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| <p>''And while we can make this art<ref>When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the arts militari (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> profit on a thousand other occasions, if only it delivers the following two benefits at the same time it could be considered worthy, and we can do it very well through practicing this art: firstly vigour and robustness of the soul and body; the other which should not be taken lightly, and is the principle reason for this study to be pursued, is being able to defend against any insult against your person.''<ref>Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
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| <p>''And while we can make this art<ref>When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the ''ars militari'' (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> profit on a thousand other occasions, if only it delivers the following two benefits at the same time it could be considered worthy, and we can do it very well through practicing this art: firstly vigour and robustness of the soul and body; the other which should not be taken lightly, and is the principle reason for this study to be pursued, is being able to defend against any insult against your person.''<ref>Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/11|3|lbl=+ⅲ.3}}
 
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* the fifth is the place where we work;
 
* the fifth is the place where we work;
 
* the sixth is the manner in which we work;
 
* the sixth is the manner in which we work;
* the seventh is the end [the reason, motivation] for which we work.<ref>This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]</ref>  
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* the seventh is the end [the reason, motivation] for which we work.<ref>This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]</ref>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|2|lbl=6.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/20|2|lbl=6.2}}
  
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| [[File:Ghisliero 02.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| <p>'''I'''n Chapter 17 of Pliny’s<ref>The Elder.</ref> seventh book of natural history he writes,<ref>''Scriue'' is Catalan. Modern Italian is ''lui scrive''.</ref> man is a figure of squares and angles and by opening up your arms and by stretching your fingers you will see from this shape that you can measure the size of your height. In the same way by keeping the man’s feet together and open arms are included in the square form of four equal lines, because: the first line passes across the top of the head, the next line passes through where the feet touch the floor, the third line passes through one of the hands and the last line passes through the other hand, as shown in this figure.</p>
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| <p>'''I'''n Chapter 17 of Pliny’s<ref>The Elder.</ref> seventh book of natural history he writes,<ref>''Scriue'' is Catalan. Modern Italian is ''lui scrive''.</ref> man is a figure of squares and angles and by opening up your arms and by stretching your fingers you will see from this shape that you can measure the size of your height. In the same way by keeping the man’s feet together and open arms are included in the square form of four equal lines, because: the first line passes across the top of the head, the next line passes through where the feet touch the floor, the third line passes through one of the hands and the last line passes through the other hand, as shown in this figure.</p>
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf|24|lbl=10}}
 
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| <p>As the motion, and the matter, around which the man operates in this act of stabbing them, we have to know that movement, according to what Aristotle defends in the ninth text of his fifth book of the ''Physica'',s<ref>Aristotle’s fifth book of the ''Physica'', which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)</ref> is a mutation, or transmutation: the types of which some want to be six; i.e. Generation, Corruption,<ref>Change of shape.</ref> Augmentation,<ref>By addition or by growing.</ref> Decreasing,<ref>Also taking away or removing.</ref> Alteration,<ref>Putting things together or building.</ref> and Mutation<ref>Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.</ref> place-to-place. None other than Aristotle himself in the first section<ref>“Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)</ref> concludes that there are no more than three [types of movement]; i.e. quantity, quality mutation, and location. Of these three types the last type is what we need to know for our art, in which movement is nothing more than transmuation that sometimes causes a body to move from one place to another; and the terms of the movement are two instants.</p>
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| <p>As the motion, and the matter, around which the man operates in this act of stabbing them, we have to know that movement, according to what Aristotle defends in the ninth text of his fifth book of the ''Physica'',s<ref>Aristotle’s fifth book of the ''Physica'', which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)</ref> is a mutation, or transmutation: the types of which some want to be six; i.e. Generation, Corruption,<ref>Change of shape.</ref> Augmentation,<ref>By addition or by growing.</ref> Decreasing,<ref>Also taking away or removing.</ref> Alteration,<ref>Putting things together or building.</ref> and Mutation<ref>Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.</ref> place-to-place. None other than Aristotle himself in the first section<ref>“Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, ''Physica'', Aristotle (Aristotle, ''Physica'' (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)</ref> concludes that there are no more than three [types of movement]; i.e. quantity, quality mutation, and location. Of these three types the last type is what we need to know for our art, in which movement is nothing more than transmutation that sometimes causes a body to move from one place to another; and the terms of the movement are two instants.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|2|lbl=21.2}}
 
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| <p>The instant in motion and the instant in time is, the Geometric bridge that is counted in magnitude; that is; which is not [just a] part, but is indisible [to it], and consequentlyis neither motion nor tempo, but it is the beginning and  
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| <p>The instant in motion and the instant in time is, the Geometric bridge that is counted in magnitude; that is; which is not [just a] part, but is indisible [to it], and consequently is neither motion nor tempo, but it is the beginning and end of every movement and of each time it is finished; as Aristotle describes in the text of the fifth section of book six of the ''Physica''.</p>
end of every movement and of each time it is finished; as Aristotle describes in the text of the fifth section of book six of the ''Physica''.</p>
 
 
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|3|lbl=21.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|1|lbl=22.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/35|3|lbl=21.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|1|lbl=22.1|p=1}}
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| <p>And there are three movements, two simple – the straight and the circular – and the third a compound of these two, which serves the compound line.</p>
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| <p>And there are three movements, two simple – the straight and the circular – and the third a compound of these two, which serves the compound line.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/36|3|lbl=22.3}}
 
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| <p>And five are the circumferences, which with motion a man forms in order to injure, since in his body he has five centers:</p>
 
| <p>And five are the circumferences, which with motion a man forms in order to injure, since in his body he has five centers:</p>
  
<p>And the first is in the left foot, with which, standing still, and raising the right arm with the rest of the body in motion gives rise to a kind of circumference, which is the largest he has to do: and that makes the cut.</p>
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*And the first is in the left foot, with which, standing still, and raising the right arm with the rest of the body in motion gives rise to a kind of circumference, which is the largest he has to do: and that makes the cut.
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|4|lbl=23.4}}
 
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| <p>The second circumference is formed by the man, who is standing here at the center of the girdle of the body: and who with the rest, with his arm up, describes a circumference, of which many are used in a fight at the barriers.<ref>Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
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* The second circumference is formed by the man, who is standing here at the center of the girdle of the body: and who with the rest, with his arm up, describes a circumference, of which many are used in a fight at the barriers.<ref>Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]</ref>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|5|lbl=23.5}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/37|5|lbl=23.5}}
  
 
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| <p>The third is done by the man while in one of the five states and while the whole body is stopped and centred on the shoulder and with the arm alone in motion, it describes a circumference, which is used to make the correct stance with the legs.<ref>''Bases'' mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.</ref></p>
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* The third is done by the man while in one of the five states and while the whole body is stopped and centred on the shoulder and with the arm alone in motion, it describes a circumference, which is used to make the correct stance with the legs.<ref>''Bases'' mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.</ref>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|1|lbl=24.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|1|lbl=24.1}}
  
 
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| <p>The fourth is discrete by man, when the rest of the arm,  
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called the ''lacerto'',<ref>“''Lacertoi'', the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus ''lacertoi'' will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.</ref> is set in motion with the whole body stable by centering the elbow<ref>Keeping the elbow near the body.</ref> and makes a circumference; which we use to cause injury when the enemy parries.</p>
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* The fourth is discrete by man, when the rest of the arm, called the ''lacerto'',<ref>“''Lacertoi'', the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus ''lacertoi'' will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.</ref> is set in motion with the whole body stable by centering the elbow<ref>Keeping the elbow near the body.</ref> and makes a circumference; which we use to cause injury when the enemy parries.
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|2|lbl=24.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|2|lbl=24.2}}
  
 
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| <p>The fifth and final one made by the man, while the whole body is stable by and centred on the hand’s wrist, describes the smallest possible circumference that he can describe; which we use to make holes in the knuckles.</p>
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* The fifth and final one made by the man, while the whole body is stable by and centred on the hand’s wrist,<ref>“''Rascetta'', the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> describes the smallest possible circumference that he can describe; which we use to make holes in the knuckles.
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|3|lbl=24.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/38|3|lbl=24.3}}
  
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicole Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
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| <p>And there are four ways you can hold the sword in your hand:</p>
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* in the first, putting a thumb over the ''costa''<ref>''Costa'' “the back of a knife or weapon.” (Florio, 1611) There isn’t a common English equivalent which is a single word.</ref> [the ricazzo], so that with this help it deals more directly with it: but in such a world the points are not working well and the hand isn’t at its full strength so as to enable it to be half open.
 
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* in the second you can take it flat with the palm of the hand towards the ground. And this is done to have it seem lighter; since the hand with the arm in this state works almost as a support for the body, which makes the weight of the sword seem lighter; but in this way it will not cut and changes the lines in play, which is completely imperfect.
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|3|lbl=25.3}}
 
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* in the third way, the sword is taken with the fist clenched in order to advance a finger’s length. This is true to the instrument [sword], but each time the attack is made, the instrument with which the arm must form a straight line as much as possible; this cannot be done with this grip, since in this way it always forms an obtuse angle, in addition to the fact that most of the cuts are flat attacks.
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|4|lbl=25.4}}
 
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* in the fourth and last way (which is the perfect) one takes the sword with a closed fist; and with the index finger the cross of the hilt is drawn: and in this way he has all the perfections.
 
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/39|5|lbl=25.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|1|lbl=26.1|p=1}}
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| <p>This sword, by its beating, can resemble the wedge, on which the heavier the weight it strikes, the greater the beat. Furthermore, the longer the distance between the weight which strikes and the wedge, the greater the impact.</p>
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| <p>So the weight of the sword will be heavier more than it will be for itself; and with the power that moves it.<ref>This is consistent with [[Giacomo di Grassi]]’s treatise ''[[Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme (Giacomo di Grassi)|Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme]]'' (Grassi, 1570) which states that there is more power existing at the circumference of a circle than there is closer to the centre. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
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| <p>For itself (because whenever the sword comes from a distance, the weight of the sword will become more acute, the more the motion will be greater) given that each serious item, while it moves, takes on more gravity [becomes heavier] when moved than when it is standing still; and the more it is moved from a distance, the greater the advantage.</p>
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| <p>For the power moves in this way: because being able to form five circles [circumferences] (as we have said) conforming to those will increase the weight: because the first one, which is the largest, will be formed [with the most weight], the others will be made with a smaller and smaller weight since the circles will be smaller.</p>
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| <p>The defensive instrument, which I consider to be the dagger, has a resistant body; that has the pleasure of defending the body of the man; and can be held in the hand in three ways:</p>
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* in the first, it is held flat in the hand, with the large finger in the middle of the blade, and by dividing the body into two parts, with a semi-circular movement it defends the right side, and with another semi-circular movement it defends the left side. And therefore it must be placed in presence in proportion; with these movements he makes the said defenses which have a lot of imperfections [flaws]:
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** one is that that hand is subjected the offense:
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** the other is that, even if the last point is only a small circle, the whole line of the dagger forms an angle with that of the arm, through which many lines [of attack] can enter
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** in addition, it is subject to many disadvantages, both inside and outside, and both below and above.
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/40|6|lbl=26.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/41|1|lbl=27.1|p=1}}
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* In the second, you hold the dagger in your hand, bringing it closer to the right parts [side]; and only try to beat it outwards so that it prevents the attack from reaching the body. This is false, because instead of covering it, he uncovers it; and it is very violent. Besides, every time that the fist moves a little at an angle the dagger, thus held, will not prevent the sword from entering, and it too is subjected to deception.
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* In the third and last one (which is the perfect one) the dagger is held in the hand in such a way that one can cleave with it if necessary: and from here, with natural movements, the body is defended by covering it: which is thus always kept free from offense and is not subjected to deception.
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/41|3|lbl=27.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|1|lbl=28.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>In addition to this defending line, it will always dominate the opposing sword; and with its natural motions it will beat it, always helping the lines to their declination: because very little force adds new motion to any weight, which moves first.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|2|lbl=28.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Nevertheless, the last third of the sword will be beaten, since it is the ''debole''<ref>''Debole'' refers to the half of the blade from tip of the blade to one third down towards the hilt.</ref> in this respect: although when it attacks, it is the strongest or best. This is because, moving with violent motion, the first part of any inanimate thing is easy to move to the other part, which must be understood in this way: since everything is continuously moving, it is very easy to make it move obliquely from those ends to which the mover is attached, since the other end is transported with great speed.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|3|lbl=28.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And just as in the case of things which are thrown or pulled, the motion weakens in the end; so the movement continues to be weaker at the ''debole'' and the resistance is less. And on that part [of the blade] things are more easily pushed as there is greater weakness, and therefore less resistance, which is undoubtedly in its end.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|4|lbl=28.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The dagger is a defensive instrument which should form a straight line with the arm; and the same should form a right angle with the surface of the body. And at this point, the view of the man should pass through the ''forte''<ref>''Forte'' refers to the first third of the blade from the hilt to towards the tip.</ref> of the dagger, with the [true] edge over the ''debole'' of the enemy’s sword.<ref>Placing the edge over the ''debole'' like this is the basis of the Italian gaining ''stringere'' of the sword, or the Spanish ''atajo''. It's used to close and control the line to prevent the opponent from hitting us. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]</ref>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/42|5|lbl=28.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|1|lbl=29.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Working in this way with the dagger, we will by necessity use our sword to cut through the circle of the enemy’s body.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|2|lbl=29.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>And because the dagger always has to dominate the opponent’s sword, we must ensure that when we raise the sword to our enemy, we raise the dagger so that, always passing through it, we see the sword dominated from the inside [line].</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|3|lbl=29.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The dagger strikes in straight lines; in oblique lines it removes lines; and in angular lines it strikes the edge. And in three ways it strikes the enemy’s line:</p>
 +
* in the first by will;
 +
* in the second by necessity;
 +
* in the third by progress; in the third it strikes inward, causing the longest wound.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|4|lbl=29.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>If necessary, the sword is not beaten, but only by existing at the attack does he escape with the body, causing the attack to turn the false edge towards the ground.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|5|lbl=29.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>At the point of contact, the sword is beaten with an outward semicircular motion, when the opposite sword is parried in an oblique line in the presence under the center of the extended body, making sure of the greatest possible length: if the end of the line were to move contrary to the other, the said length would not be reached.</p>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/43|6|lbl=29.6|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|1|lbl=30.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The defending line must be used to bring the line opposite to the center from where it originates: but when it finds itself in the center it must be beaten, and when it is not there it must be helped, so that it may arrive more quickly at its decline through natural motion.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|2|lbl=30.2}}
 +
 +
|}
 +
{{master subsection end}}
 +
 +
{{master subsection begin
 +
| title = Chapter 5
 +
| width = 90em
 +
}}
 +
{| class="master"
 +
|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>''Now that we have dealt with the offensive & defensive instrument, we will continue to speak of the place.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|3|lbl=30.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''T'''he place, therefore, will be every kind of site: and because most of the time duels are fought on the public streets of the Cities; which are often disastrous both for the dandies and for being uneven: therefore we must adapt ourselves to every kind of site: which we will do, if we keep the body balanced; and the weight of it well distributed in the legs.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/44|4|lbl=30.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The sixth condition, which is the manner in which we offend others and defend ourselves, consists principally in securing our body against the enemy’s offense; and therefore the offense will never be taken if we are not first certain of the defense. Nor will we ever defend ourselves simply, if at the same time we do not offend, for the true defense is to offend, which we will do with resolution; and if we are always the first to execute the attack.<ref>Here Ghisliero’s methods conforms to common Italian approaches of defence to: always counter an opponent’s attacks with consideration for returning the attack, always attack with concern for defence, and not attack unless secure against the opponent’s attack. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|1|lbl=31.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>These offenses give rise to two types of attacks: those of the cut and those of the point. </p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|2|lbl=31.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The cut has all these properties, that is to say, it is more natural to man than the point, since the motions of man are circular, it seeks a portion of the opposite body. It is a natural motion, and because it is more visible, it induces fear. It can also terminate in whatever part one wishes.<ref>Justifications for use of the cut seem to be relatively rare in fencing treatise of the time. Ghisliero’s justifications may even be unique. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|3|lbl=31.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Nevertheless it has these imperfections; that is to say, it has the capacity to expose the right side of the body and the lower arm; and it is not mortal, since it resists the bones and the weapons;  in addition to the figure of the body of the sword – which for not being spherical and therefore not being of equal weight – often resists the air and wounds flat; and the sword is prone to breaking.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/45|4|lbl=31.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The point is drawn with the body covered; and it arrives sooner than it is seen: and therefore it is more irreparable and it is of less movement. And because of the shape of the sword, which is made in the shape of a wedge, it wounds more surely, and is more deadly: and it will therefore be better to use than the cut.<ref>The same justification for the thrust is given for the thrust being used by the legionary with the gladius, remaining more covered and it being more deadly than the cut. [note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|1|lbl=32a.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The cut is divided into three simple and two compound natures.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|2|lbl=32a.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero 06'.jpg|400px|center|link=File:Ghisliero 06.jpg]]
 +
| <p>Of these three natures of the cut,</p>
 +
* the first is the ''fendente'',<ref>''Fendente'' means vertical cut.</ref>
 +
* the second is the ''traversale'',<ref>''Traversale'' – transversal or diagonal cut [sometimes ''squalembrato'' for downward or ''falso'' if rising] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and
 +
* the third the ''tondo''.<ref>''Tondo'' – horizontal cut</ref>
 +
 +
<p>And all these three natures are divided into ''dritti''<ref>''Dritti'' – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called ''mandritta''] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> and ''roversi'';<ref>''Roversi'' – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]</ref> the ''dritti'' are those which come from the lesser side. And these ''dritti'' and ''roversi'' divide the circle of man into eight equal parts, as can be seen in the figure below.<ref>The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]]’ 1630 treatise ''[[Academie de l'Espée (Gérard Thibault d'Anvers)|Academie de l'Espée]]'' ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'', 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins ''Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru'', or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, ''Academie de l'Espée'' – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). [[Salvator Fabris,]] in his 1606 text, ''[[Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris)|Sienza e Pratica d’Arme]]'' also has an illustration in the section ''Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero'' or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)</ref>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/46|3|lbl=32a.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>Of the two compound natures, the first is the ''diritto ridoppiato'',<ref>''Diritto ridoppiato'' literally means right redoubled or a ''falso traversale'' meaning a diagonal rising cut.</ref> which is started with the true edge of the
 +
sword underneath and goes to wound the tip of the enemy’s right shoulder.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|1|lbl=32b.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The second is the ''stramazzone'',<ref>''Stramazzóne'' means a circular cut where the hand is the centre of rotation for the cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] Florio describes it as ‘''Stramazzóne'', a downe-right blow. Also a rap, a cuffe or wherret on the cheeke.” (Florio, 1611)</ref> which is made with the knot of the hand in the manner of a ''molinello'':<ref>‘''Molinello'', or ''Molinelli'' means a circular cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] As an aside, the ''Molinello'' for flags described in [[Francesco Fernando Alfieri]]’s 1638 treatise ''[[La Bandiera (Francesco Fernando Alfieri)|La Bandiera]]'' “The ''molinello'' is delightful. To perform it comfortably, you should have the standard in your right hand. You complete a full turn above the head, then throw it up in the air, catching it around the middle of the standard as the figure shows. The ''molinello'' is then turned towards the rear foot. After several rotations, as the hand becomes fatigued, you should grip the butt of the flag with your other hand and repeat the same lesson, again throwing it in the air as described above.” (Alferi, 1638)</ref> and the ''reversi'' are so called because they are placed opposite; beginning on the left side and ending on the right, and are of the same nature as the ''mandritti''.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|2|lbl=32b.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The straight cut, because of its descent of natural motion to the center of the world<ref>‘World’ is translated from the word ''Mondo'' which means “the world, the universe. Also, a Mound or Globe, as Princes hold in their hands. Also, cleane, cleansed, pure, neate, spotlesse, purged. Also, pared, pilled. Also, winnowed, &c. Also, as we say, a world, a multitude or great quantitie.’ (Florio, 1611)</ref> [downwards due to gravity], is heavier than the other two: for it forms the line of direction to which the more its motions are connected with its weight, the more serious they are.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|3|lbl=32b.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>On the other hand, by occupying the imagined line, it does not allow a place for the opposite sword to enter in defense, as is the case with oblique cuts, which are all those lines that follow the angle formed by the line of the ''fendente'' and the ''tondo fendente''.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|4|lbl=32b.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>Therefore, the more these transversal cuts approach the perpendicular descent towards the center of the world; and the more they make an acute angle with the line of direction, the more they will approach the perfection of the cut. And on the contrary, the more they move away from it, and approach the horizontal line of the ''diritto tondo'', the less they will make an acute angle; and consequently they will be more oblique; and therefore of less weight and strength.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/48|5|lbl=32b.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|1|lbl=33b.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>From the description of the ''fendente tondo''<ref>''Fendente tondo'' means the upper half of the circle as shown in figure 6B. When speaking of the reverses, he is speaking of the lower half of the circle in figure 6B.</ref> and
 +
everything that has been said about ''mandritti'',  if it can be understood sufficiently, can be understood about the ''reversi'', since they are of the same nature.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|2|lbl=33b.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>All these cuts can be made by attacking with the wrist with a certain continuous motion; that is to say, aided from the beginning until the end by the power of the wrist. The man is more easily helped by the force of his body, (than by the force of his motion) and of the body as a whole; which then is aided by the reason of cutting through the middle;<ref>‘''Segáre'', to sawe. Also to part, to cut or devide through the middle.’ (Florio, 1611)</ref> which makes the wound greater. And, this has some good appearance, as the man in the process of being attacked is covered and lurches unevenly, and is more concerted in the operation.<ref>‘''Riversa''’ [singular] t ''de’roversi'', which means ‘to turn around, a reversion, reverting, reverse or a backblow. A powering down or overwhelmed’ – in short the ''riversa'' is a back-hand. (Florio, 1611) Note how even the cut from the wrist is aided by motion of the body, no doubt using the feet to move the body as the cut is made as well, all in their correct motion, to affect the cut. [Note from Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|3|lbl=33b.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>But since the blow is a very strong force, as Aristotle declares in the ‘Decimation of the Mechanic Treatises’, we will conclude that all attacks, in order to be perfect, will be helped by the force of the body and by the blow.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|4|lbl=33b.4}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The second way of attacking is divided into three types: in ''imbroccata'', in ''stoccata'', and in ''punta riversa''.<ref>''Imbroccata'' means a descending thrust. ''Stoccata'', means a violent thrust ascending or rising. ''Punta riversa'' means a reverse thrust with the point of the sword.</ref></p>
 +
* The ''imbroccata'' is that which is known above the hand; which comes from above to below in natural motion. And the same, when the declination does not end, but which terminates in the plane of the shoulder - and which forms an equilateral triangle - as well in the attacking as in the hitting, is called ''imbroccata aventata''.<ref>“''Auentáta'', a hurling, looke ''Auentáre''.” (Florio, 1611) “''Auentáre'', to hurle, to fling, to dart or cast with violence. Also, to leape or seaze greedily upon, to souse downe as a hawke, also to fill or puff with winde.” (Florio 1611 Dictionary). Therefore ''imbroccata aventata'' or ''imbroccata aventate'' means to violently attack using a thrust of the rapier over the dagger.</ref>
 +
|
 +
{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/49|5|lbl=33b.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|1|lbl=34.1|p=1}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>''Stoccata'' is that which is made under a hand of violent motion, thrusting one’s own sword by its right: which also differs from the ''affuselata stoccata''; which is so called, because it has the same effect in attacking, and in recovering, as does the ''imbroccata aventata''.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|2|lbl=34.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>''Punta riversa'' is that which parts [wounds] as it departs.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|3|lbl=34.3}}
 +
 +
|}
 +
{{master subsection end}}
 +
 +
{{master subsection begin
 +
| title = Chapter 6
 +
| width = 90em
 +
}}
 +
{| class="master"
 +
|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
 +
! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>''Because in any kind of strong attack the sword enters into some kind of line, it will be necessary to state some Geometric principles.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|4|lbl=34.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''T'''he point, is therefore, understood to be that because of its smallness of quantity, and quantity terminated, it cannot be understood by any external sense, but only by our imagination. And what follows here is the point:</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/50|5|lbl=34.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The line is a quantity, with length, without width, & without thickness, or depth; & consequently it can only be drawn in the long run, since it can be drawn in any other direction.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|1|lbl=35.1}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="8" | [[File:Ghisliero p35.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>And the two terms, or extremities of the line are two points, as is seen in this example: {{dec|s|――――}}</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|2|lbl=35.2}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>There are three lines, namely, straight, oblique, & mixed.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|3|lbl=35.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>A straight line is one which extends from one point to another with the shortest possible length, and is as follows: {{dec|s|――――――――}}</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|4|lbl=35.4}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>A curved or twisted line is one which is stretched from one point to another, as is this one:<ref>The first two lines on the page are printed, but the second two needed to be drawn in by the artist.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|5|lbl=35.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The mixed line will be able to be when it is composed of these two.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|6|lbl=35.6}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>Now for our purpose, the straight line is the one that starts from the left foot with the body in profile, and with the arm outstretched. And when the end of the sword is missing at the right side of the shoulder, with the sword in a straight line whenever it is present, it will be in a state to attack correctly.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|7|lbl=35.7}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>The sword will be in an oblique line when it is oblique to the opposite body: that is to say, when one sees the body of the sword, and not the tip.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|8|lbl=35.8}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>Parallel lines, or equidistant lines, are those which do not come together on either one side or the other, and we could imagine them stretching to infinity.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/51|9|lbl=35.9}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Hence, the attack will be at right angles to the opposite body, so that the enemy sword will form a parallel line with our body, and will also seek the attack on most of the opposite body.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|1|lbl=38.1}}
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 +
|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The right angle is caused by two lines which touch each other at right angles.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|2|lbl=38.2}}
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|-
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The acute angle will be that which is less than the right angle.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|3|lbl=38.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The obtuse angle will be that which is greater than the right angle.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|4|lbl=38.4}}
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:Ghisliero 07.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>These lines are lengthened according to the help given them by the whole body and its parts: for example, the more the body bends, making an acute angle in its center with the line of the thigh and with that of the body, and likewise the more it opens the compass, and the more it causes the arm to form a straight line with the sword, the longer the line of the sword will be.<ref>This is the reason that the direct thrust from the shoulder in a straight line is the longest and most preferable and the reason to learn to thrust straight rather than aiming up toward the head. [Note by Henry Fox]</ref> And since these divisions could be multiplied indefinitely, it will suffice for the sufficiency of our art at this point, that we use the four openings of the compasses already mentioned, as can be seen in this figure.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/52|5|lbl=38.5}}
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <p>'''H'''owever, they can be extended in four ways:</p>
 +
 +
* The first, most real, is by compassing the body in profile, and extending the arm to form a straight line with the left shoulder: nevertheless, this line does not have a defense with it.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|1|lbl=40.1}}
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|-
 
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* The second is when it would be longer, if after having been compassed in profile, the weight of the body were to be brought to the right leg; and if the elbowed shoulder were placed as a counterweight to the body: with all this the attack would be weakened, and the movement would be too great, and it would be necessary to fall back forcibly onto the other leg.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|2|lbl=40.2}}
  
 
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 +
* The third is the one by which one can extend the line a little further by bringing the foot a little behind the straight line; but this is a violent, uncomfortable and dangerous movement which could cause us to fall, and does not provide a certain line of retreat.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|3|lbl=40.3}}
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 +
* The fourth and last, and most perfect of all, is that which is done by bending the waist with the body in perspective, and with the compass open; and forming a straight line, turning the false edge of the sword towards the ground, which thus lengthens the line more than is done in profile: and this has joined with it the defense.
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|4|lbl=40.4}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
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 +
| <p>In order to put an end to the seven circumstances, which are involved in all human operations, it remains to know brieflythe end, for which man dies in this action; and this is victory, which being known by itself, there is no need to say any more about it.</p>
 
|  
 
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/54|5|lbl=40.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|1|lbl=41.1|p=1}}
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|}
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{{master subsection end}}
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{{master subsection begin
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| title = Chapter 7
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| width = 90em
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}}
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{| class="master"
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|-
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! <p>Images</p>
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
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! <p>Transcription<br/>by [[Nicola Boyd]]</p>
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|-
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| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero p41.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>''Since all our discursive knowledge must come from whatever other supposed knowledge we may have, from which we can begin to deal with the subject in discourse, and since in the remainder of this treatise of ours we need some other Geometric principles, we shall set forth those.''</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|2|lbl=41.2}}
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|-
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| <p>'''T'''he Circle, then (to begin here), or the circular figure, is a plane figure held by a single line; in the middle of which one can take a point, from which all the lines that extend around the circle, or circumference (the circumference is called that line which contains the figure) would be equal to each other: and that point is called the center.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|3|lbl=41.3}}
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|-
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| <p>The diameter of the circle is called any straight line, passing through the center of the circle, & touching both equal parts; or let us say in two semicircles.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/55|4|lbl=41.4}}
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|-
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| <p>The semi-circle will be a curvilinear plane figure contained by the diameter of the circle, & by half of its circumference.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|1|lbl=42.1}}
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|-
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| rowspan="4" | [[File:Ghisliero p42.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>The cord in a circle is that straight line which divides the circle into two unequal parts, and therefore does not pass through the center, as we see here.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|2|lbl=42.2}}
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|-
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| <p>Hence that part, which rhymes with the greater part, is called the greater portion: & in it remains the center.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|3|lbl=42.3}}
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|-
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| <p>That part then, which remains without the center of said circle, is called the minor portion.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|4|lbl=42.4}}
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|-
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| <p>And we must know that not only bodies, but also surfaces, lines, and points do not have their own existence, except by the imagination, that they can be understood for themselves, and without application of matter to the sensible consciousness: in a sword, in which not only the body, but also the surface, the line, and the point have their essence; it is possible by means of imagination to understand the body is contained by a surface, and in it to imagine the lines, and the points for themselves considered, and without having regard to iron, or to other natural matter.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/56|5|lbl=42.5}}
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|-
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|
 +
| <p>And in this way we will consider the line in our operation abstracted from the matter of the sword, when it is not present; but when it is placed in a straight line, then we will consider the line applied to the matter of the sword.</p>
 
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Revision as of 23:38, 20 March 2024

Federico Ghisliero
Died 1619
Turin, Italy
Occupation
  • Soldier
Nationality Italian
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (1587)

Federico Ghisliero was a Bolognese soldier and fencer. Little is know about his early life, but he studied fencing under the famous Silvio Piccolomini.

In 1587, he published a fencing treatise called Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii, dedicated to Ranuccio Farnese, who was 18 years old at the time of publication and would become Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Castro. Ghisliero's manual is notable for his use of geometry in relation to fencing, and the incredibly detailed illustrations, using concentric circles centered on where the fencer has placed most of their weight (often, but not always, the back foot), and illustrating multiple versions of each figure in a plate, showing the progression of the movements he describes.

Treatise

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

  • Anglo, Sydney (1994). "Sixteenth-century Italian drawings in Federico Ghisliero's Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii." Apollo 140(393): 29-36.
  • Gotti, Roberto (2023). "The Dynamic Sphere: Thesis on the Third State of the Vitruvian Man." Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia: 93-147. Ed. by Daniel Jaquet; Hing Chao and Loretta Kim. Springer.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Cavagliereschi is Corsican for "chivalrous", while the Italian is "knightly".
  2. La gratia is Catalan for "grace".
  3. Ghisliero is telling his reader that he is a soldier not a civilian swordsman, so it will have a different perspective to others, hence his later comments on siege craft. [note from Henry Fox]
  4. This and the previous paragraph are commending the work to the patron, justifying the work’s existence and its purpose, common in treatises of the period. [note from Henry Fox]
  5. It was common to refer to “ancients” in the justification of the art of swordsmanship. [note from Henry Fox]
  6. When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the ars militari (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]
  7. Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]
  8. The version dedicated to Antonino instead reads "...for the instruction of the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello".
  9. Cavalier – cavaliere – knights – so indicating the noble nature of the art which he is presenting. [note from Henry Fox]
  10. The Humours.
  11. Means sad.
  12. Means calm.
  13. Means optimistic.
  14. Means bad-tempered.
  15. Hot-tempered.
  16. Moti has a number of meanings in modern Italian aside from "motion", including "motorcycle, bike, watercraft, riot, scooter".
  17. The use of square brackets [] shows the insertion of the translator to aid in clarity of meaning throughout the document.
  18. Contextually, transportar is in modern Italian trasporto and has been translated such.
  19. Where the word operante which means the operator or the person taking action or more simply the will is used elsewhere, I translate it to fencer as operator has the wrong connotations in English for what Ghisliaro appears to wish to convey.
  20. This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]
  21. The spelling of secóda is seconda in modern Italian. This shortening of words through the removal of ‘n’ is common in documents of the period.
  22. Public roads means the location is a public road.
  23. Of Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture. [This same book is referenced in Thibault] [note from Henry Fox]
  24. Or capacity.
  25. Flavius Vegetius Renatus' On Roman Military Matters is likely the text to which he is referring. Which was a fourth century commentary on the training of Roman legions harking back to older methods. [note from Henry Fox]
  26. Onde is Catalan. It is dove in Italian. Both mean ‘where’ in English.
  27. A second century book written by a Roman in the Attica region which encompasses the city of Athens.
  28. Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means “a whole unit less a quarter” or three-quarters.
  29. Referencing the ‘ancients’ for authority was commonly used by authors of the time to demonstrate their comprehensive knowledge of the subject. It is intended to add gravitas to the treatise.
  30. All’hora is Catalan. Modern Italian is al tempo.
  31. The Elder.
  32. Scriue is Catalan. Modern Italian is lui scrive.
  33. Scurzo, does not translate appropriately from Italian. As with a number of words in Ghisliero’s treatise, it is likely a Catalase word or a unique spelling. Analysis of other treaties such as Jarod Kirby’s Italian Rapier Combat (Kirby, 2004) shows the following two definitions, on page 14 of the text, of a similar sound word that is contextually a more likely approximation of what scurzo means; “Scanso, A voidance, any evasive manoeuvre that moves the body of the direct line” and “Scanso del pie dritto, A voidance made by moving the right foot slightly off the direct line while turning the body.” So for the purposes of this translation, scurzo will mean in this text the middle stance as shown in Figure 3, i.e. a partial voiding stance halfway between perspective and profile.
  34. "Perspective" means front facing forward.
  35. Also could be interpreted as "figure".
  36. George Silver’s theory of the time for the hand and foot from his 1599 text Paradoxes of Defense mirrors this framework. [note from Henry Fox] (Silver, 1599)
  37. Et is Latin for ‘and’ in English and e in Italian.
  38. This is not an exact translation – it is the best approximation based on context.
  39. Balancia translates into ‘balance’.
  40. Membro translates to ‘member’, but in English a better word is limb.
  41. ò á mano manca la fontanella directly translates to something like ‘the hand missing the fontanelle’. This made no contextual sense, so it has been translated to ‘from the fountain of the body’ as fonta can mean ‘source’ in modern Italian. In the it states that “Fontánella, a little fountaine. Also a fontanell or cauterie [something to cauterise wounds], or rowling [turning round about, whirling or turning round], used also for the chiefe vein of a man’s body.” (Florio, 1611)
  42. ‘Perspective’ is forward facing as can be seen in Figure 3.
  43. No good translation found, contextually translating spatio to ‘space’.
  44. Polykleitos's Doryphoros is an early example of this position called contrapposto. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  45. Polykleitos wrote a lost treatise called ‘Artistic canons of body proportions’ in 5th Century Greece which provided a reference for standard body proportions. For more information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_canons_of_body_proportions (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  46. The act or process of passing across, over, or through.
  47. Aristotle’s fifth book of the Physica, which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)
  48. Change of shape.
  49. By addition or by growing.
  50. Also taking away or removing.
  51. Putting things together or building.
  52. Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.
  53. “Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)
  54. This same concept is present in Chapter 5 ‘Of tempo’ in Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli’s 1610 publication Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma and can be translated into the actions of the fencer undertaking the correct movements - from ward (stillness) to attack or defence (movement) to ward (stillness) again. It propounds that the fencer should always end an action in a ward. The same concept is raised in Angelo Viggiani dal Montone’s 1551 (published 1575) text Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani (Montone, 1575) and Antonio Manciolino’s 1531 Opera Nova (Manciolino, 1531).
  55. "Violence" in this instance means outside force or against nature. The same concepts of natural and violent actions are used in Iberian swordsmanship, and they take higher guards to take advantage of this principle. [note from Henry Fox]
  56. Springimento is likely Springáre means ‘yarke, kicke or winze’ (Florio, 1611). Which likely means in context a preparation or a marshalling of position prior to deployment.
  57. Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]
  58. Bases mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.
  59. Lacertoi, the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus lacertoi will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.
  60. Keeping the elbow near the body.
  61. Rascetta, the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)
  62. Direct translation is ‘good blade’.
  63. Costa “the back of a knife or weapon.” (Florio, 1611) There isn’t a common English equivalent which is a single word.
  64. This is consistent with Giacomo di Grassi’s treatise Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme (Grassi, 1570) which states that there is more power existing at the circumference of a circle than there is closer to the centre. [note from Henry Fox]
  65. Debole refers to the half of the blade from tip of the blade to one third down towards the hilt.
  66. Forte refers to the first third of the blade from the hilt to towards the tip.
  67. Placing the edge over the debole like this is the basis of the Italian gaining stringere of the sword, or the Spanish atajo. It's used to close and control the line to prevent the opponent from hitting us. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]
  68. Here Ghisliero’s methods conforms to common Italian approaches of defence to: always counter an opponent’s attacks with consideration for returning the attack, always attack with concern for defence, and not attack unless secure against the opponent’s attack. [note from Henry Fox]
  69. Justifications for use of the cut seem to be relatively rare in fencing treatise of the time. Ghisliero’s justifications may even be unique. [note from Henry Fox]
  70. The same justification for the thrust is given for the thrust being used by the legionary with the gladius, remaining more covered and it being more deadly than the cut. [note from Henry Fox]
  71. Fendente means vertical cut.
  72. Traversale – transversal or diagonal cut [sometimes squalembrato for downward or falso if rising] [note from Henry Fox]
  73. Tondo – horizontal cut
  74. Dritti – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called mandritta] [note from Henry Fox]
  75. Roversi – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]
  76. The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] Gérard Thibault d'Anvers’ 1630 treatise Academie de l'Espée ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru, or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). Salvator Fabris, in his 1606 text, Sienza e Pratica d’Arme also has an illustration in the section Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)
  77. Diritto ridoppiato literally means right redoubled or a falso traversale meaning a diagonal rising cut.
  78. Stramazzóne means a circular cut where the hand is the centre of rotation for the cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] Florio describes it as ‘Stramazzóne, a downe-right blow. Also a rap, a cuffe or wherret on the cheeke.” (Florio, 1611)
  79. Molinello, or Molinelli means a circular cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] As an aside, the Molinello for flags described in Francesco Fernando Alfieri’s 1638 treatise La Bandiera “The molinello is delightful. To perform it comfortably, you should have the standard in your right hand. You complete a full turn above the head, then throw it up in the air, catching it around the middle of the standard as the figure shows. The molinello is then turned towards the rear foot. After several rotations, as the hand becomes fatigued, you should grip the butt of the flag with your other hand and repeat the same lesson, again throwing it in the air as described above.” (Alferi, 1638)
  80. ‘World’ is translated from the word Mondo which means “the world, the universe. Also, a Mound or Globe, as Princes hold in their hands. Also, cleane, cleansed, pure, neate, spotlesse, purged. Also, pared, pilled. Also, winnowed, &c. Also, as we say, a world, a multitude or great quantitie.’ (Florio, 1611)
  81. Fendente tondo means the upper half of the circle as shown in figure 6B. When speaking of the reverses, he is speaking of the lower half of the circle in figure 6B.
  82. Segáre, to sawe. Also to part, to cut or devide through the middle.’ (Florio, 1611)
  83. Riversa’ [singular] t de’roversi, which means ‘to turn around, a reversion, reverting, reverse or a backblow. A powering down or overwhelmed’ – in short the riversa is a back-hand. (Florio, 1611) Note how even the cut from the wrist is aided by motion of the body, no doubt using the feet to move the body as the cut is made as well, all in their correct motion, to affect the cut. [Note from Henry Fox]
  84. Imbroccata means a descending thrust. Stoccata, means a violent thrust ascending or rising. Punta riversa means a reverse thrust with the point of the sword.
  85. Auentáta, a hurling, looke Auentáre.” (Florio, 1611) “Auentáre, to hurle, to fling, to dart or cast with violence. Also, to leape or seaze greedily upon, to souse downe as a hawke, also to fill or puff with winde.” (Florio 1611 Dictionary). Therefore imbroccata aventata or imbroccata aventate means to violently attack using a thrust of the rapier over the dagger.
  86. The first two lines on the page are printed, but the second two needed to be drawn in by the artist.
  87. Here the page numbers jump from 35 to 38, correcting the error of having two 32s and 33s
  88. This is the reason that the direct thrust from the shoulder in a straight line is the longest and most preferable and the reason to learn to thrust straight rather than aiming up toward the head. [Note by Henry Fox]
  89. 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 There is a gap in the text here for a circle to be drawn in.