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Difference between revisions of "Alfonso Falloppia"

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| <p>'''I''' ''will start by briefly discussing the sword alone, being the foremost among all the other arms, in the manner that follows. Firstly, a man who wishes to employ this sort of weapon should settle his body with this method: with his right foot forward, standing in profile, somewhat bending his left knee, in a half-pace. His sword arm should be extended, with his hand a ''palmo''<ref>The ''palmo'' (plural ''palmi'') is an antique unit of measurement. Its precise length varied by location, but was typical around 25cm.</ref> above his head, and his point perpendicular towards the chest of his enemy. He can perform thrusts and cuts as he sees fit, in tempo, taking care to deliver the blows quickly, and to return quickly into his starting posture, ensuring the blows are long, stretching out his body, and extending his step as far as he can.''</p>
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| <p>'''I''' ''will start by briefly discussing the sword alone, being the foremost among all the other arms, in the manner that follows. Firstly, a man who wishes to employ this sort of weapon should settle his body with this method: with his right foot forward, standing in profile, somewhat bending his left knee, in a half-pace. His sword arm should be extended, with his hand a ''palmo''<ref>The ''palmo'' (plural ''palmi'') is an antique unit of measurement. Its precise length varied by location, but was typical around 25cm.</ref> above his head, and his point perpendicular towards the chest of his enemy. He can perform thrusts and cuts as he sees fit, in ''tempo'', taking care to deliver the blows quickly, and to return quickly into his starting posture, ensuring the blows are long, stretching out his body, and extending his step as far as he can.''</p>
  
<p>''Having acquired this habit with much practice, he will do the same in anger, no differently than when in his natural state. From this guard he can practice beats with the hand, voids of the body – either backwards, or to the sides, as the tempo takes him; and this first form can serve in many instances in the play of the sword.''</p>  
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<p>''Having acquired this habit with much practice, he will do the same in anger, no differently than when in his natural state. From this guard he can practice beats with the hand, voids of the body – either backwards, or to the sides, as the ''tempo'' takes him; and this first form can serve in many instances in the play of the sword.''</p>  
 
| {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/7|1|lbl=3.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/7|1|lbl=3.1}}
  
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| <p>''There is also a second, lower form, which demands the centre line, which it governs, keeping your arm extended in line with your shoulder, such that your hilt faces your enemy’s shoulder, while your face is covered by the hilt.''</p>
 
| <p>''There is also a second, lower form, which demands the centre line, which it governs, keeping your arm extended in line with your shoulder, such that your hilt faces your enemy’s shoulder, while your face is covered by the hilt.''</p>
  
<p>''By leaning your head towards your sword-shoulder, while standing in this fashion, if your enemy delivers a ''mandritto'' cut to your head, you can parry it inside, meeting him to the face in that same tempo. If he attacks you with a ''roverso'' to the head you can parry to the outside and meet him to the face.''</p>
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<p>''By leaning your head towards your sword-shoulder, while standing in this fashion, if your enemy delivers a ''mandritto'' cut to your head, you can parry it inside, meeting him to the face in that same ''tempo''. If he attacks you with a ''roverso'' to the head you can parry to the outside and meet him to the face.''</p>
  
 
<p>''If he attacks your legs while you are in this said posture, you can meet him to the face, or lower, pulling your leg back toward the other. Reason dictates that with the sword alone, if someone attacks the legs, they will run onto the point of your sword with their face, without you having to parry; which many do, parrying at their legs with the sword. If two play with the sword alone, maintaining the centre line, and one drops to the legs, he always brings his head forward, and if he meets his enemy’s sword (which is easily done), he will find that his own sword does not reach.''</p>
 
<p>''If he attacks your legs while you are in this said posture, you can meet him to the face, or lower, pulling your leg back toward the other. Reason dictates that with the sword alone, if someone attacks the legs, they will run onto the point of your sword with their face, without you having to parry; which many do, parrying at their legs with the sword. If two play with the sword alone, maintaining the centre line, and one drops to the legs, he always brings his head forward, and if he meets his enemy’s sword (which is easily done), he will find that his own sword does not reach.''</p>
  
<p>''While I do not approve of attacks to the legs while the sword is in presence, because it carries great risk, you can quite well wound to the leg with the sword alone, but look for the tempo where enemy’s sword moves out of presence, or else parry a cut with cover, and quickly respond to the legs, quickly jumping back to avoid clashing, which can happen with the sword in your face, when you drop to the legs.''</p>
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<p>''While I do not approve of attacks to the legs while the sword is in presence, because it carries great risk, you can quite well wound to the leg with the sword alone, but look for the ''tempo'' where enemy’s sword moves out of presence, or else parry a cut with cover, and quickly respond to the legs, quickly jumping back to avoid clashing, which can happen with the sword in your face, when you drop to the legs.''</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/7|2|lbl=3.2|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|8|lbl=4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/9|1|lbl=5.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/7|2|lbl=3.2|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf|8|lbl=4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (Alfonso Falloppia) 1584.pdf/9|1|lbl=5.1|p=1}}
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| <p>''You can attack to the legs with a void to the sides, but note carefully the position of your enemy’s sword, because with a void of the body to the side, if you are not quick to defend well, you can be struck on the head by a ''mandritto'', or ''roverscio'' depending on which side you move to.''</p>
 
| <p>''You can attack to the legs with a void to the sides, but note carefully the position of your enemy’s sword, because with a void of the body to the side, if you are not quick to defend well, you can be struck on the head by a ''mandritto'', or ''roverscio'' depending on which side you move to.''</p>
  
<p>''However, I say that attacking the legs with the sword alone is highly dangerous. If you do not have a great tempo, or great quickness of body, it is not beneficial. If you parry a cut to the legs with your sword, it carries great risk, that by a turn of the wrist you are struck to the head. Therefore, you should not parry in this manner. It is better to extend your point in a straight line, pulling your leg a little towards yourself, turning your body, thereby striking your enemy with ease.''</p>
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<p>''However, I say that attacking the legs with the sword alone is highly dangerous. If you do not have a great ''tempo'', or great quickness of body, it is not beneficial. If you parry a cut to the legs with your sword, it carries great risk, that by a turn of the wrist you are struck to the head. Therefore, you should not parry in this manner. It is better to extend your point in a straight line, pulling your leg a little towards yourself, turning your body, thereby striking your enemy with ease.''</p>
  
<p>''While two play with the sword alone, you should also be advised that when one delivers a thrust, you can meet it with your sword and wound in the same tempo, and do so easily. This is because it is greatly advantageous to wait for the other to strike. Because in attacking you first he brings his ''debole'' onto your ''forte''. While you hold the centre line, however the attacks, either inside or outside, you can easily meet him, turning your hand to the side where your enemy moves to strike.''</p>
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<p>''While two play with the sword alone, you should also be advised that when one delivers a thrust, you can meet it with your sword and wound in the same ''tempo'', and do so easily. This is because it is greatly advantageous to wait for the other to strike. Because in attacking you first he brings his ''debole'' onto your ''forte''. While you hold the centre line, however the attacks, either inside or outside, you can easily meet him, turning your hand to the side where your enemy moves to strike.''</p>
  
<p>''If he strikes to the inside, you can meet it with your ''forte'', turning your hand somewhat, such that the enemy’s sword remains out of presence, while yours wounds first, in that tempo. If he strikes to the outside, towards your sword-shoulder, you can meet it with the ''forte'' of your sword, bringing your body slightly to the outside, towards his face. I advise that the ''forte'' of your sword is from the hilt to within one ''braccio''<ref>The ''braccio'' is another antique unite of measurement, whose length varied by location. A Milanese ''braccio'' for example was 59.49cm, or approximately 23.4 inches.</ref> of the point.''</p>
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<p>''If he strikes to the inside, you can meet it with your ''forte'', turning your hand somewhat, such that the enemy’s sword remains out of presence, while yours wounds first, in that ''tempo''. If he strikes to the outside, towards your sword-shoulder, you can meet it with the ''forte'' of your sword, bringing your body slightly to the outside, towards his face. I advise that the ''forte'' of your sword is from the hilt to within one ''braccio''<ref>The ''braccio'' is another antique unite of measurement, whose length varied by location. A Milanese ''braccio'' for example was 59.49cm, or approximately 23.4 inches.</ref> of the point.''</p>
  
<p>''If your enemy wishes to gain your sword, keep watch, so that when he moves his sword, before he has an advantage over yours, you do not disengage with a wide tempo, but to free your sword and enter in one tempo. While he takes two tempos, one to gain your sword and another to attack, you only perform the motion of not letting your sword be found and wounding in that same tempo.''</p>
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<p>''If your enemy wishes to gain your sword, keep watch, so that when he moves his sword, before he has an advantage over yours, you do not disengage with a wide ''tempo'', but to free your sword and enter in one ''tempo''. While he takes two ''tempi'', one to gain your sword and another to attack, you only perform the motion of not letting your sword be found and wounding in that same ''tempo''.''</p>
  
<p>''If it happens that you cannot execute this with diligence and speed, and he gains your sword, do not try and force it free. This would have no effect whatsoever, you can however free it in this manner: by retreating back somewhat, with a void of your body, which will free your sword. You can then follow-up by attacking, or finding your enemy’s sword, or waiting in guard – to enter when the tempo arises.''</p>
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<p>''If it happens that you cannot execute this with diligence and speed, and he gains your sword, do not try and force it free. This would have no effect whatsoever, you can however free it in this manner: by retreating back somewhat, with a void of your body, which will free your sword. You can then follow-up by attacking, or finding your enemy’s sword, or waiting in guard – to enter when the ''tempo'' arises.''</p>
  
<p>''If your enemy delivers a great cut, meet it with your ''forte'' and enter in that same tempo, since you will easily parry and wound in one tempo. If he delivers a thrust, and you have the sword alone, you must watch his sword, to understand where his point may land, and how close you are. Because if you are close to the enemy, you must be aware of where his sword moves. If the point arrives low, you must meet it with your ''forte'', fleeing with a small void to the side, that is to say dodging the point. Take care however not to void such that your point leaves the centre line, and your enemy’s presence, because you can easily attack in that same tempo, applying this skill.''</p>
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<p>''If your enemy delivers a great cut, meet it with your ''forte'' and enter in that same ''tempo'', since you will easily parry and wound in one ''tempo''. If he delivers a thrust, and you have the sword alone, you must watch his sword, to understand where his point may land, and how close you are. Because if you are close to the enemy, you must be aware of where his sword moves. If the point arrives low, you must meet it with your ''forte'', fleeing with a small void to the side, that is to say dodging the point. Take care however not to void such that your point leaves the centre line, and your enemy’s presence, because you can easily attack in that same ''tempo'', applying this skill.''</p>
  
<p>''If your enemy delivers a thrust, and you are not very close, you must judge the distance, and void your body back, not shifting your sword from the centre line or from your enemy’s presence, since you can easily meet his sword with your ''forte'' and attack. Because by voiding backwards you bring the enemy’s ''debole'' onto your ''forte'', and he cannot wound you without first gathering his step, taking another longer tempo, as follows. Having delivered the thrust, which fell short, the enemy can recover in this way: keeping his arm on the centre line, with a quick eye to recover his sword which finds itself at your ''forte'', he then gathers his left foot towards his right, with either a long or short step, depending on how you moved.''</p>
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<p>''If your enemy delivers a thrust, and you are not very close, you must judge the distance, and void your body back, not shifting your sword from the centre line or from your enemy’s presence, since you can easily meet his sword with your ''forte'' and attack. Because by voiding backwards you bring the enemy’s ''debole'' onto your ''forte'', and he cannot wound you without first gathering his step, taking another longer ''tempo'', as follows. Having delivered the thrust, which fell short, the enemy can recover in this way: keeping his arm on the centre line, with a quick eye to recover his sword which finds itself at your ''forte'', he then gathers his left foot towards his right, with either a long or short step, depending on how you moved.''</p>
  
<p>''However, you must be quick with your eyes and legs, and have resolve in your play, and not act as many do, who having delivered their blow, which the enemy defended, remain disordered, not knowing how to take further actions, not considering that the other has hands with which to defend and attack. For this reason take great care not to rush into hands of the enemy, consider also what he might do, you will find many various approaches: one who waits for the enemy to attack first, one who circles to find the tempo, one who plays short, one who plays long, however I wish to advise you on all of these circumstances.''</p>
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<p>''However, you must be quick with your eyes and legs, and have resolve in your play, and not act as many do, who having delivered their blow, which the enemy defended, remain disordered, not knowing how to take further actions, not considering that the other has hands with which to defend and attack. For this reason take great care not to rush into hands of the enemy, consider also what he might do, you will find many various approaches: one who waits for the enemy to attack first, one who circles to find the ''tempo'', one who plays short, one who plays long, however I wish to advise you on all of these circumstances.''</p>
  
<p>''If your enemy circles around you, I do not want you to walk similarly, encircling, as many do, but to stay firmly in your stance. As he takes three or four steps to gain an advantage, to one side or the other, and as he moves his body, ensure that the point of your sword is always watching him. When you know that your body is thereby encircled, and that you are not in presence of the point of his sword, take only one step in the circle, small or large, depending on the tempo you find, that is whether the enemy circles you quickly, or slowly. When the enemy wishes to take advantage of you to steal the tempo, he will take three or four steps, however you will only move the foot that you find in front, in the manner I described above, therefore with this rule no one will be able to steal the tempo from you.''</p>
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<p>''If your enemy circles around you, I do not want you to walk similarly, encircling, as many do, but to stay firmly in your stance. As he takes three or four steps to gain an advantage, to one side or the other, and as he moves his body, ensure that the point of your sword is always watching him. When you know that your body is thereby encircled, and that you are not in presence of the point of his sword, take only one step in the circle, small or large, depending on the ''tempo'' you find, that is whether the enemy circles you quickly, or slowly. When the enemy wishes to take advantage of you to steal the ''tempo'', he will take three or four steps, however you will only move the foot that you find in front, in the manner I described above, therefore with this rule no one will be able to steal the ''tempo'' from you.''</p>
  
<p>''You also have another advantage: while the enemy wishes to encircle you, you can attack him advantageously in that tempo, because he thinks to steal the tempo from you, but in that instant you can attack and steal it from him, and furthermore wound in just that single tempo, where you please, depending on the area that is uncovered. Be quick in delivering your attack, and in recovering your body.''</p>
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<p>''You also have another advantage: while the enemy wishes to encircle you, you can attack him advantageously in that ''tempo'', because he thinks to steal the ''tempo'' from you, but in that instant you can attack and steal it from him, and furthermore wound in just that single ''tempo'', where you please, depending on the area that is uncovered. Be quick in delivering your attack, and in recovering your body.''</p>
  
<p>''You must take note of the tempo I describe below, which is very advantageous, governing yourself in the manner that follows. Every time you hold the centre line, and your enemy wishes to initiate an attack in the form of a cut, I want you to push your sword directly forward, while he raises his arm to attack you. Before his blow comes down you will be able to wound him, with great advantage. If you consider carefully, your eye watching his sword in this action, you will find that when your enemy brings down his sword, he brings it onto your ''forte''.''</p>
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<p>''You must take note of the ''tempo'' I describe below, which is very advantageous, governing yourself in the manner that follows. Every time you hold the centre line, and your enemy wishes to initiate an attack in the form of a cut, I want you to push your sword directly forward, while he raises his arm to attack you. Before his blow comes down you will be able to wound him, with great advantage. If you consider carefully, your eye watching his sword in this action, you will find that when your enemy brings down his sword, he brings it onto your ''forte''.''</p>
  
<p>''The same occurs when the enemy commences, wishing to deliver certain wrist-cuts to your head, I want you to meet him to his face, and you will easily land in one single tempo. Pay attention to whether your enemy attacks to the inside or the outside, because you can meet him and parry and wound either to the inside or the outside, depending on where he attacks.''</p>
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<p>''The same occurs when the enemy commences, wishing to deliver certain wrist-cuts to your head, I want you to meet him to his face, and you will easily land in one single ''tempo''. Pay attention to whether your enemy attacks to the inside or the outside, because you can meet him and parry and wound either to the inside or the outside, depending on where he attacks.''</p>
  
<p>''But if it happens that your enemy cannot make headway with his plays of the wrist, he might easily retreat in guard. In this case you must push your thrust forward down the centre line, and be quick, before he takes the tempo to settle into guard. The reason is because when your enemy is in presence, and wishes to change guard, you can attack in that tempo, and can hit him easily.''</p>
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<p>''But if it happens that your enemy cannot make headway with his plays of the wrist, he might easily retreat in guard. In this case you must push your thrust forward down the centre line, and be quick, before he takes the ''tempo'' to settle into guard. The reason is because when your enemy is in presence, and wishes to change guard, you can attack in that ''tempo'', and can hit him easily.''</p>
  
<p>''Now let us suppose he retreats such that you cannot wound him, take care to be quick with your legs moving forward, always keeping your sword in presence against your enemy. If he performs a feint to the outside, or the inside, take care not to move with your sword, in the belief you will parry. If you do, he can easily disengage to the other side and wound you in that tempo. Observe instead this rule: every time someone performs a feint against you, meet him in that first tempo. Because your enemy employs two tempos, one to feint and the other to wound, while you need only one tempo to wound.''</p>
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<p>''Now let us suppose he retreats such that you cannot wound him, take care to be quick with your legs moving forward, always keeping your sword in presence against your enemy. If he performs a feint to the outside, or the inside, take care not to move with your sword, in the belief you will parry. If you do, he can easily disengage to the other side and wound you in that ''tempo''. Observe instead this rule: every time someone performs a feint against you, meet him in that first ''tempo''. Because your enemy employs two ''tempi'', one to feint and the other to wound, while you need only one ''tempo'' to wound.''</p>
  
<p>''I praise feints in this manner: while you are on the centre line, I want you to motion an entry to the face, whereby it is likely your enemy will move to parry. You should watch where he moves his sword, which will be near the area you motioned, or rather feinted towards; without disengaging your sword you will then find a tempo in which to enter. Meaning, by managing your ''forte'', you shall save yourself from his sword if he attacks in that tempo, which will be as follows. As you make the motion, and your sword begins to travel, clearly your enemy will move his sword to parry and wound. With an attentive eye, you will enter on the line where your enemy extends to parry your blow, and you can enter with a single tempo, without certain disengages, as many do when performing feints. These instructions are called ''contra tempi'', and are so subtle they are not considered by everyone.''</p>
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<p>''I praise feints in this manner: while you are on the centre line, I want you to motion an entry to the face, whereby it is likely your enemy will move to parry. You should watch where he moves his sword, which will be near the area you motioned, or rather feinted towards; without disengaging your sword you will then find a ''tempo'' in which to enter. Meaning, by managing your ''forte'', you shall save yourself from his sword if he attacks in that ''tempo'', which will be as follows. As you make the motion, and your sword begins to travel, clearly your enemy will move his sword to parry and wound. With an attentive eye, you will enter on the line where your enemy extends to parry your blow, and you can enter with a single ''tempo'', without certain disengages, as many do when performing feints. These instructions are called ''contra tempi'', and are so subtle they are not considered by everyone.''</p>
  
 
<p>''Similarly, if you make the motion to enter, and your enemy does not move in belief, feel free to follow through, entering with the same motion. When you perform the action, take care always to target the area that is most uncovered. This forces the enemy to parry, and you will make him take two tempos, while you only take one; however check with your eyes, taking note of whether he stands firm, or else moves in belief of your feint.''</p>
 
<p>''Similarly, if you make the motion to enter, and your enemy does not move in belief, feel free to follow through, entering with the same motion. When you perform the action, take care always to target the area that is most uncovered. This forces the enemy to parry, and you will make him take two tempos, while you only take one; however check with your eyes, taking note of whether he stands firm, or else moves in belief of your feint.''</p>

Revision as of 00:03, 24 March 2024

Alfonso Falloppia
Born Lucca
Occupation Fencing master
Patron Ranuccio Farnese
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire (1584)

Alfonso Falloppia was a 16th century Italian soldier and fencing master. Little is known about his life, but he identifies himself as a native of Lucca, and describes himself as "Ensign of the Fortress of Bergamo".

In 1584, he published a treatise on the use of the rapier entitled Nuovo et brieve modo di schermire ("New and Brief Method of Fencing"). It was dedicated to Ranuccio Farnese, who was 15 years old at the time of publication and would become Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Castro.

It has been suggested the Falloppia may be the student of Silvio Piccolomini in Brescia mentioned in 1580 by the French diarist Michel De Montaigne during his tour of Italy.

On Monday I dined at the house of Sir Silvio Piccolomini, very well known for his virtue, and in particular for the science of fencing. Many topics were put forward, and we were in the company of other gentlemen. He disdains completely the art of fencing of the Italian masters, of the Venetian, of Bologna, Patinostraro (sic), and others. In this he praises only a student of his, who is in Brescia where he teaches certain gentlemen this art.

He says there is no rule or art in the common teaching, he particularly denounces the practice of pushing your sword forward, putting it in the power of the enemy; then the passing attack; or repeating another assault and stopping, because he says this is completely different to what you see by experience from combatants.[1]

While the timeframe is plausible there is no further evidence to corroborate this theory, and it remains speculation. Furthermore there are no marked similarities between the treatises of Falloppia and Federico Ghisliero (a self-declared student of Piccolomini) although curiously they both dedicate their respective treatises to the same patron, Ranuccio Farnese, within three years of each other.

Treatise

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. de Montaigne, Michel. Journal du voyage de Michel de Montaigne en Italie, par la Suisse & l'Allemagne en 1580 & 1581, Volume 1. Paris, 1774.p.284.
  2. The palmo (plural palmi) is an antique unit of measurement. Its precise length varied by location, but was typical around 25cm.
  3. The braccio is another antique unite of measurement, whose length varied by location. A Milanese braccio for example was 59.49cm, or approximately 23.4 inches.
  4. Contrapassare.
  5. In other words, towards the right.
  6. This seems to refer to the outside of the dagger arm, not the sword arm.
  7. In the original: passo giusto.