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Difference between revisions of "Federico Ghisliero"

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{{master begin
 
{{master begin
  | title = Introduction
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  | title = Introduction
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| title = Antonio Pio Bonello
 
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! <p>Images</p>
 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
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| rowspan="2" | [[file:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii Title (alt).png|400x400px|center]]
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| rowspan="2" | [[file:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii Title (alt).png|400px|center|border]]
 
| <p>'''Rules of many knightly<ref name="Cavagliereschi">''Cavagliereschi'' is Corsican for "chivalrous", while the Italian is "knightly".</ref> armies,'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Rules of many knightly<ref name="Cavagliereschi">''Cavagliereschi'' is Corsican for "chivalrous", while the Italian is "knightly".</ref> armies,'''</p>
  
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| <p>''From Parma on April 22. 1587.''</p>
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| class="noline" | <p>''From Parma on April 22. 1587.''</p>
  
 
<p>&emsp;Affectionate Servant</p>
 
<p>&emsp;Affectionate Servant</p>
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<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Federico Ghisliero.
 
<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Federico Ghisliero.
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii II (alt).png|2|lbl=+ⅱv.2}}
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii II (alt).png|2|lbl=+ⅱv.2}}
  
 
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{{master end}}
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{{master subsection end}}
  
{{master begin
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{{master subsection begin
  | title = Introduction Ⅱ
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  | title = Ranuccio Farnese
 
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|-  
 
|-  
 
! <p>Images</p>
 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
+
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
+
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| rowspan="2" | [[file:Ghisliero_Title.jpg|400x400px|center]]
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| rowspan="2" | [[file:Ghisliero_Title.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| <p>'''Rules of many knightly<ref name="Cavagliereschi"/> armies,'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Rules of many knightly<ref name="Cavagliereschi"/> armies,'''</p>
  
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| <p>''And while we can make this art<ref>When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the arts militari (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> profit on a thousand other occasions, if only it delivers the following two benefits at the same time it could be considered worthy, and we can do it very well through practicing this art: firstly vigour and robustness of the soul and body; the other which should not be taken lightly, and is the principle reason for this study to be pursued, is being able to defend against any insult against your person.''<ref>Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
+
| <p>''And while we can make this art<ref>When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the ''ars militari'' (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> profit on a thousand other occasions, if only it delivers the following two benefits at the same time it could be considered worthy, and we can do it very well through practicing this art: firstly vigour and robustness of the soul and body; the other which should not be taken lightly, and is the principle reason for this study to be pursued, is being able to defend against any insult against your person.''<ref>Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/11|3|lbl=+ⅲ.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/11|3|lbl=+ⅲ.3}}
  
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| <p>''The Palace of Your Most Serene Highness in Parma, 22 April 1587.''</p>
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| class="noline" | <p>''The Palace of Your Most Serene Highness in Parma, 22 April 1587.''</p>
  
 
<p>&emsp;The most humble and devoted servant</p>
 
<p>&emsp;The most humble and devoted servant</p>
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<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Frederico Ghisliero.</p>
 
<p>&emsp;&emsp;&emsp;Frederico Ghisliero.</p>
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/13|2|lbl=+ⅳ.2}}
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/13|2|lbl=+ⅳ.2}}
  
 
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{{master subsection end}}
 
{{master end}}
 
{{master end}}
  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
! <p>Images</p>
 
! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
+
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
+
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
| <p>'''Rules of Many''' Knightly Armies</p>
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| <p>'''Rules of Many Knightly Armies'''</p>
 
 
<p>''Collected by Captain Federico Ghisliero, for the service of the Most Serene Lord R''<small>ANUCCIO</small>'' Farnese, Prince of Parma, & Piacenza, etc.''<ref>The version dedicated to Antonino instead reads "...for the instruction of the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello".</ref></p>
 
  
<p>'''I''' have been considering several exercises of arms, which while different, contribute to the subtlety and nobility of the Cavalier;<ref>Cavalier – ''cavaliere'' – knights – so indicating the noble nature of the art which he is presenting. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> for whom understanding how to use the sword, more than any other instrument, will be important to defend his honour, both in sudden assaults, as well as in close combat, so as to be the one who is victorious, and achieves honour through feats of arms. To avoid confusion, as many have done in writing about this art, we will begin with as the principle of all our exercises, by considering the nature of man when altered by the power of the soul and his passions, and how that hinders his reason.</p>
+
<p>''Collected by Captain Federico Ghisliero, for the service of the Most Serene Lord ''R<small>ANUCCIO</small>'' Farnese, Prince of Parma, & Piacenza, etc.''<ref>The version dedicated to Antonino instead reads "...for the instruction of the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello".</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|1|lbl=1}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|1|lbl=1}}
  
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|2|lbl=-}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|2|lbl=-}}
  
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''I''' have been considering several exercises of arms, which while different, contribute to the subtlety and nobility of the Cavalier;<ref>Cavalier – ''cavaliere'' – knights – so indicating the noble nature of the art which he is presenting. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> for whom understanding how to use the sword, more than any other instrument, will be important to defend his honour, both in sudden assaults, as well as in close combat, so as to be the one who is victorious, and achieves honour through feats of arms. To avoid confusion, as many have done in writing about this art, we will begin with as the principle of all our exercises, by considering the nature of man when altered by the power of the soul and his passions, and how that hinders his reason.</p>
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|
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/16|1|lbl=2.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/15|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/16|1|lbl=2.1|p=1}}
  
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| <p>And if the man, according to the common nature of his species, has a temperate character not given to any extreme, then this is in contrast to brutish animals, whose natures are greatly inclined to extremes according to the common nature of each species and what we understand of their particular passions. So we see that all hares are timid, all lions are bold, all dog are irascible [hot-tempered]; but man alone has natures common to all species, being timid, bold, irascible, and much subjected to passions.</p>
+
| <p>And if the man, according to the common nature of his species, has a temperate character not given to any extreme, then this is in contrast to brutish animals, whose natures are greatly inclined to extremes according to the common nature of each species and what we understand of their particular passions. So we see that all hares are timid, all lions are bold, all dogs are irascible;<ref>Hot-tempered.</ref> but man alone has natures common to all species, being timid, bold, irascible, and much subjected to passions.</p>
 
|  
 
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/16|3|lbl=2.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|1|lbl=3.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/16|3|lbl=2.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|1|lbl=3.1|p=1}}
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| <p>Nothing of those inclinations, which have not a second nature common to all species, have determined the particular nature of each man: because for those which are predominantly in choleric humour are naturally hot-tempered; others because they are abundant in blood, are cheerful and bold in nature; and other because they have melancholic humour in excess make sounds of pain and are timid; and there is almost no one who is in all part equal in all quarters of the humours that it results in the passions in all parts being temperate and equal. We are all inclined to one more than another in accordance with the character which is in each of us.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|2|lbl=3.2}}
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| <p>This is why, if the man is melancholic, he will be regarded as acting as an earthly element, being quiet, restrained, anxious and boring; it is as you see the earth, still, grave and narrow.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|3|lbl=3.3}}
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| <p>The water’s motions,<ref>''Moti'' has a number of meanings in modern Italian aside from "motion", including "motorcycle, bike, watercraft, riot, scooter".</ref> because they’re also falling, if not as bad as the land, are nonetheless limited, and are phlegmatic, which corresponds with the element of water and in the body this quality prevails as timid, simple and humble. The ripples which are almost indulged in the body and cast a pall which brings him low, he turns away his face, and then such calm gives rise to fear. What does that mean? It demonstrates the humanity and the pain.</p>
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|4|lbl=3.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|1|lbl=4.1|p=1}}
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| <p>If there is an increased tendency toward, and attempt to be temperate, and not stretch [the emotions],<ref>The use of square brackets [] shows the insertion of the translator to aid in clarity of meaning throughout the document.</ref> there is a catch; what about the fire? For the sake of appealing elements, which comply with [the person’s will] is the death of the man’s blood (i.e. temperate, modest and real) to the emotions that correspond clearly to the passions of the soul; i.e. the love from which the beloved, the pleasure, the desire, and the hope is born.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|2|lbl=4.2}}
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| <p>The nature of fire tends toward extreme emotions, as you can see from its flames they reach extreme heights and torture everyone. Similar to this is the emotion of cholera, because they are violent, impetuous and ferocious: and since the emotions are very in like with the two passions, Hate and Anger, they easily appear in the human body, in which this element is predominate.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|3|lbl=4.3}}
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|-
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| <p>And because the art can overcome nature we will try to render the timid bold, while the bold man will continue to be bold. Ironically, even if slowly, we will reduce the choleric nature.</p>
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|4|lbl=4.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|1|lbl=5.1|p=1}}
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| <p>While much fear, by its nature, can corrupt the judgement and impede [that ability of a person] to take advice, and the same can be applied to anger, then it would be easy for the timid to be bold and fear will diminish. The young must be more diligent because if you shy away from reason when increasing your capability with arms, these emotions will be more animated and will pose a danger because failure to manage fear will cause more fear.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|2|lbl=5.2}}
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| <p>We will moderate cholera, and even the hot-tempered will be better able to use reason, if we operate with good austerity and he does not leave himself to the transports<ref>Contextually, ''transportar'' is in modern Italian ''trasporto'' and has been translated such.</ref> of his passions. We’re going to show him how well he has to balance everything so that he can come back [from his passions] and help stop them. With a plan this can be achieved slowly and safely.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|3|lbl=5.3}}
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|-
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| class="noline" |
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| class="noline" | <p>I should also like you to know that in imagining those things we have a great deal of hope, and good company, in whose such honourable members footsteps we can walk, to force, through the art of fencing and its practice, bend these emotions to our will and claim victory over them.</p>
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|4|lbl=5.4}}
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|}
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{{master subsection end}}
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{{master subsection begin
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| title = Chapter 2
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| width = 90em
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}}
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{| class="master"
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|-
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! <p>Images</p>
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
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|-
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|
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| <p>''To make it easier to learn this art, we will begin with Theory and after that, we’re going to deal with the Practice necessary to give respect to this profession.''</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|1|lbl=6.1}}
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| <p>'''F'''irst of all, we must know that these particular circumstances or cognitions are those which are sought after in connection with the human condition; and although they are not intrinsic to the way a human works, they are always necessarily connected to the operation of man, in such a way that if he cannot do any of them, then he may not be able to do the rest of them:</p>
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* the first is the fencer [or operator]<ref>Where the word ''operante'' which means the operator or the person taking action or more simply the will is used elsewhere, I translate it to fencer as operator has the wrong connotations in English for what Ghisliaro appears to wish to convey.</ref>
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* the second is the work, or the action performed
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* the third is the matter around which we work;
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* the fourth is the instrument with which we work;
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* the fifth is the place where we work;
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* the sixth is the manner in which we work;
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* the seventh is the end [the reason, motivation] for which we work.<ref>This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]</ref>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|2|lbl=6.2}}
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|-
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| <p>It will therefore be necessary for the knowledge of this science of arms, for which we consider the aforementioned circumstances [to be addressed in order]:</p>
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* the first of which is man
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* the second<ref>The spelling of ''secóda'' is ''seconda'' in modern Italian. This shortening of words through the removal of ‘n’ is common in documents of the period.</ref> is the act of stabbing
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* the third is motion
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* the fourth sword to offend and the man to defend
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* the fifth in public roads<ref>Public roads means the location is a public road.</ref> [or a private affair, a duelling field rather than a formal List]
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* the sixth is the second way to offend others and defend ourselves I leave victory to the end.
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|
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|3|lbl=6.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|1|lbl=7.1|p=1}}
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| <p>In truth, the body of a human being is in proportion with itself and is well suited to do everything, [as can be proved] by the ancient architects who created almost all things, such as the building of houses, churches, castles, ships, and also all kinds of factories. Yes, as it was done in ancient times, so is it done in modern times. This principle is particularly shown in Book Ⅲ by Vitruvius.<ref>Of Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture. [This same book is referenced in Thibault] [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|2|lbl=7.2}}
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|-
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| <p>There is a common, and true, belief by men that their strength<ref>Or capacity.</ref> will come from their stature, but because some men are bigger in stature, and others are smaller. Each man should understand his stature, Vitruvius says that the foot is the sixth part of the stature of the human.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|3|lbl=7.3}}
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|-
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| <p>In this regard, Vegetio,<ref>Flavius Vegetius Renatus' ''On Roman Military Matters'' is likely the text to which he is referring. Which was a fourth century commentary on the training of Roman legions harking back to older methods. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> in the first book of the Art of War, says that Consul Mario celebrates the recruits; i.e. the new soldiers, at six feet high, had at least five feet, and ten inches, which are the ten parts of the twelve. It follows<ref>''Onde'' is Catalan. It is ''dove'' in Italian. Both mean ‘where’ in English.</ref> on then that where the six-foot-high man was of average size; and he, who is more than that, being very tall. So the man, when he passes seven feet, is supernatural and is called a Giant, according to the rule of Marco Varrone, as Aulus Gellius puts it in book Ⅲ of The Attic Nights.<ref>A second century book written by a Roman in the Attica region which encompasses the city of Athens.</ref></p>
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|
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/21|4|lbl=7.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/22|1|lbl=8.1|p=1}}
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| <p>This conforms with what [Gaius] Suetonius [Tranquillus] says in the Life of the Octavians about the stature of the Emperor, who was mediocre being five feet and three quarters,<ref>''Dodrans'' is a Latin contraction of ''de-quadrans'' which means “a whole unit less a quarter” or three-quarters.</ref> but this mediocrity is unknown except at the time and did not affect the fact he was a great man with many victories.<ref>Referencing the ‘ancients’ for authority was commonly used by authors of the time to demonstrate their comprehensive knowledge of the subject. It is intended to add gravitas to the treatise.</ref></p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/22|2|lbl=8.2}}
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|-
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| [[File:Ghisliero 01.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>The old philosophers also speculated that the circular figure is the perfect man, and this truth can be understood and measured in this way; let the man lie down flat with his face up and spread his arms, hands and legs as far as they can stretch and draw a circle with the centre being the navel: It’s going to turn out to be round and perfect.<ref>''All’hora'' is Catalan. Modern Italian is ''al tempo''.</ref> This gave Vitruvio himself the title of his third book, and the following figure.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/22|3|lbl=8.3}}
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| [[File:Ghisliero 02.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>'''I'''n Chapter 17 of Pliny’s<ref>The Elder.</ref> seventh book of natural history he writes,<ref>''Scriue'' is Catalan. Modern Italian is ''lui scrive''.</ref> man is a figure of squares and angles and by opening up your arms and by stretching your fingers you will see from this shape that you can measure the size of your height. In the same way by keeping the man’s feet together and open arms are included in the square form of four equal lines, because: the first line passes across the top of the head, the next line passes through where the feet touch the floor, the third line passes through one of the hands and the last line passes through the other hand, as shown in this figure.</p>
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| {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|24|lbl=10}}
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| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero 03.jpg|400px|center]]
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<div style="text-align: center;">''Prospetiva &emsp; Scortio &emsp; Profilo''</div>
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| <p>'''T'''his fencer will have three proportions in his body; his front, his ''scurzo'',<ref>''Scurzo'', does not translate appropriately from Italian. As with a number of words in Ghisliero’s treatise, it is likely a Catalase word or a unique spelling. Analysis of other treaties such as Jarod Kirby’s ''Italian Rapier Combat'' (Kirby, 2004) shows the following two definitions, on page 14 of the text, of a similar sound word that is contextually a more likely approximation of what ''scurzo'' means; “''Scanso'', A voidance, any evasive manoeuvre that moves the body of the direct line” and “''Scanso del pie dritto'', A voidance made by moving the right foot slightly off the direct line while turning the body.” So for the purposes of this translation, scurzo will mean in this text the middle stance as shown in Figure 3, i.e. a partial voiding stance halfway between perspective and profile.</ref> and his profile. When he stands in balance the front always shows the whole surface of the body.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/26|1|lbl=12.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The ''scurzo'', while receding in the middle between the perspective<ref>"Perspective" means front facing forward.</ref> and the profile, shows the edge of the flat surface.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/26|2|lbl=12.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>And the profile, when the right foot shows the surface of the side: as can be seen from the following demonstration.<ref>Also could be interpreted as "figure".</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/26|3|lbl=12.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>'''H'''owever, he cannot go from extreme to extreme unless he passes through the middle – the perspective and the profile, being the extremes of the ''scurzo'' – the fencer should not bring the body from one side to the other, instead should first bring it into the ''scurzo''.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|1|lbl=14.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The proportion of the body is most effectively broken into three types of motion;</p>
 +
# the motion of the whole body together;
 +
# then the motion of the arms;
 +
# then the motion of the leg;
 +
<p>so as not be confused we can say this is the most important principle, and leave the rest up to the painter.<ref>[[George Silver]]’s theory of the time for the hand and foot from his 1599 text ''[[Paradoxes of Defence (George Silver)|Paradoxes of Defense]]'' mirrors this framework. [note from Henry Fox] (Silver, 1599)</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|2|lbl=14.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The body’s motions are born from its lengths, latitudes, and proportions; and when they are compressed, turned around, and joined together [the fencer] will gain understanding of what is possible; by turning and stretching [the body’s parts] can be extended long them turn and stretched that it is possible for them to the end of their chains.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|3|lbl=14.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And<ref>''Et'' is Latin for ‘and’ in English and ''e'' in Italian.</ref> I will make some rules on these motions by categorising them into eight basic parts, which encompass the total movement of the body:</p>
 +
# upwards
 +
# downwards
 +
# to the right
 +
# to the left
 +
# to extend towards the opponent [forward]<ref>This is not an exact translation – it is the best approximation based on context.</ref>
 +
# to come away [from the opponent]
 +
# To turn [the body from profile to perspective], and
 +
# to stop.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/28|4|lbl=14.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Basically, for every motion it is necessary for the body to be supported by the foot, without this support, in the way of bodies, it would tend to fall.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|1|lbl=15.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>So it is clear that the motions of the head are such that it is hard for a man to turn around in any part, unless he always has most of his body underneath him; and from this position he can move his weight from side to side and balance<ref>''Balancia'' translates into ‘balance’.</ref> so that either leg<ref>''Membro'' translates to ‘member’, but in English a better word is limb.</ref> can bear his weight.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|2|lbl=15.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Because the same can be seen, when someone extends his hand it supports some weight: once the foot is stopped, as the foundation of the balance, the other part of the body is opposed to equalize the weight.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|3|lbl=15.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>While, the man with evenly distant feet is in a state of rest from which the torso and leg extends up then the end of the chin will remain perpendicular to the tip of the foot.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|4|lbl=15.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>If you put your hand straight out, from the fountain of the body [shoulder],<ref>''ò á mano manca la fontanella'' directly translates to something like ‘the hand missing the ''fontanelle''’. This made no contextual sense, so it has been translated to ‘from the fountain of the body’ as ''fonta'' can mean ‘source’ in modern Italian. In the it states that “''Fontánella'', a little fountaine. Also a fontanell or cauterie [something to cauterise wounds], or rowling [turning round about, whirling or turning round], used also for the chiefe vein of a man’s body.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> it will always be perpendicular to the feet.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|5|lbl=15.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Whenever the body hangs over the part of the foot on which it poses, the shoulder will be perpendicular to the instep and the other leg will bear the body weight.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|6|lbl=15.6}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Always, that if he will raise his arm up, all the other parts of the body from that side down to the foot follow that motion of rising: in a manner that the heel of that foot will rise there from the floor, due to the motion of the same arm.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/29|7|lbl=15.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|1|lbl=16.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>A limb is never stretched out to one side, so that the others do not follow; nor does it oppress or constrict itself, so that the others do not follow the line towards the center.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|2|lbl=16.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The legs operate in three kinds of motion, these are; straight, circular, and transverse.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|3|lbl=16.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>It is correct, that when turning the body back into perspective<ref>‘Perspective’ is forward facing as can be seen in Figure 3.</ref> the legs should be prepared to take the step.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|4|lbl=16.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>While standing still with one foot, one foot can move the same distance as the other foot.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|5|lbl=16.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Traverse movement, as long as it is perspective, is made of a motion, of a right or left hand.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|6|lbl=16.6}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Importantly, the legs in profile will not be able to open as much as the length of the body.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|7|lbl=16.7}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>This line, or quantity described by the opening of the circle of the body, could be divided into infinity: but sufficient for this art we will divide it into four parts, that is,</p>
 +
* in half a step,
 +
* in one step,
 +
* in one and a half steps, and
 +
* in two steps.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|8|lbl=16.8}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>By placing [weight] on one leg, the other cannot go much further than the space<ref>No good translation found, contextually translating ''spatio'' to ‘space’.</ref> of one step. From these openings in the circle, there are five ways that the body can stand other than in rest.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/30|9|lbl=16.9|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|1|lbl=17.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Firstly, when the body is in the balance, so that, even with the feet joined, the body is perpendicular to the diameter of its circumference; and that in so standing is ready to move all parts [of the body].</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|2|lbl=17.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Secondly, when the man stops, with all the weight of the body on his foot, the instep becomes the base of the Column – which is perpendicularly aligned with the fountain of the throat; this posture<ref>Polykleitos's ''Doryphoros'' is an early example of this position called ''contrapposto''. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)</ref> was invented by the ancient Polykleitos.<ref>Polykleitos wrote a lost treatise called ‘Artistic canons of body proportions’ in 5th Century Greece which provided a reference for standard body proportions. For more information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_canons_of_body_proportions (Wikipeadia, 2021)</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|3|lbl=17.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Thirdly, when man finds himself at rest in one step.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|4|lbl=17.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Fourthly, while the body is in ‘step and a half’ which then forms an equilateral triangle.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|5|lbl=17.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Fifthly, when the body is stopped in two steps with the right front foot raised, which is called forced step.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|6|lbl=17.6}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>From these stills, the man forms six circles, two without setting himself in motion, & four after he has described one of the aforesaid quantities in forming a circle.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|7|lbl=17.7}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 04.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>In the first of the two forms [figure 4] the man, when standing in the balance describes a circle around his feet, the center of which he stands perpendicular.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|8|lbl=17.8}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>Secondly it will be, when the man is in said circle, a circle distant from his body is described, how much its length impacts; the center of here will also be the slope: as you can see in this figure.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/31|9|lbl=17.9|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|32|lbl=18|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" class="noline" | [[File:Ghisliero 05.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>The first of the four forms of the man, when finds himself in the state of in stillness in the already mentioned position of second; and when his stance is not stable where the bodyweight resides, with one leg in the centre of the circle, it allows other leg to describe the edge of the circle, [this is the position] which we use to keep ourselves on guard.</p>
 +
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/33|1|lbl=19.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| class="noline" | <p>The second one, when you take one step, then standing in that quiet step, stopping your other foot from moving describe another circle: through this we enter a with traversal<ref>The act or process of passing across, over, or through.</ref> motion to exit the points: it also forms the third, whereas, the fourth state is what we will enter when the attack is made, and when he moves into the fifth step, as this figure shows, it is what he will use to fight the enemy.</p>
 +
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/33|2|lbl=19.2}}
 +
 +
|}
 +
{{master subsection end}}
 +
 +
{{master subsection begin
 +
| title = Chapter 3
 +
| width = 90em
 +
}}
 +
{| class="master"
 +
|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>''Having said that we have the fencer, or the architect, it is good to continue to describe the matter; since the action of stabbing is self-evident.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|1|lbl=21.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>As the motion, and the matter, around which the man operates in this act of stabbing them, we have to know that movement, according to what Aristotle defends in the ninth text of his fifth book of the ''Physica'',s<ref>Aristotle’s fifth book of the ''Physica'', which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)</ref> is a mutation, or transmutation: the types of which some want to be six; i.e. Generation, Corruption,<ref>Change of shape.</ref> Augmentation,<ref>By addition or by growing.</ref> Decreasing,<ref>Also taking away or removing.</ref> Alteration,<ref>Putting things together or building.</ref> and Mutation<ref>Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.</ref> place-to-place. None other than Aristotle himself in the first section<ref>“Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)</ref> concludes that there are no more than three [types of movement]; i.e. quantity, quality mutation, and location. Of these three types the last type is what we need to know for our art, in which movement is nothing more than transmutation that sometimes causes a body to move from one place to another; and the terms of the movement are two instants.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|2|lbl=21.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The instant in motion and the instant in time is, the Geometric bridge that is counted in magnitude; that is; which is not [just a] part, but is indisible [to it], and consequently is neither motion nor tempo, but it is the beginning and end of every movement and of each time it is finished; as Aristotle describes in the text of the fifth section of book six of the ''Physica''.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|3|lbl=21.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|1|lbl=22.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Movement sits between two stillnesses: and the stillness, true rest, is nothing more than the precondition of movement.<ref>This same concept is present in Chapter 5 ‘Of tempo’ in [[Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli]]’s 1610 publication ''[[Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma (Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli)|Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma]]'' and can be translated into the actions of the fencer undertaking the correct movements - from ward (stillness) to attack or defence (movement) to ward (stillness) again. It propounds that the fencer should always end an action in a ward. The same concept is raised in [[Angelo Viggiani dal Montone]]’s 1551 (published 1575) text ''[[Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani)|Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani]]'' (Montone, 1575) and [[Antonio Manciolino]]’s 1531 ''[[Opera Nova (Antonio Manciolino)|Opera Nova]]'' (Manciolino, 1531).</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|2|lbl=22.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And there are three movements, two simple – the straight and the circular – and the third a compound of these two, which serves the compound line.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|3|lbl=22.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The two simple motions are either natural or violent.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|4|lbl=22.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Natural movement is when the weight of bodies move from a higher place, to a lower place perpendicularly, and without any violence.<ref>"Violence" in this instance means outside force or against nature. The same concepts of natural and violent actions are used in Iberian swordsmanship, and they take higher guards to take advantage of this principle. [note from Henry Fox]</ref> Violent movement is what is applied forcefully upwards, here and there; to cause the possible movement.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|5|lbl=22.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>In principle, natural motions are weak: and the more they continue the motion, the more they become stronger.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|6|lbl=22.6}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>In principle, violent movements are of great effect; the further away they move, the more their strength disappears, and they become weak.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|7|lbl=22.7}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And there are four strong local movements:</p>
 +
 +
<p>One is called pushing, so we drive away the things we move, those on the other side we push: as we do in pushing the sword forward in a thrust.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|8|lbl=22.8}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The other [second] drawing is required, so unlike pushing, we make it pull and move towards us; as when we withdraw the sword.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|1|lbl=23.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The third bearing is named, therefore, not by us pushing or by us pulling but by carrying ourselves forward: yes, like he does when with the sword, still in a proportion with the motion of our body, we bring it to the tempo here and there.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|2|lbl=23.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The fourth revolution, or rotation, can be called that, when we move something in a circle, and that part of it towards us, and that part of it away from us, we turn in such a way that this movement is almost like a withdrawal, and almost like a ''springimento'':<ref>''Springimento'' is likely ''Springáre'' means ‘yarke, kicke or winze’ (Florio, 1611). Which likely means in context a preparation or a marshalling of position prior to deployment.</ref> as we see in circular attacks.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|3|lbl=23.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And five are the circumferences, which with motion a man forms in order to injure, since in his body he has five centers:</p>
 +
 +
*And the first is in the left foot, with which, standing still, and raising the right arm with the rest of the body in motion gives rise to a kind of circumference, which is the largest he has to do: and that makes the cut.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|4|lbl=23.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* The second circumference is formed by the man, who is standing here at the center of the girdle of the body: and who with the rest, with his arm up, describes a circumference, of which many are used in a fight at the barriers.<ref>Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]</ref>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|5|lbl=23.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* The third is done by the man while in one of the five states and while the whole body is stopped and centred on the shoulder and with the arm alone in motion, it describes a circumference, which is used to make the correct stance with the legs.<ref>''Bases'' mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.</ref>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|1|lbl=24.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* The fourth is discrete by man, when the rest of the arm, called the ''lacerto'',<ref>“''Lacertoi'', the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus ''lacertoi'' will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.</ref> is set in motion with the whole body stable by centering the elbow<ref>Keeping the elbow near the body.</ref> and makes a circumference; which we use to cause injury when the enemy parries.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|2|lbl=24.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* The fifth and final one made by the man, while the whole body is stable by and centred on the hand’s wrist,<ref>“''Rascetta'', the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> describes the smallest possible circumference that he can describe; which we use to make holes in the knuckles.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|3|lbl=24.3}}
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 +
|}
 +
{{master subsection end}}
 +
 +
{{master subsection begin
 +
| title = Chapter 4
 +
| width = 90em
 +
}}
 +
{| class="master"
 +
|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>''Where we say stay there to follow our order, that of the offensive, defensive instrument.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|4|lbl=24.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|2|lbl=3.2}}
+
| <p>The offensive instrument is the sword, & the dagger is the defensive one and although sometimes the sword makes the dagger’s offering by parrying; and the dagger makes the sword’s offering by attacking, this happens by accident.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|5|lbl=24.5}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The sword, as an instrument of offense, is divided into the true edge,<ref>Direct translation is ‘good blade’.</ref> and false edge, both of which end up in one place: and while a body’s surface contains and is discussed in all three dimensions, we must take it as a line in its operation.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|6|lbl=24.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|1|lbl=25.1|p=1}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And there are four ways you can hold the sword in your hand:</p>
 +
 
 +
* in the first, putting a thumb over the ''costa''<ref>''Costa'' “the back of a knife or weapon.” (Florio, 1611) There isn’t a common English equivalent which is a single word.</ref> [the ricazzo], so that with this help it deals more directly with it: but in such a world the points are not working well and the hand isn’t at its full strength so as to enable it to be half open.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|2|lbl=25.2}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* in the second you can take it flat with the palm of the hand towards the ground. And this is done to have it seem lighter; since the hand with the arm in this state works almost as a support for the body, which makes the weight of the sword seem lighter; but in this way it will not cut and changes the lines in play, which is completely imperfect.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|3|lbl=25.3}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* in the third way, the sword is taken with the fist clenched in order to advance a finger’s length. This is true to the instrument [sword], but each time the attack is made, the instrument with which the arm must form a straight line as much as possible; this cannot be done with this grip, since in this way it always forms an obtuse angle, in addition to the fact that most of the cuts are flat attacks.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|4|lbl=25.4}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* in the fourth and last way (which is the perfect) one takes the sword with a closed fist; and with the index finger the cross of the hilt is drawn: and in this way he has all the perfections.
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|5|lbl=25.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|1|lbl=26.1|p=1}}
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 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>This sword, by its beating, can resemble the wedge, on which the heavier the weight it strikes, the greater the beat. Furthermore, the longer the distance between the weight which strikes and the wedge, the greater the impact.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|2|lbl=26.2}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>So the weight of the sword will be heavier more than it will be for itself; and with the power that moves it.<ref>This is consistent with [[Giacomo di Grassi]]’s treatise ''[[Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme (Giacomo di Grassi)|Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme]]'' (Grassi, 1570) which states that there is more power existing at the circumference of a circle than there is closer to the centre. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|3|lbl=26.3}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>For itself (because whenever the sword comes from a distance, the weight of the sword will become more acute, the more the motion will be greater) given that each serious item, while it moves, takes on more gravity [becomes heavier] when moved than when it is standing still; and the more it is moved from a distance, the greater the advantage.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|4|lbl=26.4}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>For the power moves in this way: because being able to form five circles [circumferences] (as we have said) conforming to those will increase the weight: because the first one, which is the largest, will be formed [with the most weight], the others will be made with a smaller and smaller weight since the circles will be smaller.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|5|lbl=26.5}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The defensive instrument, which I consider to be the dagger, has a resistant body; that has the pleasure of defending the body of the man; and can be held in the hand in three ways:</p>
 +
* in the first, it is held flat in the hand, with the large finger in the middle of the blade, and by dividing the body into two parts, with a semi-circular movement it defends the right side, and with another semi-circular movement it defends the left side. And therefore it must be placed in presence in proportion; with these movements he makes the said defenses which have a lot of imperfections [flaws]:
 +
** one is that that hand is subjected the offense:
 +
** the other is that, even if the last point is only a small circle, the whole line of the dagger forms an angle with that of the arm, through which many lines [of attack] can enter
 +
** in addition, it is subject to many disadvantages, both inside and outside, and both below and above.
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|6|lbl=26.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/41|1|lbl=27.1|p=1}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* In the second, you hold the dagger in your hand, bringing it closer to the right parts [side]; and only try to beat it outwards so that it prevents the attack from reaching the body. This is false, because instead of covering it, he uncovers it; and it is very violent. Besides, every time that the fist moves a little at an angle the dagger, thus held, will not prevent the sword from entering, and it too is subjected to deception.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/41|2|lbl=27.2}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
* In the third and last one (which is the perfect one) the dagger is held in the hand in such a way that one can cleave with it if necessary: and from here, with natural movements, the body is defended by covering it: which is thus always kept free from offense and is not subjected to deception.
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/41|3|lbl=27.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|1|lbl=28.1|p=1}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>In addition to this defending line, it will always dominate the opposing sword; and with its natural motions it will beat it, always helping the lines to their declination: because very little force adds new motion to any weight, which moves first.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|2|lbl=28.2}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Nevertheless, the last third of the sword will be beaten, since it is the ''debole''<ref>''Debole'' refers to the half of the blade from tip of the blade to one third down towards the hilt.</ref> in this respect: although when it attacks, it is the strongest or best. This is because, moving with violent motion, the first part of any inanimate thing is easy to move to the other part, which must be understood in this way: since everything is continuously moving, it is very easy to make it move obliquely from those ends to which the mover is attached, since the other end is transported with great speed.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|3|lbl=28.3}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And just as in the case of things which are thrown or pulled, the motion weakens in the end; so the movement continues to be weaker at the ''debole'' and the resistance is less. And on that part [of the blade] things are more easily pushed as there is greater weakness, and therefore less resistance, which is undoubtedly in its end.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|4|lbl=28.4}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The dagger is a defensive instrument which should form a straight line with the arm; and the same should form a right angle with the surface of the body. And at this point, the view of the man should pass through the ''forte''<ref>''Forte'' refers to the first third of the blade from the hilt to towards the tip.</ref> of the dagger, with the [true] edge over the ''debole'' of the enemy’s sword.<ref>Placing the edge over the ''debole'' like this is the basis of the Italian gaining ''stringere'' of the sword, or the Spanish ''atajo''. It's used to close and control the line to prevent the opponent from hitting us. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]</ref>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|5|lbl=28.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|1|lbl=29.1|p=1}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Working in this way with the dagger, we will by necessity use our sword to cut through the circle of the enemy’s body.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|2|lbl=29.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>And because the dagger always has to dominate the opponent’s sword, we must ensure that when we raise the sword to our enemy, we raise the dagger so that, always passing through it, we see the sword dominated from the inside [line].</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|3|lbl=29.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|3|lbl=3.3}}
+
| <p>The dagger strikes in straight lines; in oblique lines it removes lines; and in angular lines it strikes the edge. And in three ways it strikes the enemy’s line:</p>
 +
* in the first by will;
 +
* in the second by necessity;
 +
* in the third by progress; in the third it strikes inward, causing the longest wound.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|4|lbl=29.4}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>If necessary, the sword is not beaten, but only by existing at the attack does he escape with the body, causing the attack to turn the false edge towards the ground.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|5|lbl=29.5}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>At the point of contact, the sword is beaten with an outward semicircular motion, when the opposite sword is parried in an oblique line in the presence under the center of the extended body, making sure of the greatest possible length: if the end of the line were to move contrary to the other, the said length would not be reached.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|6|lbl=29.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|1|lbl=30.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/17|4|lbl=3.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|1|lbl=4.1|p=1}}
+
| <p>The defending line must be used to bring the line opposite to the center from where it originates: but when it finds itself in the center it must be beaten, and when it is not there it must be helped, so that it may arrive more quickly at its decline through natural motion.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|2|lbl=30.2}}
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
{{master subsection end}}
 +
 
 +
{{master subsection begin
 +
| title = Chapter 5
 +
| width = 90em
 +
}}
 +
{| class="master"
 +
|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>''Now that we have dealt with the offensive & defensive instrument, we will continue to speak of the place.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|3|lbl=30.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>'''T'''he place, therefore, will be every kind of site: and because most of the time duels are fought on the public streets of the Cities; which are often disastrous both for the dandies and for being uneven: therefore we must adapt ourselves to every kind of site: which we will do, if we keep the body balanced; and the weight of it well distributed in the legs.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|4|lbl=30.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|2|lbl=4.2}}
+
| <p>The sixth condition, which is the manner in which we offend others and defend ourselves, consists principally in securing our body against the enemy’s offense; and therefore the offense will never be taken if we are not first certain of the defense. Nor will we ever defend ourselves simply, if at the same time we do not offend, for the true defense is to offend, which we will do with resolution; and if we are always the first to execute the attack.<ref>Here Ghisliero’s methods conforms to common Italian approaches of defence to: always counter an opponent’s attacks with consideration for returning the attack, always attack with concern for defence, and not attack unless secure against the opponent’s attack. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|1|lbl=31.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>These offenses give rise to two types of attacks: those of the cut and those of the point. </p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|2|lbl=31.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|3|lbl=4.3}}
+
| <p>The cut has all these properties, that is to say, it is more natural to man than the point, since the motions of man are circular, it seeks a portion of the opposite body. It is a natural motion, and because it is more visible, it induces fear. It can also terminate in whatever part one wishes.<ref>Justifications for use of the cut seem to be relatively rare in fencing treatise of the time. Ghisliero’s justifications may even be unique. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|3|lbl=31.3}}
  
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Nevertheless it has these imperfections; that is to say, it has the capacity to expose the right side of the body and the lower arm; and it is not mortal, since it resists the bones and the weapons;  in addition to the figure of the body of the sword – which for not being spherical and therefore not being of equal weight – often resists the air and wounds flat; and the sword is prone to breaking.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|4|lbl=31.4}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The point is drawn with the body covered; and it arrives sooner than it is seen: and therefore it is more irreparable and it is of less movement. And because of the shape of the sword, which is made in the shape of a wedge, it wounds more surely, and is more deadly: and it will therefore be better to use than the cut.<ref>The same justification for the thrust is given for the thrust being used by the legionary with the gladius, remaining more covered and it being more deadly than the cut. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|1|lbl=32a.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The cut is divided into three simple and two compound natures.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|2|lbl=32a.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero 06'.jpg|400px|center|link=File:Ghisliero 06.jpg]]
 +
| <p>Of these three natures of the cut,</p>
 +
* the first is the ''fendente'',<ref>''Fendente'' means vertical cut.</ref>
 +
* the second is the ''traversale'',<ref>''Traversale'' – transversal or diagonal cut [sometimes ''squalembrato'' for downward or ''falso'' if rising] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and
 +
* the third the ''tondo''.<ref>''Tondo'' – horizontal cut</ref>
 +
 +
<p>And all these three natures are divided into ''dritti''<ref>''Dritti'' – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called ''mandritta''] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and ''roversi'';<ref>''Roversi'' – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> the ''dritti'' are those which come from the lesser side. And these ''dritti'' and ''roversi'' divide the circle of man into eight equal parts, as can be seen in the figure below.<ref>The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]]’ 1630 treatise ''[[Academie de l'Espée (Gérard Thibault d'Anvers)|Academie de l'Espée]]'' ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'', 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins ''Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru'', or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'' – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). [[Salvator Fabris,]] in his 1606 text, ''[[Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris)|Sienza e Pratica d’Arme]]'' also has an illustration in the section ''Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero'' or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)</ref>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|3|lbl=32a.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>Of the two compound natures, the first is the ''diritto ridoppiato'',<ref>''Diritto ridoppiato'' literally means right redoubled or a ''falso traversale'' meaning a diagonal rising cut.</ref> which is started with the true edge of the
 +
sword underneath and goes to wound the tip of the enemy’s right shoulder.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|1|lbl=32b.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The second is the ''stramazzone'',<ref>''Stramazzóne'' means a circular cut where the hand is the centre of rotation for the cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] Florio describes it as ‘''Stramazzóne'', a downe-right blow. Also a rap, a cuffe or wherret on the cheeke.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> which is made with the knot of the hand in the manner of a ''molinello'':<ref>‘''Molinello'', or ''Molinelli'' means a circular cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] As an aside, the ''Molinello'' for flags described in [[Francesco Fernando Alfieri]]’s 1638 treatise ''[[La Bandiera (Francesco Fernando Alfieri)|La Bandiera]]'' “The ''molinello'' is delightful. To perform it comfortably, you should have the standard in your right hand. You complete a full turn above the head, then throw it up in the air, catching it around the middle of the standard as the figure shows. The ''molinello'' is then turned towards the rear foot. After several rotations, as the hand becomes fatigued, you should grip the butt of the flag with your other hand and repeat the same lesson, again throwing it in the air as described above.” (Alferi, 1638)</ref> and the ''reversi'' are so called because they are placed opposite; beginning on the left side and ending on the right, and are of the same nature as the ''mandritti''.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|2|lbl=32b.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The straight cut, because of its descent of natural motion to the center of the world<ref>‘World’ is translated from the word ''Mondo'' which means “the world, the universe. Also, a Mound or Globe, as Princes hold in their hands. Also, cleane, cleansed, pure, neate, spotlesse, purged. Also, pared, pilled. Also, winnowed, &c. Also, as we say, a world, a multitude or great quantitie.’ (Florio, 1611)</ref> [downwards due to gravity], is heavier than the other two: for it forms the line of direction to which the more its motions are connected with its weight, the more serious they are.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|3|lbl=32b.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|4|lbl=4.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|1|lbl=5.1|p=1}}
+
| <p>On the other hand, by occupying the imagined line, it does not allow a place for the opposite sword to enter in defense, as is the case with oblique cuts, which are all those lines that follow the angle formed by the line of the ''fendente'' and the ''tondo fendente''.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|4|lbl=32b.4}}
  
 
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|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>Therefore, the more these transversal cuts approach the perpendicular descent towards the center of the world; and the more they make an acute angle with the line of direction, the more they will approach the perfection of the cut. And on the contrary, the more they move away from it, and approach the horizontal line of the ''diritto tondo'', the less they will make an acute angle; and consequently they will be more oblique; and therefore of less weight and strength.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|5|lbl=32b.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|1|lbl=33b.1|p=1}}
 +
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|-
 
|  
 
|  
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|2|lbl=5.2}}
+
| <p>From the description of the ''fendente tondo''<ref>''Fendente tondo'' means the upper half of the circle as shown in figure 6B. When speaking of the reverses, he is speaking of the lower half of the circle in figure 6B.</ref> and
 +
everything that has been said about ''mandritti'',  if it can be understood sufficiently, can be understood about the ''reversi'', since they are of the same nature.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|2|lbl=33b.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>All these cuts can be made by attacking with the wrist with a certain continuous motion; that is to say, aided from the beginning until the end by the power of the wrist. The man is more easily helped by the force of his body, (than by the force of his motion) and of the body as a whole; which then is aided by the reason of cutting through the middle;<ref>‘''Segáre'', to sawe. Also to part, to cut or devide through the middle.’ (Florio, 1611)</ref> which makes the wound greater. And, this has some good appearance, as the man in the process of being attacked is covered and lurches unevenly, and is more concerted in the operation.<ref>‘''Riversa''’ [singular] t ''de’roversi'', which means ‘to turn around, a reversion, reverting, reverse or a backblow. A powering down or overwhelmed’ – in short the ''riversa'' is a back-hand. (Florio, 1611) Note how even the cut from the wrist is aided by motion of the body, no doubt using the feet to move the body as the cut is made as well, all in their correct motion, to affect the cut. [Note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|3|lbl=33b.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|3|lbl=5.3}}
+
| <p>But since the blow is a very strong force, as Aristotle declares in the ‘Decimation of the Mechanic Treatises’, we will conclude that all attacks, in order to be perfect, will be helped by the force of the body and by the blow.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|4|lbl=33b.4}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The second way of attacking is divided into three types: in ''imbroccata'', in ''stoccata'', and in ''punta riversa''.<ref>''Imbroccata'' means a descending thrust. ''Stoccata'', means a violent thrust ascending or rising. ''Punta riversa'' means a reverse thrust with the point of the sword.</ref></p>
 +
* The ''imbroccata'' is that which is known above the hand; which comes from above to below in natural motion. And the same, when the declination does not end, but which terminates in the plane of the shoulder - and which forms an equilateral triangle - as well in the attacking as in the hitting, is called ''imbroccata aventata''.<ref>“''Auentáta'', a hurling, looke ''Auentáre''.” (Florio, 1611) “''Auentáre'', to hurle, to fling, to dart or cast with violence. Also, to leape or seaze greedily upon, to souse downe as a hawke, also to fill or puff with winde.” (Florio 1611 Dictionary). Therefore ''imbroccata aventata'' or ''imbroccata aventate'' means to violently attack using a thrust of the rapier over the dagger.</ref>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|5|lbl=33b.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|1|lbl=34.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>''Stoccata'' is that which is made under a hand of violent motion, thrusting one’s own sword by its right: which also differs from the ''affuselata stoccata''; which is so called, because it has the same effect in attacking, and in recovering, as does the ''imbroccata aventata''.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|2|lbl=34.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/19|4|lbl=5.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/18|1|lbl=4.1|p=1}}
+
| <p>''Punta riversa'' is that which parts [wounds] as it departs.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|3|lbl=34.3}}
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
{{master subsection end}}
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{{master subsection begin
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| title = Chapter 6
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| width = 90em
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}}
 +
{| class="master"
 +
|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>''Because in any kind of strong attack the sword enters into some kind of line, it will be necessary to state some Geometric principles.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|4|lbl=34.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>'''T'''he point, is therefore, understood to be that because of its smallness of quantity, and quantity terminated, it cannot be understood by any external sense, but only by our imagination. And what follows here is the point:</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|5|lbl=34.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The line is a quantity, with length, without width, & without thickness, or depth; & consequently it can only be drawn in the long run, since it can be drawn in any other direction.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|1|lbl=35.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="8" | [[File:Ghisliero p35.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>And the two terms, or extremities of the line are two points, as is seen in this example: {{dec|s|――――}}</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|2|lbl=35.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>There are three lines, namely, straight, oblique, & mixed.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|3|lbl=35.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>A straight line is one which extends from one point to another with the shortest possible length, and is as follows: {{dec|s|――――――――}}</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|4|lbl=35.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>A curved or twisted line is one which is stretched from one point to another, as is this one:<ref>The first two lines on the page are printed, but the second two needed to be drawn in by the artist.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|5|lbl=35.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The mixed line will be able to be when it is composed of these two.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|6|lbl=35.6}}
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 +
|-
 +
| <p>Now for our purpose, the straight line is the one that starts from the left foot with the body in profile, and with the arm outstretched. And when the end of the sword is missing at the right side of the shoulder, with the sword in a straight line whenever it is present, it will be in a state to attack correctly.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|7|lbl=35.7}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The sword will be in an oblique line when it is oblique to the opposite body: that is to say, when one sees the body of the sword, and not the tip.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|8|lbl=35.8}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>Parallel lines, or equidistant lines, are those which do not come together on either one side or the other, and we could imagine them stretching to infinity.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|9|lbl=35.9}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>Hence, the attack will be at right angles to the opposite body, so that the enemy sword will form a parallel line with our body, and will also seek the attack on most of the opposite body.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|1|lbl=38.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The right angle is caused by two lines which touch each other at right angles.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|2|lbl=38.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The acute angle will be that which is less than the right angle.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|3|lbl=38.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The obtuse angle will be that which is greater than the right angle.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|4|lbl=38.4}}
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 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 07.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>These lines are lengthened according to the help given them by the whole body and its parts: for example, the more the body bends, making an acute angle in its center with the line of the thigh and with that of the body, and likewise the more it opens the compass, and the more it causes the arm to form a straight line with the sword, the longer the line of the sword will be.<ref>This is the reason that the direct thrust from the shoulder in a straight line is the longest and most preferable and the reason to learn to thrust straight rather than aiming up toward the head. [Note by Henry Fox]</ref> And since these divisions could be multiplied indefinitely, it will suffice for the sufficiency of our art at this point, that we use the four openings of the compasses already mentioned, as can be seen in this figure.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|5|lbl=38.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>'''H'''owever, they can be extended in four ways:</p>
 +
 +
* The first, most real, is by compassing the body in profile, and extending the arm to form a straight line with the left shoulder: nevertheless, this line does not have a defense with it.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|1|lbl=40.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 
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 +
* The second is when it would be longer, if after having been compassed in profile, the weight of the body were to be brought to the right leg; and if the elbowed shoulder were placed as a counterweight to the body: with all this the attack would be weakened, and the movement would be too great, and it would be necessary to fall back forcibly onto the other leg.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|2|lbl=40.2}}
  
 
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 +
|
 +
* The third is the one by which one can extend the line a little further by bringing the foot a little behind the straight line; but this is a violent, uncomfortable and dangerous movement which could cause us to fall, and does not provide a certain line of retreat.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|3|lbl=40.3}}
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 +
|-
 
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 +
* The fourth and last, and most perfect of all, is that which is done by bending the waist with the body in perspective, and with the compass open; and forming a straight line, turning the false edge of the sword towards the ground, which thus lengthens the line more than is done in profile: and this has joined with it the defense.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|4|lbl=40.4}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
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 +
| <p>In order to put an end to the seven circumstances, which are involved in all human operations, it remains to know brieflythe end, for which man dies in this action; and this is victory, which being known by itself, there is no need to say any more about it.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|5|lbl=40.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|1|lbl=41.1|p=1}}
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|}
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{{master subsection end}}
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{{master subsection begin
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| title = Chapter 7
 +
| width = 90em
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}}
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{| class="master"
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|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
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|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero p41.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>''Since all our discursive knowledge must come from whatever other supposed knowledge we may have, from which we can begin to deal with the subject in discourse, and since in the remainder of this treatise of ours we need some other Geometric principles, we shall set forth those.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|2|lbl=41.2}}
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|-
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| <p>'''T'''he Circle, then (to begin here), or the circular figure, is a plane figure held by a single line; in the middle of which one can take a point, from which all the lines that extend around the circle, or circumference (the circumference is called that line which contains the figure) would be equal to each other: and that point is called the center.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|3|lbl=41.3}}
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 +
|-
 +
| <p>The diameter of the circle is called any straight line, passing through the center of the circle, & touching both equal parts; or let us say in two semicircles.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|4|lbl=41.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The semi-circle will be a curvilinear plane figure contained by the diameter of the circle, & by half of its circumference.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|1|lbl=42.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero p42.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>The cord in a circle is that straight line which divides the circle into two unequal parts, and therefore does not pass through the center, as we see here.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|2|lbl=42.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>Hence that part, which rhymes with the greater part, is called the greater portion: & in it remains the center.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|3|lbl=42.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>That part then, which remains without the center of said circle, is called the minor portion.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|4|lbl=42.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>And we must know that not only bodies, but also surfaces, lines, and points do not have their own existence, except by the imagination, that they can be understood for themselves, and without application of matter to the sensible consciousness: in a sword, in which not only the body, but also the surface, the line, and the point have their essence; it is possible by means of imagination to understand the body is contained by a surface, and in it to imagine the lines, and the points for themselves considered, and without having regard to iron, or to other natural matter.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|5|lbl=42.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>And in this way we will consider the line in our operation abstracted from the matter of the sword, when it is not present; but when it is placed in a straight line, then we will consider the line applied to the matter of the sword.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|6|lbl=42.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/57|1|lbl=43.1|p=1}}
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{| class="master"
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! <p>Images</p>
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
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! <p>Images</p>
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
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  | authors    = [[Nicola Boyd]]
 
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  | source title= [[:media:Rules of many knightly armies (Nicole Boyd).pdf|Society for Creative Anachronism]]
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  | source title= ''[[:media:Rules of many knightly armies (Nicola Boyd).pdf|Rules of many knightly armies]]''
 
  | license    = noncommercial
 
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  | source title= [[Index:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|Index:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero)]]
 
  | source title= [[Index:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|Index:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero)]]

Revision as of 23:38, 20 March 2024

Federico Ghisliero
Died 1619
Turin, Italy
Occupation
  • Soldier
Nationality Italian
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (1587)

Federico Ghisliero was a Bolognese soldier and fencer. Little is know about his early life, but he studied fencing under the famous Silvio Piccolomini.

In 1587, he published a fencing treatise called Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii, dedicated to Ranuccio Farnese, who was 18 years old at the time of publication and would become Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Castro. Ghisliero's manual is notable for his use of geometry in relation to fencing, and the incredibly detailed illustrations, using concentric circles centered on where the fencer has placed most of their weight (often, but not always, the back foot), and illustrating multiple versions of each figure in a plate, showing the progression of the movements he describes.

Treatise

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

  • Anglo, Sydney (1994). "Sixteenth-century Italian drawings in Federico Ghisliero's Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii." Apollo 140(393): 29-36.
  • Gotti, Roberto (2023). "The Dynamic Sphere: Thesis on the Third State of the Vitruvian Man." Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia: 93-147. Ed. by Daniel Jaquet; Hing Chao and Loretta Kim. Springer.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Cavagliereschi is Corsican for "chivalrous", while the Italian is "knightly".
  2. La gratia is Catalan for "grace".
  3. Ghisliero is telling his reader that he is a soldier not a civilian swordsman, so it will have a different perspective to others, hence his later comments on siege craft. [note from Henry Fox]
  4. This and the previous paragraph are commending the work to the patron, justifying the work’s existence and its purpose, common in treatises of the period. [note from Henry Fox]
  5. It was common to refer to “ancients” in the justification of the art of swordsmanship. [note from Henry Fox]
  6. When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the ars militari (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]
  7. Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]
  8. The version dedicated to Antonino instead reads "...for the instruction of the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello".
  9. Cavalier – cavaliere – knights – so indicating the noble nature of the art which he is presenting. [note from Henry Fox]
  10. The Humours.
  11. Means sad.
  12. Means calm.
  13. Means optimistic.
  14. Means bad-tempered.
  15. Hot-tempered.
  16. Moti has a number of meanings in modern Italian aside from "motion", including "motorcycle, bike, watercraft, riot, scooter".
  17. The use of square brackets [] shows the insertion of the translator to aid in clarity of meaning throughout the document.
  18. Contextually, transportar is in modern Italian trasporto and has been translated such.
  19. Where the word operante which means the operator or the person taking action or more simply the will is used elsewhere, I translate it to fencer as operator has the wrong connotations in English for what Ghisliaro appears to wish to convey.
  20. This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]
  21. The spelling of secóda is seconda in modern Italian. This shortening of words through the removal of ‘n’ is common in documents of the period.
  22. Public roads means the location is a public road.
  23. Of Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture. [This same book is referenced in Thibault] [note from Henry Fox]
  24. Or capacity.
  25. Flavius Vegetius Renatus' On Roman Military Matters is likely the text to which he is referring. Which was a fourth century commentary on the training of Roman legions harking back to older methods. [note from Henry Fox]
  26. Onde is Catalan. It is dove in Italian. Both mean ‘where’ in English.
  27. A second century book written by a Roman in the Attica region which encompasses the city of Athens.
  28. Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means “a whole unit less a quarter” or three-quarters.
  29. Referencing the ‘ancients’ for authority was commonly used by authors of the time to demonstrate their comprehensive knowledge of the subject. It is intended to add gravitas to the treatise.
  30. All’hora is Catalan. Modern Italian is al tempo.
  31. The Elder.
  32. Scriue is Catalan. Modern Italian is lui scrive.
  33. Scurzo, does not translate appropriately from Italian. As with a number of words in Ghisliero’s treatise, it is likely a Catalase word or a unique spelling. Analysis of other treaties such as Jarod Kirby’s Italian Rapier Combat (Kirby, 2004) shows the following two definitions, on page 14 of the text, of a similar sound word that is contextually a more likely approximation of what scurzo means; “Scanso, A voidance, any evasive manoeuvre that moves the body of the direct line” and “Scanso del pie dritto, A voidance made by moving the right foot slightly off the direct line while turning the body.” So for the purposes of this translation, scurzo will mean in this text the middle stance as shown in Figure 3, i.e. a partial voiding stance halfway between perspective and profile.
  34. "Perspective" means front facing forward.
  35. Also could be interpreted as "figure".
  36. George Silver’s theory of the time for the hand and foot from his 1599 text Paradoxes of Defense mirrors this framework. [note from Henry Fox] (Silver, 1599)
  37. Et is Latin for ‘and’ in English and e in Italian.
  38. This is not an exact translation – it is the best approximation based on context.
  39. Balancia translates into ‘balance’.
  40. Membro translates to ‘member’, but in English a better word is limb.
  41. ò á mano manca la fontanella directly translates to something like ‘the hand missing the fontanelle’. This made no contextual sense, so it has been translated to ‘from the fountain of the body’ as fonta can mean ‘source’ in modern Italian. In the it states that “Fontánella, a little fountaine. Also a fontanell or cauterie [something to cauterise wounds], or rowling [turning round about, whirling or turning round], used also for the chiefe vein of a man’s body.” (Florio, 1611)
  42. ‘Perspective’ is forward facing as can be seen in Figure 3.
  43. No good translation found, contextually translating spatio to ‘space’.
  44. Polykleitos's Doryphoros is an early example of this position called contrapposto. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  45. Polykleitos wrote a lost treatise called ‘Artistic canons of body proportions’ in 5th Century Greece which provided a reference for standard body proportions. For more information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_canons_of_body_proportions (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  46. The act or process of passing across, over, or through.
  47. Aristotle’s fifth book of the Physica, which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)
  48. Change of shape.
  49. By addition or by growing.
  50. Also taking away or removing.
  51. Putting things together or building.
  52. Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.
  53. “Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)
  54. This same concept is present in Chapter 5 ‘Of tempo’ in Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli’s 1610 publication Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma and can be translated into the actions of the fencer undertaking the correct movements - from ward (stillness) to attack or defence (movement) to ward (stillness) again. It propounds that the fencer should always end an action in a ward. The same concept is raised in Angelo Viggiani dal Montone’s 1551 (published 1575) text Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani (Montone, 1575) and Antonio Manciolino’s 1531 Opera Nova (Manciolino, 1531).
  55. "Violence" in this instance means outside force or against nature. The same concepts of natural and violent actions are used in Iberian swordsmanship, and they take higher guards to take advantage of this principle. [note from Henry Fox]
  56. Springimento is likely Springáre means ‘yarke, kicke or winze’ (Florio, 1611). Which likely means in context a preparation or a marshalling of position prior to deployment.
  57. Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]
  58. Bases mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.
  59. Lacertoi, the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus lacertoi will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.
  60. Keeping the elbow near the body.
  61. Rascetta, the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)
  62. Direct translation is ‘good blade’.
  63. Costa “the back of a knife or weapon.” (Florio, 1611) There isn’t a common English equivalent which is a single word.
  64. This is consistent with Giacomo di Grassi’s treatise Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme (Grassi, 1570) which states that there is more power existing at the circumference of a circle than there is closer to the centre. [note from Henry Fox]
  65. Debole refers to the half of the blade from tip of the blade to one third down towards the hilt.
  66. Forte refers to the first third of the blade from the hilt to towards the tip.
  67. Placing the edge over the debole like this is the basis of the Italian gaining stringere of the sword, or the Spanish atajo. It's used to close and control the line to prevent the opponent from hitting us. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]
  68. Here Ghisliero’s methods conforms to common Italian approaches of defence to: always counter an opponent’s attacks with consideration for returning the attack, always attack with concern for defence, and not attack unless secure against the opponent’s attack. [note from Henry Fox]
  69. Justifications for use of the cut seem to be relatively rare in fencing treatise of the time. Ghisliero’s justifications may even be unique. [note from Henry Fox]
  70. The same justification for the thrust is given for the thrust being used by the legionary with the gladius, remaining more covered and it being more deadly than the cut. [note from Henry Fox]
  71. Fendente means vertical cut.
  72. Traversale – transversal or diagonal cut [sometimes squalembrato for downward or falso if rising] [note from Henry Fox]
  73. Tondo – horizontal cut
  74. Dritti – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called mandritta] [note from Henry Fox]
  75. Roversi – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]
  76. The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] Gérard Thibault d'Anvers’ 1630 treatise Academie de l'Espée ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru, or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). Salvator Fabris, in his 1606 text, Sienza e Pratica d’Arme also has an illustration in the section Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)
  77. Diritto ridoppiato literally means right redoubled or a falso traversale meaning a diagonal rising cut.
  78. Stramazzóne means a circular cut where the hand is the centre of rotation for the cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] Florio describes it as ‘Stramazzóne, a downe-right blow. Also a rap, a cuffe or wherret on the cheeke.” (Florio, 1611)
  79. Molinello, or Molinelli means a circular cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] As an aside, the Molinello for flags described in Francesco Fernando Alfieri’s 1638 treatise La Bandiera “The molinello is delightful. To perform it comfortably, you should have the standard in your right hand. You complete a full turn above the head, then throw it up in the air, catching it around the middle of the standard as the figure shows. The molinello is then turned towards the rear foot. After several rotations, as the hand becomes fatigued, you should grip the butt of the flag with your other hand and repeat the same lesson, again throwing it in the air as described above.” (Alferi, 1638)
  80. ‘World’ is translated from the word Mondo which means “the world, the universe. Also, a Mound or Globe, as Princes hold in their hands. Also, cleane, cleansed, pure, neate, spotlesse, purged. Also, pared, pilled. Also, winnowed, &c. Also, as we say, a world, a multitude or great quantitie.’ (Florio, 1611)
  81. Fendente tondo means the upper half of the circle as shown in figure 6B. When speaking of the reverses, he is speaking of the lower half of the circle in figure 6B.
  82. Segáre, to sawe. Also to part, to cut or devide through the middle.’ (Florio, 1611)
  83. Riversa’ [singular] t de’roversi, which means ‘to turn around, a reversion, reverting, reverse or a backblow. A powering down or overwhelmed’ – in short the riversa is a back-hand. (Florio, 1611) Note how even the cut from the wrist is aided by motion of the body, no doubt using the feet to move the body as the cut is made as well, all in their correct motion, to affect the cut. [Note from Henry Fox]
  84. Imbroccata means a descending thrust. Stoccata, means a violent thrust ascending or rising. Punta riversa means a reverse thrust with the point of the sword.
  85. Auentáta, a hurling, looke Auentáre.” (Florio, 1611) “Auentáre, to hurle, to fling, to dart or cast with violence. Also, to leape or seaze greedily upon, to souse downe as a hawke, also to fill or puff with winde.” (Florio 1611 Dictionary). Therefore imbroccata aventata or imbroccata aventate means to violently attack using a thrust of the rapier over the dagger.
  86. The first two lines on the page are printed, but the second two needed to be drawn in by the artist.
  87. Here the page numbers jump from 35 to 38, correcting the error of having two 32s and 33s
  88. This is the reason that the direct thrust from the shoulder in a straight line is the longest and most preferable and the reason to learn to thrust straight rather than aiming up toward the head. [Note by Henry Fox]
  89. 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 There is a gap in the text here for a circle to be drawn in.