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Difference between revisions of "Federico Ghisliero"

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| <p>''Turning now to other principles, I say to you that, just as in other human operations seven conditions are necessary, so in this particular action of arms the same seven conditions are involved, namely, will, knowledge, measure [distance], time, occasion, place, and weight.''</p>
 
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| <p>The will is the one on which all our actions depend, since all the actions of the powers and of all the limbs are instruments of the will, which is the principal agent. This is in man, like a king who has a principal councillor, according to whose opinion he knows that he must do all things; and this is the intellect. He also has certain other subjects, who are like speculators; if they sometimes succeed in lying: and these are all the external, and internal senses. In addition to these, he has two other subjects, as his lieutenants; who must be ready to await the commands of the King, in order to obey him: which are the cognizable, & the irascible, which are appetitive powers: the office of which is to command the movement of the limbs. Lastly, the King has a minister, who is responsible for the execution of all that is imposed by him or by his lieutenants: and this executioner is the motivating force, who, according to his needs, uses the body and its parts as if they were instruments.</p>
 
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| <p>Now, in order to apply this to our purpose, I say that it is necessary that in the act of arms we have the will ready, with all its officials; so that the deadly virtue operates according to what it is going to do: and that it be intent on the attack more quickly than on the parry.</p>
 
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| <p>Science is the knowledge of something by its causes: and the question is asked of that thing, from where comes the essence and what is its cause; and by this one can conveniently assign the reason, once it arrives.</p>
 
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| <p>And just as in four ways, and no more, one can by reason dispel all doubts as to what effect it may have, or as to the producer of it, or as to the end of it; so there are only four kinds of causes of the effects; that is, the material, the formal, the factual, and the final.<ref>The effect of these causes is the fencer hitting their opponent using the technique. Poor technique means the fencer misses and/or dies.</ref></p>
 
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| <p>The material cause<ref>The material causes are the movements of the fencer’s body and sword.</ref> is that subject which, being under the form, is never dissolved from it until the form is sound, just as we shall say that motion is an example in these effects of our fencing.</p>
 
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| <p>Formal [cause]<ref>The formal cause is how the fencer uses the movements of the material cause.</ref> is that figure, or form, or fulfillment, which gives the intrinsic mode, and being, and appropriateness to that compound, which makes it be, as it is required to be that, of which it is the form: as for example are the proportions of lines.</p>
 
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| <p>The factual cause<ref>The factual cause is the fencer, with their measurements and proportions, and their ability to perform the material causes.</ref> is that cause from which comes the principle of that movement, and of that operation, which is necessary to the production of its effect: as for example, of the proportion of the straight line, the man who made it is the factual cause of that.</p>
 
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| <p>The final cause<ref>The final cause is the actual technique the fencer is trying to achieve.</ref> is that usefulness, or rather that apparent good, by which every worker is induced and encouraged to do his work, in order not to work in vain: as can be seen in the example of the straight attack: the apparent good of obtaining victory by means of that attack is the final cause.</p>
 
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| <p>From matter, therefore, and from form, as from intrinsic causes, and proper essential parts, depend all things composed; so artificial, as natural: and likewise from that artificer [creator], who makes them, and from the end, which leads to them, as from extrinsic and external causes, they depend on their production.</p>
 
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| <p>And in whatsoever kind of cause, or mode of that cause, one may consider the cause, as well as the effect. And this sometimes in power, or rather readiness to produce it; sometimes in action; that is to say, in readiness, and aptitude to be able to do it: but we shall not say that man is the actual cause of the said wound, since at present he has not produced it.</p>
 
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| <p>The measure [distance]<ref>Measure also often called distance. The measure of something is fluid due to the fencer’s, and their opponent’s, relative proportions in each combat and other considerations regarding weaponry. “The Spanish attempt to make it more certain by using proportionality, measuring against the length of the individual.” [note by Henry Fox] [[Gérard Thibault d'Anvers]] 1628 treatise Academie de l'Espée (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) “…the Distances and Instances (i.e. steps in the process of fighting) to be observed in training (which are the basic foundations and support for all the following parts) proceed from the proportions of Man, therefore without this same awareness, they cannot be duly comprehended, nor practiced with confidence. And the same goes for the Steps and Approaches, short and long, required by the variety of positions in the performance of these Exercises. From which it is apparent that one must begin with a good knowledge of the proportion of limbs and body parts, that one may at least be able to make some reasonable judgement on the reach of each movement, proportionally to the limb, or limbs, on which the movement depends, and from which it must be continued, ended, turned, returned, released, bound, or changed in a thousand different ways.” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée - – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 –Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630)</ref> by which we certify the quantity of the thing, is that quantity of ground, which is between the two combatants: and up to now they have tried to gain more or less knowledge of it by practice. And many have been accustomed to measure themselves, as the Spanish do: which is uncertain.</p>
 
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| <p>But we, wishing to establish a certain and determinate measure [distance], will consider the circle, according to which the body is formed in the first circle: as we have stated above.</p>
 
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| <p>And if men are unequal in stature, nevertheless, in conformity with their size, they describe the second circle well: and provided that the enemy is greater in height, nevertheless he never exceeds so much that he can increase the advantage held by the one who stands in the first circle.</p>
 
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| <p>We therefore conclude that in order for the enemy to reach the center of the circle he must reach the circumference with one of his feet, because the length of the sword, which is two arms long,<ref>Approximately 46 to 50 inches or 117cm to 127cm.</ref> together with the hand and arm, makes a length of three arms,<ref>Approximately 69 to 75 inches or 175cm to 191cm.</ref> which is the distance from the circumference to the center.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/61|3|lbl=47.3}}
 
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| <p>Hence this fellow, who is in such a state, will be able to open his compasses, and stop his enemy at a distance from his circumference, as far as the opening of his compasses allows: as we see here in this figure.</p>
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| <p>Time is so closely related to, and connected with, motion, from which it can never be separated (for there can be no motion which is not slow or swift; and consequently made in more or less time) that it is necessary that it should be substantially or accidentally connected with motion; that is to say, that it should be one and the same thing; or that it should be an intrinsic accident.<ref>Distance can be measured by Time, and Time measured by Distance so in effect one is the other, and every action toward or away from an opponent is measured in both Time and Distance; he seems to say much the same thing further along. [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 
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| <p>Therefore, since it is clear that if time were motion, it would follow that, just as speed and slowness are conjugated with one, so they would be conjugated with the other: for if it is true to say that this or that motion is either fast or slow, we shall not, nevertheless, call any motion fast or slow, since it is not possible to define anything as being the same: it remains, therefore, that it must at least be an accident.</p>
 
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| <p>And since those accidents, by their quantity, make known, and determine the quantity of some subject, they can for this reason be asked to measure that subject.</p>
 
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| <p>Tempo is therefore the number, or rather the measure [distance] of the movement, according to the fact that two instants, one before and the other after, determine the movement of both parties. And there are three times, past, present, and future; of these we need not speak of the past.</p>
 
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| <p>The present time in the action of arms cannot be known by us except by accident, when it happens that the opposite operates according to the customs of others; of whom we have knowledge: for, if time is the measure of motion, we cannot have knowledge of such time, if we do not first consider the nature of motion.</p>
 
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| <p>For when motion is made by his own free will, and when the other has to receive motion from him, he will not be able to set himself in motion at the same time that the other begins to move, but he will be able to do so later, and consequently he who first sets himself in motion will finish before the other who has to receive motion from him. Therefore we will not be able to have any knowledge of this measure [distance] of motion, which is called fixed time.</p>
 
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| <p>Since, therefore, we have knowledge of time, we will have to operate in two ways: in the first (since motion is born of stillness) we will consider the nature of the stillness of the enemy’s sword: and the stillness likewise of the enemy’s state: for these will show us future motion; and consequently we will have knowledge of its measure [distance]; that is, of future time, called premeditated [''tempo''].<ref>Aristotelian motion is the consideration of “a stillness and motion” and is used by Capo Ferro as a method of reading the opponent in Chapter 5 ‘Of Tempo’ (Cagli’, 1610) [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 
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| <p>In addition to this, we will give the enemy the motion; for which we will require him to make another motion as well; and consequently we will have knowledge of future time.<ref>Obligatory motion is the beginning of second intention. The fencer moves in a particular way so that the opponent has to do something in response, and then the fencer can follow on with their plan. [Note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 
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| <p>In the meantime, we shall ascertain that the movement which we make in order to impart motion to the enemy should be of short duration, so that it may be completed before the enemy becomes aware of it: and that, if he wishes to injure, he must make a greater movement than we shall make in order to impart motion to him: which will be easy for us if we keep the body together, so that it may immediately obey our will.</p>
 
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| <p>And in order that we may know ''tempo''<ref>I will start using ''tempo'' from this point on instead of time when describing time as a measure of distance, to differentiate between it and the common use of the word time. Following Ghisliero’s explanation of ''tempo'', it will be easier to use ''tempo'' to encapsulate this meaning.</ref> immediately, we shall apply to the motion which we make with our legs the time which is the measure of song or music: and since we may be in a state with our left foot in front when we depart from that stillness, and with our right foot against it as we pass to the fourth circumference, the measure of this motion will be eight beats, which is as important as a maximum.</p>
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| <p>With the right foot we can then make four openings, as we have said: and the first is when we find ourselves in the first circle with the right foot in motion, we take the forced step; that is when we reach the fourth circle: that this motion is of four beats, as is a lunge.<ref>Sometimes extended to ''botta lunga'', depending on the author [note by Henry Fox].</ref> We will only use this motion when the enemy is at a distance.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/65|4|lbl=51.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (Federico Ghisliero) 1587.pdf/66|1|lbl=52.1|p=1}}
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| <p>When we then form the step in force, called an equilateral triangle (of which we use in making the attack) the measure of this motion consists of two beats: which is worth a short [''tempo''].</p>
 
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| <p>The measure of the step formed when the right foot touches the second circumference, which is made in motion, is one measure, which is worth one half-step.</p>
 
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| <p>In forming a half-step, we will measure a motion, which will be of half a beat: as is the minimum ''tempo''.</p>
 
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| <p>That small opening of the compass which is made when the body is at its second rest, is a measure of ''tempo'', as is the value of a woman: that two together make a minimum.</p>
 
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| <p>Likewise, in order to give some rule for knowing the time of attacking, I say that it is when the opponent makes some movement, either with the sword alone, or with one of the legs, or with the right or the left, and when they make feints and provocations with the sword: all these movements, whether they be thrusts, or retreats, or turns, or provoking, always attack in those times.</p>
 
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| <p>And in three ways we attack, before the time, in the time, and after the time.</p>
 
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| <p>Forward in time it is called attack by premonition:<ref>“Attack into preparation” is what it is called in modern nomenclature, catching the opponent while they are preparing to act. [note by Henry Fox]</ref> and it is when the enemy is stationary with his sword parried, attacking him in that case on the nearest side.</p>
 
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| <p>In time, the enemy is attacked when he is in motion, executing the attack, or parrying: and in such a case he attacks the side which is in motion with the attack, which will be the right side, or the side which is in motion with the defense, which will be the left side.<ref>An action in half-time, because the action is in motion, thus not completed, interrupted. [note by Henry Fox]</ref></p>
 
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| <p>After the time the attack is made, when the movement is at an end, returning to quietness, and the decline of the attack is followed. It is time to attack, when the sword leaves the imagined straight line, passing through our sight.</p>
 
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| <p>Let all those who know that things must be done in their proper time and place, and never after that. We must therefore consider that, just as it is necessary to wait for it, and to choose it in order to act, so it is also necessary to take care not to let the point pass completely, at which it is good to give the thing we propose: which we call an opportunity, or conjunction; which, when lost, can rarely be regained.</p>
 
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| <p>And this occasion is a part of ''tempo'', which has in itself the opportunity to do something suitable. And this is considered in two ways: in the first, when the enemy provokes us with an injury; or when he makes feints or calls on us; or when he gives us a straight line; and in such a case one must not lose the opportunity to injure the enemy.</p>
 
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| <p>In the second mode of opportunity is when we ourselves procure it, but in the proper manner, and not in the said terms: which are errors: as we shall learn from what follows.</p>
 
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| <p>Place is nothing other than the interior and ultimate surface of that body which contains it: which on all sides touches and approaches the ultimate, extrinsic [outward] surface of the body which is contained.</p>
 
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| <p>Therefore, for our purpose, the superficial surface of the opposite body will be the one which touches on all sides the extrinsic [outward] and ultimate surface of the sword, which then wounds the body.</p>
 
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| <p>And because there are two ways of saying that something is found in this matter; that is to say, a common place of the attack will be the entire surface of the entire body: [but] the proper place will be a part of the surface, which ordinarily is that which lacks defense and which protrudes out the most.</p>
 
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| <p>And since the center of the body, in all the motions of the same body, is the part which is most immobile, we shall injure that part, as the proper place.</p>
 
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| <p>Since, as we have seen in the composition of man, he has his body composed of four elements, of which the two heavy ones cause the weight in him, which has the power to tend downwards; and also to resist contrary motion. That is to say, to those who would pull him backwards; and since the members of the body serve the will, as instruments of motivating virtue, we will not be able to obey them with the said elements, if the weight is not distributed in them, according to need.</p>
 
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| <p>However, we must know that the weight of the body is distributed between the two columns [legs], and that it can be placed sometimes on one and sometimes on another. But this must be given with reason: since these two columns [legs] are the ends of the pendicular, which is in the middle; and since it is not possible to pass from one end to the other without passing through the middle, it will be necessary for the weight to be transported by these two columns [legs]; just as, if the weight is found on the missing leg, it will be transported to the right side, then it will be necessary first to place it in the middle, that is, in the pendicular, and then to unload it on the right side: and this will likewise be done from the right side to the left.</p>
 
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| <p>And because the part of the body that has to make any movement, whether it be upright or oblique, will not be able to do so comfortably if it is not relieved of its weight: therefore, the column [leg] that has to stand still, as if it were the leg of a compass, will always support the entire weight, so that the other relieved column [leg] can obey the will, carrying out the movement that will be commanded to do.</p>
 
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| <p>And by walking in an orderly manner with natural steps, the weight will be held together in action; so that it may be placed on one of the two legs as needed.</p>
 
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| rowspan="3" | [[File:Ghisliero 09.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>In the same way, if a man wishes to gain ground on the right or left side, he must move by carrying the weight in the middle, and then the weight on the right leg, unloading it, and then gathering the missing leg in the first circle. However, he must never be bound to use both legs to move, except when he is walking.</p>
 
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| <p>And in order that man may obtain the aforesaid particularity, we must know that the second circle, which he forms in motion, is divided into four right angles with two diameters: and while man is in the first of his circles, that is to say, in balance; and since it is necessary for him to leave, either with his right hand, or with his left hand, or forward, or backward, he will do so by moving only one of his legs, and with the other stable, remaining in the center of the first circle.</p>
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| <p>And it should be noted that while we find ourselves with our feet in the first circle, and that we leave the first circle with a leg, and that we enter the second circle, which is set in motion, then we will divide that second circle into four plane trilateral figures, closed, and contained by three straight lines. And considering each of the three circles by itself, each time that a man is placed in one of them, and wishes to enter into one of the others, he will have to return to the first circle, which is made when stationary: and then, according to need, he will go into one of the four said figures; which is demonstrated by the figure which follows.</p>
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Revision as of 02:39, 21 March 2024

Federico Ghisliero
Died 1619
Turin, Italy
Occupation
  • Soldier
Nationality Italian
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii (1587)

Federico Ghisliero was a Bolognese soldier and fencer. Little is know about his early life, but he studied fencing under the famous Silvio Piccolomini.

In 1587, he published a fencing treatise called Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii, dedicated to Ranuccio Farnese, who was 18 years old at the time of publication and would become Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Castro. Ghisliero's manual is notable for his use of geometry in relation to fencing, and the incredibly detailed illustrations, using concentric circles centered on where the fencer has placed most of their weight (often, but not always, the back foot), and illustrating multiple versions of each figure in a plate, showing the progression of the movements he describes.

Treatise

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

  • Anglo, Sydney (1994). "Sixteenth-century Italian drawings in Federico Ghisliero's Regole di molti cavagliereschi essercitii." Apollo 140(393): 29-36.
  • Gotti, Roberto (2023). "The Dynamic Sphere: Thesis on the Third State of the Vitruvian Man." Martial Culture and Historical Martial Arts in Europe and Asia: 93-147. Ed. by Daniel Jaquet; Hing Chao and Loretta Kim. Springer.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Cavagliereschi is Corsican for "chivalrous", while the Italian is "knightly".
  2. La gratia is Catalan for "grace".
  3. Ghisliero is telling his reader that he is a soldier not a civilian swordsman, so it will have a different perspective to others, hence his later comments on siege craft. [note from Henry Fox]
  4. This and the previous paragraph are commending the work to the patron, justifying the work’s existence and its purpose, common in treatises of the period. [note from Henry Fox]
  5. It was common to refer to “ancients” in the justification of the art of swordsmanship. [note from Henry Fox]
  6. When ‘this art’ or ‘the art’ is referenced it means the art of fencing. [More expansively the ars militari (military arts) or for the more classical, the Arts of Mars, of which swordsmanship falls within.] [note from Henry Fox]
  7. Further justification by demonstration of the benefits to those who practice the art in question, also common, especially referring to defense of the person and the realm. [note from Henry Fox]
  8. The version dedicated to Antonino instead reads "...for the instruction of the Most Illustrious Lord Antonio Pio Bonello".
  9. Cavalier – cavaliere – knights – so indicating the noble nature of the art which he is presenting. [note from Henry Fox]
  10. The Humours.
  11. Means sad.
  12. Means calm.
  13. Means optimistic.
  14. Means bad-tempered.
  15. Hot-tempered.
  16. Moti has a number of meanings in modern Italian aside from "motion", including "motorcycle, bike, watercraft, riot, scooter".
  17. The use of square brackets [] shows the insertion of the translator to aid in clarity of meaning throughout the document.
  18. Contextually, transportar is in modern Italian trasporto and has been translated such.
  19. Where the word operante which means the operator or the person taking action or more simply the will is used elsewhere, I translate it to fencer as operator has the wrong connotations in English for what Ghisliaro appears to wish to convey.
  20. This is an application of Aristotle’s Causes, in some ways more easily explained due to the application of the sword (though this could be my fencer’s brain), especially as it develops. Ghisliero uses seven rather than four as Aristotle does, or at least using the same method of explanation. [Henry Fox]
  21. The spelling of secóda is seconda in modern Italian. This shortening of words through the removal of ‘n’ is common in documents of the period.
  22. Public roads means the location is a public road.
  23. Of Vitruvius’ Ten Books on Architecture. [This same book is referenced in Thibault] [note from Henry Fox]
  24. Or capacity.
  25. Flavius Vegetius Renatus' On Roman Military Matters is likely the text to which he is referring. Which was a fourth century commentary on the training of Roman legions harking back to older methods. [note from Henry Fox]
  26. Onde is Catalan. It is dove in Italian. Both mean ‘where’ in English.
  27. A second century book written by a Roman in the Attica region which encompasses the city of Athens.
  28. Dodrans is a Latin contraction of de-quadrans which means “a whole unit less a quarter” or three-quarters.
  29. Referencing the ‘ancients’ for authority was commonly used by authors of the time to demonstrate their comprehensive knowledge of the subject. It is intended to add gravitas to the treatise.
  30. All’hora is Catalan. Modern Italian is al tempo.
  31. The Elder.
  32. Scriue is Catalan. Modern Italian is lui scrive.
  33. Scurzo, does not translate appropriately from Italian. As with a number of words in Ghisliero’s treatise, it is likely a Catalase word or a unique spelling. Analysis of other treaties such as Jarod Kirby’s Italian Rapier Combat (Kirby, 2004) shows the following two definitions, on page 14 of the text, of a similar sound word that is contextually a more likely approximation of what scurzo means; “Scanso, A voidance, any evasive manoeuvre that moves the body of the direct line” and “Scanso del pie dritto, A voidance made by moving the right foot slightly off the direct line while turning the body.” So for the purposes of this translation, scurzo will mean in this text the middle stance as shown in Figure 3, i.e. a partial voiding stance halfway between perspective and profile.
  34. "Perspective" means front facing forward.
  35. Also could be interpreted as "figure".
  36. George Silver’s theory of the time for the hand and foot from his 1599 text Paradoxes of Defense mirrors this framework. [note from Henry Fox] (Silver, 1599)
  37. Et is Latin for ‘and’ in English and e in Italian.
  38. This is not an exact translation – it is the best approximation based on context.
  39. Balancia translates into ‘balance’.
  40. Membro translates to ‘member’, but in English a better word is limb.
  41. ò á mano manca la fontanella directly translates to something like ‘the hand missing the fontanelle’. This made no contextual sense, so it has been translated to ‘from the fountain of the body’ as fonta can mean ‘source’ in modern Italian. In the it states that “Fontánella, a little fountaine. Also a fontanell or cauterie [something to cauterise wounds], or rowling [turning round about, whirling or turning round], used also for the chiefe vein of a man’s body.” (Florio, 1611)
  42. ‘Perspective’ is forward facing as can be seen in Figure 3.
  43. No good translation found, contextually translating spatio to ‘space’.
  44. Polykleitos's Doryphoros is an early example of this position called contrapposto. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykleitos for examples of sculptures with this stance. (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  45. Polykleitos wrote a lost treatise called ‘Artistic canons of body proportions’ in 5th Century Greece which provided a reference for standard body proportions. For more information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_canons_of_body_proportions (Wikipeadia, 2021)
  46. The act or process of passing across, over, or through.
  47. Aristotle’s fifth book of the Physica, which considers how motion occurs. “Book V classifies four species of movement, depending on where the opposites are located. Movement categories include quantity (e.g. a change in dimensions, from great to small), quality (as for colours: from pale to dark), place (local movements generally go from up downwards and vice versa), or, more controversially, substance. In fact, substances do not have opposites, so it is inappropriate to say that something properly becomes, from not-man, man: generation and corruption are not kinesis in the full sense.” (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007) “Generally things which come to be, come to be in different ways: (1) by change of shape, as a statue; (2) by addition, as things which grow; (3) by taking away, as the Hermes from the stone; (4) by putting together, as a house; (5) by alteration, as things which ‘turn’ in respect of their material substance.” Book 1, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 1), (384-322 BC) 2007)
  48. Change of shape.
  49. By addition or by growing.
  50. Also taking away or removing.
  51. Putting things together or building.
  52. Change of material substance or alteration of its substance.
  53. “Three kinds of motion - qualitative, quantitative, and local” Book 5, Physica, Aristotle (Aristotle, Physica (Book 5), (384–322 BC) 2007)
  54. This same concept is present in Chapter 5 ‘Of tempo’ in Ridolfo Capo Ferro da Cagli’s 1610 publication Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma and can be translated into the actions of the fencer undertaking the correct movements - from ward (stillness) to attack or defence (movement) to ward (stillness) again. It propounds that the fencer should always end an action in a ward. The same concept is raised in Angelo Viggiani dal Montone’s 1551 (published 1575) text Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani (Montone, 1575) and Antonio Manciolino’s 1531 Opera Nova (Manciolino, 1531).
  55. "Violence" in this instance means outside force or against nature. The same concepts of natural and violent actions are used in Iberian swordsmanship, and they take higher guards to take advantage of this principle. [note from Henry Fox]
  56. Springimento is likely Springáre means ‘yarke, kicke or winze’ (Florio, 1611). Which likely means in context a preparation or a marshalling of position prior to deployment.
  57. Fighting at the barriers was a form of tournament bout usually performed by armoured combatants in which: a fence, a barrier, was imposed between fencers, combatants fought over the fence, and blows below the waist did not count as tournament points. [note by Henry Fox]
  58. Bases mean "legs". I have used "legs" wherever relevant in the translation.
  59. Lacertoi, the arme from the elbow to the pitch of the shoulder. Also the brawne of sinnewes or muskles of a mans armes or legges. Also a Lizard. Also a Muskle because it is like a Lizard. Also a certain disease in a harse amongs the muskles and sinnuewes. Also a fish that grunteth as a Hog. Some have taken it also for a makrell fish.” (Florio, 1611) Thus lacertoi will be translated as the arm from the elbow to the shoulder joint.
  60. Keeping the elbow near the body.
  61. Rascetta, the wrist of one’s hand. Also a kind of fine silke-rash.” (Florio, 1611)
  62. Direct translation is ‘good blade’.
  63. Costa “the back of a knife or weapon.” (Florio, 1611) There isn’t a common English equivalent which is a single word.
  64. This is consistent with Giacomo di Grassi’s treatise Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l'Arme (Grassi, 1570) which states that there is more power existing at the circumference of a circle than there is closer to the centre. [note from Henry Fox]
  65. Debole refers to the half of the blade from tip of the blade to one third down towards the hilt.
  66. Forte refers to the first third of the blade from the hilt to towards the tip.
  67. Placing the edge over the debole like this is the basis of the Italian gaining stringere of the sword, or the Spanish atajo. It's used to close and control the line to prevent the opponent from hitting us. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí]
  68. Here Ghisliero’s methods conforms to common Italian approaches of defence to: always counter an opponent’s attacks with consideration for returning the attack, always attack with concern for defence, and not attack unless secure against the opponent’s attack. [note from Henry Fox]
  69. Justifications for use of the cut seem to be relatively rare in fencing treatise of the time. Ghisliero’s justifications may even be unique. [note from Henry Fox]
  70. The same justification for the thrust is given for the thrust being used by the legionary with the gladius, remaining more covered and it being more deadly than the cut. [note from Henry Fox]
  71. Fendente means vertical cut.
  72. Traversale – transversal or diagonal cut [sometimes squalembrato for downward or falso if rising] [note from Henry Fox]
  73. Tondo – horizontal cut
  74. Dritti – straight/forward [forehand cut, or natural cut, sometimes called mandritta] [note from Henry Fox]
  75. Roversi – reverse [backhand or cross-wise cut] [note from Henry Fox]
  76. The division for the cuts on most diagrams usually go through the navel, or heart rather than the groin in most treatise of the period. [note from Henry Fox] Gérard Thibault d'Anvers’ 1630 treatise Academie de l'Espée ‘Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 2 – Comparing the ideal figure to a real Figure; Sword Scabbards’ shows the division at the naval (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) – in the text it is found in the section that begins Pour venir à la Pratique de tout ce qui a efté discouru, or “To come to the Practice of all that has been discussed” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 – Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630). Salvator Fabris, in his 1606 text, Sienza e Pratica d’Arme also has an illustration in the section Discorso sopra laprima guardia formata nel cauare la spada del fodero or “Discourse in the first guard formed in pulling the sword from the scabbard” demonstrates the where cuts should be made and these also shows the division at the navel rather than the groin. (Fabris, 1606)
  77. Diritto ridoppiato literally means right redoubled or a falso traversale meaning a diagonal rising cut.
  78. Stramazzóne means a circular cut where the hand is the centre of rotation for the cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] Florio describes it as ‘Stramazzóne, a downe-right blow. Also a rap, a cuffe or wherret on the cheeke.” (Florio, 1611)
  79. Molinello, or Molinelli means a circular cut. [Note by Táriq ibn Jelal ibn Ziyadatallah al-Naysábúrí] As an aside, the Molinello for flags described in Francesco Fernando Alfieri’s 1638 treatise La Bandiera “The molinello is delightful. To perform it comfortably, you should have the standard in your right hand. You complete a full turn above the head, then throw it up in the air, catching it around the middle of the standard as the figure shows. The molinello is then turned towards the rear foot. After several rotations, as the hand becomes fatigued, you should grip the butt of the flag with your other hand and repeat the same lesson, again throwing it in the air as described above.” (Alferi, 1638)
  80. ‘World’ is translated from the word Mondo which means “the world, the universe. Also, a Mound or Globe, as Princes hold in their hands. Also, cleane, cleansed, pure, neate, spotlesse, purged. Also, pared, pilled. Also, winnowed, &c. Also, as we say, a world, a multitude or great quantitie.’ (Florio, 1611)
  81. Fendente tondo means the upper half of the circle as shown in figure 6B. When speaking of the reverses, he is speaking of the lower half of the circle in figure 6B.
  82. Segáre, to sawe. Also to part, to cut or devide through the middle.’ (Florio, 1611)
  83. Riversa’ [singular] t de’roversi, which means ‘to turn around, a reversion, reverting, reverse or a backblow. A powering down or overwhelmed’ – in short the riversa is a back-hand. (Florio, 1611) Note how even the cut from the wrist is aided by motion of the body, no doubt using the feet to move the body as the cut is made as well, all in their correct motion, to affect the cut. [Note from Henry Fox]
  84. Imbroccata means a descending thrust. Stoccata, means a violent thrust ascending or rising. Punta riversa means a reverse thrust with the point of the sword.
  85. Auentáta, a hurling, looke Auentáre.” (Florio, 1611) “Auentáre, to hurle, to fling, to dart or cast with violence. Also, to leape or seaze greedily upon, to souse downe as a hawke, also to fill or puff with winde.” (Florio 1611 Dictionary). Therefore imbroccata aventata or imbroccata aventate means to violently attack using a thrust of the rapier over the dagger.
  86. The first two lines on the page are printed, but the second two needed to be drawn in by the artist.
  87. Here the page numbers jump from 35 to 38, correcting the error of having two 32s and 33s
  88. This is the reason that the direct thrust from the shoulder in a straight line is the longest and most preferable and the reason to learn to thrust straight rather than aiming up toward the head. [Note by Henry Fox]
  89. 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 There is a gap in the text here for a circle to be drawn in.
  90. The effect of these causes is the fencer hitting their opponent using the technique. Poor technique means the fencer misses and/or dies.
  91. The material causes are the movements of the fencer’s body and sword.
  92. The formal cause is how the fencer uses the movements of the material cause.
  93. The factual cause is the fencer, with their measurements and proportions, and their ability to perform the material causes.
  94. The final cause is the actual technique the fencer is trying to achieve.
  95. Measure also often called distance. The measure of something is fluid due to the fencer’s, and their opponent’s, relative proportions in each combat and other considerations regarding weaponry. “The Spanish attempt to make it more certain by using proportionality, measuring against the length of the individual.” [note by Henry Fox] Gérard Thibault d'Anvers 1628 treatise Academie de l'Espée (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée, 1630) “…the Distances and Instances (i.e. steps in the process of fighting) to be observed in training (which are the basic foundations and support for all the following parts) proceed from the proportions of Man, therefore without this same awareness, they cannot be duly comprehended, nor practiced with confidence. And the same goes for the Steps and Approaches, short and long, required by the variety of positions in the performance of these Exercises. From which it is apparent that one must begin with a good knowledge of the proportion of limbs and body parts, that one may at least be able to make some reasonable judgement on the reach of each movement, proportionally to the limb, or limbs, on which the movement depends, and from which it must be continued, ended, turned, returned, released, bound, or changed in a thousand different ways.” (d'Anvers, Academie de l'Espée - – Book 1 – Tableau/Plate 1 –Philosophical Discussion; Construction and Mathematics of the Circle; Concerning the Sword: Proper Length and Introduction explanation of the first plate., 1630)
  96. Approximately 46 to 50 inches or 117cm to 127cm.
  97. Approximately 69 to 75 inches or 175cm to 191cm.
  98. Distance can be measured by Time, and Time measured by Distance so in effect one is the other, and every action toward or away from an opponent is measured in both Time and Distance; he seems to say much the same thing further along. [note by Henry Fox]
  99. Aristotelian motion is the consideration of “a stillness and motion” and is used by Capo Ferro as a method of reading the opponent in Chapter 5 ‘Of Tempo’ (Cagli’, 1610) [note by Henry Fox]
  100. Obligatory motion is the beginning of second intention. The fencer moves in a particular way so that the opponent has to do something in response, and then the fencer can follow on with their plan. [Note by Henry Fox]
  101. I will start using tempo from this point on instead of time when describing time as a measure of distance, to differentiate between it and the common use of the word time. Following Ghisliero’s explanation of tempo, it will be easier to use tempo to encapsulate this meaning.
  102. Sometimes extended to botta lunga, depending on the author [note by Henry Fox].
  103. “Attack into preparation” is what it is called in modern nomenclature, catching the opponent while they are preparing to act. [note by Henry Fox]
  104. An action in half-time, because the action is in motion, thus not completed, interrupted. [note by Henry Fox]