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| <p>I will now discuss the sword and cape, or cloak, as quickly and briefly as possible. You can employ the cape in two circumstances. One is when you cannot carry a dagger. The other when you are attacked by surprise, and it is easier to wrap your cape than put your hand to your dagger, that is when you have your dagger at the back and not at your side. </p>
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| <p>'''I''' ''will now discuss the sword and cape, or cloak, as quickly and briefly as possible. You can employ the cape in two circumstances. One is when you cannot carry a dagger. The other when you are attacked by surprise, and it is easier to wrap your cape than put your hand to your dagger, that is when you have your dagger at the back and not at your side.''</p>
  
<p>Because most people without quarrels carry them almost always, then when the time comes to reach for their swords, cannot find them, because they cannot reach with their left hand. You should therefore wear it on your right side, to have full control over it. However, I will speak no more of the dagger now, being enough merely to have indicated to carry the weapon at your side. </p>  
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<p>''Because most people without quarrels carry them almost always, then when the time comes to reach for their swords, cannot find them, because they cannot reach with their left hand. You should therefore wear it on your right side, to have full control over it. However, I will speak no more of the dagger now, being enough merely to have indicated to carry the weapon at your side.''</p>  
  
<p>Finding yourself therefore in a place where you cannot carry daggers, it is likely that employing the cape or cloak will be useful. I say that wishing to wrap the cape or cloak, you should let the part of the cape over your right shoulder drop behind you, then turn your left hand (that is the palm) upwards, grabbing the hem with your hand half a ''braccio'' under the shoulder, or less, depending on what you find comfortable. When you let the cape or cloak fall from your left shoulder onto your left arm, which will remain completely covered, you will perform one turn only, to the right towards your hand, letting the other part of the cape fall low towards your leg. You will execute this wrap very quickly, and not act as many do, who wrap all of it around their arm, because by letting it hang low brings you have many advantages, which I will describe. </p>
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<p>''Finding yourself therefore in a place where you cannot carry daggers, it is likely that employing the cape or cloak will be useful. I say that wishing to wrap the cape or cloak, you should let the part of the cape over your right shoulder drop behind you, then turn your left hand (that is the palm) upwards, grabbing the hem with your hand half a ''braccio'' under the shoulder, or less, depending on what you find comfortable. When you let the cape or cloak fall from your left shoulder onto your left arm, which will remain completely covered, you will perform one turn only, to the right towards your hand, letting the other part of the cape fall low towards your leg. You will execute this wrap very quickly, and not act as many do, who wrap all of it around their arm, because by letting it hang low brings you have many advantages, which I will describe.''</p>
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<p>''Having wrapped the cape, as I discussed, I want you to bring your left side a half-pace forward, keeping your sword to the outside, below your hand. Standing in this manner, if your enemy delivers a cut to your head, either a ''dritto'' or ''roverso'', I want you to parry with your sword’s ''forte'', meeting him to the face in that tempo, bringing your right foot forward with a long and resolute pass forward.''</p>
| <p>Having wrapped the cape, as I discussed, I want you to bring your left side a half-pace forward, keeping your sword to the outside, below your hand. Standing in this manner, if your enemy delivers a cut to your head, either a ''dritto'' or ''roverso'', I want you to parry with your sword’s ''forte'', meeting him to the face in that tempo, bringing your right foot forward with a long and resolute pass forward. </p>
 
  
<p>However, if he cuts to your leg with a ''roverso'', while you are in the above position, raise your sword-hand a little and deliver a perpendicular ''imbroccata'', bringing your right leg forward with your arm extended. Take care to void somewhat, but not by much, to enter with less danger. </p>
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<p>''However, if he cuts to your leg with a ''roverso'', while you are in the above position, raise your sword-hand a little and deliver a perpendicular ''imbroccata'', bringing your right leg forward with your arm extended. Take care to void somewhat, but not by much, to enter with less danger.''</p>
  
<p>If he cuts a ''mandritto'' to your legs, I want you to defend immediately with the hanging portion of your cape, in the meantime turning your hand with a thrust in the centre of his chest, where you find him most uncovered. </p>
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<p>''If he cuts a ''mandritto'' to your legs, I want you to defend immediately with the hanging portion of your cape, in the meantime turning your hand with a thrust in the centre of his chest, where you find him most uncovered.''</p>
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<p>''Take note never to cover your face with your cape-arm, because your enemy could deliver a point to your body, or cut to your leg while you cover your face.''</p>
| <p>Take note never to cover your face with your cape-arm, because your enemy could deliver a point to your body, or cut to your leg while you cover your face. </p>
 
  
<p>Even if he cuts to your head with a ''dritto'' o ''roverscio'', I do not wish you to move to parry with your cape, but to meet him to the face, controlling with the ''forte'' of your sword as I described above. </p>
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<p>''Even if he cuts to your head with a ''dritto'' o ''roverscio'', I do not wish you to move to parry with your cape, but to meet him to the face, controlling with the ''forte'' of your sword as I described above.''</p>
  
<p>If the enemy attempts these tempos, you can respond, making decisions step by step, depending on the tempo that arises, taking note of what your enemy can accomplish. </p>
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<p>''If the enemy attempts these tempos, you can respond, making decisions step by step, depending on the tempo that arises, taking note of what your enemy can accomplish.''</p>
  
<p>Here I will end the rule of the sword and cape, it suffices that you know how to wrap it, and how you conduct yourself. We will now speak of the sword and dagger, on the advantages of a gauntlet, and also on using it without a gauntlet with as little danger as possible. </p>
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<p>''Here I will end the rule of the sword and cape, it suffices that you know how to wrap it, and how you conduct yourself. We will now speak of the sword and dagger, on the advantages of a gauntlet, and also on using it without a gauntlet with as little danger as possible.''</p>
 
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| <p>You will understand how play with the sword and dagger is governed best and with the least risk possible, conducting yourself in the manner that I will explain in this discussion. </p>
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| <p>'''Y'''''ou will understand how play with the sword and dagger is governed best and with the least risk possible, conducting yourself in the manner that I will explain in this discussion.''</p>
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| {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/27|1|lbl=23.1|p=1}}
  
<p>Firstly, you must take care to carry your body well. I want to observe only three forms to place yourself in, although there are many guards which many have written of, and which I will discuss somewhat, however I do not observe them, since everything can be accomplished with three guards. </p>
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| <p>''Firstly, you must take care to carry your body well. I want to observe only three forms to place yourself in, although there are many guards which many have written of, and which I will discuss somewhat, however I do not observe them, since everything can be accomplished with three guards.''</p>
  
<p>It is very true, that at times in play or combat you find yourself performing many things in many forms, but if you consider carefully you will find that it is all the same, comprising of the three guards I will describe. Even if they seem to be different things. When concluding, that is in wounding, you will find that the three forms I observe contain every blow you can perform. Furthermore those I describe, I hold to be the most expedient and least dangerous, from which you can wound in just one tempo the most, also without disordering your body. </p>
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<p>''It is very true, that at times in play or combat you find yourself performing many things in many forms, but if you consider carefully you will find that it is all the same, comprising of the three guards I will describe. Even if they seem to be different things. When concluding, that is in wounding, you will find that the three forms I observe contain every blow you can perform. Furthermore those I describe, I hold to be the most expedient and least dangerous, from which you can wound in just one tempo the most, also without disordering your body.''</p>
  
<p>For this reason, there are no movements that are contrived or forced – which arise only for entertainment, but only very natural ones, which are not lost to the force of rage. Those who teach should be take careful note of this, since confrontations do not occur if not in anger. </p>
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<p>''For this reason, there are no movements that are contrived or forced – which arise only for entertainment, but only very natural ones, which are not lost to the force of rage. Those who teach should be take careful note of this, since confrontations do not occur if not in anger.''</p>
  
<p>It is true that you should train your body in every way, since agility counts for much in this art, but recognising the tempo is much more important, as you have already seen, and as you will see, you cannot act rashly. </p>
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<p>''It is true that you should train your body in every way, since agility counts for much in this art, but recognising the tempo is much more important, as you have already seen, and as you will see, you cannot act rashly.''</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/27|2|lbl=23.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/28|1|lbl=24.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>The first form is very useful and is observed in this manner: place yourself with your sword-arm extended in a straight line, with your dagger-arm long, covering your face with it, keeping it somewhat extended, with the point up. Stand sideways in line with your right side, keeping your weapons close together. </p>
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| <p>''The first form is very useful and is observed in this manner: place yourself with your sword-arm extended in a straight line, with your dagger-arm long, covering your face with it, keeping it somewhat extended, with the point up. Stand sideways in line with your right side, keeping your weapons close together.''</p>
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<p>''Standing in this form, if the enemy delivers a cut to your head, I do not want you to parry with your dagger, but to meet it with the ''forte'' of your sword, as you would with the sword alone, towards the face.''</p>
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<p>''If in this instant he wishes to parry with his dagger, beating your sword, disengage underneath and wound him to the face along the centre line; or else raise your hand, landing the point perpendicular over the dagger, freeing your sword as he moves to beat it.''</p>
  
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<p>''Standing in this form, equally if he wishes to deliver a ''dritto'' cut to your head, you can parry with the ''forte'' of your sword and in the same tempo put your dagger to his sword, allowing the point of your sword to land under the enemy’s right flank, in that same tempo pushing the thrust forward by stepping your right foot forward. If the enemy disengages underneath, towards your left flank, be alert, beating his sword away with your dagger, from the wrist, wounding him to the face, then withdrawing into the same posture.''</p>
| <p>Standing in this form, if the enemy delivers a cut to your head, I do not want you to parry with your dagger, but to meet it with the ''forte'' of your sword, as you would with the sword alone, towards the face. </p>
 
  
<p>If in this instant he wishes to parry with his dagger, beating your sword, disengage underneath and wound him to the face along the centre line; or else raise your hand, landing the point perpendicular over the dagger, freeing your sword as he moves to beat it. </p>
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<p>''If your enemy thrusts at you during the withdrawal, void your body a little, and catch your enemy’s sword between your sword and dagger, that is with your dagger above and your sword below, and attack him to the face.''</p>
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<p>''If your enemy delivers a ''roverso'' to your head, meet it with your weapons accompanied together, taking care to parry with your sword’s ''forte'' quickly accompanied by your dagger. Since your enemy attacks with a great blow to your head, parry with your sword as he has the advantage, and if you parried with your dagger you would come off worse. Many incidents have shown that the dagger wielded poorly is the death of a man. It is extremely hard to parry a great cut with the dagger, because if it does not catch the sword with its ''forte'', it can easily become dislodged from your hand, or you are struck on the hand. Therefore, those without great tempos with the help of voids of the body, should not move to parry the cut with their dagger, but with the ''forte'' of their sword.''</p>
| <p>Standing in this form, equally if he wishes to deliver a ''dritto'' cut to your head, you can parry with the ''forte'' of your sword and in the same tempo put your dagger to his sword, allowing the point of your sword to land under the enemy’s right flank, in that same tempo pushing the thrust forward by stepping your right foot forward. If the enemy disengages underneath, towards your left flank, be alert, beating his sword away with your dagger, from the wrist, wounding him to the face, then withdrawing into the same posture. </p>
 
  
<p>If your enemy thrusts at you during the withdrawal, void your body a little, and catch your enemy’s sword between your sword and dagger, that is with your dagger above and your sword below, and attack him to the face.</p>
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<p>''If your enemy wants to catch your sword with his dagger, to attack your legs, note that you must execute the following action. With his body low he will cover himself under his dagger. Given that he wants to find your sword with his dagger, be quick to free it with a small void of the body back, while all in the same tempo wounding him under his dagger. If you free your sword quickly, you will find a very large tempo in which to enter, with his blow remaining half-finished. In other words, he cannot reach your legs, because he brings his head forward, such that he cannot land, while you maintain your sword unhindered. I have explained the reason why previously, when discussing the sword alone.''</p>
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<p>''It is true that even in this clash you can wound him to the leg, but in this manner: you must pressure your enemy such that he cannot disengage underneath, if not to the outside where your dagger could not impede him. Having pressed him in this manner, you can attack with little danger. However, for a greater advantage, I want you to follow a different rule: that is having pressured your enemy, to enter strongly with a thrust. You will move with little risk of being wounded, and you will wound quickly. But as I said I do not observe these methods, as they are very dangerous.''</p>
| <p>If your enemy delivers a ''roverso'' to your head, meet it with your weapons accompanied together, taking care to parry with your sword’s ''forte'' quickly accompanied by your dagger. Since your enemy attacks with a great blow to your head, parry with your sword as he has the advantage, and if you parried with your dagger you would come off worse. Many incidents have shown that the dagger wielded poorly is the death of a man. It is extremely hard to parry a great cut with the dagger, because if it does not catch the sword with its ''forte'', it can easily become dislodged from your hand, or you are struck on the hand. Therefore, those without great tempos with the help of voids of the body, should not move to parry the cut with their dagger, but with the ''forte'' of their sword. </p>
 
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<p>''Let us return to our subject matter, the centre line, in the first guard. Suppose someone is in a well-covered guard, in whatever form he wishes. Move to press him, and note carefully how he holds his sword: whether high or low. Then in tempo move to press him (as I said), and look to wound him where he is most uncovered. Be quick in attack, and quick in recovering back; so if by chance you enter and he follows up, the quick withdrawal will defend you, taking care as you attack to meet his ''debole'' with your ''forte''.''</p>
| <p>If your enemy wants to catch your sword with his dagger, to attack your legs, note that you must execute the following action. With his body low he will cover himself under his dagger. Given that he wants to find your sword with his dagger, be quick to free it with a small void of the body back, while all in the same tempo wounding him under his dagger. If you free your sword quickly, you will find a very large tempo in which to enter, with his blow remaining half-finished. In other words, he cannot reach your legs, because he brings his head forward, such that he cannot land, while you maintain your sword unhindered. I have explained the reason why previously, when discussing the sword alone. </p>  
 
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<p>''In executing this, you have time to defend and attack within the same tempo, as you see fit, which you will perform as follows. That is, if while the enemy attacks you find your step forward, having delivered your attack, the tempo will permit you to gather and defend simultaneously; if you are gathered, I want you to defend and enter in that same tempo.''</p>
| <p>It is true that even in this clash you can wound him to the leg, but in this manner: you must pressure your enemy such that he cannot disengage underneath, if not to the outside where your dagger could not impede him. Having pressed him in this manner, you can attack with little danger. However, for a greater advantage, I want you to follow a different rule: that is having pressured your enemy, to enter strongly with a thrust. You will move with little risk of being wounded, and you will wound quickly. But as I said I do not observe these methods, as they are very dangerous. </p>
 
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<p>''If your enemy keeps his sword low, I want you to press him, with one foot gathering behind the other, and as you find yourself in distance to land, to enter covering his ''debole'' with your ''forte'' without touching his sword. If during this action he beats your sword from high to low, disengage with your wrist, and wound him to the face over his dagger. If he beats your sword with his dagger to the outside, return inside with your sword and wound him underneath.''</p>
| <p>Let us return to our subject matter, the centre line, in the first guard. Suppose someone is in a well-covered guard, in whatever form he wishes. Move to press him, and note carefully how he holds his sword: whether high or low. Then in tempo move to press him (as I said), and look to wound him where he is most uncovered. Be quick in attack, and quick in recovering back; so if by chance you enter and he follows up, the quick withdrawal will defend you, taking care as you attack to meet his ''debole'' with your ''forte''. </p>
 
  
<p>In executing this, you have time to defend and attack within the same tempo, as you see fit, which you will perform as follows. That is, if while the enemy attacks you find your step forward, having delivered your attack, the tempo will permit you to gather and defend simultaneously; if you are gathered, I want you to defend and enter in that same tempo. </p>
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<p>''Note that you must have a quick eye, to see where your enemy brings his dagger, and that many will give you a large tempo in which to enter. They disorder themselves with the dagger, and make a thousand movements, which are harmful, whereas you can always enter on the centre line.''</p>
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<p>''In this first form you do not have to use your dagger to beat your enemy’s sword, except in cases where you have delivered a blow and you sword remains out of presence, then your enemy attacks so quickly that you cannot reset your sword; whereupon I want you to beat with your dagger, gathering your step to recover your sword. But avoid reducing yourself to these conditions, which are dangerous. It suffices that I teach you this solution, so that in such cases not all is lost, and in some manner you can take decisions in combat.''</p>
| <p>If your enemy keeps his sword low, I want you to press him, with one foot gathering behind the other, and as you find yourself in distance to land, to enter covering his ''debole'' with your ''forte'' without touching his sword. If during this action he beats your sword from high to low, disengage with your wrist, and wound him to the face over his dagger. If he beats your sword with his dagger to the outside, return inside with your sword and wound him underneath. </p>
 
  
<p>Note that you must have a quick eye, to see where your enemy brings his dagger, and that many will give you a large tempo in which to enter. They disorder themselves with the dagger, and make a thousand movements, which are harmful, whereas you can always enter on the centre line. </p>
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<p>''Standing in this form, you can perform feints in the following manner: if you feint to the face, your enemy must bring up his dagger to parry. If he does not go for the feint, enter in that tempo. If he does go for the feint disengage to the other side. If while you perform the feint your enemy wishes to parry and enter, employ your dagger, beating his sword, and enter with a disengage, not letting your sword become impeded, understanding your advantages. This is as much as I want to say on this first form.''</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/28|1|lbl=24.1|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|29|lbl=25|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|30|lbl=26|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|31|lbl=27|p=1}} {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/32|1|lbl=28.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>In this first form you do not have to use your dagger to beat your enemy’s sword, except in cases where you have delivered a blow and you sword remains out of presence, then your enemy attacks so quickly that you cannot reset your sword; whereupon I want you to beat with your dagger, gathering your step to recover your sword. But avoid reducing yourself to these conditions, which are dangerous. It suffices that I teach you this solution, so that in such cases not all is lost, and in some manner you can take decisions in combat. </p>
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| <p>''Here is the second form, in which you place yourself with your sword high, and your arm extended, keeping your sword’s point high, so that your enemy cannot discern where your sword will fall. Here beating with the dagger is beneficial, and I would keep it with the arm extended, a gauntlet being very useful in this instance.''</p>
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<p>''While you are in this form, always try to stay with your step as narrow as possible, meaning in the form you find most strong and comfortable, keeping your right shoulder forward as much as you can, positioning yourself somewhat to your left on the side of your dagger, that is over your left leg. Keep your dagger extended, covering your face. Positioned over your left side, you will deliver thrusts with less effort, and recover more quickly.''</p>
| <p>Standing in this form, you can perform feints in the following manner: if you feint to the face, your enemy must bring up his dagger to parry. If he does not go for the feint, enter in that tempo. If he does go for the feint disengage to the other side. If while you perform the feint your enemy wishes to parry and enter, employ your dagger, beating his sword, and enter with a disengage, not letting your sword become impeded, understanding your advantages. This is as much as I want to say on this first form. </p>
 
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<p>''In this second form I encourage you to deliver a long thrust, extending your arm well, and keeping your body in profile. While you are in this form, watch how your enemy sets himself, because how he sets himself will determine how to conduct yourself from the rules I will describe.''</p>
| <p>Here is the second form, in which you place yourself with your sword high, and your arm extended, keeping your sword’s point high, so that your enemy cannot discern where your sword will fall. Here beating with the dagger is beneficial, and I would keep it with the arm extended, a gauntlet being very useful in this instance. </p>
 
  
<p>While you are in this form, always try to stay with your step as narrow as possible, meaning in the form you find most strong and comfortable, keeping your right shoulder forward as much as you can, positioning yourself somewhat to your left on the side of your dagger, that is over your left leg. Keep your dagger extended, covering your face. Positioned over your left side, you will deliver thrusts with less effort, and recover more quickly. </p>
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<p>''Firstly, if your enemy delivers a thrust, I want you to beat with your dagger, and in that same tempo enter where he is most uncovered, noting whether the thrust arrives low and perpendicular, or if it comes along the centre line.''</p>
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<p>''If the thrust arrives perpendicular, I want you to beat it to the outside with your dagger towards the right side, because it is quickest and easiest, and in that same tempo bring down your sword, likewise delivering a thrust, quickly returning back with your step.''</p>
| <p>In this second form I encourage you to deliver a long thrust, extending your arm well, and keeping your body in profile. While you are in this form, watch how your enemy sets himself, because how he sets himself will determine how to conduct yourself from the rules I will describe. </p>
 
  
<p>Firstly, if your enemy delivers a thrust, I want you to beat with your dagger, and in that same tempo enter where he is most uncovered, noting whether the thrust arrives low and perpendicular, or if it comes along the centre line. </p>
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<p>''If the enemy thrust along the centre line, you can defend in three ways. The first is from high to low, when he thrusts at the middle of your chest, entering in that same tempo, voiding your body as much as you can, passing, and always keeping your dagger over his sword to stop him raising his sword. If he does so, it will easily return to your dagger, or else he will be forced to disengage to one side or the other.''</p>
  
<p>If the thrust arrives perpendicular, I want you to beat it to the outside with your dagger towards the right side, because it is quickest and easiest, and in that same tempo bring down your sword, likewise delivering a thrust, quickly returning back with your step. </p>
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<p>''You can parry in the second way when his sword falls towards your left side, beating it to the outside to the left side;<ref>This seems to refer to the outside of the dagger arm, not the sword arm.</ref> and if he delivers his thrust to your right side, beat his sword to the outside towards your right flank. Here beat with your wrist, always entering in that tempo, both beating and delivering the blow.''</p>
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<p>''You can also beat in this third way. When your enemy delivers his thrust, bring your left side somewhat out of the presence of your enemy, gathering your right step, so that with any minimal help from the dagger you will parry his thrust and can wound him.''</p>
| <p>If the enemy thrust along the centre line, you can defend in three ways. The first is from high to low, when he thrusts at the middle of your chest, entering in that same tempo, voiding your body as much as you can, passing, and always keeping your dagger over his sword to stop him raising his sword. If he does so, it will easily return to your dagger, or else he will be forced to disengage to one side or the other. </p>
 
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<p>''Now I wish to talk about pressing the enemy in this same guard. Take careful note of how the enemy positions himself, because it is very useful for recognising this tempo, which is as follows. If the enemy keeps his sword long, press it in this manner: move forward with a half-step, until you arrive with your dagger two ''palmi'' above your enemy’s sword. Be alert, if he attacks in this tempo, beat it, and enter. If he does not attack you can enter likewise by beating, or rather finding his sword with your dagger.''</p>
| <p>You can parry in the second way when his sword falls towards your left side, beating it to the outside to the left side;<ref>This seems to refer to the outside of the dagger arm, not the sword arm.</ref> and if he delivers his thrust to your right side, beat his sword to the outside towards your right flank. Here beat with your wrist, always entering in that tempo, both beating and delivering the blow. </p>
 
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<p>''If your enemy keeps his sword short, move to press him in this manner. Advance enough so you know you can reach him without budging your foot, keeping your body in guard. When you are at the tempo where you can reach him, deliver a thrust freely, quickly returning into guard. You need not worry if you are well covered by the enemy’s dagger, just that his sword is withdrawn. Standing in this posture the enemy can easily deliver a free thrust, which you can defend returning the attack in that single tempo. Take care not to leave your body too far forward, such that you lack time to quickly withdraw. You must be aware of all of these matters, so as not to disorder yourself, so you are in control recovering quickly.''</p>
| <p>You can also beat in this third way. When your enemy delivers his thrust, bring your left side somewhat out of the presence of your enemy, gathering your right step, so that with any minimal help from the dagger you will parry his thrust and can wound him. </p>
 
 
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{{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/32|2|lbl=28.2|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|33|lbl=29|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|34|lbl=30|p=1}} {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/35|1|lbl=31.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>Now I wish to talk about pressing the enemy in this same guard. Take careful note of how the enemy positions himself, because it is very useful for recognising this tempo, which is as follows. If the enemy keeps his sword long, press it in this manner: move forward with a half-step, until you arrive with your dagger two ''palmi'' above your enemy’s sword. Be alert, if he attacks in this tempo, beat it, and enter. If he does not attack you can enter likewise by beating, or rather finding his sword with your dagger. </p>
+
| <p>''There is another tempo from this guard, which is certainly difficult, but resolute. It is by pressing your enemy so much that your sword is a ''palmo'' from his body, keeping your dagger-arm as extended as possible, voiding your body, keeping your sword (meaning your point) in the enemy’s presence. In that tempo you will beat, and enter with a thrust.''</p>
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+
<p>''As I say this is difficult, but resolute and good where you can secure yourself, wearing a mail shirt, and you must deal with those who set themselves in guard, waiting for the other to attack first. It takes great judgement to know the distance, and also to see if you enemy will attack in that tempo, while standing in this form. If your enemy attacks with a cut, either a ''dritto'' or ''roverso'', you can parry with your dagger, entering in that same tempo. If he attacks the legs you can meet him to the face, since you will have a great advantage, as I described above. Here I will end on the second guard.''</p>
| <p>If your enemy keeps his sword short, move to press him in this manner. Advance enough so you know you can reach him without budging your foot, keeping your body in guard. When you are at the tempo where you can reach him, deliver a thrust freely, quickly returning into guard. You need not worry if you are well covered by the enemy’s dagger, just that his sword is withdrawn. Standing in this posture the enemy can easily deliver a free thrust, which you can defend returning the attack in that single tempo. Take care not to leave your body too far forward, such that you lack time to quickly withdraw. You must be aware of all of these matters, so as not to disorder yourself, so you are in control recovering quickly. </p>
 
 
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 +
{{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/35|2|lbl=31.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/36|1|lbl=32.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| <p>There is another tempo from this guard, which is certainly difficult, but resolute. It is by pressing your enemy so much that your sword is a ''palmo'' from his body, keeping your dagger-arm as extended as possible, voiding your body, keeping your sword (meaning your point) in the enemy’s presence. In that tempo you will beat, and enter with a thrust. </p>
+
| <p>''I will now discuss the third guard, or rather posture, and how you govern yourself with the sword and dagger, with all the advantages that it brings. The third guard is in this form: you should put your left foot forward, in a moderate pace,<ref>In the original: ''passo giusto''.</ref> with your left arm extended, ensuring your hand is in line with the face, with the dagger-point high, keeping your right-arm somewhat bent, and your sword-hand away from your body somewhat. Your sword point should be level with your dagger-hand about one ''palmo'' apart. In this form you will be very well-covered, and you can conduct yourself depending on the tempo and motion of your enemy.''</p>
  
<p>As I say this is difficult, but resolute and good where you can secure yourself, wearing a mail shirt, and you must deal with those who set themselves in guard, waiting for the other to attack first. It takes great judgement to know the distance, and also to see if you enemy will attack in that tempo, while standing in this form. If your enemy attacks with a cut, either a ''dritto'' or ''roverso'', you can parry with your dagger, entering in that same tempo. If he attacks the legs you can meet him to the face, since you will have a great advantage, as I described above. Here I will end on the second guard. </p>
+
<p>''For example if your enemy attacks you with a ''dritto'' to the head, I want you to simply beat it with your dagger. But meet it with your dagger’s ''forte'', and in that tempo enter with a thrust, putting your right foot forward, as feels natural, then quickly bring it back behind. However keep your dagger-arm in place, so if your enemy then redoubles his blow you can defend it, which will be in the following manner.''</p>
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+
<p>''If your enemy delivers a ''mandritto'', parry and enter in that tempo. If in stepping you abandon your dagger-arm, and the enemy redoubles his attack with a ''roverso'' or ''dritto'', he could easily hit you. But if you hold firm with your dagger you can parry the second blow, and return an attack in the same tempo.''</p>
| <p>I will now discuss the third guard, or rather posture, and how you govern yourself with the sword and dagger, with all the advantages that it brings. The third guard is in this form: you should put your left foot forward, in a moderate pace,<ref>In the original: ''passo giusto''.</ref> with your left arm extended, ensuring your hand is in line with the face, with the dagger-point high, keeping your right-arm somewhat bent, and your sword-hand away from your body somewhat. Your sword point should be level with your dagger-hand about one ''palmo'' apart. In this form you will be very well-covered, and you can conduct yourself depending on the tempo and motion of your enemy. </p>
 
  
<p>For example if your enemy attacks you with a ''dritto'' to the head, I want you to simply beat it with your dagger. But meet it with your dagger’s ''forte'', and in that tempo enter with a thrust, putting your right foot forward, as feels natural, then quickly bring it back behind. However keep your dagger-arm in place, so if your enemy then redoubles his blow you can defend it, which will be in the following manner. </p>
+
<p>''If he delivers a ''roverso'' cut to your head, I want you to parry with your dagger, performing a slight void of the body, and bringing your right foot back a little; also delivering your attack in that tempo, and quickly retreating into guard.''</p>
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<p>''If he attacks your legs with a ''dritto'' or ''roverso'', you can defend in one of two ways.''</p>
| <p>If your enemy delivers a ''mandritto'', parry and enter in that tempo. If in stepping you abandon your dagger-arm, and the enemy redoubles his attack with a ''roverso'' or ''dritto'', he could easily hit you. But if you hold firm with your dagger you can parry the second blow, and return an attack in the same tempo. </p>
 
  
<p>If he delivers a ''roverso'' cut to your head, I want you to parry with your dagger, performing a slight void of the body, and bringing your right foot back a little; also delivering your attack in that tempo, and quickly retreating into guard. </p>
+
<p>''One is, as he attacks you, to gather your left leg next to your right. When your enemy’s sword passes you can enter with a thrust, or cut, as you desire. In truth, in this defence of withdrawing the leg you must carefully watch the distance of the enemy’s sword. If the middle of it approaches when attacking your leg, you will not be able to withdraw it enough to avoid being hit; and I do not wish you to use it if it arrives rapidly.''</p>
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<p>''The second method is this. If the enemy attacks your leg, you can parry with the dagger and enter in that same tempo, resolutely before the enemy can recover. Note however that this entry is only for one who is armoured, and would be very difficult and dangerous if you are not armoured, and I do not recommend you use it. But when armoured it is excellent, because it has the advantage of the step, delivering a longer and more powerful blow.''</p>
| <p>If he attacks your legs with a ''dritto'' or ''roverso'', you can defend in one of two ways. </p>
 
  
<p>One is, as he attacks you, to gather your left leg next to your right. When your enemy’s sword passes you can enter with a thrust, or cut, as you desire. In truth, in this defence of withdrawing the leg you must carefully watch the distance of the enemy’s sword. If the middle of it approaches when attacking your leg, you will not be able to withdraw it enough to avoid being hit; and I do not wish you to use it if it arrives rapidly. </p>
+
<p>''In this form you can also press your enemy so much that you come to dominate his sword with your dagger. Observe, once you have begun to gain it, not to abandon it, but to follow it always forward, since possessing it is beneficial. Having executed this, your sword will always be free, to strike liberally where you please. However if you allow him to recover it, he will have a great advantage over you.''</p>
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<p>''Here I find that I have satisfied my promise, and what I have judged necessary for this profession. Nor should anyone object, saying I have not written anything in particular for those who are left-handed or sinister as it is commonly called. Because having taught how to attack and parry, depending on the guards, the art can be adapted to the left-handed as much as the right. There is no difference between them except in relation.''</p>
| <p>The second method is this. If the enemy attacks your leg, you can parry with the dagger and enter in that same tempo, resolutely before the enemy can recover. Note however that this entry is only for one who is armoured, and would be very difficult and dangerous if you are not armoured, and I do not recommend you use it. But when armoured it is excellent, because it has the advantage of the step, delivering a longer and more powerful blow. </p>
 
  
<p>In this form you can also press your enemy so much that you come to dominate his sword with your dagger. Observe, once you have begun to gain it, not to abandon it, but to follow it always forward, since possessing it is beneficial. Having executed this, your sword will always be free, to strike liberally where you please. However if you allow him to recover it, he will have a great advantage over you. </p>
+
<p>''May everyone understand me well, and practice well, because I am sure of the benefits to those who praise my efforts, and perhaps one day I will give them something more.''</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/36|2|lbl=32.2|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|37|lbl=33|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|38|lbl=34|p=1}} {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/39|1|lbl=35.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>Here I find that I have satisfied my promise, and what I have judged necessary for this profession. Nor should anyone object, saying I have not written anything in particular for those who are left-handed or sinister as it is commonly called. Because having taught how to attack and parry, depending on the guards, the art can be adapted to the left-handed as much as the right. There is no difference between them except in relation. </p>
+
| <p>''THE END.''</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/39|2|lbl=35.2|p=1}}
<p>May everyone understand me well, and practice well, because I am sure of the benefits to those who praise my efforts, and perhaps one day I will give them something more. </p>
 
 
 
<p>'''THE END. '''</p>
 
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Revision as of 21:33, 23 March 2024

Alfonso Falloppia
Born Lucca
Occupation Fencing master
Patron Ranuccio Farnese
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (1584)

Alfonso Falloppia was a 16th century Italian soldier and fencing master. Little is known about his life, but he identifies himself as a native of Lucca, and describes himself as "Ensign of the Fortress of Bergamo".

In 1584, he published a treatise on the use of the rapier entitled Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire ("New and Brief Method of Fencing"). It was dedicated to Ranuccio Farnese, who was 15 years old at the time of publication and would become Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Castro.

It has been suggested the Falloppia may be the student of Silvio Piccolomini in Brescia mentioned in 1580 by the French diarist Michel De Montaigne during his tour of Italy.

On Monday I dined at the house of Sir Silvio Piccolomini, very well known for his virtue, and in particular for the science of fencing. Many topics were put forward, and we were in the company of other gentlemen. He disdains completely the art of fencing of the Italian masters, of the Venetian, of Bologna, Patinostraro (sic), and others. In this he praises only a student of his, who is in Brescia where he teaches certain gentlemen this art.

He says there is no rule or art in the common teaching, he particularly denounces the practice of pushing your sword forward, putting it in the power of the enemy; then the passing attack; or repeating another assault and stopping, because he says this is completely different to what you see by experience from combatants.[1]

While the timeframe is plausible there is no further evidence to corroborate this theory, and it remains speculation. Furthermore there are no marked similarities between the treatises of Falloppia and Federico Ghisliero (a self-declared student of Piccolomini) although curiously they both dedicate their respective treatises to the same patron, Ranuccio Farnese, within three years of each other.

Treatise

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. de Montaigne, Michel. Journal du voyage de Michel de Montaigne en Italie, par la Suisse & l'Allemagne en 1580 & 1581, Volume 1. Paris, 1774.p.284.
  2. The palmo (plural palmi) is an antique unit of measurement. Its precise length varied by location, but was typical around 25cm.
  3. The braccio is another antique unite of measurement, whose length varied by location. A Milanese braccio for example was 59.49cm, or approximately 23.4 inches.
  4. Contrapassare.
  5. In other words, towards the right.
  6. This seems to refer to the outside of the dagger arm, not the sword arm.
  7. In the original: passo giusto.