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Giganti, like many 17th century authors, had a tendency to write incredibly long, multi-page paragraphs which quickly become hard to follow. Jacob de Zeter's 1619 dual-language edition often breaks these up into more manageable chunks, and so his version is used as the template for these concordances. Neither scans nor transcription of Giganti's [[Libro secondo (Nicoletto Giganti)|second book]] are yet available, so it cannot yet be included in the tables below.
 
Giganti, like many 17th century authors, had a tendency to write incredibly long, multi-page paragraphs which quickly become hard to follow. Jacob de Zeter's 1619 dual-language edition often breaks these up into more manageable chunks, and so his version is used as the template for these concordances. Neither scans nor transcription of Giganti's [[Libro secondo (Nicoletto Giganti)|second book]] are yet available, so it cannot yet be included in the tables below.
  
A [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/109AF678 copy of the 1628 printing] that was extensively annotated by a contemporary reader now resides in the [[Österreichische Nationalbibliothek]]. Its annotations are beyond the scope of this concordance, but they have been [http://www.rapier.at/2018/07/20/a-transcription-of-annotations-in-the-onb-copy-211216-c-of-scola-overo-teatro-by-nicoletto-giganti/ transcribed] by [[Julian Schrattenecker]] and [[Florian Fortner]], and incorporated into [[Jeff Vansteenkiste]]'s translation in a [https://labirinto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Giganti-Nicoletto-Scola-overo-teatro-1606-and-Marginalia-rev-2022-08-15.pdf separate document].
+
A [http://data.onb.ac.at/rep/109AF678 copy of the 1628 printing] that was extensively annotated by a contemporary reader now resides in the [[Österreichische Nationalbibliothek]]. Its annotations are beyond the scope of this concordance, but they have been [http://www.rapier.at/2018/07/20/a-transcription-of-annotations-in-the-onb-copy-211216-c-of-scola-overo-teatro-by-nicoletto-giganti/ transcribed] by [[Julian Schrattenecker]] and [[Florian Fortner]], and incorporated into [[Jeff Vansteenkiste]]'s translation in a [https://labirinto.ca/translations/ separate document].
  
 
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{{master subsection begin
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  | title = Dedication
 
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| class="noline" | <p>'''By Nicoletto Giganti, Venetian, To The Most Serene Don Cosimo de’ Medici Great Prince Of Tuscany'</p>
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| class="noline" | <p>'''By Nicoletto Giganti, Venetian, To the Most Serene Don Cosimo de’ Medici, Great Prince of Tuscany'</p>
 
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/5|2|lbl=-}}
 
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/5|2|lbl=-}}
 
| class="noline" | {{section|Nicoletto Giganti/1644 German|2|lbl=-}}
 
| class="noline" | {{section|Nicoletto Giganti/1644 German|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>With license and privilege of the Superiors</p>
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| <p>''With license and privilege of the Superiors''</p>
  
<p>'''In Venice'''<br/>Printed by Giovanni Antonio and Giacomo de Frenchesi. MDCVI</p>
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<p>'''In Venice,'''<br/>Printed by Giovanni Antonio and Giacomo de Frenchesi. MDCVI</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/5|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/5|3|lbl=-}}
 
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| [[File:Giganti Medici Heraldry.png|400x400px|center|Arms of the Medici Family]]
 
| [[File:Giganti Medici Heraldry.png|400x400px|center|Arms of the Medici Family]]
| <p>'''To the Most Serene Don Cosimo de Medici Great Prince of Tuscany''' my only Lord</p>
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| <p>'''To the Most Serene Don Cosimo de Medici, Great Prince of Tuscany,''' my only Lord</p>
  
<p>Just as iron extracted from the rough mines would be useless if it had not received shape suited to human armies from industrious art, thus the same in the hands of the strong soldier can be of little profit if, accompanied by studious and wise valour, the way is not made clear for every difficult and triumphant success. In this way to a point since the Good Shepherd welcomes the operation, because almost all the noblest things proceeding from our actions receive appropriate material from His hands, which, refined and dignified by the industry of the spirit, achieve miraculous and powerful effects. Now I say that this temperament is wonderfully demonstrated in the excellent and illustrious greatness of Your Most Serene Highness, who holds the natural greatnesses brought back to their peak from the invincible glorious works of your Ancestors, not only in the ancient and royal histories, but reflecting in yourself all the light of the present and past splendour, adorning them with your own virtues so that everyone admires the most divine tempers, and with wonderment says such a Most Serene Lord is no less fitting to that Most Serene State, than such a Most Serene State to that Most Serene Lord. But I will only say that this proposition, just as is demonstrated clearly in all the arts; so it is evidently perceived in exercising arms. Discussing the strength of iron, although it is exercised by a strong arm and agile body, if it is not tuned with observed rules and exercised study it is shown to be perilous and of little valour: Whereas if the art can be known by a wise captain, and he obeys it as a bold minister, they make marvelous prowess of it. You serve us as a clear example, who Heaven had to grant all height of perfect quality as in the most complete illumination of the present age. You who have in the noblest proportion stature, puissance, vigour joined to agility, promptness, and strength, in order to draw with your highest ingenuity the finesse of industry, advice, time, and art that can make you most a complete and Most Illustrious Captain, a Most Serene and most singular Prince.</p>
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<p>Just as iron extracted from the rough mines would be useless had it not received shape suited to human armies from industrious art, thus the same in the hands of the strong soldier can be of little profit if, accompanied by studious and wise valour, the way is not made clear for every difficult and triumphant success. In this way to a point, since the Good Shepherd welcomes the operation, and because almost all the noblest things proceeding from our actions receive appropriate material from His hands which, refined and dignified by the industry of the spirit, achieve miraculous and powerful effects. I am stunned to silence now that this tempering is wonderfully displayed in the excellence and illustrious greatness of Your Most Serene Highness. You retain the natural greatness returned to its peak from the invincible glorious works of Your ancestors, not only in the ancient and royal histories, but reflecting all the light of the present and past splendour in yourself, adorning them with your own virtues so that everyone admires that most divine temper, and with wonderment says that such a Most Serene Lord is no less fitting to that Most Serene State than such a Most Serene State to that Most Serene Lord. However, I will merely say that just as this proposition is demonstrated clearly in all the arts, so it is perceived evidently in exercising arms. Discussing the strength of steel, even if it is employed by a strong arm and agile body, if it is not conferred with observed rules and exercised study, it is shown to be perilous and of little valour, whereas if the art can be recognized as a wise captain and obeyed as a bold minister, they make marvelous prowess of it. Your testament serves as a clear example to us in which Heaven, needing to grant every level of perfect quality, as in the most complete illumination of the present age, has in the noblest proportion of stature, puissance, and vigour joined agility, promptness, and strength in order to draw with its highest ingenuity the finesse of industry, advice, time, and art that is able to make a Most Complete and Illustrious Captain a Most Serene and Singular Prince.</p>
 
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{{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|7|lbl=iii|p=1}} {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|8|lbl=iv|p=1}} {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/9|1|lbl=v|p=1}}
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| <p>Wherefore I, recognizing and admiring with humblest affection the mature splendour of your newly made and happy years, and reading in the face of the world the secure hopes and fruits of the future age, adoring that hand from which Italy and the entire world is taking safe rest and glorious protection, to that I offer and consecrate with humble dedication this small, I will certainly not say fruit, but work of my labours. Therefore, it only must please you, being of material welcomed by you which deigns to bend your Most Serene eye. To that end, let many of your highest rays pass over where the baseness of my ingenuity with the exercise of this art that I have dealt with for 27 years does not arrive. Let this work, in itself humble, present itself happily to the view of the World. It will be effected with the action of my devotion, together with the fruit of your Most Serene mercy, who serving being the full glory, I pray that Heaven makes me a worthy, even lowest servant. In Venice February 10, 1606</p>
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| class="noline" | <p>Wherefore I, recognizing and admiring with humblest affection the mature splendour of Your young and happy years, and reading in the face of the world the secure hopes and fruits of the future age, adoring that hand from which Italy and the entire world is taking safe rest and glorious protection, to that I offer and consecrate with humble dedication this small, I will certainly not say fruit, but work, of my labours, that will, therefore, have to please You, being on a subject You enjoy. In that, it will be dignified to bend Your Most Serene eye in order that many of your highest rays pass over where the baseness of my ingenuity with the exercise of this art that I have dealt with for twenty-seven years does not arrive. Let this work, humble in of itself, present itself happily to the view of the World. It will be effected with the action of my devotion, together with the fruit of your Most Serene mercy, who serving being the full glory, I pray that Heaven makes me a worthy, even lowest servant. In Venice February 10, 1606.</p>
  
 
:Of Your Most Serene Highness,
 
:Of Your Most Serene Highness,
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:::Nicoletto Giganti, Master of Arms
 
:::Nicoletto Giganti, Master of Arms
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{{master subsection begin
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| title = Introduction
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{| class="master"
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|-
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! <p>Illustrations<br/>from the 1606</p>
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Jeff Vansteenkiste]]</p>
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! <p>[[Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti)|First Edition]] (1606){{edit index|Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Jeff Vansteenkiste]]</p>
 +
! <p>German Translation (1619){{edit index|Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Jan Schäfer]]</p>
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! <p>French Translation (1619){{edit index|Escrime Novvelle ou Theatre (Nicoletto Giganti) Book 1 1619.pdf}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Michael Chidester]]</p>
  
 
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| <p>'''To the Lord Readers, Almoro Lombardo,''' Son of the Most Renowned Lord Marco.</p>
 
| <p>'''To the Lord Readers, Almoro Lombardo,''' Son of the Most Renowned Lord Marco.</p>
  
<p>Desiring to write on the matter of arms, although the author does not mention that it is a science, to me it appears a necessary thing, Lord Readers, to treat with what share it has, and of which name it would adorn itself so that everyone knows its greatness, dignity, and privilege.</p>
+
<p>Desiring to write on the subject of arms, although the author does not mention that it is a science, to me it appears a necessary thing, Lord Readers, to treat with what share it has, and of which name it should be adorned so that everyone knows its greatness, dignity, and privilege.</p>
  
<p>Whereupon first some students of this this most noble science read and discuss the most learned and easy observations of this valorous and knowledgeable professor Nicoletto Giganti, I, by observing the rule and general precept of a person who wants to address anything, will come to the definition, and then to the general division of this word Science, from which it will be possible for two things to finally be recognized by everyone, showing us that this beautiful profession is science.</p>
+
<p>Thus, before any scholar of this most noble science reads and discusses the most learned and easy observations of the valorous and knowledgeable expert, Nicoletto Giganti, in order to observe the rule and general precept of a person who wants to address anything, I will come to the definition and then to the general division of this word “science”. From these two things it will finally be recognized by everyone that this beautiful profession shows us it is a science.</p>
  
<p>Science, therefore, is a certain and manifest knowledge of things that the intellect acquires. It is of two sorts, that is, Speculative and Practical. Speculative is a simple operation of the intellect around its own object. Practical only consists in the actual workings of the intellect.</p>
+
<p>Science, therefore, is a certain and manifest knowledge of things that the intellect acquires. It is of two sorts—that is, speculative and practical. Speculative is a simple operation of the intellect around its appropriate object. Practical only consists in actual workings of the intellect.</p>
  
<p>Speculative is divided in two parts, that is, in Real Speculation and Rational Speculation. The Real aims at the reality of its object, which demonstrates its essence on its exterior. The Rational consists of those things that only the intellect administers and does not extend itself to other goals.</p>
+
<p>Speculative is divided in two parts—that is, in real speculative and rational speculative. Real aims at the reality of its object, which shows its essence on its exterior. Rational consists in those things that only the intellect administers and does not extend itself further to other goals.</p>
 
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| <p>Physics is a Real Speculative Science that only aims at moving and natural things, like the elements. Mathematics is a Real Speculative Science that only extends itself to continuous and discrete quantity. Continuous like lines, circles, surfaces, the measures of which deal with Arithmetic.</p>
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| <p>Physics is a real speculative science that only aims at moving and natural things, like the elements. Mathematics is a real speculative science that only extends as far as the continuous and the discrete—continuous such as lines, circles, surfaces—the measures of which arithmetic deals with.</p>
  
<p>Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, and Logic are Rational Speculative Sciences.</p>
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<p>Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and logic are rational speculative sciences. </p>
 
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| <p>Practical Science is divided in two: Active and Workable. Active is Ethics, Politics, and Economics. Workable can be divided in seven others, called mechanical, which are these: Woolcraft, Agriculture, Soldiery, Navigation, Medicine, Hunting, and Metalworking.</p>
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| <p>Practical science is further divided in two: active and productive. Ethics, politics, and economics are active. Productive can be separated into seven others, called mechanical, which are woolcraft, agriculture, soldiery, navigation, medicine, hunting, and metalworking.</p>
 
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| <p>Now, coming to what I promised above about this noble science, I will go over its qualities and nature, discussing whether it is Speculative or Practical science. In my opinion I say that it is Speculative, and prove it with diverse reasons. That it is science there is no doubt, because it is not acquired if it is not mediated by the operation of the intellect, from which it is born. That it is Speculative is certain since it does not consist in anything other than simple knowledge of its object, as I will be discussing below.</p>
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| <p>Now, in order to come to what I promised above about this noble science, I will go over its qualities and nature, discussing whether it is speculative or practical science. I say that, in my opinion, it is speculative, and prove it with diverse reasons. There is no doubt that it is science because it is not acquired if not through the operation of the intellect, from which it springs. That it is speculative is certain, as it does not consist in more than the simple knowledge of its object, as I will further demonstrate below.</p>
  
<p>The object of this science is nothing more than parrying and wounding. The knowledge of those two things is a work of the intellect, and moreover with intelligence professors of this science do not extend it further than the knowledge of them, which cannot be understood at all unless one first has knowledge of tempi and measures, or rather, knowledge of Feint, Disengage, or resolution without knowledge of tempi and measures. These are all operations of the intellect, and moreover outside of this knowledge the intellect does not extend, because as I have said the aim of these professions is understanding parrying. We will see if it is Real Speculative or Rational Speculative.</p>
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<p>The object of this science is nothing more than parrying and wounding. The knowledge of those two things is a work of the intellect, and experts of this science do not with intelligence extend it further than the knowledge of them. They cannot be understood at all unless one first has knowledge of tempi and measures, nor feints, disengages, or resolutions without knowledge of tempi and measures. These are all operations of the intellect. Moreover, the intellect does not reach beyond this understanding because, as I have said, the aim of this profession is understanding parrying and wounding. We will see whether it is real speculative or rational speculative science, however.</p>
  
<p>Considering this, it cannot be Rational, and the reason is this: because if it is indeed an operation of the intellect, nevertheless it spreads further, wherefore I find it to be Real Speculative. Real, because the knowledge of its aim is shown to us outwardly by the intellect. As the understanding of wounding and parrying, with tempi, measures, feints, disengages, and resolutions, even though they are operations of the intellect, they cannot be understood if not outwardly, and this exterior consists in the bearing of the body and of the Sword in the guards and counterguards, which all consist of circles, angles, lines, surfaces, measures, and of numbers.</p>
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<p>Thinking on this, it cannot be rational, and the reason is this: Even though it is an operation of the intellect, it nevertheless extends further, wherefore I find it to be real speculative science. Real, because the knowledge of its aim is shown to us outwardly by the intellect, since the understanding of wounding and parrying, along with tempi, measures, feints, disengages, and resolutions, despite being operations of the intellect, cannot be understood if outwardly. This outward expression consists in the bearing of the body and sword in the guards and counterguards, which all consist of circles, angles, lines, surfaces, measures, and of numbers.</p>
  
<p>These things, which must be observed, can be read about in Camillo Agrippa and in many other professors of this science. Note that just as those operations of the intellect without an exterior operation cannot be shown, so these exterior operations cannot be understood without the operations of the intellect first, in a manner that this science, which derives from the intellect, cannot be understood if not outwardly. Neither can one understand outwardly without operations of the intellect. These operations seek to understand the greatness, excellence, and perfection of this profession, and always come united. As there can never be Sun without day, nor day without Sun, never will there be those without these, nor these without those. In the end we see that it is Real Speculative Science.</p>
+
<p>These things, which must be observed, can be read about in Camillo Agrippa and in many other experts of this science. Note that, just as those operations of the intellect without an exterior operation cannot be shown, so these exterior operations cannot be understood without the prior operations of the intellect, in a way that this science, which derives from the intellect, cannot be understood if not outwardly. Neither can it be outwardly understood without operations of the intellect. These operations seek to understand the greatness, excellence, and perfection of this profession, and will always be seen united. As there will never be sun without day, nor day without sun, never will there be those without these, nor these without those. In the end we see that it is real speculative science.</p>
  
<p>This science of the Sword, or of arms, is a Real Speculative Mathematic Science, and Geometric, and Arithmetic. Geometric because it consists in lines, circles, angles, surfaces, and measures. Arithmetic because it consists of numbers. There is no motion of the body that does not make an angle or constraint. There is no motion of the Sword that does not travel in a line. There is neither guard nor counterguard that does not go by the number. The observations of these things all depend on knowledge of tempi and measures, whence I conclude that this most noble science is Real, Mathematic, Geometric, and Arithmetic, as I said a little above.</p>
+
<p>This science of the sword, or of arms, is a real speculative mathematical science—of geometry, and arithmetic. Of geometry because it consists in lines, circles, angles, surfaces, and measures, and of arithmetic because it consists in numbers. There is no motion of the body that does not produce an angle or constraint, no motion of the sword that does not travel in a line, no guard or counterguard that does not proceed by number. The observations of these things all depend on knowledge of tempi and measures, whence I conclude that this most noble science is speculative real mathematical—of geometry and arithmetic—as I said a little above.</p>
 
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| <p>Perhaps some inquisitive person arguing over this could say that the science of arms is a Practical Science with this reason: that being a Practical Science, a science which not only extends to the knowledge of its own object but to the operation of it, this science is therefore Practical, and not Speculative. To this objection I respond: all things have from nature their operation. Three are the sorts of their operations; some are internal, and these have their being in pure and simple intellect, and result from a Rational Speculative. Some are internal and external, and these have a commonality inside the intellect and outside, and are born from a Real Speculative. Some are completely external, and these have their being outside the intellect entirely and depend on a Practical Science, and are either Active or Workable. The Speculative Workable Real Science is no different from the Practical Science other than in this: the Real Speculative operates outwardly on its object and through the knowledge of that serves the intellect. The Practical Science not only cannot operate on its object if not outwardly, it cannot even come to the knowledge of it if not outwardly. The science of arms has the knowledge of its object in the intellect, and even though it operates outwardly, it cannot be said that it is Practical, but instead Speculative Real Science.</p>
+
| <p>Perhaps some inquisitive person arguing over this could say that the science of arms is a practical science with this reason: Practical science being a science that extends not only to the knowledge of its own object but to its operation, and the science of the sword being a science that applies not just to the knowledge of, but the operation of it, this science is therefore practical and not speculative. To this objection I respond: All things have some operation from nature. Our operations are of three sorts: Some are internal, and these exist in pure and simple intellect and derive from a rational speculative science. Some are internal and external, and these have a commonality inside and outside the intellect and arise from a real speculative science. Some are completely external, and these exist entirely outside the intellect and depend on a practical science. They are either active or productive.</p>
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<p>Speculative productive real science is no different from practical science other than in this: Real speculative science, even though it operates outwardly in its object, it nevertheless furnishes the understanding of that in the intellect. Practical science not only cannot operate on its object if not outwardly, but also cannot even come to understand it if not outwardly. The science of arms obtains the knowledge of its object in the intellect and, even though it operates outwardly, cannot be said to be practical science. Rather, it is speculative real science.</p>
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| <p>We have therefore seen that it is a science and it is Mathematics, of Geometry and Arithmetic, since it consists of numbers, lines, and measures. The author does not make mention of this in his observations, so that from him learned persons and those with no study may acquire some profit. Therefore, from his present figures and noted lessons, without learning to understand the multiplicity of lines, circles, angles, surfaces which would rather confuse the minds of readers that do not have understanding of these studies, nor give them any instruction, without a doubt everyone will learn to understand without difficulty the tempi, measures, resolutions, feints, disengages, and the way of parrying and wounding.</p>
+
| <p>We have therefore seen that it is a science and that it is mathematics—of geometry and arithmetic—since it consists in numbers, lines, and measures. The author does not make mention of this in his observations so that learned persons and those with no study may acquire some profit from him. From these figures and his renowned lessons, therefore, without learning to understand the multiplicity of lines, circles, angles, and surfaces which would instead confuse the mind of the reader that does not understand these studies, giving him no instruction, everyone will without doubt or effort learn to understand tempi, measures, resolutions, feints, disengages, and the method of parrying and wounding.</p>
 
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| <p>As for knowing how to understand the circles, lines, and other things mentioned above, every studious person will come to understand them with exercise. I will always advise everyone to apply themselves to the study of letters before this profession, because one that has studied in order to have understanding of the necessary things around this science will better profit and will make themselves more excellent and more perfect, with much more quickness of time for the acquisition, so that he can understand the aforesaid things of the guards, counterguards, covered just as uncovered. He that has not studied will not obtain it so easily, which, if he can learn it well, he will not therefore acquire understanding of this science without length of time and continuous exercise.</p>
+
| <p>As for learning circles, lines, and other things mentioned above, every studious person will come to understand them with practice. I will always advise everyone to apply himself to the study of letters before this profession, because someone who has studied to understand the necessary things around this science will better profit and become more excellent and perfect, greatly reducing his time to acquire the understanding of the aforesaid things: guards and counterguards, subtle and obvious. He who has not studied will not achieve so easily and, even though he can learn, will not acquire the understanding of this science without length of time and continuous exercise.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/15|1|lbl=xi}}
 
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| <p>This profession is of so much dignity and consideration. What decorum does it seek? What reputation and how much honour must one give it? Under what obligation is one that carries the sword and makes a profession of it? I say its dignity and consideration derive totally from its qualities, and with the division of the same one can come to understand.</p>
+
| <p>How great is the dignity and esteem of this profession? What decorum does it seek? What reputation, and how much honour is it due? Under what obligation is someone who carries the sword and makes a profession of it? I say its dignity and consideration entirely derive from its qualities, by the division of which they can be understood.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This science of the sword is separated into three parts, and the first is divided in two: natural and artificial.</p>
  
<p>This science of the sword is divided into three parts. The first is divided in two: Natural and Artificial.</p>
+
<p>Natural is a demonstrative discourse man makes use of naturally in parrying and wounding, since he proceeds with those goals extracting what mother nature administers to him for his needs with his own ingenuity. This is what many men of courage and spirit have shown great measure of in their contentions with men of great art and knowledge.</p>
  
<p>Natural is a demonstrative discourse man makes use of naturally in parrying and wounding, since with his own ingenuity he proceeds with those goals extracting what mother nature administers to him for his needs. Here is what many men of courage and spirit have shown great measure of in their contentions with men of great art and knowledge.</p>
 
 
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| <p>The Artificial is that which finds with ingenuity and long use and exercise under short rules and impossible methods different manners of parrying and wounding with the above noted things. Accordingly, coming to some occasion the man extracts from this the real ends of his safety. In his lessons the author shows great understanding of those two qualities, and the reader will be fully satisfied with them.</p>
+
| <p>The artificial is that which with ingenuity and long use and practice finds different manners of parrying and wounding using the above noted things, encompassed by short rules and extraordinary methods. Accordingly, coming to some occasion, a man extracts the proper terms of safety from this. In his lessons, the author shows great understanding of those two qualities and the reader will be fully satisfied with them.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/15|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/15|3|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p>The second part is this: the Artificial science of the sword is divided in two, Demonstrative and Exercised. The Demonstrative is that which demonstrates the proper method, and aims at knowledge of parrying and of wounding, by firm foot just as with the pass, when one must bind the enemy and when one must draw back by way of those lines, circles, or circumstances you remember from above, for which the intellect governs and imparts the many and multiple postures and counterpostures of the body. The Exercise is the same as the Demonstrative which, since we have acquired it, we apply to the understanding of a thousand warnings. There is no difference between them, except that the Demonstrative is self-contained, and the Exercised extends to serve the understanding of different things.</p>
+
| <p>The second part is this: The artificial science of the sword is divided in two: demonstrative and practised. Demonstrative is that which shows the proper method and term of parrying and wounding, firm-footed just as with the pass, when one must bind the enemy, and when one must draw back by way of those lines, circles, or circumstances you remember from above, through which the intellect governs and imparts the various and multiple postures and counterpostures of the body. Practised is the same demonstrative which, now that we have acquired it, we apply to the understanding of a thousand warnings. There is no difference between them except that demonstrative is self-contained and practised serves the understanding of various things.</p>
 
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| <p>The third part is this: the Demonstrative science of the sword is divided in two: the first Demonstrative consists of uncomplicated ends, that is, in simple ends, or composite, that unite in themselves more ends for the same Demonstratives of various occurrences, such as being outside of measure with the arms open, the weapons high or low. These ends require incomplete ends, that is, ends not understood by the enemy. They are called simple because they are natural. They are called composite because they have in themselves many considerations, and these are divided into the first and the second concepts.</p>
+
| <p>The third part is this: The demonstrative science of the sword is divided in two: the first demonstrative consists of uncomplex terms—that is, simple terms—or composite, which combine multiple demonstrative terms of various circumstances, such as being outside of measure, with the arms open, the weapons high or low. These are called uncomplex terms—that is, terms not understood by the enemy. They are called simple because they are natural. They are called composite because they contain many considerations. These are divided into first and second concepts. </p>
  
<p>The first concepts are real things that are first learned from the intellect, like parrying and wounding, and these come in the first intention. The second concepts are formed from the intellect, and these make the second of our intentions, the knowledge in order to be able to wound and parry, and are made through the first, for the reason that immediately when our intellect has learned this aim of wounding and parrying, it soon discusses how this can be done in a different manner and with different methods.</p>
+
<p>First concepts are real things that are first grasped by the intellect, like parrying and wounding, and these function in first intention. Second concepts are formed by the intellect, and they produce our second intention, knowledge, in order to be capable of wounding and parrying. These are produced by means of the first, for as soon as our intellect has learned this aim of wounding and parrying, it immediately reasons out how it can be done in different manners and with different methods. </p>
  
<p>The second Demonstrative consists of the complex ends, that is, of ends that unite in themselves more ends for the same demonstratives, and these aims either united at measure or separate at a distance demonstrate their ends, like being in guard with the weapons closed demonstrates, either at a distance, or at measure with the posture of the body, or counterposture which is the aim of that, and how many things can be done with that working. For this reason, one sees of how much consideration this beautiful science is for its qualities, and for the aims it contains.</p>
+
<p>The second demonstrative consists in complex terms—that is, terms that combine multiple demonstrative terms—and these terms, either united at measure or separate at a distance, demonstrate their purpose, like how being in guard with the weapons closed demonstrates, either at a distance or at measure of the body’s posture (or counterposture, which is the point of that), how many things can be done with that. For this reason, it is seen how highly regarded this beautiful science is for its qualities and the terms it contains.</p>
 
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| <p>Therefore, just as it is of great dignity because it is real Speculative Mathematics of Geometry and Arithmetic, and for many parts found under itself, such decorum and reputation I say it requires. No other will be the decorum and reputation if not this. And also considering, o Readers, that this science for the most part is found in royal courts, and of every Prince, in the most famous Cities, studied by Barons, Counts, Knights, and persons of great quality, and for no other reason if not because just as it is noble, it excites and inflames our spirits to great things, to learn, and to heroic actions, to match of the virtue of the spirit, the valour of the body, the vigour of the strength, and the skill of the person. This always seeks parity, and does not allow any blemish to it. It wants to be understood and learned, but not to be professed for every folly one takes up. It flees the disputes of villainous persons. It does not do all that it can. It shows itself at the time and place. It avoids the practices of excess. It is of few words. It desires a serious comportment, an alert eye, an honoured dress, and a noble practice. This is enough about its decorum and reputation.</p>
+
| <p>And so, this is of great dignity because it is real speculative mathematics—of geometry and arithmetic—and for the many qualities it is found to contain. Thus, I say that it requires decorum and reputation matching its own. It is also to be considered, o Readers, that this science is predominantly found in royal courts and with every prince, studied in the most famous cities by barons, counts, knights, and persons of great quality. This is for no other reason than because, just as it is noble, it excites and inflames our spirits to great things, to heroic feats and actions to measure up to the virtue of the spirit, the valour of the body, the vigour, the strength, and the skill of the person. It always requires an equal match and allows no impugnment of them. It wants to be understood and learned, but not professed, not taken up for every folly. It avoids the disputes of villainous persons. It does not do all that it can but shows itself at the time and place. It shirks the practices of excess and is of few words. It desires a serious comportment, an alert eye, an honoured dress, and a noble practice. This is enough about its decorum and reputation.</p>
 
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| <p>In regard to the honour that it requires, advising that the observance of all the said things is honour to this profession, it remains only to be said what obligation one who carries the sword is under.</p>
+
| <p>In regard to the honour it is due, it is to be noted that the observance of all said things is an honour to this profession. It remains only to say what obligation someone who carries the sword is under.</p>
  
<p>We will pass by the aims of these Duellists who, just as they have badly learned the said profession, so I say with many of their propositions they degrade it and have reduced it to such an unhappy state that it not only casts aside the virtuous life which demands such a science, and human discourse, and every reason, but forgetting the great God, and themselves as a consequence, their unjust aims can only possess it for the damnation of their spirits, postponing the divine church for their diabolical thoughts.</p>
+
<p>We will pass over the terms of these “duellists” who, along with having badly understood said profession, I say that with many of their propositions they also degrade it and have reduced it to such an unhappy state that it not only casts aside the virtuous life, human discourse, and every reason that such a science demands but, forgetting the great God, and themselves as a consequence, their unjust aims only possess it for the damnation of their spirits, abandoning the divine church for their diabolical thoughts.</p>
 
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| <p>This profession, o Readers, puts one who practises it under obligation to learn, and considering this wants to be used in four occasions: the first for Faith, then for Country, for defence of one’s own life, and finally for honour. It always wants to be a defender of reason, never taken hold of in order to do wrong, and one who does so makes an injury to this profession. Neither will a man of honour have held onto a wrong in order to fight, but will only do so for the said things. It is necessary to have occasion because fighting without one is a thing of the foolish and drunk.</p>
+
| <p>This profession, o Readers, places someone who practises it the under obligation to understand that it desires to be used in four occasions: The first for faith, then for country, for defence of one’s own life, and finally for honour. It always wishes to be a champion of reason, never taken hold of in order to do wrong, and someone who does so injures this profession. Neither will a man of honour ever have held onto a wrong in order to fight but will only do so for the said things. It is necessary to have occasion because fighting without one is a thing of the foolish and drunk.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf/18|1|lbl=xiv}}
 
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| <p>Some as soon as they have acquired some beginning of this mock, putting the Sword at their side, and using a thousand insolences, either stop or wound someone, and at such time kill some miserable person, believing themselves to have acquired honour and fame. They do evil, because other than making an outrage to the nobility of this which must not be put in use without reason, they offend the just God and themselves.</p>
+
| <p>Some, as soon as they have acquired some beginning of this, are wont to put the sword at their side and, using a thousand insolences, detain, wound, or sometimes kill some miserable person, believing themselves to have acquired honour and fame. They do evil because, more than harming the nobility of this, which must not be employed without reason, they offend the just God and themselves.</p>
  
<p>In order to not come to tedium I will not continue, but only exhort each to study such a noble and real science, begging him to keep in mind the underwritten observations of our noble professor, and practise in it, because with brevity of time one can acquire no small profit, observing how much it suits honour, glory, and greatness themselves.</p>
+
<p>In order not to become tedious I will not continue, but only exhort each person to study such a noble and real science, beseeching him to heed the underwritten observations of our noble expert and to practise them, because with a short period of time no small profit will be acquired, observing how much this befits his own honour, glory, and greatness.</p>
 
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| <p>'''COPY</p>
 
| <p>'''COPY</p>
  
<p>The underwritten Most Excellent Lord Captains of the most Illustrious Council of Ten have belief from the Lord Reformers of the Studio of Padua by report of the two elected, that is, of the Reverend Father Inquisitor and of the Secretary of the Senate Zuane Maravegia, with oath, that in this book titled School, or Theatre by Nicoletto Giganti, Venetian, nothing contrary to the law is found. It is worthy of print, granted licence, and may be printed in this city.</p>
+
<p>The underwritten Most Excellent Lord Captains of the most Illustrious Council of Ten have belief from the Lord Reformers of the Studio of Padua through the report of the two elected for such, that is, of the Reverend Father Inquisitor and of the Secretary of the Senate Zuane Maravegia, with oath, that in this book titled School, or Theatre by Nicoletto Giganti, Venetian, nothing contrary to the law is found, it is worthy of print, and they grant it licence to be printed in this city.</p>
  
 
:Dated the 31st of October, 1605.
 
:Dated the 31st of October, 1605.
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::D. Santo Balbi<br/>D. Gio. Giacomo Zane<br/>D. Piero Barbarigo
 
::D. Santo Balbi<br/>D. Gio. Giacomo Zane<br/>D. Piero Barbarigo
  
:::Most Illustrious Council of X. Secretary, Barth. Cominus.
+
:::Most Illustrious Council of X. Secretary,<br/>Barth. Cominus.
  
 
:October 3, 1605
 
:October 3, 1605
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| class="noline" |  
 
| class="noline" |  
| class="noline" | <p>December 23, 1605 in Senate</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>December 23, 1605, in Senate</p>
  
<p>The power is granted to our faithful Nicoletto Giganti, Venetian, that other than him or one at his behest, it is not permitted for the space of the next thirty years to venture to print in this City, nor any other City, Land, or place of our Domain, nor printed elsewhere to conduct or sell in Our Domain the book composed by him, titled School, or Theatre, under pain of losing the printed or conducted works, which are by the aforesaid Nicoletto Giganti, and being obliged to observe what is required by our law in matters of Printing, of paying three hundred ducats: a third to our Arsenal, a third to the Magistrate that makes the execution, and the other third to the complainant.</p>
+
<p>The power is granted to our faithful Nicoletto Giganti, Venetian, that other than him or someone at his behest, it is not permitted for the space of the next thirty years to venture to print in this city, nor any other city, land, or place of our domain, nor printed elsewhere to conduct or sell in our domain the book composed by him, titled School, or Theatre, under pain of losing the printed or conducted works, which are by the aforesaid Nicoletto Giganti, and being obliged to observe what is required by our law in matters of printing, of paying three hundred ducats: A third to our arsenal, a third to the magistrate that makes the execution, and the other third to the complainant.</p>
 
| class="noline" | {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|20|lbl=xvi}}
 
| class="noline" | {{pagetb|Page:Scola, overo teatro (Nicoletto Giganti) 1606.pdf|20|lbl=xvi}}
 
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| <p>[1] '''Guards and Counterguards'''</p>
 
| <p>[1] '''Guards and Counterguards'''</p>
  
<p>It is necessary for someone wanting to become a professor of the science of arms to understand many things. To give my lessons a beginning, I will first begin to discuss the guards and counterguards, or postures and counterpostures, of the sword. This, because coming to some incident of contention it is first necessary to understand this to be able to secure oneself against the enemy. To place oneself in guard then, many things must be observed, as can be seen in my figures: standing firm over the feet, that are low and the foundation of the entire body, in a just pace, restrained rather than long in order to be able to increase it, holding the sword and dagger strongly in the hands, the dagger now high, now low, now extended, the sword now high, now low, now on the right side, ready to parry and wound so that the enemy throwing either a thrust or cut can be parried and wounded in the same tempo, with the vita disposed and ready because lacking the disposition and readiness of that it will be an easy thing for the enemy to put it into disorder with a dritto, a riverso, a thrust, or in another manner, and even if such a person parried they would remain in danger. It is advised to let the dagger watch the enemy’s sword, because if the enemy throws it will parry that. Always aim the sword at the uncovered part of the enemy so that the enemy is wounded when throwing. This is all the artifice of this profession. Moreover, one must note that all the motions of the sword are guards to one who knows them, and all guards are good to one who practises, as on the contrary no motion is a guard to one who does not understand, and they are not good for one who does not know how to use them.</p>
+
<p>It is necessary for someone wishing to become an expert on the science of arms to understand many things. To give my lessons a beginning, I will first begin to discuss guards and counterguards, or postures and counterpostures, of the sword. This because, coming to some incident of contention, it is first necessary to understand this to be able to secure oneself against the enemy. To position oneself in guard, therefore, many things must be observed, as seen in my figures: Standing firm over the feet, which are the base and foundation of the entire body, in a just pace, restrained rather than long in order to be able to extend, holding the sword and dagger strongly in the hands, the dagger now high, now low, now extended, the sword now high, now low, now on the right side, in place in order to parry and wound so that the enemy, throwing either a thrust or cut, can be parried and wounded in the same ''tempo'', with the vita disposed and ready because lacking its disposition and readiness it will be an easy thing for the enemy to put it into disorder with a ''dritto'', a ''riverso'', a thrust, or in some other manner, and even if such a person were to parry, they would remain in danger. It is advised that the dagger should guard the enemy’s sword because if the enemy throws, it will parry that, and that the sword should always aim at the uncovered part of the enemy so that he is wounded when throwing. This is all the artifice of this profession. Moreover, it must be noted that all motions of the sword are guards to those who know them, and all guards are good for the practised person, as, on the contrary, no motion is a guard to those who do not understand any, and they are not good for those who do not know how to use them.</p>
 
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| <p>[2] This profession does not require more than science and exercise, and this exercise presents the science. Placing oneself uncovered in guard is artifice and done because the enemy disorders themselves when throwing and ends up in danger. Placing oneself covered is also artifice because in binding the enemy can be wounded. In this way it is understood that every guard aids one who has skill and understands, and no guard is valuable to he who does not have skill or understanding. This is enough about the guards.</p>
+
| <p>[2] This profession requires nothing more than science and practice. Practised, it bestows the science. Placing oneself uncovered in guard is artifice and done so that the enemy disorders himself when throwing and ends up in danger. Placing oneself covered is also artifice because, binding the enemy, it is possible to wound. In this way, it can be understood that every guard aids those who understand and know, and no guard is valuable to those who do not understand or know. This is enough about guards.</p>
 
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| <p>[3] As for the counterguards, be advised that one who has knowledge of this profession will never place themselves in guard, but will seek to place themselves against the guards. <ref name="counterguard">In a counterguard.</ref> Wanting to do so, be warned of this: one must place oneself outside of measure, that is, at a distance, with the sword and dagger high, strong with the vita, and with a firm and balanced pace, then consider the guard of the enemy. Afterwards approach him little by little with your sword binding his for safety, that is, almost resting your sword on his so that it covers it because he will not be able to wound if he does not disengage the sword. The reason for this is that in disengaging he performs two actions. First he disengages, which is the first tempo, then wounding, which is the second. While he disengages, in that same tempo he can come to be wounded in many ways before he has time to wound, as one will see in the figures of my book. If he changes guard for the counterguard it is necessary to follow him along with the sword forward and the dagger, always securing his sword, because in the first tempo he will always have to disengage the sword and end up wounded. It will never be possible for him to wound if not with two tempi, and from those parrying will always be a very easy thing. This is enough about guards and counterguards.</p>
+
| <p>[3] As for counterguards, it is advised that someone who has knowledge of this profession will never position himself in guard but will seek to position himself in a counterguard. Wanting to do so, know this: One must position oneself outside of measure—that is, at a distance—with the sword and dagger high, strong with the vita, with a firm and stable pace, then consider the guard of the enemy. Afterwards, approach him little by little, binding with the sword to be safe—that is, almost resting your sword on his so that it covers it—because he will not be able to wound if he does not disengage the sword. The reason for this is that in disengaging he performs two actions: First, he disengages, which is the first ''tempo'', then wounding, which is the second. While he disengages, he can come to be wounded in many ways in the same ''tempo'' before he has time to wound, as will be seen in the figures of my book. If he changes guard due to the counterguard, it is necessary to follow him with the sword forward, with the dagger alongside always securing his sword, because in the first ''tempo'' he will always have to disengage the sword and necessarily ends up wounded. Neither will it ever be possible for him to wound if not with two tempi, and from those parrying will always be a very easy thing. This is enough about guards and counterguards.</p>
 
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| <p>[4] '''Tempo and Measure'''</p>
+
| <p>[4] '''''Tempo'' and Measure'''</p>
  
<p>One cannot know how to place oneself in guard, or against the guard, <ref name="counterguard"/> nor how to throw a thrust, an imbroccata, a mandritto, or a riverso, nor how to turn the wrist, nor how to carry the body well, or to best control the sword, or say one understands parrying and wounding, but by understanding tempo and measure which, of one who does not understand, even though they parry and wound, it could not be said that they understand parrying and wounding, because such a person in parrying as in wounding can err and incur a thousand dangers.</p>
+
<p>It is not through knowing how to position oneself in a guard or counterguard, nor how to throw a thrust, an ''imbroccata'', a ''mandritto'', or a ''riverso'', nor how to turn the wrist, nor how to carry the body well, nor how best to control the sword, that a person can be said to know how to parry and wound. Rather, it is by understanding ''tempo'' and measure. Someone who does not understand these, even though he parries and wounds, could not be said to understand how to parry and wound, because such a person can err and incur a thousand dangers in parrying as in wounding. </p>
 
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| <p>[5] Therefore, having discussed the guards and counterguards it remains to discuss tempo and measure in order to know how to, then to accommodate an understanding of when one must parry and wound.</p>
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| <p>[5] Having therefore discussed guards and counterguards, it remains to discuss ''tempo'' and measure in order to then know how to accommodate a recognition of when one must parry and wound.</p>
 
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| <p>[6] Therefore, measure means when the sword can reach the enemy. When it cannot it is called being out of measure.</p>
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| <p>[6] Measure, then, means when the sword can reach the enemy. When it cannot, it is called being out of measure.</p>
 
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| <p>[7] Tempo is understood in this way: if the enemy is in guard, one needs to place oneself outside of measure and advance with one’s guard, securing oneself from the enemy’s sword with one’s own, and put one’s mind on what he<ref name="the enemy">The enemy.</ref> wants to do.</p>
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| <p>[7] ''Tempo'' is recognized in this way: If the enemy is in guard, one needs to position oneself outside of measure and advance with one’s guard, securing oneself from the enemy’s sword with one’s own, and put one’s mind on what he wishes to do.</p>
 
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| <p>[8] If he disengages, in the disengagement one can wound him, and this is a tempo. If he changes guard, while he changes is a tempo. If he turns, it is a tempo. If he binds to come to measure, while he walks before arriving at measure is a tempo to wound him. If he throws, parrying and wounding in a tempo also is a tempo. If the enemy stays still in guard and waits and you advance to bind him and throw where he is uncovered when you are at measure, it is a tempo, because in every motion of the dagger, sword, foot, and vita such as changing guard, is a tempo in such a way that all these things are tempi: because they contain different intervals, and while the enemy makes one of these motions, he will certainly be wounded because while a person moves they cannot wound. It is necessary to understand this in order to be able to wound and parry. I will be demonstrating more clearly how one must do so in my figures.</p>
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| <p>[8] If he disengages, in the disengagement he can be wounded, and this is a ''tempo''. If he changes guard, while he changes is a ''tempo''. If he turns, it is a ''tempo''. If he binds to come to measure, while he walks before he arrives at measure is a ''tempo'' to wound him. If he throws, parrying and wounding in one ''tempo'' is also a ''tempo''. If the enemy stands still in guard in order to wait and you advance to bind him and throw where he is uncovered when you are at measure, it is a ''tempo''. This is because in every motion of the dagger, sword, foot, and vita, such as changing guard, is a ''tempo'' in the way that all these things are tempi—because they contain different intervals. While the enemy makes one of these motions, he will certainly be wounded because while one moves one cannot wound. It is necessary to learn this in order to be able to wound and parry. I will be demonstrating more clearly how one must do so in my figures.</p>
 
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Revision as of 02:42, 26 May 2024

Nicoletto Giganti
Born 1550s-60s
Fossombrone, Italy
Died date of death unknown
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Citizenship Republic of Venice
Patron
  • Cosimo II de' Medici
  • Christofano Chigi
Influenced Bondì di Mazo (?)
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s)
First printed
english edition
Leoni, 2010
Concordance by Michael Chidester

Nicoletto Giganti (Niccoletto, Nicolat) was an Italian soldier and fencing master around the turn of the 17th century. He was likely born to a noble family in Fossombrone in central Italy,[1] and only later became a citizen of Venice.[2] Little is known of Giganti’s life, but in the dedication to his 1606 treatise he claims 27 years of professional experience, meaning that his career began in 1579 (possibly referring to service in the Venetian military, a long tradition of the Giganti family).[1] Additionally, the preface to his 1608 treatise describes him as a Master of Arms to the Order of Santo Stefano in Pisa, a powerful military order founded by Cosimo I de' Medici, giving some further clues to his career.

In 1606, Giganti published a treatise on the use of the rapier (both single and with the dagger) titled Scola, overo teatro ("School, or Theater"). It is dedicated to Cosimo II de' Medici. This treatise is structured as a series of progressively more complex lessons, and Tom Leoni opines that this treatise is the best pedagogical work on rapier fencing of the early 17th century.[3] It is also the first treatise to fully articulate the principle of the lunge.

In 1608, Giganti made good on the promise in his first book that he would publish a second volume.[4] Titled Libro secondo di Niccoletto Giganti ("Second Book of Niccoletto Giganti"), it is dedicated to Christofano Chigi, a Knight of Malta, and covers the same weapons as the first as well as rapier and buckler, rapier and cloak, rapier and shield, single dagger, and mixed weapon encounters. This text in turn promises additional writings on the dagger and on cutting with the rapier, but there is no record of further books by Giganti ever being published.

While Giganti's second book quickly disappeared from history, his first seems to have been quite popular: reprints, mostly unauthorized, sprang up many times over the subsequent decades, both in the original Italian and, beginning in 1619, in French and German translations. This unauthorized dual-language edition also included book 2 of Salvator Fabris' 1606 treatise Lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme which, coupled with the loss of Giganti's true second book, is probably what has lead many later bibliographers to accuse Giganti himself of plagiarism.[5]

Treatise

Giganti, like many 17th century authors, had a tendency to write incredibly long, multi-page paragraphs which quickly become hard to follow. Jacob de Zeter's 1619 dual-language edition often breaks these up into more manageable chunks, and so his version is used as the template for these concordances. Neither scans nor transcription of Giganti's second book are yet available, so it cannot yet be included in the tables below.

A copy of the 1628 printing that was extensively annotated by a contemporary reader now resides in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. Its annotations are beyond the scope of this concordance, but they have been transcribed by Julian Schrattenecker and Florian Fortner, and incorporated into Jeff Vansteenkiste's translation in a separate document.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Terminiello et al. 2013, p 9.
  2. That he eventually became a Venetian citizen is indicated on the title page of his 1606 treatise.
  3. Leoni, p xi.
  4. This treatise was considered lost for centuries, and as early as 1673 the Sicilian master Giuseppe Morsicato Pallavicini stated that this second book was never published at all. See La seconda parte della scherma illustrata. Palermo, 1673. p V.
  5. This accusation was first made by Johann Joachim Hynitzsch, who attributed the edition to Giganti rather than Zeter and was incensed that he gave no credit to Fabris.
  6. Although the plates depicting the guards and counterguards are somewhat less than clear, we know from this chapter that Figure 2 depicts binding the enemy’s sword on the inside.
  7. Figure 3, which we know from the description of this chapter’s action depicts binding the enemy’s sword on the outside.
  8. Reading the text, Figures 6 and 7 appear to be swapped, meaning this lesson’s text refers to Figure 7. Interestingly the plate order does not appear to be corrected in subsequent printings, even in Jakob de Zeter’s German/French version (1619), which uses entirely new plates created by a different artist.
  9. This lesson’s text refers to Figure 6.
  10. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named counterguard
  11. The two fencers.
  12. The placeholder was never replaced with the proper figure number reference when the book went to print, and it remains missing in Paolo Frambotto’s 1628 reprint. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 7.
  13. The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 8.
  14. Your hand.
  15. This is the second manner mentioned at the beginning of the lesson, rather than an action that follows from the first.
  16. Camillo Agrippa (1553), for example, recommends turning the face away.
  17. The two preceding figures.
  18. The original text is “vorreste”, or “you would like”. As our fencer’s opponent is the one with the dagger, it is likely that this is a mistake in the text
  19. The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 21.
  20. 20.0 20.1 Figure 21.
  21. The guard Giganti refers to here is unclear.
  22. First lesson of sword and dagger – Figure 21.
  23. 23.0 23.1 Figures 21-26.
  24. The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version also omits a figure reference. The anonymous notes in the Vienna copy state that it is the 21st figure.
  25. The figure number is missing in both the 1606 and 1628 printings. Jakob de Zeter’s 1619 German/French version refers to Figure 27.
  26. 26.0 26.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named the enemy
  27. The chest is uncovered.
  28. “Scannare” – to slaughter or cut the throat of.
  29. Of the enemy.
  30. Our fencer.