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Difference between revisions of "Die Blume des Kampfes"

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| <p>[2] <section begin="armor 10"/>Note: a good deceptive duelling technique (''kampffstuck'') on foot, in armour. When you are in the Arena and want weapons and want the end to be promptly given—then take your sword exposed by the blade in your left hand so that the point stands upright and your [spear]spike ascending in your right hand.
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And if he then steps toward you with his spear, and he proceeds to charge at you, then prepare to throw [yours] at him, and yet you do want to exchange throws with each other, then profur him at the third moment throw the Spear strongly at him and so you run at him while the shot causes him concern and he must parry the spear away—then seize your sword by the hand and hilt, and shove it strongly at him, and whilst he attempts to recover, then go at him and fall in under him to penetrate in with both hands and arms onto his, or by the arse, and pull him strongly toward you.
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During the pull, place your head low on his chest, and penetrate and break him high on his chest with the head quickly, over your arm on to his back, and do this bravely and quickly with your force, so you will freely succeed, so must you also learn well how to shoot forward with the spear and sword.<section end="armor 10"/></p>
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| <p>[2] <section begin="shield 2"/>A shot<ref>Presently, a term more commonly associated with firearms evidently originated with throwing of javelins. Schiessen means ‘shooting’, but it is also indicative of ‘throwing’, ‘launching’, ‘discharging’ etc.</ref> with the spear: take your sword by the blade in your left hand and spear in the right hand. Angle the [spear-]shaft forward, and raise the hilt of the sword to place them together<ref>A similar method of holding the weapons together is found in [[Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS Thott.290.2º)|Talhoffer]].</ref> to quite spontaneously<ref>Lexer equates “Torlich” with ''temerarius'': accidental, rash, thoughtless. I have used the term ‘spontaneous’ in order to avoid an undesirable connotation in English.</ref> charge at him. And if he runs in directly at you whilst you are justly charging, then thrust upwards quickly with the sword and with the shaft hand, and shoot in at him. And whilst there is this protection (''schutz''), then run in at him with the sword and stab. With this action yet he cannot yet come around to his sword, and thereby tackle (''unterlauff''<ref>Lit: “run under”, “pass under”, “undermine”</ref>) his spear as well so that he may not have a shot at you and thus stab at him quite hard until he comes in to the sword.<section end="shield 2"/></p>
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| <p>[3] <section begin="shield 2"/>A shot<ref>Presently, a term more commonly associated with firearms evidently originated with throwing of javelins. Schiessen means ‘shooting’, but it is also indicative of ‘throwing’, ‘launching’, ‘discharging’ etc.</ref> with the spear: take your sword by the blade in your left hand and spear in the right hand. Angle the [spear-]shaft forward, and raise the hilt of the sword to place them together<ref>A similar method of holding the weapons together is found in [[Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS Thott.290.2º)|Talhoffer]].</ref> to quite spontaneously<ref>Lexer equates “Torlich” with ''temerarius'': accidental, rash, thoughtless. I have used the term ‘spontaneous’ in order to avoid an undesirable connotation in English.</ref> charge at him. And if he runs in directly at you whilst you are justly charging, then thrust upwards quickly with the sword and with the shaft hand, and shoot in at him. And whilst there is this protection (''schutz''), then run in at him with the sword and stab. With this action yet he cannot yet come around to his sword, and thereby tackle (''unterlauff''<ref>Lit: “run under”, “pass under”, “undermine”</ref>) his spear as well so that he may not have a shot at you and thus stab at him quite hard until he comes in to the sword.<section end="shield 2"/></p>
 
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| <p>[3] <section begin="shield 3"/>A good shot or stabbing blow with the spear, and in this you go quite maliciously and discretely against someone:<ref>This is evidently Talhoffer’s second position for throwing ([[Page:Ms.XIX.17-3 06r.png|MS XIX.17-3, 6r]]; [[Page:MS 78.A.15 10r.jpg|MS 78.A.15, 10r]]; [[Page:MS KK5342 06r.png|MS KK5342, 6r]])</ref> So take the spear forward to wield in both forearmed upturned<ref>''Gewappent'' can mean “armed” whilst ''verwant'' can mean “relatively”.</ref> hands. Angle your right side arm and leg forward, so that if someone steps toward you with a sword or spear it is then that you want to reveal your spear, and in doing so you may well allow him to run right up to the half-spear, then at that point, step back quickly with your right leg so that you let your spear go around above the head in your right hand, so you may have your spear sufficiently ahead of you and thus may your spear strike him well with the iron[-point], or else shoot it in whatever way you want. That means you go quite level and proceed directly.<section end="shield 3"/></p>
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| <p>[4] <section begin="shield 4"/>Either a shot with the spear or with the sword, such that someone cannot be guarded from it, and also someone cannot be sure whether you will shoot. Thus take the spear or the sword in hand and turn the point (spike, ''spitz'') towards him, and shoot low in front of you, so that you may well dissipate a strong shot. Also do not pull it upwards because the opponent will rightly want to take a shot. And similarly, if you notice that he wants to do, then tread yourself away.<section end="shield 4"/></p>
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| <p>[5] <section begin="shield 3"/>A good shot or stabbing blow with the spear, and in this you go quite maliciously and discretely against someone:<ref>This is evidently Talhoffer’s second position for throwing ([[Page:Ms.XIX.17-3 06r.png|MS XIX.17-3, 6r]]; [[Page:MS 78.A.15 10r.jpg|MS 78.A.15, 10r]]; [[Page:MS KK5342 06r.png|MS KK5342, 6r]])</ref> So take the spear forward to wield in both forearmed upturned<ref>''Gewappent'' can mean “armed” whilst ''verwant'' can mean “relatively”.</ref> hands. Angle your right side arm and leg forward, so that if someone steps toward you with a sword or spear it is then that you want to reveal your spear, and in doing so you may well allow him to run right up to the half-spear, then at that point, step back quickly with your right leg so that you let your spear go around above the head in your right hand, so you may have your spear sufficiently ahead of you and thus may your spear strike him well with the iron[-point], or else shoot it in whatever way you want. That means you go quite level and proceed directly.<section end="shield 3"/></p>
 
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| <p>[4] <section begin="shield 4"/>Either a shot with the spear or with the sword, such that someone cannot be guarded from it, and also someone cannot be sure whether you will shoot. Thus take the spear or the sword in hand and turn the point (spike, ''spitz'') towards him, and shoot low in front of you, so that you may well dissipate a strong shot. Also do not pull it upwards because the opponent will rightly want to take a shot. And similarly, if you notice that he wants to do, then tread yourself away.<section end="shield 4"/></p>
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| <p>[6] <section begin="shield 5"/>If you want to take a shot at someone with the spear, then jump or step always outside him on your left side, so he cannot then hit you if the shot is always struck at your right side and at his left hand.<section end="shield 5"/></p>
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| <p>[5] <section begin="shield 5"/>If you want to take a shot at someone with the spear, then jump or step always outside him on your left side, so he cannot then hit you if the shot is always struck at your right side and at his left hand.<section end="shield 5"/></p>
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| <p>[6] <section begin="shield 6"/>A good charge (''einlauffen'') when in armour with the spear: Take the spear and the sword together in both hands and wield the sword discretely so that someone will not notice it. And when someone steps toward you with a spear and has his sword separate when he charges lancingly (''stecken''<ref>Ebers, Vol.5 (1799, 354-355) “Stecken, signifies also, to pitch, to drive or thrust in, to stick”. Pfahle stecken “to set Pales, to drive or thurst them into the ground” also referring to “auf einen Pfahl stekcen, spießen: to impale”. It also follows the implication to Plant, i.e. trees into the ground. Also consider the meanings of “einer Sache das Ziel stecken: to stop the Course of a Thing”, “ein Ziel stecken: to set an Aim or a Mark to aim at”, “sich in Noth stecken: to engage, embark or intangle in a dulle Piece of Trouble”. “Ich weiß wo es steckt: I know the Difficulty of it”. The term stëchen means to Stab, but with a driving action. Such a meaning caused it to be used variously as a synonym for tournament jousting (das turnieren), particularly in poetic works (http://woerterbuchnetz.de/Lexer/?lemid=LS07141 : WIG. SUCH. LIEHT. 71,26. VIRG. 75,5. 546,8. REINFR. B. 27113. ANTEL. 185. 87. FASN. 646,25. CHR. 4. 323,15; 9. 859,2; 10. 375,17). Talhoffer makes use of the term appealing to such chivalric epics in his exordium to Liutold von Koenigsegg. Here we see the logic for why a the sword and spear are to be taken together, as per the preliminary instructions.</ref>), and he attempts to stab at the same time as you, then strike his spear away and run in at him with the sword and stab him. And also stab him upwards from below four times, so is he disarmed with a break against his armour. Then you try to stab him to death, until he goes to draw his sword, and then you jump backward so that he cannot retaliate, and go again towards him according to your advantage.<section end="shield 6"/></p>
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| <p>[8] <section begin="shield 6"/>A good charge (''einlauffen'') when in armour with the spear: Take the spear and the sword together in both hands and wield the sword discretely so that someone will not notice it. And when someone steps toward you with a spear and has his sword separate when he charges lancingly (''stecken''<ref>Ebers, Vol.5 (1799, 354-355) “Stecken, signifies also, to pitch, to drive or thrust in, to stick”. Pfahle stecken “to set Pales, to drive or thurst them into the ground” also referring to “auf einen Pfahl stekcen, spießen: to impale”. It also follows the implication to Plant, i.e. trees into the ground. Also consider the meanings of “einer Sache das Ziel stecken: to stop the Course of a Thing”, “ein Ziel stecken: to set an Aim or a Mark to aim at”, “sich in Noth stecken: to engage, embark or intangle in a dulle Piece of Trouble”. “Ich weiß wo es steckt: I know the Difficulty of it”. The term stëchen means to Stab, but with a driving action. Such a meaning caused it to be used variously as a synonym for tournament jousting (das turnieren), particularly in poetic works (http://woerterbuchnetz.de/Lexer/?lemid=LS07141 : WIG. SUCH. LIEHT. 71,26. VIRG. 75,5. 546,8. REINFR. B. 27113. ANTEL. 185. 87. FASN. 646,25. CHR. 4. 323,15; 9. 859,2; 10. 375,17). Talhoffer makes use of the term appealing to such chivalric epics in his exordium to Liutold von Koenigsegg. Here we see the logic for why a the sword and spear are to be taken together, as per the preliminary instructions.</ref>), and he attempts to stab at the same time as you, then strike his spear away and run in at him with the sword and stab him. And also stab him upwards from below four times, so is he disarmed with a break against his armour. Then you try to stab him to death, until he goes to draw his sword, and then you jump backward so that he cannot retaliate, and go again towards him according to your advantage.<section end="shield 6"/></p>
 
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| <p>[7] <section begin="shield 7"/>Yet again quite a good technique against forearmed hands using the Spear:
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| <p>[9] <section begin="shield 7"/>Yet again quite a good technique against forearmed hands using the Spear:
  
 
If you step towards someone with the spear, then reduce the distance between your hands [''nym In kurtzer In die handt''] than his is, and if he wants to stab at you this way, then rebuke<ref>wîʒen ''stv. II.'' (BMZ III. 781b) ''beachten, bemerken s. die partic. adj.'' gewiʒʒen, ungewiʒʒen; ''mit dat. u. acc.'' (''oder präp.'' umbe DIEM. BÜCHL. WALTH. WIG.) ''jemand einen vorwurf woraus od. weshalb machen, ihm es schuld geben, verweisen, allgem. z. b.'' waʒ wîʒest dû mir? RUL. 50,1. waʒ wîʒet ir mir Hildebrant? BIT. 7655. 980.waʒ wîʒet ir disem wîbe? GLAUB. 2174. daʒ ne darf man ire nicht w. GR.RUD. 21,15. ''vgl. noch'' GEN. D. 62,15. ER.6303. BÜCHL. 2,15. MSF. 40,35. 113,17. NEIDH. XXXVII, 4. XXXIX, 12. LIEHT. 48,9. TROJ. 45829 (''lies'' im ''statt'' in). AMIS L.1937. CRAON 1720. MART. 148,79. ALBR. 1,318. 24,9. HEINR. 4041. SSP. ''prol.'' 14. ''mit abh. s.'' der vater weiʒ in, daʒ GEN.65,12; ''bestrafen'' KCHR. D. 153,29. REINH. 307,445. ENGELH. 1670. ''mit'' ent-, ge-, ver-. ''gt.'' veitan ''nhd. sehen'' (''in gt.'' in-, fraveitan) ''zu skr.'' vid, ''lat.'' videre, gr. ἰδεῖν GSP. 321. Z. 154. CURT.3 227. FICK2 189. ''vgl. wiʒʒen.''</ref> (parry) his stab away with the spear, and whilst you parry, step toward him and stab him with your spear through the surcoat between his legs and let it slope down [''hangen''], during whatever you then drive at him.
 
If you step towards someone with the spear, then reduce the distance between your hands [''nym In kurtzer In die handt''] than his is, and if he wants to stab at you this way, then rebuke<ref>wîʒen ''stv. II.'' (BMZ III. 781b) ''beachten, bemerken s. die partic. adj.'' gewiʒʒen, ungewiʒʒen; ''mit dat. u. acc.'' (''oder präp.'' umbe DIEM. BÜCHL. WALTH. WIG.) ''jemand einen vorwurf woraus od. weshalb machen, ihm es schuld geben, verweisen, allgem. z. b.'' waʒ wîʒest dû mir? RUL. 50,1. waʒ wîʒet ir mir Hildebrant? BIT. 7655. 980.waʒ wîʒet ir disem wîbe? GLAUB. 2174. daʒ ne darf man ire nicht w. GR.RUD. 21,15. ''vgl. noch'' GEN. D. 62,15. ER.6303. BÜCHL. 2,15. MSF. 40,35. 113,17. NEIDH. XXXVII, 4. XXXIX, 12. LIEHT. 48,9. TROJ. 45829 (''lies'' im ''statt'' in). AMIS L.1937. CRAON 1720. MART. 148,79. ALBR. 1,318. 24,9. HEINR. 4041. SSP. ''prol.'' 14. ''mit abh. s.'' der vater weiʒ in, daʒ GEN.65,12; ''bestrafen'' KCHR. D. 153,29. REINH. 307,445. ENGELH. 1670. ''mit'' ent-, ge-, ver-. ''gt.'' veitan ''nhd. sehen'' (''in gt.'' in-, fraveitan) ''zu skr.'' vid, ''lat.'' videre, gr. ἰδεῖν GSP. 321. Z. 154. CURT.3 227. FICK2 189. ''vgl. wiʒʒen.''</ref> (parry) his stab away with the spear, and whilst you parry, step toward him and stab him with your spear through the surcoat between his legs and let it slope down [''hangen''], during whatever you then drive at him.
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| <p>[10] <section begin="armor 10"/>Note: a good deceptive duelling technique (''kampffstuck'') on foot, in armour. When you are in the Arena and want weapons and want the end to be promptly given—then take your sword exposed by the blade in your left hand so that the point stands upright and your [spear]spike ascending in your right hand.
+
| <p>[10] <section begin="shield 8"/>Note; Here there are three techniques described in sequence:
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And if he then steps toward you with his spear, and he proceeds to charge at you, then prepare to throw [yours] at him, and yet you do want to exchange throws with each other, then profur him at the third moment throw the Spear strongly at him and so you run at him while the shot causes him concern and he must parry the spear away—then seize your sword by the hand and hilt, and shove it strongly at him, and whilst he attempts to recover, then go at him and fall in under him to penetrate in with both hands and arms onto his, or by the arse, and pull him strongly toward you.
 
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During the pull, place your head low on his chest, and penetrate and break him high on his chest with the head quickly, over your arm on to his back, and do this bravely and quickly with your force, so you will freely succeed, so must you also learn well how to shoot forward with the spear and sword.<section end="armor 10"/></p>
 
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| <p>[8] <section begin="shield 8"/>Note; Here there are three techniques described in sequence:
 
  
 
The first is a throw with the spear, the other a low stab with the sword, the third is a high stab with the sword and these three deceptive techniques are for when duelling with someone in armour and forearmed in accordance with the German customs of duelling.
 
The first is a throw with the spear, the other a low stab with the sword, the third is a high stab with the sword and these three deceptive techniques are for when duelling with someone in armour and forearmed in accordance with the German customs of duelling.
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| <p>[9] <section begin="shield 9"/>The other [2nd] technique is when you have thrown your spear, and during the shot, thus grasp your sword by the hilt for a low fore-thrust and charge in, so you run his spear away. Yet if he recovers from it, then also step towards him with a varied entry [''schwanken zutritt''] from below to his stomach or done with a strong shot by punching the stab. And if his sword has been harmed by the ''stechen'' and cannot proceed, then allow your Pavise to drop down to strike him at the head, on the arm and hand, for as long as possible until he is hurt by you. And don’t let him come no more to his sword.<section end="shield 9"/></p>
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| <p>[11] <section begin="shield 9"/>The other [2nd] technique is when you have thrown your spear, and during the shot, thus grasp your sword by the hilt for a low fore-thrust and charge in, so you run his spear away. Yet if he recovers from it, then also step towards him with a varied entry [''schwanken zutritt''] from below to his stomach or done with a strong shot by punching the stab. And if his sword has been harmed by the ''stechen'' and cannot proceed, then allow your Pavise to drop down to strike him at the head, on the arm and hand, for as long as possible until he is hurt by you. And don’t let him come no more to his sword.<section end="shield 9"/></p>
 
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| <p>[10] <section begin="shield 10"/>The third is for when you have thrown your spear and run in towards him and given him a strong thrusting stab with a varied approach from the Balance [your stance]<ref>The implication seems to be that the body stands evenly, and using ponderation, the body-weight is transferred forward to take the opponent by surprise.</ref> so that you go through his armour; then stand your ground against him at the sword, if he has withdrawn and exposes the hands, to then cover your openings well with the Pavise. Step towards the back and so it misses your sword hand, moving up with a high thrust blow and step towards him, always keeping your openings covered quite well, and give him yet another high thrust blow under his neck, strengthened using your legs,<ref>''starck aus d[er] wag'', lit: “strong from the balance”, or in other words, with strength from your stance, or derived from the legs. A good example of kinetic linkage perhaps?</ref> and step back yet again and always perform [''treib'', drive] that as long as possible with low stabs and with high stabs, until you overcome him, so that he is hurt by you.<section end="shield 10"/></p>
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| <p>[12] <section begin="shield 10"/>The third is for when you have thrown your spear and run in towards him and given him a strong thrusting stab with a varied approach from the Balance [your stance]<ref>The implication seems to be that the body stands evenly, and using ponderation, the body-weight is transferred forward to take the opponent by surprise.</ref> so that you go through his armour; then stand your ground against him at the sword, if he has withdrawn and exposes the hands, to then cover your openings well with the Pavise. Step towards the back and so it misses your sword hand, moving up with a high thrust blow and step towards him, always keeping your openings covered quite well, and give him yet another high thrust blow under his neck, strengthened using your legs,<ref>''starck aus d[er] wag'', lit: “strong from the balance”, or in other words, with strength from your stance, or derived from the legs. A good example of kinetic linkage perhaps?</ref> and step back yet again and always perform [''treib'', drive] that as long as possible with low stabs and with high stabs, until you overcome him, so that he is hurt by you.<section end="shield 10"/></p>
 
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| <p>[11] <section begin="shield 11"/>[No text]<section end="shield 11"/></p>
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| <p>[12] <section begin="shield 12"/>[No text]<section end="shield 12"/></p>
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| <p>[29] <section begin="armor 22"/>Yet an attack that you set upon him from above, and he wants to defend you and your sword strikes upwards and away. So let your pommel go forward and rotate (''wind'') under both his arms and place your right leg against him, behind his left leg and throw him over with your arms, with the sword under his armpits infront of his chest, over your leg on to his back.<section end="armor 22"/></p>
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| <p>[33] <section begin="armor 29"/>Indeed a good strike technique from an armed man’s hand. If someone does not have armoured legs and drives in the sword in an approach with armed hand and should it come to an engagement, then drop the sword into the Iron Door (''eissnen Pfortten'') and step with your right foot forward and go up from below with a stab out of the Iron Door to his face and if he is wary of this, thus do a double step (''zwiefachen trit'') with your leading right foot on his left side and whilst you step, quickly let your sword go around over your head and cut him up close to his left leg at the calf so that he sits back [into a back stance?]<section end="armor 29"/></p>
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| <p>[22] <section begin="armor 22"/>Yet an attack that you set upon him from above, and he wants to defend you and your sword strikes upwards and away. So let your pommel go forward and rotate (''wind'') under both his arms and place your right leg against him, behind his left leg and throw him over with your arms, with the sword under his armpits infront of his chest, over your leg on to his back.<section end="armor 22"/></p>
 
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| <p>[29] <section begin="armor 29"/>Indeed a good strike technique from an armed man’s hand. If someone does not have armoured legs and drives in the sword in an approach with armed hand and should it come to an engagement, then drop the sword into the Iron Door (''eissnen Pfortten'') and step with your right foot forward and go up from below with a stab out of the Iron Door to his face and if he is wary of this, thus do a double step (''zwiefachen trit'') with your leading right foot on his left side and whilst you step, quickly let your sword go around over your head and cut him up close to his left leg at the calf so that he sits back [into a back stance?]<section end="armor 29"/></p>
 
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Revision as of 21:03, 30 March 2018

“Die Blume des Kampfes”
Cod.10799 287v288r.png
Author(s)
Illustrated by Unknown
Date before 1420s
Genre
Language Early New High German
State of Existence Original hypothetical; multiple
incomplete copies exist
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester

Die Blume des Kampfes (“The Flower of Battle”) is a nickname given to a group of three German manuscripts which share a common technical syllabus and set of illustrations.[1] It might possibly be based on the tradition of 14th century Italian master Fiore de'i Liberi, from whose treatise Fior di Battaglia it derives its nickname, given that his works include considerable overlap in technique and artwork. It is equally possible, though, that they represent a separate transmission of an older tradition of which Fiore was himself an initiate; Fiore mentions in his prefaces that he owned books on the art and he also names two older masters in his tradition, Johane Suveno and Nicholai de Toblem; it is possible that either or both of those masters authored texts which inspired both this tradition as well as Fiore's own writings.

Like Fior di Battaglia, die Blume des Kampfes treats mounted fencing, spear, poleaxe/halberd, sword (both long sword and short sword), dagger (including dagger against sword), and grappling; it also includes unique content such as armored sword and shield and dueling with long shields. In comparison to their Italic counterparts, the Germanic works place a greater emphasis on short sword fencing, doubling the number of devices, and also dwarf Fiore's own rather brief treatment of unarmored grappling. The dagger, sword, and polearm material is all more or less consistent across both traditions, and the explanatory text, though unconnected to that of Fiore, demonstrates a similar understanding or interpretation of the techniques.

Manuscripts

The oldest manuscript in the Blume des Kampfes group is the Cod. 5278, which dates to the 1420s[2] and contains only simple line drawings somewhat reminiscent of the art of Fiore de'i Liberi, though differing in many details, lacking many signature characteristics such as garters and crowns, and generally less organized than the Friulian master's work.

The second entry, included in the MS B.26, was completed in ca. 1500 by Ludwig VI von Eyb;[3] it contains a significant degree of overlap with the 5278, though both manuscripts also have a wealth of unique content. While the artwork, apart from being colored, is of similar quality, Eyb's treatise surpasses its fellow by including detailed German descriptions of the devices in most of its sections. (It cannot currently be determined whether this text was authored by Eyb or present in the sources upon which he based his work, but the rest of the material in the B.26 appears to have been unaltered from its sources.)

The final manuscript, Cod. 10799, is dated 1623 and is again text-less.[4] Unlike the previous two manuscripts, however, it is illustrated with watercolors of high quality; it is also the most extensive of the three by far, encompassing nearly every device from both works as well as a number of unique devices that suggest that it was either not derived directly from the other two known manuscripts, or that it used additional sources currently unknown to us. Additionally, where the other two include war books derived from Konrad Kyeser's famous treatise on siege warfare Bellifortis, the artist of the 10799 only included the few Bellifortis illustrations that seem to portray knights and soldiers, perhaps indicating that he did not understand what he was copying. Aside from the Blume des Kampfes material, the 10799 also has a good deal of extra content including portrayals of laying down and taking up the sword, Germanic sash wrestling, armored dagger and buckler, and the sword dance.

There is a fourth Germanic manuscript potentially connected to this tradition, the Cod.Guelf.78.2 Aug.2º. This manuscript, dating to between 1465 and 1480,[5] includes a version of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital, a complete set of illustrations from Gladiatoria, and a brief excerpt of Bellifortis. Tucked away amidst these works are illustrations of fencing with sword, spear, ax, and dagger that parallel the teachings of the Blume des Kampfes but only occasionally replicate the artwork exactly. While this may simply be a case of an overambitious artist reinterpreting the illustrations he was copying, the differences are too many to include the manuscript in the concordance below.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ This group has passed unnoticed until very recently, and has not been identified in any previous work on fencing manuals; indeed, most bibliographies of German fencing manuals do not even contain all of the relevant manuscripts. Wierschin (1965) includes only the 10799, and does not appear to have examined it in any depth. Hils (1985) includes only the B.26, and characteristically attributes its content to Hans Talhoffer. Anglo (2001) mentions only the 10799, which he describes in a brief footnote as derived from the Codex Wallerstein (Cod. I.6.4º.2). Bodemer (2008) likewise only briefly mentions the B.26. Finally, Leng (2008) includes both 5278 and B.26, but without the 10799 to make their connection clear he dismisses both as redactions of the work of Fiore de'i Liberi. All four bibliographies include the Cod. guelf. 78.2 Aug. 2º, but do not attempt any explanation for the illustrations connected with this group. None of the treatments of Fiore de'i Liberi's tradition to date have attempted to address these manuscripts either.
  2. ↑ The manuscript mentions a duel between Heinrich von Ramstein and Juan de Merlo which occurred on 12 December 1428; the library catalog dates it to ca. 1420/25.
  3. ↑ The dedication on folio Ar includes the date 1500.
  4. ↑ The dedication on folio 1r states that it was begun in 1623.
  5. ↑ According to the library catalog entry.
  6. ↑ Presently, a term more commonly associated with firearms evidently originated with throwing of javelins. Schiessen means ‘shooting’, but it is also indicative of ‘throwing’, ‘launching’, ‘discharging’ etc.
  7. ↑ A similar method of holding the weapons together is found in Talhoffer.
  8. ↑ Lexer equates “Torlich” with temerarius: accidental, rash, thoughtless. I have used the term ‘spontaneous’ in order to avoid an undesirable connotation in English.
  9. ↑ Lit: “run under”, “pass under”, “undermine”
  10. ↑ This is evidently Talhoffer’s second position for throwing (MS XIX.17-3, 6r; MS 78.A.15, 10r; MS KK5342, 6r)
  11. ↑ Gewappent can mean “armed” whilst verwant can mean “relatively”.
  12. ↑ Ebers, Vol.5 (1799, 354-355) “Stecken, signifies also, to pitch, to drive or thrust in, to stick”. Pfahle stecken “to set Pales, to drive or thurst them into the ground” also referring to “auf einen Pfahl stekcen, spießen: to impale”. It also follows the implication to Plant, i.e. trees into the ground. Also consider the meanings of “einer Sache das Ziel stecken: to stop the Course of a Thing”, “ein Ziel stecken: to set an Aim or a Mark to aim at”, “sich in Noth stecken: to engage, embark or intangle in a dulle Piece of Trouble”. “Ich weiß wo es steckt: I know the Difficulty of it”. The term stëchen means to Stab, but with a driving action. Such a meaning caused it to be used variously as a synonym for tournament jousting (das turnieren), particularly in poetic works (http://woerterbuchnetz.de/Lexer/?lemid=LS07141 : WIG. SUCH. LIEHT. 71,26. VIRG. 75,5. 546,8. REINFR. B. 27113. ANTEL. 185. 87. FASN. 646,25. CHR. 4. 323,15; 9. 859,2; 10. 375,17). Talhoffer makes use of the term appealing to such chivalric epics in his exordium to Liutold von Koenigsegg. Here we see the logic for why a the sword and spear are to be taken together, as per the preliminary instructions.
  13. ↑ wîʒen stv. II. (BMZ III. 781b) beachten, bemerken s. die partic. adj. gewiʒʒen, ungewiʒʒen; mit dat. u. acc. (oder präp. umbe DIEM. BÜCHL. WALTH. WIG.) jemand einen vorwurf woraus od. weshalb machen, ihm es schuld geben, verweisen, allgem. z. b. waʒ wîʒest dû mir? RUL. 50,1. waʒ wîʒet ir mir Hildebrant? BIT. 7655. 980.waʒ wîʒet ir disem wîbe? GLAUB. 2174. daʒ ne darf man ire nicht w. GR.RUD. 21,15. vgl. noch GEN. D. 62,15. ER.6303. BÜCHL. 2,15. MSF. 40,35. 113,17. NEIDH. XXXVII, 4. XXXIX, 12. LIEHT. 48,9. TROJ. 45829 (lies im statt in). AMIS L.1937. CRAON 1720. MART. 148,79. ALBR. 1,318. 24,9. HEINR. 4041. SSP. prol. 14. mit abh. s. der vater weiʒ in, daʒ GEN.65,12; bestrafen KCHR. D. 153,29. REINH. 307,445. ENGELH. 1670. mit ent-, ge-, ver-. gt. veitan nhd. sehen (in gt. in-, fraveitan) zu skr. vid, lat. videre, gr. ἰδεῖν GSP. 321. Z. 154. CURT.3 227. FICK2 189. vgl. wiʒʒen.
  14. ↑ The Bohemian Pavise, a form of shield as shown in the illustration named after the city of Pavia, Italy. It became the quintessential duelling weapon, being featured heavily in the Weisskunig. Here it takes the German form of the noun, Pavessen. Because of its size (up to a yard wide, and four or more feet tall) it often became grouped to form a shield-wall known as a Pavisade. It also tended to be used heavily by archers in the English wars with France (Fosbroke 1843, 880)
  15. ↑ The implication seems to be that the body stands evenly, and using ponderation, the body-weight is transferred forward to take the opponent by surprise.
  16. ↑ starck aus d[er] wag, lit: “strong from the balance”, or in other words, with strength from your stance, or derived from the legs. A good example of kinetic linkage perhaps?
  17. ↑ This is evidently the Gerader Versatzung (Meyer, Rapier: 2.74r; Forgeng 2006, 195), or Kron/Crown (Hutter CGM 3711, 41r-42r; Sollinger MS 38.21.Aug.2°, 46r-47r ).
  18. ↑ Lit: “the balance on both sides”
  19. ↑ This play has a resemblance to Kal, BSB Cgm 1507, 22v, this seems to be Hundsfeldts fourth guard.
  20. ↑ Lit: “grip around”
  21. ↑ Lit: “run-in”
  22. ↑ Lit: “set upon”
  23. ↑ Lit: “get-around”
  24. ↑ ewich = entwicht, entkommt
  25. ↑ The word “fall” in some narratives is known to have been used as euphemism for dying.
  26. ↑ Typo! The writer meant "Anclitz".
  27. ↑ This same term appears in Lecküchner, Cgm 582, 130v; Cod.Pal.Germ.430, 66r; http://www.hammaborg.de/pdf/transkriptionen/leckuechner_cgm582/zabinski_mitchell_fritz_leckuchner.pdf, p378.
  28. ↑ lind = 1. mild, lieblich ; 2. geschmeidig, weich
  29. ↑ This paragraph is identical in wording (though not spelling) to folio 35r-a.
  30. ↑ This paragraph is identical in wording (though not spelling) to folio 35r-b.
  31. ↑ This one reads in the first person, much akin to dei Liberi, and is different in tone to the other instructions.
  32. ↑ This technique appears to be the logical set-up for 42v-d.
  33. ↑ Leather from deer
Early Italian masters
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Agrippa 1553 01.jpg
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