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Difference between revisions of "Pseudo-Hans Döbringer"

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{| class="master"
 
{| class="master"
 
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! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p>
+
! <p>{{rating|C}} (2022)<br/>by [[Christian Trosclair]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a)|Nuremberg Version]]{{edit index|Pol Hausbuch (MS 3227a) (MS 3227a)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|H}}ere it begins, Master Liechtenauer's Art of Fencing with the Sword on Foot and on Horse, Bare and in Harness. And before any incidents and confrontations, you shall note and know that there is just one art of the sword and it may have been invented and conceived many hundred years ago. And this is a foundation and core of all of the arts of fencing and Master Liechtenauer had internalized and applied it quite completely and correctly.</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|H}}ere begins Master Liechtenauer's Art of Fencing with the Sword on Foot and on Horse, Bare and in Harness.</p>
  
−
<p>Not that he invented and conceived it himself, as was written before, rather he had traveled through many lands. And through that sought the legitimate and truthful art for the sake that he would experience and know it. And this art is earnest, complete and legitimate; and everything proceeds from it the nearest and shortest, simple and direct. Just as if one would hew or stab someone and that person then bound a thread or cord to his point or edge of his sword and guided or pulled that very point point or edge to the opponent's opening. For he should hew or stab according to the nearest and shortest and most decisive of all. For one would prefer to deliver just that, because that same legitimate fencing will not have handsome and painstaking parries nor wide fencing-around.</p>
+
<p>And before all material matters and views, you shall note and know that there is but one art of the sword and it was identified and worked out for possibly many hundred years. And this is the foundation and core of all of the arts of fencing.</p>
  
−
<p>With those, people choose to procrastinate and delay themselves. As one finds according to many illegitimate masters, that say they have invented and conceived and possess for themselves from day to day some new art, better and greater. But I would like to see one that would conceive and perform just one application or one hew that does not come from Liechtenauer's art. Just that they will often mix-up and pervert an application. So with that, they give it a new name, each according to their head. Furthermore that they conceive wide fencing-around and parrying and often do two or three hews in place of a single hew. They will be praised by the uncomprehending just for the liveliness of it as they fiendishly arrange themselves with those beautiful parries and wide fencing-around and deliver wide and long hews slowly and sluggishly. With those they quite severely delay and hew-ahead of themselves and also with those give themselves firm openings because they have no measure in their fencing. And anyway, that is not called for in earnest fencing.</p>
+
<p>And this is what Master Liechtenauer had acquired and formulated quite completely and correctly.</p>
  
−
<p>In some cases, it could possibly be somewhat good in school fencing for exercise and enjoyment. But earnest fencing will proceed swift, straight and quite direct without any hesitation nor delay like a string or something like it determined the measure and trajectory. When one shall slash or stab whoever stands there before them, then truly no strike or stab backwards or to the side helps him, nor any wide fencing nor multiple hews. They that would like to end it with someone, they procrastinate and delay themselves so that they preclude the moment of truth.</p>
+
<p>Not that he identified and worked it out himself, as was written before, rather he had traveled through many lands and through that sought out the legitimate and truthful art for the sake that he would truly experience and learn it.</p>
  
−
<p>Rather, one must initiate their hew straight and directly to the person, to the head or to the body according to what is closest and surest. Just as he is able to attain it and judge it, swiftly and quickly and preferably with one strike. Because with four or six, he would give himself away with them. And that one comes effortlessly as opposed to all those because the fore-strike is a great advantage of this fencing as you will hear it hereafter in the text where Liechtenauer names just five hews with other plays that are sufficient for earnest fencing and teaches it according to the correct art, conducted straight and direct toward the closest and surest as it simply can approach and leaves all of the confusing work and new found hews foolishly considered by the illegitimate masters that nevertheless thoroughly depart from his art.</p>
+
<p>And this art is earnest, complete and legitimate and it moves in the nearest and shortest way, simple and straight; just as if you had wanted to cut or thrust your opponent and you had bound a thread or cord to the point or edge of your sword and guided or pulled that very point or edge to the opponent's opening, then you would have cut or thrust according to the nearest and shortest and most decisive of all, as you would prefer to just deliver that.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is because the legitimate fencing just mentioned will not have elegant and grandiose parries, nor wide, indirect fencing. With those, people choose to dither and delay themselves. As one finds according to many ungrounded masters that say they have uncovered and worked out some new art and understand the art of fencing better and more greatly, day by day.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>But I would like to see one person that could conceive and perform just one application or one cut that does not come from Liechtenauer's art. They will often just only mix-up and pervert an application. In this, they give it a new name, each according to their own head. And they conceive of wide, indirect fencing and parrying, often doing two or three cuts in place of a single cut, just because they wish renown. They will be praised by the ignorant for their elegant parries and wide, indirect fencing as they fiendishly pose themselves and deliver wide and long cuts, tediously and cumbersomely. With those, they quite severely delay themselves and miss their targets and also provide solid openings with these because they have no measuredness in their fencing.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And anyway, this does not belong in earnest fencing, Though in particular I admit that through exercises and drills in school-fencing it might possibly be good for something.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>But earnest fencing will proceed swiftly, simply and completely direct without any dithering nor delay as if a string or something like it determined the measure and trajectory.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>When you want to cut or thrust whoever stands there before you, then truly no cut nor thrust backwards or to the side, nor any wide fencing nor multiple cuts helps you to possibly end it with them. With these, you dither and delay yourself so that you lose the chance to do so.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Rather, one must initiate their cut straight and directly to the person, to the head or to the body according to what is closest and surest only at the moment you are able to take and to get to them swiftly and quickly and preferably with one strike. For with four or six, you choose to dither and as a result the opponent approaches effortlessly.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is because the Vorschlag is one great advantage of this fencing as you will hear hereafter in this text.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Therein Liechtenauer identifies just five cuts with other plays that are utilized in earnest fencing and teaches it according to the correct art, conducted straight and direct toward the closest and surest as simply as it can only derive and abandons all of the drumwork and newly invented cuts carried out by the ungrounded masters, which even still fundamentally derives from his art.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 13v.jpg|1|lbl=13v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14r.jpg|1|lbl=14r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14v.jpg|1|lbl=14v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|1|lbl=15r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 13v.jpg|1|lbl=13v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14r.jpg|1|lbl=14r|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 14v.jpg|1|lbl=14v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|1|lbl=15r.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also note this and know that one cannot speak and explain or write about fencing quite as simply and clearly as one can easily show and inform it with the hand. Therefore act on your judgement and consider the best of it and therein, exercise the bulk of that yourself in play which you think is of the best in earnest. Because practice is better than empty art, for practice is fully sufficient without art but art is not fully sufficient without practice.</p>
+
| <p>Also note this and know that one cannot speak or explain or write about fencing quite as simply and clearly as one can easily indicate and inform it by hand.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>Therefore act on your judgement and extract the best of it and therein, exercise the bulk of that yourself in play which you think is the best in earnest.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Because practice is better than empty art. That is to say, practice is fully sufficient without art but art is not fully sufficient without practice.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|2|lbl=15r.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also know that a good fencer shall, ahead all confrontations, command and clasp his sword certainly and surely with both hands between the hilt and the pommel. Because like this, he holds the sword much surer than when he clasps it by the pommel with one hand and also strikes much harder and surer like this, because the pommel overthrows itself and swings itself in accordance with the strike, so that the strike arrives much harder than when he clasps the sword with the pommel, because like this, he restrains the strike with the pommel, such that he may not arrive so completely and so strongly, because the sword is just like a scale. For if a sword is large and heavy, so must the pommel also be accordingly heavy, just like a scale.</p>
+
| <p>Also know that a good fencer shall, ahead of all confrontations, command and clasp their sword certainly and surely with both hands between the hilt and the pommel. Because in this manner, they hold the sword much surer than when they grasp it by the pommel with one hand and it also strikes much harder and surer like this, when the pommel overturns itself and swings itself in accordance with the strike. For that strike arrives much harder than when one grasps the sword by the pommel. If someone yanks back their strike in this way by their pommel, they cannot possibly arrive so completely and so strongly, because the sword is just like a scale.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15r.jpg|3|lbl=15r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|1|lbl=15v.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also know that when one fences with someone, so shall he fully take heed of his steps and be sure in them just as if he shall stand upright upon a scale, shifting backwards or forwards according to that as necessitates itself, connected and nimble, swiftly and quickly. And with good spirit and good consciousness or consideration shall your fencing proceed and without any fear as one will hear that hereafter.</p>
+
| <p>For if a sword is large and heavy, so must the pommel also be accordingly heavy, just like a scale.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>Also know that when you fence with someone, so shall you fully pay attention to your steps and be sure in them just as if you shall stand upright upon a scale, stepping backwards or forwards according to necessity, suitably and appropriately, swiftly and quickly.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And your fencing shall completely proceed with good spirit and good demeanor or sense and without any fear as you will hear about hereafter.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|2|lbl=15v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>You shall also have measure in your applications accordingly as it necessitates itself and shall not step too wide, so that you may better adjust yourself to another's steps, done backwards or forwards according to that as it will necessitate itself. Also often itself necessitating two short steps for one long and often necessitates itself that one must do a little pre run with short steps and often that one must do a good step or spring.</p>
+
| <p>You shall also have measuredness in your applications accordingly as it necessitates itself and you shall not step too wide, so that you may better adjust yourself to another's steps, done backwards or forwards according to that as it will necessitate itself.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>Also the situation often necessitates two short steps for one long.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And often the situation necessitates that one must execute a little rush in with short steps and often that one must do it a good step or a spring.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|3|lbl=15v.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>And whatever one will readily conduct in play or in earnest, they shall make that foreign and confusing so that the opponent does not notice what this is meant to conduct against him. And as soon as <ref>The silver "soon" was added later above the line</ref> the opponent then comes at him and also has the measure of the opponent so that he thinks he will have and reach in the opponent well, so shall he brazenly hurry to the opponent and drive swiftly and quickly to the head or to the body. He hits or mises and shall always win the fore-strike and allows the opponent to come with nothing as you will better hear hereafter in the common lore, etc.</p>
+
| <p>And whatever you wish to sensibly conduct in play or in earnest, you should make that out of place and disordered in the eyes of the opponent so that they do not identify what you intend to conduct against them.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And then as soon as<ref>The silver "soon" was added later above the line</ref> you arrive at the opponent and have their measure so that you think you will take and get to the opponent well in this, Then you shall boldly storm toward the opponent and swiftly and quickly descend upon their head or body. Hit or miss, you will have always won the Vorschlag which does not allow the opponent to come into action with anything as you will better hear hereafter in the common lore, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|1|lbl=16r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 15v.jpg|4|lbl=15v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|1|lbl=16r.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>One shall also always prefer to target the upper openings rather than the lower and one drives in over the hilt with hews or with stabs, bravely and quickly. Because one reaches the opponent much better and further over the hilt than under it. And one is also much surer of all fencing like this. For the upper contact one is much better than the lower one. But if it comes to be as such that one were nearer to the lower, then he must target that as this often occurs.</p>
+
| <p>One shall also always prefer to target the upper openings rather than the lower and go in over their hilt with cuts or with thrusts, boldly and quickly, because you meet with the opponent much better and further over the hilt than under it. And one is also much surer of all fencing in this way and one of the upper strikes is much better than one of the lowers. But if it so happens that you are nearer to the lower, then you must target that, as this often occurs.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|2|lbl=16r.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also know that one shall always come to the right side of the opponent in his applications. Because he may better have the opponent in all confrontations of fencing or wrestling than immediately in front of. And whoever knows this part well and delivers well, they are not a bad fencer.</p>
+
| <p>Also know that you shall always come up on the right side of the opponent in your applications. Because you can better take the opponent in all confrontations of fencing or wrestling than directly in front of them.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>And whoever both knows and delivers this play well, they are not a bad fencer. </p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16r.jpg|3|lbl=16r.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also know when one will earnestly fence, they contemplate a polished play, whichever he wishes that is complete and correct there and earnestly internalize that and keep it in his intent and spirit. Whatever he wishes upon someone just as if he would say: "This I mean to truly conduct" and so this shall and must go forward with the help of god, so it might fail him in nothing. He does what he should when he bravely hurries and charges there with the fore-strike, as one will often hear hereafter.</p>
+
| <p>Also know when you wish to fence earnestly, stick to a polished play, whichever one you wish that is completely natural right then and take it to the opponent earnestly and keep it in your mind and being, when you wish to do it, just as if you would say: "This I mean to truly conduct" and this shall and must have success with the help of God.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this way, it cannot fail you at all. You do what you should whenever you boldly storm in and let fly with the Vorschlag, as one will often hear hereafter.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 16v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|I}}n all fencing<br/>&emsp;Requisite is: the help of god of righteousness,<br/>A straight and healthy body,<br/>&emsp;A soundly manufactured sword,<ref> lit: entirely finished sword</ref> especially,<br/>Before, after, weak, strong<br/>&emsp;Within, with that word, hearken.<br/>Hews, stabs, cuts, pressing,<br/>&emsp;Position, defending, shoving, feeling, disengaging,<br/>Winding and hanging,<br/>&emsp;Backing, strikes, springs, grabbing, wrangling,<br/>Speed, audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity<br/>Acumen, premeditation, ability<br/>&emsp;Measure, obscuration,<br/>Practice and good spirit,<br/>&emsp;Motion, flexibility, good steps.<br/>In these seven couplets<ref>lit: verses</ref><br/>&emsp;The fundamental principles<br/>And concerns<br/>&emsp;And the entire matter<br/>Of all of the art of fencing are labelled for you.<br/>&emsp;You shall consider this correctly<br/>As you will also actually<br/>&emsp;And in particular hereafter<br/>Hear or read<br/>&emsp;Each according to it's qualities.<br/>Fencer, take heed of it<br/>&emsp;So will these arts reveal to you the art, indeed,<br/>Of the entire sword<br/>&emsp;And many good lively attacks.</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|I}}n all fencing<br/>&emsp;Requisite is: the help of God of righteousness,<br/>A straight and healthy body,<br/>&emsp;A soundly manufactured sword,<ref> lit: entirely finished sword</ref> especially,<br/>The Before, The After, Weak, Strong<br/>&emsp;Indes, the word with which to distinguish by.<br/>Cuts, thrusts, slices, pressing,<br/>&emsp;Position, defending, shoves, feeling, disengaging,<br/>Winding and hanging,<br/>&emsp;Checks, sweeps, springs, grabbing, wrangling,<br/>Speed, audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity<br/>Acumen, premeditation, ability<br/>&emsp;Measure, obscuration,<br/>Practice and good spirit,<br/>&emsp;Mobility, flexibility, good steps.<br/>In these seven couplets<ref>lit: verses</ref><br/>&emsp;The fundamental principles<br/>And concerns<br/>&emsp;And the entire matter<br/>Of all of the art of fencing are labelled for you.<br/>&emsp;You shall consider these correctly<br/>As you will in fact<br/>&emsp;And in detail hereafter <br/>Hear and read<br/>&emsp;Of each according to their ways.<br/>Fencer, take heed of this<br/>&emsp;So they will completely introduce to you both the art<br/>Of the entire sword<br/>&emsp;And good robust manly applications.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|M}}otion, that beautiful word,<br/>&emsp;Is the heart and crown of fencing<br/>The entire matter<br/>&emsp;Of fencing with all concerns<br/>And the sound components<br/>&emsp;Of the fundamentals, the movements<br/>Are named with names<br/>&emsp;And will be revealed better hereafter<br/>However then one simply fights,<br/>&emsp;So are they well directed<br/>And stay in motion<br/>&emsp;And not pause when he<br/>Begins to fence with<br/>&emsp;So he drives-in with correctness<br/>Continually and decisively<br/>&emsp;Bravely one after the other<br/>Stay in a rush<br/>&emsp;Without intervals, immediate.<br/>So that the opponent cannot come<br/>&emsp;To strikes therefore takes this advantage<br/>And harming the opponent.<br/>&emsp;Because he cannot be unstruck<br/>From this coming.<br/>&emsp;Just do this according to the advice<br/>And according to the learning<br/>&emsp;That is written now<br/>For I say to you truthfully,<br/>&emsp;The opponent does not defend themselves without danger.<br/>If you understand<br/>&emsp;He cannot come to blows with anything.</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|M}}otion, that beautiful word,<br/>&emsp;Is the heart and crown of fencing<br/>The entire matter<br/>&emsp;Of fencing with all the concerns<br/>And the sound components<br/>&emsp;Of the fundamentals. These movements<br/>Are labelled by name<br/>&emsp;And will be introduced to you better hereafter.<br/>However you then fence,<br/>&emsp;You are to be subsequently well versed with it<br/>And are to stay in motion<br/>&emsp;And do not pause the moment you<br/>Begin to fence<br/>&emsp;Then you execute with authority<br/>Continuously and decisively<br/>&emsp;Boldly one after the other<br/>In one fluid motion<br/>&emsp;Without pause, without gaps<br/>So that the opponent cannot come<br/>&emsp;To strikes. Of this you take advantage<br/>And the opponent harm.<br/>&emsp;Because they cannot come away<br/>From you unstruck.<br/>&emsp;Just do this according to this advice<br/>And according to this teaching<br/>&emsp;That is written now<br/>For I say to you truthfully,<br/>&emsp;The opponent does not defend themselves without danger.<br/>If you understand this<br/>&emsp;They cannot come to blows with anything.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|1|lbl=17v}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|1|lbl=17v.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
|<p>Here note that constant motion secures him in the beginning, middle and end of all fencing according to this art and lore. As such that one completes the beginning, middle and ending in one rush without pause and without the hindrance of his counter-fencer and does not allow the opponent to come to strikes with anything. Of this, the two words come: before, after. That is, the fore-strike and after-strike. Immediately and at one time as if left without any middle<ref>latin</ref></p>
+
|<p>Here note that constant motion according to this art and lore arrests the opponent in the beginning, middle and end of all fencing. In this way you complete the beginning, middle and ending in one fluid motion without pause and without the hindrance of your adversary and you do not allow the opponent to come to blows with anything.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>Because of this, the two words, The Before, The After, that is the Vorschlag and the Nachschlag, arise. Continuously and at one time as if left without any middle.<ref name="Latin">Latin</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 17v.jpg|2|lbl=17v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the general preface of the bare-fencing on foot. Mark this well.}}</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the general preface of the unarmored fencing on foot. Mark this well.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>1</small>
 
| <small>1</small>
−
| Young knight learn<br/>&emsp;to love god. Always honor women,
+
| Young knight, learn.<br/>&emsp;Revere God. Ever honor women,
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>2</small>
 
| <small>2</small>
−
| Thus cultivate your honor.<br/>&emsp;Practice knight-craft and learn
+
| Thus cultivate your honor.<br/>&emsp;Practice knightcraft and learn
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>3</small>
 
| <small>3</small>
−
| Art that decorates you<br/>&emsp;and in wars serves well.
+
| art that decorates you<br/>&emsp;and in wars serves you well.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>4</small>
 
| <small>4</small>
−
| Wrestling's good grips,<br/>&emsp;Glaive, spear, sword and messer,
+
| Wrestling's good grips,<br/>&emsp;Lance, spear, sword and messer,
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>5</small>
 
| <small>5</small>
−
| Manfully brandish<br/>&emsp;and in other hands ruin.
+
| manfully brandish<br/>&emsp;and in other hands ruin.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>6</small>
 
| <small>6</small>
−
| Hew therein and charge there,<br/>&emsp;rushing on, joining or driving out.
+
| Attack suddenly and storm in,<br/>&emsp;keep moving fluidly, engage or let pass.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>7</small>
 
| <small>7</small>
−
| Those maturing in this wisdom,<br/>&emsp;this one sees praising.
+
| Thus the intellectuals hate him,<br/>&emsp;Yet this one sees glories.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>8</small>
 
| <small>8</small>
−
| Thereupon you hold,<br/>&emsp;all things have length and measure.
+
| Thereupon you hold,<br/>&emsp;all things have time and place.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">i</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅰ</small>
−
| And whatever you wish to conduct,<br/>&emsp;shall stay in the realm of good reason.
+
| And whatever you wish to conduct,<br/>&emsp;you shall stay in the realm of good reason.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">ii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅱ</small>
 
| In earnest or in play,<br/>&emsp;have a joyous spirit with moderation
 
| In earnest or in play,<br/>&emsp;have a joyous spirit with moderation
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">iii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅲ</small>
−
| So that you may pay attention<br/>&emsp;and consider with a good spirit
+
| so that you may pay attention<br/>&emsp;and consider with a good spirit
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">iv</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅳ</small>
−
| Whatever you shall command<br/>&emsp;and whip up against him.
+
| whatever you shall command<br/>&emsp;and whip up against the opponent.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">v</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅴ</small>
−
| Because a good spirit with authority<br/>&emsp;someone's rebuke timid.
+
| Because a good spirit with authority<br/>&emsp;makes someone's rebuke timid.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">vi</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅵ</small>
 
| Thereafter, orient yourself.<br/>&emsp;Give no advantage with anything.
 
| Thereafter, orient yourself.<br/>&emsp;Give no advantage with anything.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">vii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅶ</small>
 
| Avoid imprudence.<br/>&emsp;Do not step in front of four or six
 
| Avoid imprudence.<br/>&emsp;Do not step in front of four or six
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">viii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅷ</small>
−
| With your overconfidence.<br/>&emsp;Be modest, that is good for you.
+
| with your overconfidence.<br/>&emsp;Be modest, that is good for you.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">ix</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅸ</small>
−
| It is a brave man<br/>&emsp;that dares to confront his equal.
+
| It is a brave man<br/>&emsp;that dares to confront their equal.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">x</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹ</small>
 
| It is not shameful<br/>&emsp;to flee four or six at hand.
 
| It is not shameful<br/>&emsp;to flee four or six at hand.
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <ref>Possibly: "If one cannot flee, then do something cunning, that is my advice."</ref>
 
|}
 
|}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 18r.jpg|1|lbl=18r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 18r.jpg|1|lbl=18r}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the general lore of the sword}}</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is a general lesson of the sword:}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>9</small>
 
| <small>9</small>
−
| If you wish to examine<ref> alt: behold, peer-into, witness, probe, observe, perceive, inspect, investigate, realize, comprehend. alt: show, present, embody, illuminate</ref> the art.<br/>&emsp;Go left and right with hewing.
+
| If you wish to show skill,<br/>&emsp;Move yourself left and right with cutting.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>10</small>
 
| <small>10</small>
−
| And left with right<br/>&emsp;is what you strongly desire to fence.
+
| And left with right<br/>&emsp;Is what you strongly desire to fence.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>11</small>
 
| <small>11</small>
−
| Whoever chases-after hews,<br/>&emsp;they allow themselves to hardly enjoy the art.
+
| Whoever chases after cuts,<br/>&emsp;They permit themselves to enjoy the art in small amounts.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>12</small>
 
| <small>12</small>
−
| Hew nearby whatever you wish,<br/>&emsp;No change comes on your shield.
+
| Cut from close whatever you wish,<br/>&emsp;No changer comes on your shield.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xi</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅺ</small>
−
| Do not hew to the sword.<br/>&emsp;Rather, Constantly watch the openings.
+
| Do not cut to the sword.<br/>&emsp;Rather, keep watch of the openings.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>13</small>
 
| <small>13</small>
−
| To the head, to the body,<br/>&emsp;Do not omit the flesh-wounds.
+
| To the head, to the body,<br/>&emsp;Do not omit the stingers.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>14</small>
 
| <small>14</small>
−
| With the entire body fence<br/>&emsp;whatever you desire to conduct strongly.
+
| With the entire body<br/>&emsp;Fence whatever you desire to conduct strongly.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>15</small>
 
| <small>15</small>
−
| Hear what is bad for that:<br/>&emsp;Do not fence from above left if you are right.
+
| Listen here to what is bad:<br/>&emsp;Do not fence from above left if you are right.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>16</small>
 
| <small>16</small>
−
| And if you are left,<br/>&emsp;in the right, you are severely hindered.
+
| And if you are left,<br/>&emsp;You are severely hindered on the right.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅻ</small>
−
| So always prefer to fence<br/>&emsp;from above left downwards.
+
| So always prefer<br/>&emsp;To fence from above left downwards.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>17</small>
 
| <small>17</small>
−
| Before, after, the two things<br/>&emsp;are the one origin of all art.
+
| The Before, The After the two things<br/>&emsp;are the wellspring of all art.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>18</small>
 
| <small>18</small>
−
| Weak and strong,<br/>&emsp;Within, with that mark the word.
+
| Weak and strong,<br/>&emsp;Indes, mark this word with them.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>19</small>
 
| <small>19</small>
−
| So you may learn<br/>&emsp;to defend yourself with art and work.
+
| So you can learn<br/>&emsp;To defend yourself with art and work.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>20</small>
 
| <small>20</small>
−
| If you terrify easily,<br/>&emsp;never learn any fencing.
+
| If you terrify easily,<br/>&emsp;Never learn any fencing.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅲ</small>
−
| Audacity and swiftness,<br/>&emsp;prudence, astuteness and ingenuity,
+
| Audacity and swiftness,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity,
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xiv</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅳ</small>
−
| Acumen, concealment,<br/>&emsp;measure, obscuration, scouting
+
| Acumen, concealment,<br/>&emsp;Measure, obscuration, {{dec|s|scouting}} and skill
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xv</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅴ</small>
−
| And skill will fencing have<br/>&emsp;and carry a joyous spirit.
+
| Fencing will have<br/>&emsp;And bear a joyous spirit.
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>{{red|b=1|General gloss hereafter.<ref>latin</ref>}} First of all, note and know that the point of the sword is the center, the middle and the core of the sword from which all applications leave and come back into it. So are the hangings and the windings are the attachments and the revolutions of the center and of the core. From them, quite a few good plays of fencing also come. And are invented and conceived so that a fencer, who begins to hew or thrust directly to the point, of course may not hit every single time; yet they can hit someone with those same plays hewing, stabbing or cutting; with treading out and in; and with stepping-around or springing. And if one mislaid or mis-extended the point of his sword with shooting or with lunging<ref>lit: tread-full. completing a step or completing the course of a thing.</ref> then he may realign and retract and shorten it again with winding or treading-out,<ref>alt: giving-way, stepping-off. to give something up. to let something go.</ref> in such a way that he again comes into the certain<ref>alt: safe, sure</ref> plays and principles of fencing. From them, he may bring hews, stabs, or cuts. For according to Liechtenauer's art, the hews, stabs and cuts come from all applications and principles of the art of the sword, as one will hear hereafter how one play and principle comes from the other. And as it goes from one to the other, if the one will be warded, then the other hits and has gone-forward.<ref>alt: has success</ref></p>
+
<p>{{red|b=1|General gloss hereafter.}}<ref name="Latin"/> First of all, note and know that the point of the sword is the axis, the dividing point and the core of the sword from which all applications depart and come back into it.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Thus the hangings and the windings are the angulations and the rotations of the axis and of the core. From them, quite a few good plays of fencing also come.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And they were identified and worked out so that a fencer who initiates a cut or thrust directly into the point may not hit every single time of course, they can hit someone by stepping out and in and by lateral stepping or springing with those same cutting, thrusting or slicing plays.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And if you mislaid or over extended the point of your sword by overshooting or by overstepping, then you can realign and withdraw and shorten it again by winding or stepping back in such a fashion that you again come into the certain plays and precepts of fencing. From them, you can deliver cuts, thrusts, or slices.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>For according to Liechtenauer's art, these cuts, thrusts and slices all come from the applications and precepts of the art of the sword, as you will hear hereafter about how one play and precept comes from the other and how one fashions one of these from the other such that if the one will be warded off, then the other hits and has success.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18v.jpg|1|lbl=18v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|1|lbl=19r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 18v.jpg|1|lbl=18v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|1|lbl=19r.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>On second count, note and know that no part on the sword was invented and conceived without reason.<ref>ume züst => umsonst</ref> In particular, a fencer shall utilize the point, both edges, the hilt, the pommel as it is on the sword accordingly as each has its particular principle in the art of fencing according to these as the practices embody and uncover, as you will hereafter hear and see each in particular.</p>
+
| <p>Secondly, note and know that no part of the sword was neither invented nor conceived without a purpose. Namely, a fencer shall utilize the point, both edges, the hilt, the pommel and the like on the sword in accordance with it's particular precept in the art of fencing, which these practices possess and promote in accordance as well, as you will hereafter see and hear each in particular.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|1|lbl=19v|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 19r.jpg|2|lbl=19r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|1|lbl=19v.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also note and know with this as he speaks, {{red|If you wish to examine the art}}, etc. He means that a skilled fencer, they shall: set-forward the left foot and with that, hew from the right side directly to the opponent with threatening hews as long as he sees where he may certainly have the opponent and reach certainly with his stepping. And he means: {{red|when someone wishes to fence strongly}}, so shall he fence from the left side on with the entire body and complete authority to the head and to the body wherever he may solely hit and never to the sword, in particular he shall do it as if the opponent has no sword and as if he cannot see and he shall not omit any flesh-wounds or blows, rather always be in work and in contact so that the opponent cannot come to strikes.</p>
+
| <p>Also note and know by this, when he speaks, "If you wish to examine the art, etc", that he means that a skilled fencer, they shall advance the left foot and cut from the right side directly to the opponent with threatening cuts as long as they see where they can fully obtain and fully reach the opponent with their stepping.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>And he means: "when someone wishes to fence strongly", so shall they fence out from the left side with the entire body and full power to the head and to the body alone wherever they can hit and never to the sword, in particular, they shall do it as if the opponent has no sword and as if they cannot see it and they shall not omit any stingers nor wounds, rather always be in work and in contact so that the opponent cannot come to blows.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|2|lbl=19v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>He also means that one shall not identically follow and track the hew, rather, somewhat aside and curved around so that he comes to the side of the opponent. For there he may have him better with everything than frontally on. Whatever he from then on hews or stabs upon the opponent, that may ward or lead off well any and all changings-through or other applications of the opponent, only if the hews or stabs go forth directly into the opponent against the openings to the head or to the body with stepping-around and treading.</p>
+
| <p>He also means that you shall neither move nor step directly behind your attacks, rather, do it somewhat sideways and curved around so that you come to the side of the opponent, where you can get at them better with everything than by frontally on.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>Whatever you subsequently cut or thrust at the opponent at that moment, cannot be defended nor lead off well by them by disengaging in any way nor by any other techniques, provided that the cuts and thrusts go in directly to the openings, be it to the head or to the body, with lateral movement and stepping.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 19v.jpg|3|lbl=19v.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also note and know about this when he speaks, {{red|before, after the two things}}, etc. There he means the five words: before, after, weak, strong, within-this. On these words lay the entire art of Master Liechtenauer's and the fixed foundation and the core of all fencing on foot or on horse, uncovered or in harness.</p>
+
| <p>Also note and know by this when he speaks, "The Before, The After the two things, etc" that he means the five words: The Before, The After, Weak, Strong, Indes. The entire art of Master Liechtenauer's rests upon these very words which are the foundation and the core of all fencing on foot or on horse, bare or in harness.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|1|lbl=20r}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|1|lbl=20r.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>With the word "before", he means that a particularly good fencer shall have and have won the fore-strike every time he hits or misses. As Liechtenauer says, {{red|Hew therein and charge there, rush onwards, hit or let drive}}. When he goes or runs at someone, Just as soon as he sees he may reach him with a step or with a spring, wherever he then sees him somehow open, there he shall drive onwards with ease to the head or to the body, bravely without any fear wherever he may have him with surety. For as such, he always wins the fore-strike, whether it does well or poorly for them. And with that, shall also be certain in his steps and shall have measured them correctly so that he does not step too short nor too long.</p>
+
| <p>By the word "The Before", he means that every good fencer shall possess and have won the Vorschlag every time they hit or miss. As Liechtenauer says: "Attack suddenly and storm in, keep moving fluidly, engage or let pass". Whenever you either walk or rush toward the opponent, just as soon as you can see that you can reach them with a step or with a spring, then wherever you see them open somewhere, you shall move in with confidence, be it to the head or to the body, boldly without any fear, wherever you can most certainly get them. For in this way, you always win the Vorschlag, not matter if the opponent ends up safe or not.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And you must also be shrewd in your stepping and shall have measured them correctly so that you do not step too short nor too long.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Now, whenever you execute the Vorschlag, if you connect, seamlessly follow up that hit.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>But If the opponent wards off your Vorschlag,whether it be a cut or thrust by leading off or controlling with their sword, then while you’re still against your opponent’s sword, as they are leading you away from the opening in which you targeted, you must quite precisely note and feel whether they are soft or hard, weak or strong against your sword in their leading off and defense of your cuts and thrusts.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If it then happens that you clearly feel how the opponent lies in their application at that moment, and they are strong and hard; Indes, at the moment you completely notice and feel that, you shall, Indes or during the time the opponent defends themselves, be soft and weak and in that, before the opponent can come to blows, you shall then execute the Nachschlag.</p>
  
−
<p>Now, when he executes the fore-strike, if he hits, then he quickly pursues the hit. But if he wards the fore-strike of the opponent in such a way, that with his sword, he leads off or commands their fore-strike, be it a hew or stab, So long as he is then still on the sword of the opponent. With it like this, he will lead off from the openings which he had targeted, Then he shall quite precisely feel and note whether the opponent in his leading-off and defense of the hews or stabs is soft or hard, weak or strong on the sword.</p>
+
<p>That is to say that you shall immediately, while the opponent defends themselves and wards off your Vorschlag (be it cut or thrust), seek other applications and plays. With these, you shall again storm in and keep moving fluidly toward their openings such that you stay continuously in movement and in action. In this way you confound and rattle them. Thus the opponent has altogether so much to manage with their defending and warding off that they, the defender, cannot come to their blows.</p>
  
−
<p>That is when he now fully feels how the opponent is in his technique. If within-this, the opponent is strong and hard, now that he completely notes and feels, then he shall within-this or during-this be soft and weak if the opponent defends himself like this. And in that, before the opponent comes to strikes, so shall he then execute the after-strike. That is, he begins to hew while the opponent defends himself and wards himself of the fore-strike, be it hew or stab, so shall he seek out other applications and plays. With those, he shall again hurry and rush into his openings. Also in this, he is continually in motion and in contact so that he also confounds the opponent and soundly robs the opponent amid his defending and warding. Thus has too much work so that he, the defender, cannot come to his strikes. Because someone who shall defend themselves and fixate on the strikes, they are always in greater danger than they that strike at them, so that they must then continually ward the strikes or must allow themselves to be hit, so that they must come to strikes burdensomely by their own accord. About that Liechtenauer speaks: {{red|I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have understood this, he cannot come to strikes.}}</p>
+
<p>Because if you defend yourself and fixate on the oncoming strikes, you are always in greater danger than those that strike at you because you must always either ward off those strikes or must allow yourself to be hit. Thus, it is difficult to come to blows.</p>
  
−
<p>If you execute otherwise according to the five words, this dictum goes entirely against that and all of [that] fencing often results in a peasant slaying a master, because he is brave and won the fore-strike according to this precept.</p>
+
<p>About this Liechtenauer says: "I say to you truthfully, no one defends themselves without danger. If you have understood this, the opponent cannot come to blows if you otherwise perform according to the five words. This lecture completely gets at this and all fencing".</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|1|lbl=20v|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|2|lbl=20r.2|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|1|lbl=20v.1|p=1}}
  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 20r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
+
|-
 +
| <p>This is why a peasant often strikes a master, because they have been bold and have won the Vorschlag according to this lesson.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 20v.jpg|2|lbl=20v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Because with the word 'before', as was spoken earlier, he means that someone with a good fore-strike or with the first strike, they shall bravely charge there without any fear and rush against the openings to the head or to the body. He hits or misses such that he also at once stuns, overwhelms and terrifies them so that they do not know what he should do against this and also before the opponent recovers themselves again or comes at him with the same. Then he immediately executes the after-strike and continually compels him to ward and the defend himself so much that he cannot come to strikes.</p>
+
| <p>Because with the word, "The Before", as was spoken about earlier, he means that you should boldly storm in and keep moving fluidly toward their openings with a good Vorschlag or first strike, without any fear, to the head or to the body. You either hit or miss in such a way that you suddenly rattle the opponent and startle them such that they do not know what to do about it and also before they recover themselves against it again or come back at you, that you then immediately execute the Nachschlag and the opponent has truly so much to manage to defend and to warding off that they cannot possibly come to blows.</p>
  
−
<p>Then when the fencer executes the first strike or the fore-strike and the opponent then wards him, in the same warding and defending, the fencer then always comes earlier into the after-strike than the opponent into the first. Then he may: initiate a hew, initiate a drive with the pommel or may come in the thwart-hews, they are good to count on, or may otherwise throw the sword forwards [by means of] the thwart-hew. With that he comes into other applications or else alternately, he may begin well. Before the opponent comes to strikes as you will hear how it makes one from the other so that the opponent may not come from him unstruck if he does differently according to this lesson. Because he shall execute with one mind and with one effort alike,<ref>schlage, not schlag</ref> if it is possible to accomplish, the fore-strike and the after-strike, swiftly and promptly after each other.</p>
+
<p>Because if you execute the first strike or the Vorschlag and the opponent then wards, in that very warding off and defending, you always come into the Nachschlag's earlier than the opponent comes to their first.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|1|lbl=21r}}
+
 
 +
<p>Then you can immediately start to work with your pommel or possibly come into the crosswise cuts (these are especially good) or else cast the crosswise cut over the sword. By this you arrive at other applications or else you can initiate many other things before the opponent comes to blows as you will hear how you fashion from one to the other such that the opponent cannot come away from you unstruck if you otherwise execute according to this lesson.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>That is to say you shall execute the Vorschlag and the Nachschlag promptly and swiftly after each other as if it were possible to accomplish it together with a single thought and with single strike.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|1|lbl=21r.1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also, it would fully come to this if the opponent wards the fore-strike. For he must ward it with the sword and in this way, he must always come to the fencer on his sword. And when the opponent subsequently wards somewhat late and unready, the fencer would then remain on the sword and shall then wind at once and shall quite precisely note and feel whether or not the opponent will withdraw themselves from the sword.</p>
+
| <p>It is also entirely possible to come to this if the opponent wards the Vorschlag, they must ward it with their sword. In this way, they must come against your sword.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>And then if the opponent is somewhat sluggish and lax, it is then possible for you to remain against their sword and you shall immediately wind and quite precisely note and feel whether or not they will withdraw themselves from your sword.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|2|lbl=21r.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>If the opponent withdraws themselves, when they are engaged with one another on the sword and have extended their points toward one another into the openings, before the opponent can recover themselves again against hew or stab of the fencer with his withdrawal, the fencer immediately pursues with a good stab into the chest with his point or else forwards into wherever he may hit him surest and closest in such a way that the opponent may come from the sword without harm with nothing, because immediately with his following-after, the fencer is always closer to the opponent; as he has arranged his point forward on the sword against the opponent according to the nearest and shortest of all with that.</p>
+
| <p>If the opponent withdraws, just as you both come together against swords and the points extend to the openings against each other, then with the opponent's withdrawal, before they can recover themselves again for a new cut or thrust against you, immediately follow them with your point, with a good thrust to their breast or anywhere straight forward, wherever you can connect the surest and closest, in this way the opponent cannot come away from your sword with anything unharmed.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>This is because when the opponent delivered a new cut or thrust wide around with their withdrawal, you were surely closer at hand to the opponent with your following as you sent your point forwards, targeting them against their sword according to what is closest and shortest.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Truly in this way, you always come earlier into your Nachschlag's or Nachstich's than the opponent can get to their first.</p>
  
−
<p>When the opponent shall deliver hew or stab wide around at someone with his withdrawal, the fencer can always come before into the after-strike or -stab, before the opponent into the first like this. And Liechtenauer means this with the word: 'after': when someone has done the fore-strike, so shall he immediately without pause upon the same drive execute the after-strike and shall always be in motion and in contact and always conduct one after the other. If the first fails him, then the second, the third or the fourth hits and continually does not allow the opponent come to any blows. Because no one may have greater advantage of fencing than they who execute these five words according to the lesson.</p>
+
<p>And this is what Liechtenauer means by the word, "The After".</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>The moment you have executed the Vorschlag, you shall immediately execute the Nachschlag seamlessly off the previous action and stay continuously in motion and action and continuously conduct one after the other. If the first fails, the second, third, or fourth hits and the opponent truly cannot come to blows, because you cannot have any greater advantage of fencing than when you execute these five words according to this lesson.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|1|lbl=21v|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21r.jpg|3|lbl=21r.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|1|lbl=21v.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>But if the opponent remains on the sword; with that, as it is coming onto his sword with his warding and defending [himself from] the fencer and it has drawn itself out like this such that the fencer is remaining with him on the sword and has not yet executed the after-strike, so shall the fencer wind up<ref>aufwinden: 1) to entangle, wind into a ball 2) to turn or twist upwards.</ref> and stay with him like this on the sword and shall quite precisely note and feel whether the opponent is weak or strong on the sword.</p>
+
| <p>But if the opponent stays with you against your sword, as they have come against it with their warding and defending and this has drawn them out such that you have remained with them against the sword and have not yet executed the Nachschlag, then you shall wind and stay with them in this way against their sword and you shall quite precisely note and feel whether the opponent is either weak or strong against your sword.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|2|lbl=21v.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>If then, the fencer notes and feels that the opponent is strong, hard and firm on the sword and the fencer only means to force out<ref>hindringen: to break or force through. overcome</ref> his sword; so shall the fencer be weak and soft against that and shall stand weakening and relinquishing his strength and shall allow his sword to swept out and driven away with his forcing that the opponent executes and the fencer shall then allow his sword to immediately and swiftly lead off and withdraw and shall quickly shall drive that against his openings, to the head or to the body, wherever; with hewing, stabbing and cutting, only where he can approach the closest and surest.</p>
+
| <p>Then if you note and feel that the opponent is strong, hard and fixed against your sword and at that moment intends to force their sword out, you shall then be weak and soft in response and you shall yield and give way to their strength and you shall let their sword push through and travel with their forcing such that when they do that, you shall then deftly let their sword promptly and swiftly slide draw away, and you shall deftly speed in towards their openings, either to their head or their body with cuts, thrusts and slices only where you can approach the closest and the surest.</p>
  
−
<p>Because the harder and the surer the opponent forces and presses with his sword and the fencer is then weak and soft against that and allows his sword to lead off and in this way weakens him, the farther and the wider his sword then repels the opponent such that he then becomes quite open and thus the fencer then may hit and wound him according to desire before the opponent can recover himself against the hew or the stab of the fencer.</p>
+
<p>Because when you are weak and soft in response and let their sword slide away and you yield to them in this way, the harder and the surer the opponent pushes and presses with their sword, the further and the wider they then push their sword away such that they become completely open so that you can then hit our wound them according to desire before they can recover themselves from their own cut or thrust.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|1|lbl=22r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 21v.jpg|3|lbl=21v.3|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|1|lbl=22r.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>But if the opponent is weak and soft on the sword, in the same way, if the fencer now notes and feels it, so shall the fencer then be strong and hard against that on the sword and shall then strongly drive out and rush forward equally on the sword with his point against the opponent's openings, wherever he may be closest, just as if a cord or thread were bound forwards on his point earlier, that leads his point to the nearest of the opponent's openings. And with that same stabbing the fencer executes, he becomes fully aware whether the opponent is so weak that they let his sword force them out and lets themselves be struck.</p>
+
| <p>But if the opponent is weak and soft against the sword in this way, just as you clearly note and feel that, you shall then be strong and hard against their sword in response and you shall then move in strongly with your point while against their sword and keep moving on in fluidly, directly to their openings, wherever you can, that is closest, just as if a cord or thread were bound at the end of your point, which guides your point to their opening in the shortest way.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>And with the thrust that you just executed, you become fully aware whether the opponent is so weak that the opponent lets your sword force them out and allows themselves be struck.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|2|lbl=22r.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>But if he is strong and wards and leads off the stab, such that he again becomes strong on the sword and carries off his sword and wards the stab also that the opponent forces-out the fencer's sword, so shall the fencer again become weak and soft against that and shall allow his sword to lead off and weaken him and swiftly seek his openings with hewing, stabbing and with cutting as it may solely be. And this is what Liechtenauer means with these words: {{red|soft and hard}}.</p>
+
| <p>But if the opponent becomes strong against your sword in turn and defends and leads off your thrust in this way, such that they force your sword away, you shall again become weak and soft in response and shall allow their sword to slide away and yield to them and swiftly seek their openings with cuts, thrusts and slices, however you readily can.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And this is what Liechtenauer means by the words, "Soft and Hard".</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And this follows the authorities. As Aristotle spoke in the book ''Perihermanias'': "Opposites positioned near themselves shine greater, or rather; opposites which adjoin, augment. Weak against strong, hard against soft, and the contrary." For should it be strong against strong, then the stronger would win every time.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Therefore Liechtenauer undertakes fencing according to the more equitable and durable art, so that one weaker and cunning with their art wins as surely as one stronger with their strength.</p>
  
−
<p>And this goes to the Authorities. As Aristotle spoke in the book ''Peri Hermanias'': "Opposites positioned near themselves shine greater, or rather, opposites which adjoin augment. Weak against strong, hard against soft, and contrary." For should it be strong against strong, then the stronger would win every time. Therefore Liechtenauer undertakes fencing according to the more appropriate and truer art, so that one weaker and cunning with his art as surely wins as with one stronger with his strength (for which would be of a different art).</p>
+
<p>How could the art work differently?</p>
 
|  
 
|  
−
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|1|lbl=22v|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22r.jpg|3|lbl=22r.3|p=1}}{{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|1|lbl=22v.1|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Therefore fencer, learn to feel well as Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Learn the feeling. Within, that words cuts sharply}}. Because when you are on the sword of the opponent and now feel whether the opponent is weak or strong on the sword well, within-this or during, so you must then consider and know well whatever you shall execute against him according to this aforementioned lore and art. For truly, he cannot withdraw himself from the sword without harm with anything. Because Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Strike that it snaps whoever withdraws before you}}.</p>
+
| <p>Therefore fencer, learn to feel well in the manner Liechtenauer spoke: "Learn the feeling. Indes, that word slices sharply", because when you are against the sword of the opponent and at that moment clearly feel whether the opponent is weak or strong against the sword, Indes or during that, so then you can consider and know what you shall execute against the opponent according to the aforementioned lore and art well.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
 
 +
<p>Because the opponent truly cannot withdraw themselves from harm with anything. Liechtenauer said it: "Strike such that it snaps whoever withdraws before you".</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|2|lbl=22v.2}}
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| <p>If you act according to this lesson, persisting in this way well so that you always have possessed and won the Vorschlag and as soon as you execute that, you then execute the Nachschlag (that is, the second, the third or the fourth strike, be it cut or stab) afterwards in one fluid motion, immediately without refrain then the opponent can never come to blows.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If you then come onto the sword with them, be sure in feeling and execute as was written before. </p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|3|lbl=22v.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>If you act according to this lesson, fastening well so that you always have and won the fore-strike and as soon as you execute that, you then hasten the after-strike into the opponent thereafter, immediately without refrain (that is the second, the third or the fourth strike, be it hew or stab) then the opponent can never come to strikes. If you then come onto the sword with him, be surer at the feeling and execute as is written before.</p>
+
| <p>Because this is the foundation of fencing, that one is always in motion and does not pause and when the act of feeling arrives, then execute as it is laid out above.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And whatever you conduct and initiate, always have measure and moderation. Like, if at one moment you won the Vorschlag, then don't do it so impetuously and so powerfully that you then cannot recover yourself for the Nachschlag.</p>
  
−
<p>Because this is the foundation of fencing that a person is always in motion and not pause and it then comes to the feeling, so do above as able. And whatever you conduct and begin, always have measure and moderation. Like, if you have won the fore-strike, then don't do it so impetuously and so powerfully that you then cannot recover yourself for the after-strike. About this, Liechtenauer spoke: {{red|Thereupon you hold, all things have moderation and measure}}. And also understand this about the stepping and about all other plays and principles of fencing, etc.</p>
+
<p>About this, Liechtenauer spoke: "Thereupon you hold, all things have moderation and measure". And also understand this in the stepping and in all other plays and precepts of fencing, etc.</p>
−
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}<!--
+
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 22v.jpg|4|lbl=22v.4}}<!--
 
           --><section begin="Hauptstücke"/>
 
           --><section begin="Hauptstücke"/>
 +
 +
       
 +
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the text, in this he names the five hews and other plays of fencing.}}</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is the text, wherein he names the five cuts and other plays of fencing.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>21</small>
 
| <small>21</small>
−
| Five hews learn.<br/>&emsp;From the right hand, endure the weapons.
+
| Learn five cuts<br/>&emsp;from the right hand against the weapon
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>23</small>
 
| <small>23</small>
−
| Wrath-hew, crook, thwart,<br/>&emsp;have squinter with parters,
+
| Wrathcut Crook and Cross,<br/>&emsp;If the Eye Cocker keeps with the Parter,
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>24</small>
 
| <small>24</small>
−
| Fool displaces,<br/>&emsp;race-behind, run-across hew disrupt,
+
| The Fool parries.<br/>&emsp;Pursue and Overrun, disrupt attacks
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>25</small>
 
| <small>25</small>
−
| Change-through, disengage,<br/>&emsp;run-through, cut-off, press hands
+
| Disengage, Suddenly withdraw,<br/>&emsp;Rush through, Cut off, Press the hands
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>26</small>
 
| <small>26</small>
−
| Hang, wind amid the openings<br/>&emsp;Strike catch, scrape, stab with colliding.
+
| Tilt and Turn to uncover with<br/>&emsp;Slash, catch, sweep, stab to clash with
 
|}
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
Line 335: Line 429:
 
           --><section end="Hauptstücke"/><section begin="Zornhaw"/>
 
           --><section end="Hauptstücke"/><section begin="Zornhaw"/>
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the Wrath-hew, etc.}}</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the Wrath cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>27</small>
 
| <small>27</small>
−
| Whoever over-hews you,<br/>&emsp;The Wrath-hew point threatens them.
+
| Whoever makes a descending cut at you<br/>&emsp;The point of wrathcut threatens them
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>28</small>
 
| <small>28</small>
−
| If he becomes aware of it,<br/>&emsp;Take it off above without fear
+
| If they become aware of it<br/>&emsp;Then abscond above without concern.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>29</small>
 
| <small>29</small>
−
| Be stronger, wind against,<br/>&emsp;Thrust. If he sees it, take it below.
+
| Be strong in turn Wind.<br/>&emsp;Stab. If they see it, then take it below
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>30</small>
 
| <small>30</small>
−
| Precisely note this:<br/>&emsp;Hews, stabs, position soft or hard
+
| Precisely note this<br/>&emsp;Cuts, thrusts, position, soft or hard
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>31</small>
 
| <small>31</small>
−
| Within and before, after<br/>&emsp;Without charging to the wars. Do not be rash.
+
| Indes and Before, After<br/>&emsp;Without rush, your war is not hasty.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>32</small>
 
| <small>32</small>
−
| Whoever's war targets<br/>&emsp;Above, he will be shamed below.
+
| For the one whose war takes aim<br/>&emsp;Above, they will be shamed below.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>33</small>
 
| <small>33</small>
−
| In all winds,<br/>&emsp;Learn to find: hews, stabs, cuts.
+
| In all winds<br/>&emsp;Cut, stab, slice learn to find
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>34</small>
 
| <small>34</small>
−
| You shall also, with that<br/>&emsp;Test hew, stab or cut
+
| Also with that you shall<br/>&emsp;Gauge cut, stab or slice
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>35</small>
 
| <small>35</small>
−
| In all hits<br/>&emsp;Of the masters, if you wish to dupe them.
+
| In all encounters<br/>&emsp;Of the masters, if you wish to dishonor them.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xvi</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅺ</small>
−
| Do not hew to the sword,<br/>&emsp;Rather, stand watch for the openings
+
| Do not cut to the sword,<br/>&emsp;Rather, keep watch for the openings
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xvii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅵ</small>
−
| In the head, in the body<br/>&emsp;If you wish to remain without harm
+
| Of the head, of the body <br/>&emsp;If you wish to remain without harm
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xviii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅶ</small>
−
| You hit or miss<br/>&emsp;Aspiring like this so that you target the openings
+
| You hit or miss<br/>&emsp;Considering as follows so that you target the openings
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xix</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅷ</small>
−
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point against the openings.
+
| In every lesson,<br/>&emsp;Turn the point toward the openings.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xx</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅸ</small>
−
| Whoever hews around widely,<br/>&emsp;They will often be shamed severely.
+
| Whoever cuts around widely,<br/>&emsp;They will often be shamed severely.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxi</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹ</small>
−
| At the closest of all,<br/>&emsp;Deliver sudden hews, stabs [wisely].<ref>"Wisely" inferred from the summary</ref>
+
| In the most direct way possible,<br/>&emsp;Deliver sudden cuts, stabs wisely.<ref>"Wisely" inferred from the summary</ref>
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅺ</small>
−
| And one shall also always step<br/>&emsp;To the right side
+
| And one shall also always step<br/>&emsp;To their right side
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxiii</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅻ</small>
−
| So you may begin<br/>&emsp;Fencing or wrestling with advantage.
+
| So that you can begin<br/>&emsp;Fencing or wrestling with advantage.
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that Liechtenauer calls an over-hew struck<ref>alt: straight</ref> from the shoulder the wrath-hew. When one is in his fury and wrath of someone, there is no hew as ready as this same over-hew struck from the shoulder to the man. About that, Liechtenauer means when someone begins to hew at you with an over-hew, so shall you counter-hew the wrath-hew against him, and also that you firmly shoot the point against him. If he wards your point from you, then immediately draw off above and drive suddenly<ref>darfahren: unversehens dazu kommen</ref> to the other side of his sword. But if he wards that, then be hard and strong in the sword and wind and stab immediately and bravely. If he wards your stab, separate and immediately initiate a hew below, where you hit to the legs in such a way that you continuously conduct one after the other, so that they cannot come to strikes. And the afore-spoken words: {{red|before, after, within-this, weak, strong and hews, stabs and cuts}}; you shall have them brought to mind at the same time and forget with nothing in the applications.</p>
+
<p>Gloss. Here note and know that Liechtenauer calls a descending cut struck from the shoulder the wrathcut, because when someone is in their wrath and fury, there is no cut as ready as this descending cut straight from the shoulder to the opponent.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>What Liechtenauer means by this is when the opponent begins to strike with a descending cut, you shall counter cut the wrathcut against them in such a way that you soundly shoot the point against them.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If they ward off your point, then immediately withdraw above and move in suddenly on the other side of their sword.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>But if they defend that, then be hard and strong in the sword and boldly and immediately wind and thrust.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>If they defend your thrust, separate and immediately initiate a cut below where you hit their legs. in such a way that you continuously conduct one after the other, so that the opponent cannot come to blows.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And the aforementioned words: "The Before, The After, Indes, Weak, Strong" and "cuts, thrusts and slices"; you shall fully consider these all at once and in no way forget them in your applications. </p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|1|lbl=23v|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>You shall also not seriously rush with the war, because if one of which you target fails above, then you you hit below as you will hear how one makes itself out of the other according to the legitimate art, particularly: hews, stabs, cuts.</p>
+
| <p>You shall also not seriously rush with the war, because if something fails you above, then you hit below as you will hear about how you fashion one cut, thrust, and slice from the other according to the legitimate art.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>And [one] shall not hew to the opponent's sword, rather into the opponent, to the head and to the body, wherever one may, etc. One may also consider that the first verse may also state: Whomever you over-hew the wrath-hew, the point of the wrath-hew threatens them, etc. Just act according to this lore and be continuously in motion. Either you hit or do not so that the opponent cannot come to strikes. And with the hewing, always step-out well to the side.</p>
+
| <p>And you shall not cut at the opponent's sword, rather at the opponent, rather to the head and to the body, wherever you can, etc.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>One can also look at it where the first verse could go like this: "Whomever you cut the wrathcut over, the point of the wrathcut threatens them, etc." Just act according to this lesson and be continuously in motion. You either hit or not such that the opponent cannot come to blows. And always step out well to the side with cuts. </p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>Also know that there are only two hews, all other hews come from them however they are preferred to be named locally. That is the over-hew and the under-hew from both sides. They are the chief hews and foundation of all other hews. However, those hews causally and accordingly come from the point of the sword. Which is the core and the center of all other plays here like what was written well before. And from those same hews come the four displacements from both sides. With them one disrupts and breaks all hews, stabs or positions. And from them one also comes into the four hangings. From them one may conduct art well as one shall hear hereafter. And however one may particularly fence someone, so shall the point ever and always be turned against their face or breast so that each and every time the opponent must discourage themselves so that he cannot come before by sake of<ref>wegen preposition</ref> it, for it has immediately shifted<ref>wegen verb</ref> somewhere<ref>ienen</ref> closer to him.</p>
+
| <p>Also know that there are only two cuts, all other cuts come from them regardless of how they possibly come to be named.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>That is the descending cut and the rising cut from both sides.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>They are the chief cuts and foundation of all other cuts as these cuts fundamentally and by principle come from the point of the sword, which is the core and the axis of all other plays here as was written about well before.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And from those two cuts come the four parries from both sides. With them you disrupt and break all cuts, thrusts or positions. And from them you also come into the four hangings. From them you can conduct the art well as one shall hear hereafter.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And however you may fence someone in particular, you shall ever and always turn your point toward the opponent's face or breast so that the opponent must continually discourage themselves. Thus they cannot preempt you, for you are closer to them than they are to you.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|1|lbl=24r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 23v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|1|lbl=24r|p=1}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>And if it happens like this that they won the fore-strike, so shall the fencer be secure and sure and be quick with the winding and as soon as he has wound, so shall he begin to drive to the side agilely and courageously. And his point shall shall seek the opponent's breast, turning and positioning themselves against it. As you will hear better hereafter. And the point, as soon as he comes upon the sword of someone, it shall always come to be around a half an ell away from another's breast or face and take quite good care that it intends to arrive inside that and certainly to the closest and not wide around, so that the opponent cannot come first by sake of this. Provided the fencer will not allow themselves to become lax and hesitant and ward too lazily nor be willing to arrive too wide and too far around.</p>
+
| <p>And if it happens that the opponent has won the Vorschlag, then you shall be secure and sure and be quick with turning. And as soon as you have turned, you shall immediately speed in promptly and swiftly. And your point shall always seek the opponent's breast, turning and positioning yourself against it, as you will hear of better hereafter.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And the point, as soon as you come against the sword of the opponent, shall always come about a half an ell away from the opponent's breast or face and take especially good care that you intend to arrive inside that and certainly in the most direct way and not wide around, so that the opponent cannot come first because of you. Provided you will not allow yourself to become lax and hesitant and ward too lazily nor be willing to arrive too wide and too far around.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}<!--
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 24r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}<!--
 
           --><section end="Zornhaw"/><section begin="Blossen"/>
 
           --><section end="Zornhaw"/><section begin="Blossen"/>
Line 415: Line 531:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>36</small>
 
| <small>36</small>
−
| Know to target the four openings<br/>&emsp;so you strike certainly
+
| Know the four openings<br/>&emsp;Take aim so that you strike wisely
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>37</small>
 
| <small>37</small>
−
| Without any danger<br/>&emsp;without doubt however he behaves.
+
| Without any fear<br/>&emsp;Without doubt however they are situated.  
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Note here that Liechtenauer, who tiles a person in four parts, just as if he made a line in front of them from the top of the head downwards on his body just to down-here between his legs. And the second line by the girdle that crosses over the body thus becoming four quarters: a right and a left above the girdle and also in the same way under the girdle. Those are the four openings, which each have their particular applications. He targets them and never against the sword, rather the openings.</p>
+
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Note here that Liechtenauer partitions a person in four parts, just as if he drew a line right down the front of their body from the top of the head to down between their legs and a second line that crosses over their body at their waist,</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>In this way they become four quarters: a right and a left above the girdle and also below the girdle in the same way.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>These are the four openings, each of which have their particular applications.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>He takes aim of these and never the sword, only the openings.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|1|lbl=25r}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25r.jpg|1|lbl=25r}}
  
Line 428: Line 550:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>38</small>
 
| <small>38</small>
−
| If you wish to reckon yourself,<br/>&emsp;breaking the four openings artfully,
+
| If you wish arrange yourself<br/>&emsp;To artfully break the four openings
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>39</small>
 
| <small>39</small>
−
| Double above,<br/>&emsp;Mutate there-below directly.
+
| Double high<br/>&emsp;Mutate right down
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>40</small>
 
| <small>40</small>
−
| I say truthfully,<br/>&emsp;no one defends themselves without danger.
+
| I say to you truthfully<br/>&emsp;No one defends themselves without danger
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>41</small>
 
| <small>41</small>
−
| If you have understood,<br/>&emsp;he may scarcely come to blows.
+
| If you have understood this,<br/>&emsp;They can scarcely come to blows, etc.  
 
|}
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
Line 443: Line 565:
 
           --><section end="Blossen"/><section begin="Krumphaw"/>
 
           --><section end="Blossen"/><section begin="Krumphaw"/>
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the crook-hew, etc.}}</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the crooked cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>42</small>
 
| <small>42</small>
−
| Crook up swiftly,<br/>&emsp;throw your point onto the hands.
+
| Crook up swiftly<br/>&emsp;Throw the point onto the hands
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>43</small>
 
| <small>43</small>
−
| Whoever waits well crooked,<br/>&emsp;disrupts many hews with stepping.
+
| Crook. Whoever besets well<br/>&emsp;Disrupts many cuts with stepping.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>44</small>
 
| <small>44</small>
−
| Hew crooked to the flats<br/>&emsp;of the masters if you wish to weaken them.
+
| Cut crooked to the flats<br/>&emsp;Of the masters if you wish to weaken them
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>45</small>
 
| <small>45</small>
−
| When it sparks above,<br/>&emsp;Then dismount, that I will praise.
+
| When it sparks above<br/>&emsp;Then dismount, that I will praise
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>46</small>
 
| <small>46</small>
−
| Crook not, hew short.<br/>&emsp;Change through and with that expose him.
+
| Don't crook, short cut<br/>&emsp;With that, look for the disengage
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>47</small>
 
| <small>47</small>
−
| Crook whoever misleads you.<br/>&emsp;The noble war baffles them
+
| Crook whoever bewilders you<br/>&emsp;The noble war bewilders them
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>48</small>
 
| <small>48</small>
−
| That he truthfully truthfully<br/>&emsp;Does not know where is without danger.
+
| For they do not truthfully know<br/>&emsp;Where they are without danger
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that the crook-hew is an over-hew which travels crooked along with a good step outwards, likewise to one side. What Liechtenauer means about this is whoever wishes to command this hew properly, they shall step-out to the right side fully flanking, then he delivers the hew and shall crook-hew fully and swiftly and shall throw or shoot his point over his hilt upon the hands of the opponent or shall hew to the opponent's flat. If he then hits the flat, then he shall remain strong thereupon and press firmly and shall see whatever he may then deliver the most decisive and straightest with hews, stabs or cuts and shall hew too short with nothing and shall not forget of the changing-through if it bears itself.</p>
+
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. What Liechtenauer means by this is that if you will command this cut well, you shall step well out sideways<ref>to the side, apart, sidways</ref> to the right side, then deliver your attack</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>and you shall crooked cut fully and swiftly</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>and you shall throw or shoot your point over the opponent's hilt onto their hands</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>{{dec|s|and you shall cut to the opponent's flats. Then if you hit their flat, remain strong upon it and press firmly}}</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>and you shall cut with your flats. Then if you hit their sword, remain strong upon it and press firmly</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>and you shall look for whatever you can subsequently deliver most decisively and directly using cuts, thrust or slices</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>and you shall not cut too short with anything</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>and you shall not forget about disengaging, when it merits it </p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25v.jpg|1|lbl=25v}}<!--
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 25v.jpg|1|lbl=25v}}<!--
 
           --><section end="Krumphaw"/><section begin="Fehler"/>
 
           --><section end="Krumphaw"/><section begin="Fehler"/>
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>A hew called the failer, and comes from the crook-hew and it stands written after the thwart-hew (where the hand is drawn), and it should stand before the thwart-hew, and it besets<ref>dargehen: the approach something in a hostile manner. Literally: to go-there.</ref> crookedly and obliquely from below, in over the hilt of the opponent, with point shooting right the same as the crook-hew from above downwards.</p>
+
| <p>There is one attack called the failer and it comes from the crooked cut and it lay written after the crosswise cut where the hand is drawn and it should lay before the crosswise cut and it comes in crooked and oblique from below, over the hilt of the opponent, shooting in with the point, just like the crooked cut down from above.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 26v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 26v.jpg|1|lbl=26v}}
  
Line 479: Line 615:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>53</small>
 
| <small>53</small>
−
| The failer misleads<br/>&emsp;It wounds according to desire from below.
+
| The failer misleads<br/>&emsp;It wounds according to desire from below
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>54</small>
 
| <small>54</small>
−
| The inverter dominates.<br/>&emsp;The runner through also wrestles with it.
+
| The inverter constrains.<br/>&emsp;The one who rushes through also wrestles with it.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>55</small>
 
| <small>55</small>
−
| Take the elbow wisely<br/>&emsp;Spring into his stance.
+
| Take the elbow surely<br/>&emsp;Spring into their stance.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>56</small>
 
| <small>56</small>
−
| The failer doubles.<br/>&emsp;One connects the slice with might.
+
| The failer doubles.<br/>&emsp;If they make contact, make the slice with it.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>57</small>
 
| <small>57</small>
−
| Double it further<br/>&emsp;Step to the left and do not be lazy.
+
| Double it further<br/>&emsp;Step to the left and do not be lazy
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxiv</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅹⅲ</small>
−
| Because all fencing<br/>&emsp;Will by all rights, have speed
+
| Because all fencing<br/>&emsp;Will by all rights have speed
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <small style="color:#696969;">xxv</small>
+
| <small style="color:#696969;">ⅹⅲ</small>
−
| Also in it: audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity.
+
| Also in it: audacity,<br/>&emsp;Prudence, astuteness and ingenuity
 
|}
 
|}
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
<p>[No gloss]</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|2|lbl=27r}}<!--
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|2|lbl=27r}}<!--
 
           --><section end="Fehler"/><section begin="Twerhaw"/>
 
           --><section end="Fehler"/><section begin="Twerhaw"/>
 +
 +
      Threatens the head[7] by springing
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the thwart-hew, etc.}}</p>
+
| <p>{{red|b=1|This is about the crosswise cut, etc.}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>49</small>
 
| <small>49</small>
−
| The thwart seizes<br/>&emsp;Whatever comes from the roof.
+
| The crosswise cut seizes<br/>&emsp;Whatever arrives from the roof.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>50</small>
 
| <small>50</small>
−
| Thwart with the strong<br/>&emsp;Remember your work with it.
+
| Cross with the strong<br/>&emsp;Remember your work with it.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>51</small>
 
| <small>51</small>
−
| Thwart to the plow<br/>&emsp;Yoke it hard to the ox
+
| Cross to the plow<br/>&emsp;Yoke it hard to the ox
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>52</small>
 
| <small>52</small>
−
| Whoever thwarts themselves well<br/>&emsp;Threatens the head<ref>The page is clipped. only 'hew' remains. This manuscript spells 'haupte' as 'hewpte'</ref> with springing
+
| Whoever crosses themselves well<br/>&emsp;Threatens the head<ref>The page is clipped. only 'cut' remains. This manuscript spells 'haupte' as 'cutpte'</ref> by springing
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that of the entire sword, no hew is as efficient, so fierce, so complete and so good as is the thwart-hew. And it besets like a crossbar<ref>twer: noun: something that gets in the way, something that cuts across something else, something that crosses. verb: to twist, to twirl, to turn obliquely in relation to something</ref> to both sides: with both edges, the back and the front; to all openings, below and above. And everything that arrives from above, those are the over-hews or whatever otherwise goes from above downward, one breaks and wards those with the thwart-hews.</p>
+
<p>{{red|b=1|Gloss}}. Here note and know that of the entire sword, no cut is as intrepid, as intense, as definitive and as good as is the crosswise cut.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And you undertake the crosswise cut together to both sides, with both edges, the back and the front; to all openings, below and above.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And everything that arrives from above, (which are either the descending cuts or whatever else comes down from above) one breaks those and one wards those with the crosswise cuts.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>You can deliver these well or your sword well, respectively, if you hurl your sword out in front of your head, (to whichever side you wish) just as if you would come into the upper hanging or winding, only that in the crosswise cut, the flats of their sword are turned: one above or upward, the other below or downward; and the edges to the sides They cross, one to the right and one to the left side.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And it is quite good to come against the sword of the opponent with these crosswise cuts.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And that is because when you come against the sword of your opponent, at the moment it actually happens, they may arduously come away from it, but they will be struck on both sides with crosswise cuts.</p>
  
−
<p>They that can deliver or fling the sword forwards well, they twirl before the head to whichever side he wishes. Just like would would come in the upper hangings or windings, only that for someone in the thwart-hew, the flats of the sword turn: one above or upward, the other below or downward; and the edges to the sides. They twirl, one to the right and one to the left side. And it is quite good to come upon the sword of the opponent with these thwart-hews.</p>
+
<p>Just at the point you deliver a crosswise cut, to whichever side it is, be it above or below, always move your sword up with the hilt in front of the head with your hand flipped over, so that you are absolutely warded and covered.</p>
  
−
<p>And then, when one comes upon the sword of the opponent, just as it arrives, so that the opponent must come away from it burdensomely, he will be struck from this with the thwart-hews to both sides. For just as he delivers a thwart-hew, to whichever side it is: below or above, the sword then always goes up with the hilt before the head via the hand flung forwards, so that he is absolutely warded and covered. And one shall deliver the thwart-hews with some strength.</p>
+
<p>And you shall deliver the crosswise cuts with some strength.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|1|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS 3227a 27r.jpg|1|lbl=-}}
  
Line 528: Line 676:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>And when one shall fence for their neck, so shall they proceed with the afore-written lore so that they win the fore-strike with a good thwart-hew. When he closes with someone, as soon as he realizes that he is able to engage the opponent with a step or a spring, he then bursts in there from the right side with a thwart-hew above at the head of the opponent with the back edge of the sword likewise<ref>alt: directly, immediately</ref> above and shall let the point shoot and shall quite fully twirl so that the point careens and winds or girds itself around the opponent's head, like a belt. Because when one thwarts well with a good stepping out or spring, then the opponent must burdensomely defend or escape this. And when he then wins the fore-strike with the thwart-hew like this to the one side, whether he hits or misses, the he shall then immediately win the after-strike in a rush directly without pause with the thwart-hew to the other side with the forward-edge before any strike or little thing somehow redeems them according to the afore-written lore. And shall then thwart to both sides into the oxen and into the plows. That is, into the high openings and into the low from one side to the other, below and above, ceaselessly without pause in this way, so that he is always in motion and does not allow the opponent to come to strikes. And each time he does a thwart-hew above or below, so shall he thwart completely and throw the sword above that they twirl well before his head so that he is well covered.</p>
+
| <p>And when you shall fence for your neck, you shall proceed with the afore written lore so that you win the Vorschlag with a good crosswise cut.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Whenever you close with your opponent, as soon as you realize that you are able to reach the opponent with a step or a spring, you burst in high from the right side with a crosswise cut with the back edge forwards directly to the opponent's head and you shall let your point shoot and you shall come crosswise so completely that the point winds and hinges (or wraps) itself around the opponent's head like a belt.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Because when you come in from the side well with a good step or spring offline, the opponent must arduously defend or avert this.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And then whenever you win the Vorschlag with the crosswise cut in this fashion on one side, whether you hit or miss, you shall then immediately without pause win the Nachschlag with the crosswise cut on the other side in one fluid motion with the forward edge before any strike or any little thing can somehow redeem the opponent according to the afore-written lore.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And you shall then crosswise cut to both sides to ox and to plow. That is, into the upper openings and into the lower ones from one side to the other, below and above, ceaselessly without pause in this way, so that you are constantly in motion and do not allow the opponent to come to blows.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And each time you do a crosswise cut above or below, you shall always come completely to the side and throw your sword horizontally from above well in front of your head so that you are well covered.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28r.jpg|1|lbl=28r|p=1}}<!--
 
{{section|Page:MS 3227a 27v.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS 3227a 28r.jpg|1|lbl=28r|p=1}}<!--

Revision as of 20:45, 16 October 2022

Here begins Master Liechtenauer's art of fencing
Hie hebt sich an meister lichtenawers kunst des fechtens
Author(s) Unknown
Ascribed to Pseudo-Hans Döbringer
Date before 1495
Genre
Language Early New High German
Manuscript(s) MS 3227a
First Printed
English Edition 		Żabiński, 2008
Translations

"Pseudo-Hans Döbringer" is the name given to an anonymous 15th century German fencing master.[1] At some point in the 15th century (or possibly the last decade of the 14th), he dictated a gloss on and expansion of the teachings of the grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, including the only biographical details of the master yet discovered; it is even speculated that he was personally acquainted with Liechtenauer, who was still alive at the time of the writing.[2] These comments were written into MS 3227a, a commonplace book, by an equally unknown scribe.

Treatise

Additional Resources

  • Alderson, Keith. “Arts and Crafts of War: die Kunst des Schwerts in its Manuscript Context”. Can The Bones Come to Life? Insights from Reconstruction, Reenactment, and Re-creation 1: 24-29. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-937439-13-2
  • Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a”. Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe: 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. doi:10.1163/9789004324725_017
  • Burkart, Eric. “The Autograph of an Erudite Martial Artist: A Close Reading of Nuremberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Hs. 3227a.” Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe: 451-480. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, et al. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. ISBN 978-9004312418
  • Burkart, Eric (in German). “Informationsverarbeitung durch autographe Notizen: Die ältesten Aufzeichnungen zur Kampfkunst des Johannes Liechtenauer als Spuren einer Aneignung praktischen Wissens.” 2020. doi:10.26012/mittelalter-25866
  • Chidester, Michael. The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-13-7
  • Chidester, Michael and Hagedorn, Dierk. “The Foundation and Core of All the Arts of Fighting”: The Long Sword Gloss of GNM Manuscript 3227a. Somerville, MA: HEMA Bookshelf, 2021. ISBN 978-1-953683-05-2
  • Dürer, Albrecht and Wassmannsdorff, Karl. Die Ringkunst des deutschen Mittelalters. Liepzig: Priber, 1870.
  • Verelst, Karin. "Finding a Way through the Labyrinth: Some Methodological Remarks on Critically Editing the Fight Book Corpus". Late Medieval and Early Modern Fight Books. Transmission and Tradition of Martial Arts in Europe: 117-188. Ed. Daniel Jaquet, Karin Verelst, and Timothy Dawson. Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2016. doi:10.1163/9789004324725_008
  • Vodička, Ondřej. “Origin of the oldest German Fencing Manual Compilation (GNM Hs. 3227a)”. Waffen- und Kostümkunde 61(1): 87-108, 2019.
  • Wallhausen, James. Knightly Martial Arts: An Introduction to Medieval Combat Systems. Self-published, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4457-3736-2
  • Welle, Rainer. "...und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen". Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert. Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993. ISBN 3-89085-755-8
  • Żabiński, Grzegorz. “Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer.” Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts: 59-116. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008. ISBN 978-1-58160-668-3

References

  1. ↑ This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with Hans Döbringer. It has been argued that this name is inappropriate because the treatise attributed to pseudo-Döbringer (and also pseudo-Peter von Danzig) are not true pseudepigrapha—they are internally anonymous. However, many Ancient and Medieval pseudepigraphic texts were originally anonymous and were assigned their false attributions by later readers, and this is also the case with these two glosses in our fledgling tradition.
  2. ↑ The manuscript uniformly lacks the typical prayer for the dead when mentioning his name.
  3. ↑ The silver "soon" was added later above the line
  4. ↑ lit: entirely finished sword
  5. ↑ lit: verses
  6. ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Latin
  7. ↑ Possibly: "If one cannot flee, then do something cunning, that is my advice."
  8. ↑ Text is blacked out.
  9. ↑ In front of the words “denne” and “her” there are oblique insertion marks, which indicate a reverse order – as shown here.
  10. ↑ Here the writing is cut off by manuscript trimming.
  11. ↑ "Wisely" inferred from the summary
  12. ↑ Supplemented according to fol. 29v.
  13. ↑ The two words “hewe” and “ander” are interchanged in the manuscript, as indicated by corresponding insertion characters.
  14. ↑ At this point there is an ink stain which might hide an original “g” (which can only be seen indistinctly).
  15. ↑ to the side, apart, sidways
  16. ↑ The page is clipped. only 'cut' remains. This manuscript spells 'haupte' as 'cutpte'
  17. ↑ "Hew" is inserted in the margin.
  18. ↑ The comment ends here and remains unfinished.
  19. ↑ Unlike other places where there are definitely passages originally forgotten and inserted with a caret, such is missing here. Thus, it can be conjectured that this is a later addition or comment.
  20. ↑ überhangen: to hang over, to lean over, to incline
  21. ↑ Grimm: setzen C.2)a)
  22. ↑ unterhangen: hang down, like the branches of a tree
  23. ↑ Illegible deleted character.
  24. ↑ rauschen: like a strong wind rustling quickly through the trees
  25. ↑ unterhangen: hang down, like the branches of a tree
  26. ↑ überhangen: to hang over, to lean over, to incline
  27. ↑ menen: treiben, fuhren, leiten
  28. ↑ latin: dampno => damno => harm
  29. ↑ The word »Nicht«, which cannot be clearly assigned, is added on the side of the page.
  30. ↑ Text cuts off here, and the rest of the page is blank.
  31. ↑ Latin passage follows; very difficult.
  32. ↑ Grzegorz Żabiński offers: ++ rape radices viole et mitte contare tibi hinssis debtem urgre et quocumque tetigeris suas operis
  33. ↑ Please note that there are only three methods described against the turning-out.
  34. ↑ Korrigiert aus »sin«.
  35. ↑ Alternate description follows, it hopefully should make the method clearer:
    If he holds you by the shoulders, and you grab his shoulders from the outside. Then you sling your right arm with the elbow over his left and below his right, and push downwards, so his right arm moves up. Take this arm over your head and secure the grip with your left hand behind your head; and then push against his chest with your right again. This will lead to a painful breaking lock.
  36. ↑ This is a partner exercise, similar to one I know in chinese shuai chiao
  37. ↑ Oder »slosse«? Unleserlich.
Early Germanic Traditions
Common Fencing Johannes Liechtenauer reversed.jpg
Wrestling
Liechtenauer
Tradition
Beringer Verse
Augsburg Tradition
Other Works
Fabris Tradition
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