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Difference between revisions of "Paulus Kal"

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| [[File:Cgm 1507 37v.jpg|250px|center]]
 
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| <p>The way you will confront someone with the axe.</p>
+
| <p>'''The way you will confront someone with the axe.'''</p>
 
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| <p>The first binding-on with the axe.</p>
+
| <p>'''The first binding-on with the axe.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Note now when you use the pollaxe to fence, learn high and low binding-on as with the staff.<ref>It is unclear whether Paulus Kal left behind any staff treatises, but this indicates a clear connection between staff and pollaxe fighting.</ref></p>
 
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| <p>The first attempt at the wrenching.</p>
+
| <p>'''The first attempt at the wrenching.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Next you come to the first play. If he holds his hammer above him, then hold your thumb underneath by the left leg across the body. If he strikes from above, then parry with the lower part of the axe held above...</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|38v|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|38v|jpg}}
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|42v|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|42v|jpg|blk=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS KK5126 127r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}
 
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| <p>Another attempt at crippling and pulling.</p>
+
| <p>'''Another attempt at crippling and pulling.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>...Or let fly at him with a sweep and hook the axe inside the right knee to pull him down.</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Next he wants to perform the above play on you and hook you. When he lays the hook on you, strike with your axe from inside against his axe, lay with it against his leg and pull upwards with it as mentioned.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|39r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|39r|jpg}}
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|43r|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|43r|jpg|blk=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS KK5126 127r.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS KK5126 127r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}}
 
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| <p>A parry and hook in return.</p>
+
| <p>'''A parry and hook in return.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Next if he counters the play above, then come in with the axe and wind in upwards...</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|39v|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|39v|jpg}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|43v|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|43v|jpg|blk=1}}
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| [[File:Cgm 1507 40r.jpg|250px|center]]
 
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−
| <p>Displace, wind up, and wrench him down by the neck.</p>
+
| <p>'''Displace, wind up, and wrench him down by the neck.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>...Wrench at his neck from above and set him back over your left leg on the right, or over the right leg to the left, and throw him. The play works from both sides.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|40r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|40r|jpg}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|44r|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|44r|jpg|blk=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS KK5126 127r.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p>Wind through quickly and directly like this; bind on and cast your point forward, pulling  
+
| <p>'''Wind through quickly and directly like this; bind on and cast your point forward, pulling the axe towards you.'''<ref>This looks something like the ''reissen'' in Messer.</ref></p>
−
the axe towards you.<ref>This looks something like the ''reissen'' in Messer.</ref></p>
+
 
 +
<p>Next, he binds on to you and both hammers stand upright. If he makes a peasant strike at you, sense and act as if you will parry, but let his strike go through forward so you can hook him by the nape, or strike him freely to the head, the shoulder or the arm.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|40v|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|40v|jpg}}
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|44v|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|44v|jpg|blk=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS KK5126 127r.jpg|8|lbl=-}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Chart.B.1021|16v|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Chart.B.1021|16v|jpg|blk=1}}
 
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| [[File:Cgm 1507 41r.jpg|250px|center]]
 
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| <p>And if he straightens the axe to pull your leading hand free, when he pulls, hang<ref>Hang likely means to push the shaft through with your rear hand, suspending the head of the axe in front of you.</ref> after and impale<ref>''Ansetzen''.</ref> him, or wrench him down by the neck.</p>
+
| <p>'''And if he straightens the axe to pull your leading hand free, when he pulls, hang<ref>Hang likely means to push the shaft through with your rear hand, suspending the head of the axe in front of you.</ref> after and impale<ref>''Ansetzen''.</ref> him, or wrench him down by the neck.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Next if he strikes at the same time as you and wants to pull your leading hand free, then give way and take his (hand) from him. If he sets his axe on to you, then set yours also onto him,<ref>Original appears to be nonsensical. With some consultation this is about as clear a translation I came across.</ref> and lengthen your axe...</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|41r|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|41r|jpg}}
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|45r|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|45r|jpg|blk=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS KK5126 127r.jpg|9|lbl=-}}
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS Chart.B.1021|17r|jpg|blk=1}}
 
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| [[File:Cgm 1507 41v.jpg|250px|center]]
 
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| <p>The wrenching from the previous play.</p>
+
| <p>'''The wrenching from the previous play.'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>...Then pull the left leg backward and place your axe on your right side, thus you have over-extended him.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|41v|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|41v|jpg}}
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|45v|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|45v|jpg|blk=1}}
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{{section|Page:MS KK5126 127r.jpg|10|lbl=-}}
 
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| [[File:Cgm 1507 42r.jpg|250px|center]]
 
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| <p>Seek to pierce between the armour.</p>
+
| <p>'''Seek to pierce between the armour.'''</p>
 
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| [[File:Cgm 1507 42v.jpg|250px|center]]
 
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| <p>Blessed be Maria and Child, and all who are with them.</p>
+
| <p>'''Blessed be Maria and Child, and all who are with them.'''</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|42v|jpg}}
 
| {{paget|Page:Cgm 1507|42v|jpg}}
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|46v|jpg|blk=1}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS KK5126|46v|jpg|blk=1}}
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|}
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{{master end}}
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{{master begin
 +
| title = Advice on dueling
 +
| width = 224em
 +
}}
 +
{| class="floated master" style="clear:both;"
 +
|-
 +
! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Jens P. Kleinau]]</p>
 +
! <p>[[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Cgm 1507)|Munich Transcription]] (ca. 1470){{edit index|Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Cgm 1507)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 +
! <p>[[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS 1825)|Bologna Transcription]] (1460-1480){{edit index|Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS 1825)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 +
! <p>[[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|Vienna Transcription]] (ca. 1480s){{edit index|Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 +
! <p>[[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS Chart.B.1021)|Gotha Transcription]] (ca. 1473-1503){{edit index|Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS Chart.B.1021)}}<br/></p>
 +
! <p>[[Solothurner Fechtbuch (Cod.S.554)|Solothurn Transcription]] (ca. 1506-1514){{edit index|Solothurner Fechtbuch (Cod.S.554)}}<br/></p>
 +
! <p>[[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Gotti MS)|Gotti Transcription]]{{edit index|Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Gotti MS)}}<br/></p>
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>First he should inquire before the assembly about all things and rights which a fighter should have according to the law, may it be an advisor, a listener and a grid-wardner, and what a fighter should have (possess or be equipped with). </p>
 +
|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|1|lbl=128v}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>When his advisor is named, he should ask how he should advise, so that he does it lawfully and not unlawfully. </p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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|-
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| <p>He should also ask if he and the advisor may go to the fighter while he is seated at his rest-place and speak to him (negotiate) about their claims.</p>
 +
|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should then ask whether he won or lost victory, if he and his advisor may go to him and talk about their claims, when he his back again at his rest-place in the circle.</p>
 +
|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>When the grid-warden or the listener is named, then he should ask how he should loose so that he does it lawfully and not unlawfully.</p>
 +
|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should also ask how he should handle the staff so that he does it lawfully.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should also ask, if one requires the staff, how he should push down the staff, so that he does it lawfully and not unlawfully.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should also ask what the grid-warden or the listener should listen or see and how they should bring it forward, so that they do it lawfully and not unlawfully.</p>
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|8|lbl=-}}
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|-
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| <p>He should also ask, if that, what the grid-warden say unanimously, when they had seen or listen something, will rightfully stay that way.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|9|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should also ask, if the grid-warden, are not related to each other, that they do not reject together, what the judges had seen or listened, such that it not stays rightfully, what should stay, and should be said by them too.</p>
 +
|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|10|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should also ask, may it be the grid-warden or the judge, that they should say, that they process the law, that one can find [in a book].</p>
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|11|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should also then ask which fighter shall be the first to strike, if he has the right to choose and to have the advantage to be the first to enter the circle to sit with his chair where he wants.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|12|lbl=-}}
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|-
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| <p>He should also ask how many maces he should have and what he shall have for the combat.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|13|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should also ask what the regulation is, when he loses a mace outside of the circle.</p>
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|14|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should ask too, if he loses a mace, which remains inside of the circle, if he will have the right to get it back, if he requires it.</p>
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|15|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should ask if his grid-warden is allowed to have a mace on him or is allowed to request one, that he may bring to him, so that he does it with Right and not unlawfully.</p>
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|16|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should ask what can go outside the circle, may it be a hand, a body, a foot, a shield, or a mace, what is the regulation on this.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|17|lbl=-}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should ask how many staffs, he is allowed to request for, and after how many he would lose the victory.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 128v.jpg|18|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>He should ask, if they should not be rightfully proved, such that they are not of the same size or his is incorrectly.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|1|lbl=129r}}
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|
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|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>He should also ask if one should not be allowed to check the shield and other things if they are correct.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|
 +
| <p>He should ask how often he may have his rest and how long.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>He should ask how he should stand up in the combat.</p>
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|
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|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>He should request that the all the formerly as given law declared and approved paragraphs and articles were written in(to) the book.</p>
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|5|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>He should ask, if someone steps back from the fight, how he will be judged and by whom.</p>
 +
|
 +
|
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| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|6|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|
 +
| <p>He should ask, if someone disturbs or makes noise, by words or any other means, what the law says on this, and if it is not rightfully forbidden, and how it is forbidden.</p>
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|7|lbl=-}}
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|
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|
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|
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|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>If a crowd gathers behind the circle, what are the precautions, that this will not bring any problems to the fighter.</p>
 +
|
 +
|
 +
| {{section|Page:MS KK5126 129r.jpg|8|lbl=-}}
 
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Revision as of 21:54, 1 May 2017

Paulus Kal
Born ca.1420s
Dingolfing, Germany
Died after 1485
Occupation
Patron
  • Ludwig IV "the Gentle"
  • Ludwig IX "the Rich"
  • Sigismund of Austria
Movement Fellowship of Liechtenauer
Influences
Influenced Peter Falkner (?)
Genres
Language Early New High German
Archetype(s)
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition		 Tobler, 2006
Concordance by Michael Chidester, Carsten Lorbeer, Julia Lorbeer, Andreas Meier, Marita Wiedner
Translations
Edition.jpg

Paulus Kal was a 15th century German fencing master. He wrote that he studied martial arts under Hans Stettner von Mörnsheim, and was an initiate of the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer. He was also attached as Schirrmeister to three different courts in his career, serving in various military capacities including commanding men in at least three campaigns.[1] Perhaps his most significant legacy is an honor role of masters which he styled the Fellowship of Liechtenauer (Geselschaft Liechtenauers). While many of these masters remain unknown, the several wrote treatises of their own and Kal's list stands as an independent confirmation of their connection to the grand master. Kal's treatise is also of interest in that it represents the oldest attempt to illustrate portions of Liechtenauer's Recital (Zettel).

Little is known of Kal's early life, but from 1440 to ca. 1449 he served Ludwig IV "the Gentle" of Wittelsbach, Count Palatine of the Rhine. In 1448, while in the Elector's service he participated in the defense Nuremberg, commanding a unit of wheel cannons below the gates.[2] The Nuremberg Council notes from 17 March 1449 mention that he had broken the peace of the city at that time by drawing his weapons.[2]

Kal entered the service of Ludwig IX "the Rich" of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, on 29 September 1450.[1] In 1461, he is mentioned commanding a unit of 12 marksmen.[2] From 1465 to 1475, he seems to have also maintained a secondary occupation as a toll collector in Dingolfing.[2] In November 1468, he participated in military actions on the castle Saldenburg, which was successfully taken on 4 December.[2] Kal is listed as a guest at the wedding of Ludwig's son Georg,[2] and continued in the duke's service until his death on 18 January 1479. Paulus Kal created two manuscripts of his treatise while in the service of Ludwig IX, an uncaptioned version as well as a more elaborate presentation copy including brief explanations in German for most devices (including fragments of Liechtenauer's Recital).

On 12 February 1480, Paulus Kal entered the service of Sigismund of the House of Hapsburg, Archduke of Austria and Tyrol.[1] Kal acted as one of the archduke's witnesses at a number of interrogations held on 17 October 1485 in Innsbruck, related to the witch trials being conducted by Heinrich Kramer at that time.[2] This is the final time that Kal's name has been located in historical records. Several copies of Kal's treatise were created during the 1480s and 90s, but the only one which shows any probability of Kal's personal involvement is the extensive MS KK5126.

Treatise

In total, Paulus Kal's teachings are preserved in at least six manuscripts written between 1460 and 1514. Aside from the three already mentioned, two other extensive, text-less copies also exist (the Gotha version, copied from the Bologna, and the Solothurn version, copied from an unknown source). A sixth version was sold at auction in Italy during the 20th century as individual leaves; this copy contains unintelligible single-word captions[3] and was likely based on either the Bologna or Vienna. All six are listed in the concordance below, though only the Munich accompanies its illustrations with text. This concordance also includes the poleaxe and longshield text from the Vienna version, which largely matched the illustrations (though it's unknown whether it was intended for that purpose).

Paulus Hector Mair included content based on Kal's work in several sections of the Munich and Vienna versions of his Opus Amplissimum de Arte Athletica. Rather than using Kal's descriptions (if the copy he used had them), Mair wrote his own extensive commentary on the illustrations. The precise set of images Mair drew upon do not appear in any of the six extant manuscripts, which may signify that he used a seventh copy of Kal's work which has since been lost. Because Mair's version represents substantial original work, it is listed on his page rather than being incorporated into the concordance here.

Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rainer Welle. "… und wisse das alle höbischeit kompt von deme ringen. Der Ringkampf als adelige Kunst im 15. Und 16. Jahrhundert. Eine sozialhistorische und bewegungsbiographische Interpretation aufgrund der handschriften und gedruckten Ringlehren des Spätmittelalters." Forum für Sozialgeschichte 4. Pfaffenweiler, 1993. pp 243-253.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Jens P. Kleinau. Paulus Kal, a Schirrmeister. Hans Talhoffer ~ A Historical Martial Arts blog by Jens P. Kleinau, 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  3. ↑ Possibly abbreviated phrases from Latin or Italian.
  4. ↑ It is unclear whether Paulus Kal left behind any staff treatises, but this indicates a clear connection between staff and pollaxe fighting.
  5. ↑ This looks something like the reissen in Messer.
  6. ↑ Hang likely means to push the shaft through with your rear hand, suspending the head of the axe in front of you.
  7. ↑ Ansetzen.
  8. ↑ Original appears to be nonsensical. With some consultation this is about as clear a translation I came across.
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