parrying over His Right Arm with His Dagger, Pressing the Weapons Together Well.'''</p>
  
<p>The adversary lying in third with both weapons extended in an oblique line, so that the point of his sword is aimed at your right shoulder and that of his dagger is aimed at your left, you will put yourself opposite him in third with the point of your sword low and with the dagger high, with your body bent as much as possible toward your left side; and he wanting to approach in order to stringer you, or for some other aim of his, you will pass with your left foot in the same tempo toward his right side, and parrying with your dagger toward the inside over your right arm you will extend to him a thrust in falso from beneath up between his weapons, or alternately with both weapons disengaging with the sword above you will press his sword striking him in third in the very same tempo.</p>
+
<p>The adversary lying in terza with both weapons extended in an oblique line, so that the point of the enemy’s sword is aimed at your right shoulder and that of his dagger at your left, you will put yourself opposite him in terza with the point of your sword low and with your dagger high, with your body bent as much as possible toward your left side; and he wanting to approach in order to stringer you, or for some other aim of his, you will pass with your left foot in the same tempo toward his right side, and parrying with your dagger toward the inside over your right arm you will extend to him a thrust in falso from beneath upwards between his weapons, or alternately, disengaging over with the sword you will press his sword with both weapons, striking him in terza in the very same tempo.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|117|lbl=100}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|117|lbl=100}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 32.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 32.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[60] '''Figure that Strikes in Fourth into the Throat only with Falsing the Sword and Lowering the Dagger in Order to Parry while the Adversary Disengages from the Sword and Seeks to Parry with the Dagger.'''</p>
+
| <p>[60] '''Figure that Strikes in Quarta into the Throat Only with Falsing the Sword and Lowering the Dagger in Order to Parry while the Adversary Disengages from the Sword and Seeks to Parry with the Dagger.'''</p>
  
<p>The adversary lying in high third with his dagger crossed and joined at the beginning of the forte of his sword, somewhat oblique, you will stringer it in third on the outside, with the dagger high, and he disengaging under, assisting himself by parrying with his dagger in order to strike you in fourth, you will parry with your dagger from up to down, toward your left side, and in one tempo disengaging under his dagger, you will strike him in fourth in the face, or wherever it happens to be more convenient.</p>
+
<p>The adversary lying in high terza with his dagger crossed and joined at the beginning of the forte of his sword, somewhat oblique, you will stringer it in terza on the outside, with the dagger high, and he disengaging under, assisting himself by parrying with his dagger in order to strike you in quarta, you will parry with your dagger from high downwards, toward your left side, and in one tempo disengaging under his dagger, you will strike him in quarta in the face, or wherever it happens to be more convenient.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|119|lbl=102}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|119|lbl=102}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 33.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 33.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[61] '''Figure that Strikes in Fourth Under the Dagger into the Breast, Carrying the Right Leg Back and Parrying High with the Dagger, while the Adversary Passes Forward with His Leg in Order to Strike in Second over his Dagger.'''</p>
+
| <p>[61] '''Figure that Strikes in Quarta Under the Dagger into the Chest, Carrying the Right Leg Back and Parrying High with the Dagger, while the Adversary Passes Forward with His Leg in Order to Strike in Seconda over the Dagger.'''</p>
  
<p>The adversary lying in low third, you will oppose him in high third with your dagger joined across over your forte, and he coming on a passata to strike you in second over your dagger, and parrying wide with his, only pulling back your right leg, he raising his dagger to parry, you will disengage under his, carrying your body well forward, as the figure shows, and you will strike him in fourth.</p>
+
<p>The adversary lying in low terza, you will place yourself opposite him in high terza with your dagger joined crossed over your forte, and he approaching by a passata to strike you in seconda over your dagger, and parrying wide with his, you only drawing back your right leg, and he raising his dagger to parry, you will disengage under his, carrying your body well forward, as the figure shows, and you will strike him in quarta.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|121|lbl=104}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|121|lbl=104}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 34.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 34.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[62] '''Figure that Strikes in Second over the Dagger into the Breast while the Adversary Passes with His Left Foot in Order to Strike, only with Pulling Back the Right Leg During His Approach, and Parrying with the Dagger Under His Right Arm.'''</p>
+
| <p>[62] '''Figure that Strikes in Seconda over the Dagger into the Chest while the Adversary Passes with His Left Foot in Order to Strike, only with Drawing Back the Right Leg During His Approach, and Parrying with the Dagger Under His Right Arm.'''</p>
  
<p>Although the adversary lies in fourth with his sword back and low, and with his dagger extended high and wide, you will oppose him in fourth with your arm extended and dagger high, and he moving on a passata to parry your sword down from high in order to strike you in second, pulling back your right leg, you will parry him down with your dagger toward your right side, and you will disengage your sword over his dagger, and will strike him in second.</p>
+
<p>Although the adversary lies in quarta with his sword withdrawn and low, and with his dagger extended high and wide, you will put yourself opposite him in quarta with your arm extended and dagger high, and he moving by a passata to parry your sword downward from high in order to strike you in seconda, drawing your right leg back, you will parry him downward with your dagger toward your right side, and you will disengage your sword over his dagger, and will strike him in seconda.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|123|lbl=106}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|123|lbl=106}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 35.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 35.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[63] '''Figure that Strikes with a Thrust Between the Weapons into the Chest Disengaging it Over the Dagger while the Adversary Was Being in Wide Guard, and Lets the Enemy Arrive to Measure.'''</p>
+
| <p>[63] '''Figure that Strikes with a Thrust Between the Weapons into the Chest, Disengaging it Over the Dagger While the Adversary Was Lying in Wide Guard, and Lets the Enemy Arrive to Measure.'''</p>
  
<p>The adversary lying in fourth with his arm back, and with his dagger straight high and wide and with his arm extended, you will oppose him in extended third with your dagger crossed forward of your breast, and you will approach his dagger from the outside, he staying yet in his guard; once arrived, you will make the point of your sword even with his dagger, then you will disengage over in fourth, delivering to him a long stoccata into the breast.</p>
+
<p>The adversary lying in quarta with his arm withdrawn, and with his dagger straight high and wide and with his arm extended, you will oppose him in extended terza with your dagger crossed in front of your breast, and you will approach his dagger from the outside, he still remaining in his guard; and once arrived, you will make the point of your sword even with his dagger, and will disengage over in quarta, delivering to him a long stoccata into his chest.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|125|lbl=108}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|125|lbl=108}}
  
Line 1,317: Line 1,321:
 
| <p>[64] '''Method of Employing the Sword and Cape.'''</p>
 
| <p>[64] '''Method of Employing the Sword and Cape.'''</p>
  
<p>To the end that this matter of the cape be better understood, it will perhaps not be out of place to explain some terms that must be used therewith. I tell you therefore that having the cape thereabout, it will be allowed to fall down off the right shoulder, to as far as the middle of the left arm, and then wrapping the left hand through outside, enveloping the arm in the said cape, putting oneself with it into third, or in some other guard as you like. Then, when stepping, that order will be obtained as is held with the sword and dagger, in order to be an identical progress, except that in parrying there is a difference. In that then, the cape can be cut, and punctured, which cannot occur to the dagger. And finding yourself in third, as above, at the encounter with your adversary, and he throws a mandritto at your head, you at the same time will step forward with your left foot, parrying against the forte of the enemy’s sword with your cape, giving him a thrust in his breast; one can also parry the said previous blow with the sword in guardia di testa accompanied by the cape, gathering in that tempo your left foot near to your right, and immediately advance with the right, and turn a mandritto to his head or leg; but when he throws either a mandritto or riverso to your leg, you will draw back your right foot somewhat, and if it be a mandritto, then give him a riverso to his sword arm; and if it be a riverso, then give him a dritto just in the said arm; but the true parry will be to parry with the sword and then in the striking to go to accompany the sword with the cape, with bumping into the enemy’s sword, and thus one will strike safely. Moreover I say that the following figures show the manner that one must hold to reach the sword to the adversary, in sword and cape from the inside.</p>
+
<p>To the end that this matter of the cape be better understood, it will perhaps not be out of place to explain some terms that must be used therewith. I tell you therefore that having the cape thereabout, it will be allowed to fall down off the right shoulder, to as far as the middle of the left arm, and then wrapping the left hand to the outside, enveloping the arm in the said cape, putting oneself with it into terza, or in some other guard as you like. So much, then, when stepping, will that order be obtained as is held with the sword and dagger, as to be an identical progress, except that in parrying there is a difference. In that then, the cape can be cut, and punctured, which cannot occur to the dagger. And finding yourself in terza, as above, at the encounter with your adversary, and he throws a mandritto at your head, you at the same time will step forward with your left foot, parrying against the forte of the enemy’s sword with your cape, extending to him a thrust into his chest; one can also parry the said blow in prima with the sword in guardia di testa<ref>In guardia di testa (“head guard”), the sword is held high with the point forward and somewhat to the left, hand usually in seconda. See [[Antonio Manciolino|Manciolino]] pg. [[Page:Opera Nova (Antonio Manciolino) 1531.pdf/24|7 verso]], or [[Achille Marozzo|Marozzo]] Ch. [[Page:Opera Nova (Achille Marozzo) 1536.pdf/106|143]], which includes illustration.</ref> accompanied by the cape, gathering in that tempo your left foot near to your right, and immediately advance with the right, and turn a mandritto to his head or leg; but when he throws either a mandritto or riverso to your leg, you will draw back your right foot somewhat, and if it be a mandritto, then give him a riverso to his sword arm; and if it be a riverso, then give him a dritto likewise in the said arm; but the true parry will be to parry with the sword and then in the striking to go to accompany the sword with the cape, therewith hitting the enemy’s sword, and thus one will strike safely. Moreover I say that the following figures show the manner that one must employ to gain the sword of the adversary on the inside with sword and cape.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|127|lbl=110}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|127|lbl=110}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 37.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 37.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[65] '''Figure that Strikes from a Counter-Disengage from Fourth into the Face, Parrying the Enemy’s Sword to the Outside with the Cape Arm, as the Adversary Would Disengage His Sword in Order to Strike with a Thrust.'''</p>
+
| <p>[65] '''Figure that Strikes with a Counterdisengage from Quarta into the Face, Parrying the Enemy’s Sword to the Outside with the Cape Arm, as the Adversary Disengaged His Sword in Order to Strike with a Thrust.'''</p>
  
<p>Your adversary being in fourth with his sword extended and high, you will give yourself to stringer it in fourth on the inside, with your cape arm under your forte; he wanting to disengage in order to strike you with a thrust in whatever manner he wills, parrying up with the cape, to the outside from your left side, and counterdisengaging from fourth, you will strike him in the face or wherever it will happen to be more convenient for you.</p>
+
<p>Your adversary being in quarta with his sword extended and high, you will commit yourself to stringer it in quarta on the inside, with your cape arm under your forte; he wanting to disengage in order to strike you with a thrust in whatsoever manner, parrying upwards with your cape, to the outside of your left side, and counterdisengaging in quarta, you will strike him in the face or wherever it will happen to be more convenient for you.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|129|lbl=112}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|129|lbl=112}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 38.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 38.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[66] '''Figure that Strikes with a Strammazone Riverso in the Face of a Left-Hander and Will also Be Able to Strike in Second into the Breast, or Alternately in Fourth from the Outside of the Enemy’s Sword During the Disengage that His Point Makes in Order to Strike.'''</p>
+
| <p>[66] '''Figure that Strikes with a Strammazone Riverso in the Face of a Left-Hander and Will also Be Able to Strike in Second into the Chest; or Alternately in Quarta from the Outside of the Enemy’s Sword During the Disengage that His Point Makes in Order to Strike.'''</p>
  
<p>The adversary, who will be left handed, lying in fourth with his arm extended, you will begin to stringer his sword on the inside in third, with your dagger high, and he disengaging in order to strike you in second in the face, you will be able to strike him in three manners: first, only lowering your dagger and parrying his sword you will strike him with a strammazone riverso in the face; alternately, in second in the chest; taking note, nonetheless, that during his disengage it will be better to strike him in fourth with your sword alone on the outside.</p>
+
<p>The adversary, who will be left handed, lying in quarta with his arm extended, you will begin to stringer his sword on the inside<ref>Note that the plate clarifies that this is the adversary’s inside, i.e. your outside.</ref> in terza, with your dagger high, and he disengaging in order to strike you in seconda in the face, you will be able to strike him in three manners: first, only lowering your dagger and parrying his sword you will strike him with a strammazone riverso in the face; alternately, in seconda in the chest; taking note, nonetheless, that during his disengage it could be better to strike him in quarta with your sword alone on the outside.<ref>Presumably the adversary’s outside, so most likely an attack in quarta with opposition using your true edge.</ref></p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|131|lbl=114}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|131|lbl=114}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 39.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 39.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[67] '''Figure that Parries [a Blow to] the Head with the Point of the Sword High and with the Dagger Crossed in the Inside of His Sword at the Forte, so that the Same Will Be Able to Strike in Two Manners, First with a Thrust to the Face, or Alternately with a Riverso to the Leg.'''</p>
+
| <p>[67] '''Figure that Parries the Head<ref>I.e. a blow to the head.</ref> with the Point of the Sword High and with the Dagger Crossed with His Sword on the Inside at the Forte, so that the Same Will Be Able to Strike in Two Manners: First with a Thrust to the Face; or Alternately with a Riverso to the Leg.'''</p>
  
<p>I would certainly have wronged myself, if this noble parry, or defense, I had not revealed to you, which defends, and saves such a noble part of the body; accordingly in this occasion I put forth to you the present figures, of whom one lies in first, and the other in fifth; and from fifth, only by raising his arm and turning his hand into fourth, advancing a step, he will have come to gain the sword on the inside against the adversary, and his enemy disengaging by turning under his enemy’s sword, he will have thrown a dritto fendente at the same, but the same only with turning his hand into second with the point high, putting the dagger to the rear on the forte of his sword, will be able to strike the adversary safely in two places, with a thrust in the face, and a cut in the leg, as the two lines descending from the point of the sword demonstrate well, the one falling to the head, and the other to the thigh.</p>
+
<p>I would certainly have wronged myself if I had not revealed to you this noble parry, or defense, which defends, and saves such a noble part of the body; accordingly on this occasion I put forth to you the present figures, of whom one lies in prima, and the other in quinta; and from quinta, only by raising his arm and turning his hand into quarta, increasing the pace, he will have come to gain the sword of the adversary on the inside, and the enemy<sub>A</sub><ref>The agents are poorly delineated in this section. Figure A is the actor subscripted in the text as A; figure E is that subscripted as E.</ref> disengaging by turning under his enemy’s<sub>E</sub> sword, he<sub>A</sub> will have thrown a dritto fendente at the same<sub>E</sub>, but the same<sub>E</sub> only by turning his hand into seconda with the point high, putting the dagger to the rear on the forte of his sword, will be able to strike the adversary safely in two places: with a thrust in the face, or a cut to the leg, as the two lines descending from the point of the sword demonstrate well, the one falling to the head, and the other to the thigh.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|133|lbl=116}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli) 1601.pdf|133|lbl=116}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 40.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 40.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[68] '''Figure that Strikes with a Thrust in Third into the Thigh and with the Dagger into the Body while the Adversary Disengages a Riverso to the Leg in Order to Strike.'''</p>
+
| <p>[68] '''Figure that Strikes with a Thrust in Terza into the Thigh and with the Dagger into the Body while the Adversary Disengages a Riverso to the Leg in Order to Strike.'''</p>
  
<p>Because to some, seeing this following figure struck with the sword and also with the dagger, it will perhaps appear difficult, nevertheless putting the same technique to the test, it will turn out to be easy considering the representation; hence I say, that the adversaries, both lying in fourth, had the true edges of their swords touching each other and the points thereof each aimed at their adversary’s face; the same was forced, pressing the enemy’s sword with his sword, so that feeling the adversary press, he resolves to turn a riverso to the leg, but the same in an instant lowered his sword, and turning his hand into third, passing with his left leg forward, strikes him, parrying with his sword, and likewise with his dagger, as this figure shows.</p>
+
<p>Because to some, seeing this following figure struck with the sword and also with the dagger, it will perhaps appear difficult, nevertheless putting the same technique to the test, it will turn out to be easy considering the representation; hence I say, that the adversaries, finding each other in quarta, with the true edges of their swords such that they were touching each other and the points of the same each aimed at their adversary’s face, the same was forced, the enemy’s sword pressing his sword, so that feeling his adversary press, he resolves to turn a riverso to the leg, but the same lowering his sword in an instant, and turning his hand into terza, passing forward with his left leg, strikes him, parrying, with his sword, and also with his dagger, as the figure shows.<ref>“…they were touching each other” i.e. “si toccavano”. Actual engagement and use of sentiment is uniquely specified in this plate. The agent applies pressure through the sword, provoking the patient to cut with a riverso, to which the agent responds with a thrust with the sword that serves to block said cut, and simultaneously thrusts with the dagger.</ref></p>
 
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| [[File:Capo Ferro 41.png|400x400px|center]]
 
| [[File:Capo Ferro 41.png|400x400px|center]]
| <p>[69] '''Figure that Parries the Stramazzone Riverso with the Sword and Passes Forward in an Instant with the Left Foot, Giving a Stab Under the Right Arm into the Armpit.'''<br/><br/></p>
+
| <p>[69] '''Figure that Parries the Stramazzone Riverso with the Sword and Passes Forward in an Instant with the Left Foot, Giving a Stab Under the Right Arm into the Pectoral.'''<br/><br/></p>
  
<p>Because it is of great account when the adversary throws a thrust to parry it with the dagger, to the inside as to the outside, and turn a stramazzone riverso to the enemy’s sword arm, therefore when you have thrown a thrust at your adversary, and he has parried it inside, toward your left side, and throws at you the said stramazzone, you will parry with your sword in third to the outside, and passing forward with your left leg instantly, putting your dagger over the enemy’s sword you will strike him in second with a thrust in the chest. But by of the following figures, I say that the adversary lying in third with his dagger upon the forte of his sword, and the other in the sixth guard, with the dagger arm extended forward, and the sword somewhat low and retired to himself, the same being at measure will throw a thrust at him over his dagger, and the enemy parrying to the outside, toward his left side, responds with a stramazzone riverso, but the same in that instant parrying in fourth and passing forward with the left foot, strikes him with the dagger, as the figure shows, and wanting to return toward the rear, will retire his left leg, turning in the same tempo a riverso to the sword arm of the adversary, returning into the same guard.</p>
+
<p>Because it is of great account when the adversary throws a thrust to parry it with the dagger, to the inside as to the outside, and to turn a stramazzone riverso to the enemy’s sword arm, thus when you have thrown a thrust at your adversary, and he has parried it to the inside, toward your left side, and throws at you the said stramazzone, you will parry with your sword in terza to the outside, and passing forward with your left leg instantly, putting your dagger over the enemy’s sword you will strike him in seconda with a thrust to the chest. But by presentation of the following figures, I say that the adversary lying in terza with his dagger upon the forte of his sword, and the other in the guard of sesta, with the dagger arm extended forward, and the sword somewhat low and withdrawn toward himself, the same being at measure will throw a thrust at him over his dagger, and the enemy parrying to the outside, toward his left side, responds with a stramazzone riverso, but the same in that instant parrying in quarta and passing forward with the left foot, strikes him with the dagger, as the figure shows, and wanting to return to the rear, will withdraw the said left leg, turning in the same tempo a riverso to the sword arm of the adversary, returning into the same guard.</p>
 
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| <p>[70] '''Way of Knowing How to Avail Oneself of the Rotella, Finding Oneself Confronted with Another Rotella.'''</p>
 
| <p>[70] '''Way of Knowing How to Avail Oneself of the Rotella, Finding Oneself Confronted with Another Rotella.'''</p>
  
<p>Being that it often happens that one’s own weapons wage war against him, who does not know how to avail himself well thereof, accordingly I have judged it to not be out of place to give an inkling of some details of the rotella, as a weapon most dangerous to those who have not had some practice with the same; and in consideration of such, one is to be advised that one must hold the rotella embraced with the left arm somewhat curved, in a way such that it faces somewhat toward the left side, but not so curved that it impedes the vision so that one could not discern any part of the enemy whatsoever; and having done thus, wanting to go to strike, the enemy lying with his sword extended in guardia stretta, it will be necessary first to stringer the enemy’s sword on the inside or the outside according to the occasion, and then advancing with the left foot, hit his already gained sword with your rotella, and strike him vigorously in third with a rising thrust. But if it occurred that the enemy lay in guardia larga, and that he threw a dritto or riverso to your leg, you would have to parry it with a falso, the dritto as well as the riverso, and then respond with a cut to the adversary in the leg; but if perchance he threw a thrust or a cut toward your face or head you could parry with the rotella when the cut or the thrust came not as a feint. But in order to protect yourself from the feint, being that the rotella is heavy so that it could not be of such quickness to parry, as could be done with a targa or brochieri, accordingly you will be careful not to parry in such a case with the rotella; the same figure wanting to parry a thrust which the adversary has thrown to the outside of his rotella, the same wishing to parry it will of course necessarily block his vision, and thus impeded, in that instant the enemy will have convenient opportunity to pass forward with his left foot and strike, without the motion of his sword being seen, into the breast or to the base of the body, as the figures show. But the same is to be parried in second or fourth with the sword, according to the occasion, and then advancing with the left foot, hitting the enemy’s sword with the rotella, one will strike with a rising thrust in third, and thus will be safer.</p>
+
<p>As it often happens that one’s own weapons wage war against one who does not know how to avail himself well thereof, accordingly I have judged it to not be out of place to give an inkling of some details of the rotella, as a weapon most dangerous to those who have not had some practice with the same; and in consideration of such, it is to be advised that the rotella must be embraced with the left arm somewhat curved, in a way such that it faces somewhat toward your left side, but not so curved that it impedes the vision so that one could not discern any part of the enemy whatsoever; and having done thus, wanting to go to strike, the enemy lying with his sword extended forward in guardia stretta,<ref>“Guardia stretta”—i.e. narrow guard, generally a guard in which the hilt is low and the point forward.</ref> it will be necessary first to stringer the enemy’s sword on the inside or the outside according to the occasion, and then advancing with the left foot, to hit his already gained sword with your rotella, and strike him vigorously in terza with a rising thrust. But if it occurred that the enemy lay in guardia larga,<ref>“Guardia larga”—i.e. wide guard, generally a guard in which the hilt is low and the point is not aimed at the enemy.</ref> and that he threw a dritto or riverso to your leg, you would have to parry it with the falso,<ref>“Falso”—a defense using a rising false edge cut under the enemy’s attack to displace it out and up.</ref> the dritto as well as the riverso, and then respond with a cut to the adversary in the leg; but if perchance he threw a thrust or a cut toward your face or head you could parry with the rotella when the cut or the thrust came not as a feint. But in order to protect yourself from the feint, being that the rotella is heavy so that it could not be of such quickness to parry as could be done with a targa or brocchiero,<ref>“Targa”—a handheld rectangular buckler, usually corrugated; familiar to English readers of di Grassi as a “square target”. “Brocchiero”—a small handheld round buckler.</ref> accordingly you will be careful not to parry in such a case with the rotella; then, the same figure wanting to parry a thrust which the adversary has thrown to the outside of his rotella, the same wishing to parry it will of course necessarily block his vision, and thus impeded, in that instant the enemy will have convenient opportunity to pass forward with his left foot and strike, without the motion of his sword being seen, into the breast or to the base of the body, as the figures show. But the same is to be parried in seconda or quarta with the sword, according to the occasion, and then advancing with the left foot, hitting the enemy’s sword with the rotella, one will strike with a rising thrust in terza, and thus will be safer.</p>
 
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| <p>[71] '''Figure that Strikes Under the Rotella, while the Adversary Seeks to Parry with the Same Rotella, in Order to Strike with a Thrust in the Chest.'''</p>
 
| <p>[71] '''Figure that Strikes Under the Rotella, while the Adversary Seeks to Parry with the Same Rotella, in Order to Strike with a Thrust in the Chest.'''</p>
  
<p>Considering the deceptions and feints that are found in arms, it is necessary to pay much attention when one comes to blows with his enemy, so through presentation of the following figures I show to you how parrying is most often harmful when one parries and does not respond in the same tempo; so I will demonstrate it to you in this action of the rotella, being that one of them lies in fifth with his arm perpendicular and with the point of his sword low, with the rotella forward of his breast, and the enemy lies in sixth with his rotella arm extended forward, and with his sword somewhat back, so that the same, if he will be accosted at measure, will throw a thrust outside the rotella to the face; and he raising his rotella to parry, the view will be obscured, and the same, falsing his sword under the rotella, strikes in fourth in the way that the figure shows. But if he had been a practiced person, when the adversary was throwing a thrust at his face, he would have parried, stretching out his rotella arm, and passing forward with his left foot, instantly with a bending of his body and head toward his right side, giving him a thrust in the breast; alternately, when the adversary was throwing the thrust, he could have parried with the sword in fourth, and in an instant passing forward with his left foot, and hitting the enemy’s sword with his rotella, he would strike him in third with a rising thrust in the body, and thus he would have been safe.</p>
+
<p>Considering the deceptions and feints that are found in arms, it is necessary to pay great attention when one comes to blows with his enemy, so through presentation of the following figures I show to you how parrying is most often harmful when one parries and does not respond in the same tempo; so I will demonstrate it to you in this action of the rotella, being that one of them lies in quinta with his arm sloping and with the point of his sword low, with the rotella forward of his breast, and the enemy lies in sesta with his rotella arm extended forward, and with his sword somewhat back, so that the same<sub>E</sub>,<ref>Again, the agents are poorly delineated; superscript E refers to figure E, while superscript F refers to figure F.</ref> if he will be accosted at measure, will throw a thrust outside the rotella to the face; and he<sub>F</sub> raising his rotella to parry, the view will be obscured, and the same<sub>E</sub>, falsing his sword under the rotella, strikes him in quarta in the way that the figure shows. But if he had been an experienced person, when the adversary threw a thrust at his face, he would have parried, stretching out his rotella arm, and passing forward with his left foot, instantly bending his body and head toward his right side, giving him a thrust in the chest; alternately, when the adversary threw the thrust, he could have parried with the sword in quarta, and passing forward in an instant with his left foot, and hitting the enemy’s sword with his rotella, he would strike him in terza with a rising thrust to the body, and thus he would have been safe.</p>
 
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| <p>[72] '''Of Some Terms of the Cut.'''</p>
 
| <p>[72] '''Of Some Terms of the Cut.'''</p>
  
<p>I had resolved myself to present to you some figures that would have shown you the way of using a cutting weapon, of parrying as well as striking, and in these actions to show you many effects, but considering this, that could have been done with figures, I can also do with these few admonitions, that I put to you, thus: the adversary lying in third or in fourth, so that the point of his sword is aimed at the middle of your body, you will place yourself counter to him in fourth with the point of your sword somewhat high, and crossed toward your right side, and approaching somewhat toward the adversary’s sword, you will throw a dritto at his sword followed by a riverso scendente to his face; on the contrary, when your enemy will turn a riverso to your face, you will pass, parrying with your dagger in guardia di faccia over your right arm, giving him a thrust in third in his breast; alternately, having parried and passed as above, you will be able to give him a dritto to his leg, and moreover you will be able to parry the said riverso with your sword in fourth, as shows that figure, which strikes with the dagger under the arm of the adversary, and passing and parrying with the dagger, one will strike with a riverso to the leg, or with the dagger in the same way into the armpit; moreover, you will also be able to put yourself in fourth with the point of your sword low, showing him your body somewhat, and he coming from the outside to throw a thrust at you, you will parry upwards with the false edge of your sword, giving him a dritto to the face, being aware that the parry of the dritto, as well as the riverso, to the head, will be parried in the very same way, as that figure shows in which the sword parries, crossed with the dagger at the rear upon the forte of the sword, which has two lines, one falling to the face, and the other to the thigh; and upon the occasion, that the adversary throws at you either a dritto or riverso to the lower parts, you will parry in second with the point of your sword low, and if it will be a dritto, you will parry and disengage with the edge,<ref>The true edge.</ref> over the enemy’s sword, putting your dagger over the said sword, giving him a riverso to the arm; and if it will be a riverso, you will parry to the outside, in the same way, giving him a thrust in the breast, putting nonetheless your dagger in the same tempo over the adversary’s sword; and this is as much concerning thereof that occurs to me to say.</p>
+
<p>I had resolved myself to present to you some figures that would have shown you the way of using a cutting weapon, of parrying as well as striking, and in these actions to show you many effects, but considering this, that could have been done with figures, I can also do with these few pieces of advice, that I put to you, thus: the adversary lying in terza or in quarta, so that the point of his sword is aimed at the middle of your body, you will place yourself opposite him in quarta with the point of your sword somewhat high, and crossed toward your right side, and approaching somewhat toward the adversary’s sword, you will throw a dritto at his sword followed by a rising riverso to his face; on the contrary, when your enemy will turn a riverso to your face, you will pass, parrying with your dagger in guardia di faccia<ref>“Guardia di faccia”—i.e. face guard, a guard in which arm is extended at shoulder height and the point is forward with the hand in quarta. See [[Antonio Manciolino|Manciolino]] pg. [[Page:Opera Nova (Antonio Manciolino) 1531.pdf/25|8 recto]], or [[Achille Marozzo|Marozzo]] Ch. [[Page:Opera Nova (Achille Marozzo) 1536.pdf/106|143]], which includes illustration.</ref> over your right arm, giving him a thrust in terza in his chest; alternately, having parried, and passing as above, you will be able to give him a dritto to his leg, and moreover you will be able to parry the said riverso with your sword in quarta, as that figure shows, which strikes with the dagger under the arm of the adversary, and passing and parrying with the dagger, one will strike with a riverso to the leg, or with the dagger in the same way into the pectoral; moreover, you will also be able to put yourself in quarta with the point of your sword low, showing him your body somewhat, and he coming from the outside to throw a thrust at you, you will parry upwards with the false edge of your sword, giving him a dritto to the face, or a thrust to the chest, but if the adversary approaches you to beat your sword, to the inside as to the outside, you will do such: if he throws a dritto to your sword, in the same tempo you will turn a riverso to his face; and if he throws a riverso to the outer side in order to beat your sword, in the same tempo you will turn a dritto to his face. Be advised that the parry of the dritto, as well as the riverso, to the head, will be parried in the same way, as that figure shows that parries with the sword crossed with the dagger at the rear upon the forte of the sword, which has two lines, one falling to the face, and the other to the thigh; and upon the occasion that the adversary throws at you either a dritto or riverso to the lower parts, you will parry in seconda with the point of your sword low, and if it will be a dritto, you will parry and disengage with the edge, over the enemy’s sword, putting your dagger upon the said sword, giving him a riverso to the arm; and if it will be a riverso, you will parry to the outside in the same way, giving him a thrust in the chest, putting however your dagger upon the adversary’s sword in the same tempo; and this is as much concerning thereof that occurs to me to say.</p>
 
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| <p>[73] '''Secure Way of Defending Oneself from Every Sort of Blow with a Parry of a Riverso and Striking Always with an Imbroccata.'''</p>
+
| <p>[73] '''Secure Method of Defending Oneself from Every Sort of Blow with a Parry of a Riverso and Striking Always with an Imbroccata.'''</p>
  
<p>Wanting to put an end to this, my work, it does not seem to be to be out of place to seal it with this brief discourse of mine, which consists only of demonstrating the virtue and the action of the first and fourth guards, discovering in first the offense, and in fourth the defense, the beginning and end of whatever honored scheme one wills; considering that fourth defends against any blow, resolute or irresolute, and first offends the adversary, accordingly it is necessary to say (for the two to be faithful companions) that the beginning of the one is the end of the other, and thus, without beginning and end they evade beginning and ending, since the first begins from high and finishes in a somewhat low fourth, and this is for two reasons. First, that if the adversary throws a thrust or a cut, passing somewhat with the left foot, in parrying with a riverso toward the right side of the adversary, advancing the right foot, he can strike with an imbroccata in the chest, and by such an end, one returns into fourth guard. Second, because the adversary cannot offend if not to the right side, which can easily be defended with an ascendente from the said fourth, demonstrating nonetheless in these actions boldness in the face, the eye quick to recognize the uncovered and covered parts of the adversary, strength and speed in the legs, arms, and hands, quickness in parrying and striking, and agility in the body, and this is the nature of the first and fourth guards.</p>
+
<p>Wanting to put an end to this, my work, it does not seem to be to be out of place to seal it with this brief discourse of mine, which consists only of demonstrating the virtue and the action of the guards of prima and quarta, discovering in prima the offense, and in Quarta the defense, the beginning and end of whatsoever honored scheme; considering that quarta defends against any blow, resolute or irresolute, and prima offends the adversary, accordingly it is necessary to say (for the two to be faithful companions) that the beginning of the one is the end of the other, and thus, without beginning and end they evade beginning and ending, since the prima begins from high and finishes in a somewhat low quarta, and this is for two reasons. First, because if the adversary throws a thrust or a cut, passing somewhat with the left foot, in parrying with a riverso toward the right side of the adversary, advancing the right foot, one can strike with an imbroccata in the chest, and by such an end, one returns into the guard of quarta. Second, because the adversary cannot offend if not to the right side, which can easily be defended with an ascendente from the said quarta, demonstrating nonetheless in these actions boldness in the face, the eye quick to recognize the uncovered and covered parts of the adversary, strength and speed in the legs, arms, and hands, quickness in parrying and striking, and agility in the body; and this is the nature of the guards of prima and quarta.<ref>This section resembles the advice given by [[Giovanni dall'Agocchie|dall’Agocchie]] on pg. [[Page:Dell'Arte di Scrima Libri Tre (Giovanni dall'Agocchie) 1572.pdf/66|32 verso]] as the method to learn when one has only one month to prepare for a duel, as well as the heart of [[Angelo Viggiani dal Montone|Viggiani]]’s entire schermo. I find it tempting to speculate that the alternation of an attack from prima with a parry of a riverso may have been a commonplace in the didactic repertoire of Italian maestri of the time, perhaps reserved for the paying customer who wanted quick results.</ref></p>
 
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Revision as of 00:03, 21 July 2020

Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli
Born 16th century
Died 17th century
Occupation Fencing master
Patron Federico Ubaldo della Roevere
Influences Camillo Aggrippa
Influenced Sebastian Heußler
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (1610)
Concordance by Michael Chidester

Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli (Ridolfo Capoferro, Rodulphus Capoferrus) was a 17th century Italian fencing master. He seems to have been born in the town of Cagli in Urbino and was a resident of Siena, Tuscany. Little is known about the life of this master, though the dedication to Federico Ubaldo della Roevere, the young son of Duke Francesco Maria Feltrio della Roevere, may indicate that he was associated with the court at Urbino in some capacity. The statement at the beginning of Capo Ferro's treatise describing him as a "master of the great German nation"[1] likely signifies that he was faculty at the University of Siena, either holding a position analogous to dean of all German students, or perhaps merely the fencing master who taught the German students.

Capo Ferro authored a fencing manual on the rapier entitled Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma ("Great Representation of the Art and Use of Fencing"); it was published in Siena in 1610, but refers to Federico by the ducal title. Though this treatise is highly praised by modern fencing historians, it is neither comprehensive nor particularly innovative and does not seem to have been particularly influential in its own time.

Treatise

Additional Resources

  • Capo Ferro, Ridolfo. Italian Rapier Combat: Ridolfo Capo Ferro's 'Gran Simulacro'. Ed. Jared Kirby. London: Greenhill Books, 2004. ISBN 978-1853675805
  • Capo Ferro, Ridolfo. Rapier: The Art and Use of Fencing by Ridolfo Capo Ferro. Trans. Nick S. Thomas. SwordWorks, 2007. ISBN 978-1906512279
  • Leoni, Tom. Ridolfo Capoferro's The Art and Practice of Fencing: A Practical Translation for the Modern Swordsman. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9825911-9-2
  • Garcia-Salmones, Eugenio. Ridolfo Capoferro, "Gran simulacro del arte y del uso de la esgrima", Traduccion al castellano. Editorial Sacauntos, 2009. ISBN 978-84-937207-0-4

References

  1. Capo Ferro da Cagli, Ridolfo. Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma. Siena, 1610. p 1.
  2. Capo Ferro dedicated his text to Federigo della Rovere (properly Federico Ubaldo della Rovere), the son of Francesco Maria Feltrio della Rovere (i.e. Francesco Maria II), sixth Duke of Urbino. Don Federico was born May 16, 1605, and was thus not yet five years old when Capo Ferro signed his dedication on April 8, 1610. Don Federico does not appear to have lived up to the hopes of the author, nor of Duke Francesco Maria—he is said to have slid into debauchery, and withdrew from Urbino to Pesaro. Shortly after having himself proclaimed Duke, he was found dead in bed on June 28, 1623, barely 18 years of age. It has never been resolved whether his demise was a result of drunkenness or treachery. At any rate, contemporary accounts indicate that when the Bishop of Pesaro related the news to Federico’s father, Duke Francesco Maria expressed neither surprise nor regret.
  3. Hercules, from the Greek “Alkeides”, descendent of Alceo.
  4. There is a play on words occurring in this passage. In Italian, “fencing” is ”scherma”, and “to fence” is “schermire” while “protection” is ”schermo”. “Defense”, however, while etymologically related in English, is not in Italian (the word is “difesa”).
  5. I.e. reason, nature, art, and practice are causes, whose effect is the discipline of fencing. It is the causes that make the physical manifestation of fencing what it is.
  6. John Florio in A Worlde of Wordes (1598) states that lanterns were once made from gourds—thus a gourd is metaphorically a lantern that cannot illuminate. The expression translated as “switching rapidly from one subject to another” is idiomatic in the original text, and a literal translation would have been unclear.
  7. This seems somewhat peculiar, but “terza” is stated here again; perhaps “quarta” was intended.
  8. The braccio is literally the arm, but is also a unit of measure, the length of the arm.
  9. “…the first narrow one” i.e. “la prima stretta”. This passage is problematic—“wide measure” may thus be taken as “the first narrow measure”, vis-à-vis the second narrow measure, the “fixed foot narrow measure” that is defined immediately following—see also line #112 which indicates two narrow measures, one of the fixed foot, and one of the increased pace, and also various references to the need to come to narrow measure before entering the tempo of striking. However, this conflicts with the definition of measure given in the “Definition of some terms”, #4, which identifies narrow measure as that of the fixed foot. Capo Ferro may use “misura stretta” in two senses, both the general sense of “in measure” and the more specific sense of “fixed foot measure”. Alternately, “la prima stretta” may be taken as “the first closure” in the sense of a grasping. Regardless, this conveys that wide measure is the first distance achieved which is “in measure”.
  10. This appears to describe an arrest with reassemblement.
  11. “…half a tempo” i.e. “mezzo tempo”.
  12. This is the only place wherein definitions are given of the straight line and the oblique line, critical technical terms employed frequently throughout the text.
  13. “Of the body” (“della vita”) refers here to the trunk.
  14. The “skew” of the body is its profile.
  15. I.e. the weight of the body and right leg are carried on the left leg while in guard.
  16. In the lunge, the weight is on the right leg.
  17. I.e. to pretend, to perform a pretense or feint
  18. A unit of measure variously from a palm’s width up to 10 inches.
  19. The phrase “straddling it without touching” is, in the original, “cavalcandola senza toccare”. To select a single English equivalent may obscure Capo Ferro’s meaning. The verb “cavalcare” means to ride (a horse), to straddle, or to span (e.g. as a bridge spans a stream). This phrase may thus be understood to imply that, in stringering, my sword extends past the point of "intersection" with my enemy’s (i.e. spans, or straddles it) while staying close to and exerting (or more properly, enabling) control over it (i.e. riding it), but without touching (toccare) it until the moment of attack.
  20. The distinction between the art and the use is explained here. The art is, in a sense, the ideal of fencing, derived solely from its guiding precepts, and was discussed up until this point. The use, however, which follows, includes a variety of effects (body evasions, passatas, feints, the use of the dagger, and so on) that may deviate from the pure art of the straight line. Thus apparent contradictions between advice given by Capo Ferro up to this point regarding tactics to be eschewed, and the same tactics that he subsequently demonstrates, are better understood as being not contradictory per se, but rather to pertain to the use but not the art.
  21. These recommendations appear to be taken from Antonio Manciolino’s Opera Nova, p. 3 recto.
  22. The term "completed blow" ("colpo finito" in the original") refers to a full cut, as opposed to a half cut, e.g. a full mandritto as opposed to a mezzo mandritto.
    The term "colpo finito" is clearly used in this fashion by dall'Agocchie in his Opera Necessaria, pg. 28 recto: "You know that the mandritto sgualimbro begins at the left shoulder, and finishes at the right knee of the enemy, and for this was named ‘colpo finito’. The mezzo mandritto is of the same nature; nonetheless through not being a ‘colpo finito’, and also through being of less tempo, it comes to be called 'mezzo mandritto'." The term is used by Manciolino as well, on pg. 4 verso: "If one finds himself close to the enemy, he must never throw a ‘colpo finito’, because the sword must not distance itself from the presence for the safety of him who holds it, and this throwing of an imperfect blow is called ‘mezzo tempo’”. The term is thus equivalent to Angelo Viggiani’s “colpo intiero” (“full blow”), as he describes it in similar terms to Manciolino’s (i.e. a perfect blow of a full tempo, vis-à-vis the imperfect half blow that requires a half tempo; see Viggiani's Lo Schermo, pg. 64 recto: “Thus a full tempo is a full perfect blow, because that would be a perfect motion and tempo; and a mezo tempo would then be (as you said) a mezo rovescio, a mezo mandritto.”
    A completed blow is thrown so as to cut the full length of the opponent's body, while a half blow is thrown so as to stop short of this. The completed blow therefore takes longer (a full tempo), and leaves one more open, both at the beginning (because of the windup to generate power) and at the end (because the sword finishes in a location that is outside a good guard). These reasons are probably why Capo Ferro advises against disengaging to throw a completed blow when the enemy has gained your sword—to willing give up both tempo and defensive positioning when one has already lost the sword is foolhardy in the extreme.
  23. Capo Ferro appears to be defining “guard” here in the restricted sense of the rotational orientation of the sword, that is, the degree to which the wrist of the sword hand is turned.
    These definitions are almost certainly taken directly from Camillo Agrippa’s Trattato di Scientia d’Arme, Part I, Ch. I, pp. 1 verso to 2 recto. Clearly the positions of the hand with respect to the body (e.g. "even with the shoulder") are not to be taken literally, at least not in all cases, in Capo Ferro's system. Note moreover that the plates often show, and biomechanics dictate, that his terza at times partakes of second in third, and similarly his quarta at times partakes of third in fourth; there is a certain amount of play in the hand positions actually employed.
  24. I.e. terza.
  25. I.e. quarta.
  26. Only when in measure are all the movements and reposes to be regarded as tempos, since the entirety of coming to measure is a single tempo, regardless of length.
  27. These five tempos in which to strike are almost identical to those listed by Giovanni dall'Agocchie, pg. 29 recto.
  28. Note that in the plates that follow, figures continue to be labeled as A through F, generally representing the starting position of each figure. Quinta and sesta are not otherwise explained as prima through quarta were, but as judged by these plates and the occurrences of these two guards in the sections on dagger and rotella, they apparently describe guards involving an auxiliary arm, where the sword is low, usually in terza or less often in quarta, while the left hand is held either low for quinta, or high for sesta.
  29. A through G indicate the positions of bodily members while in guard, as, for example, while seeking measure. H through M indicate the positions of bodily members upon the completion of the lunge.
  30. Note that the term “stringere” is used in this passage for both drawing close to the body of the enemy (“stringere la vita”), and in the sense of stringering of the sword (“stringere la spada”). This has made the translation somewhat awkward; I have translated “stringere” as “draw close” or “stringer”, and rendered “stringimenti” as “closings” in this passage, to reflect these different meanings, although the verb is identical in the original.
  31. Page is numbered 50 rather than 54, but seems to appear in the correct place in the book.
  32. “Pectoral” i.e. “poccia”— properly, a breast or nipple. I use “pectoral” to distinguish between “a breast” (one side of the chest) and “the breast” (the chest in general), on the assumption that Capo Ferro is not being so specific as to recommend aiming precisely for the nipple.
  33. This final maneuver is difficult to interpret; the subjects of the actions are not specified. It is possible that the meaning is that once D has parried, then C (being somewhat retired) may pass to the right with his left leg while holding his own sword in two hands, thereby turning his body somewhat and consequently freeing his sword out from under D’s, and then strike D in the chest.
  34. “Scannatura”: literally, “butchering”.
  35. While it is not explicitly stated, C must disengage in some fashion in order to parry D’s attempted thrust to C’s face on the outside. It is likely that C disengages under to parry the high thrust with his own point high, then abandons the engagement by lowering his point in seconda to strike the flank. A less likely possibility given the order in which events are described is that he disengages over and parries outward and low by lowering his point in seconda, essentially as a transport.
  36. “In his approach” refers to D’s approach with a passata; C’s counter is to slip measure by withdrawing the leg, then execute the parry and scannatura described.
  37. This final counter by B appears simply to be the scannatura once more.
  38. For clarification of the footwork accompanying primo tempo vis-à-vis dui tempi parries, see “Explanation of some terms of fencing” #7, “Of the parries”.
  39. This passage presents some difficulty—C is not described as disengaging in the beginning of this plate, only as having parried in fourth (which would not require a disengage since D was described as having begun on the outside and then disengaged to attack). It is possible that the subsequent “counterdisengage” by D is D’s own return to outside stringimento following an initial disengage to the inside by way of a feint.
  40. “Sloping line” i.e. “linea pendiculare”—a downwardly angled, that is hanging or sloping line. Thus when the adversary’s sword is high, one must point one’s sword upwards, and similarly when the adversary’s sword is low, one must point one’s sword downwards in order to stringer it. In these cases it is apparently necessary to depart from the straight line in order to stringer.
  41. I.e. “schiodatura”, from “schiodare”, “to loosen or unnail”. A prying action may be implied by the name.
  42. In practice, actually disarming the enemy has proven difficult unless some forward motion (toward the opponent) with the flat of the dagger accompanies the parry to the outside.
  43. “Parrying his attack therewith” i.e. at the same time. Note that the picture shows the parry being accomplished with the dagger.
  44. In guardia di testa (“head guard”), the sword is held high with the point forward and somewhat to the left, hand usually in seconda. See Manciolino pg. 7 verso, or Marozzo Ch. 143, which includes illustration.
  45. Note that the plate clarifies that this is the adversary’s inside, i.e. your outside.
  46. Presumably the adversary’s outside, so most likely an attack in quarta with opposition using your true edge.
  47. I.e. a blow to the head.
  48. The agents are poorly delineated in this section. Figure A is the actor subscripted in the text as A; figure E is that subscripted as E.
  49. “…they were touching each other” i.e. “si toccavano”. Actual engagement and use of sentiment is uniquely specified in this plate. The agent applies pressure through the sword, provoking the patient to cut with a riverso, to which the agent responds with a thrust with the sword that serves to block said cut, and simultaneously thrusts with the dagger.
  50. “Guardia stretta”—i.e. narrow guard, generally a guard in which the hilt is low and the point forward.
  51. “Guardia larga”—i.e. wide guard, generally a guard in which the hilt is low and the point is not aimed at the enemy.
  52. “Falso”—a defense using a rising false edge cut under the enemy’s attack to displace it out and up.
  53. “Targa”—a handheld rectangular buckler, usually corrugated; familiar to English readers of di Grassi as a “square target”. “Brocchiero”—a small handheld round buckler.
  54. Again, the agents are poorly delineated; superscript E refers to figure E, while superscript F refers to figure F.
  55. “Guardia di faccia”—i.e. face guard, a guard in which arm is extended at shoulder height and the point is forward with the hand in quarta. See Manciolino pg. 8 recto, or Marozzo Ch. 143, which includes illustration.
  56. This section resembles the advice given by dall’Agocchie on pg. 32 verso as the method to learn when one has only one month to prepare for a duel, as well as the heart of Viggiani’s entire schermo. I find it tempting to speculate that the alternation of an attack from prima with a parry of a riverso may have been a commonplace in the didactic repertoire of Italian maestri of the time, perhaps reserved for the paying customer who wanted quick results.