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Difference between revisions of "Joachim Meyer"

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| title    = <span style="font-size:115%;">Lund Dussack</span>
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| <br/>{{main|Joachim Meÿer/Dussack}}
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{| class="wikitable floated master"
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|-
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! <p>Images</p>
 +
! <p>{{rating|C}}<br/>by [[Kevin Maurer]]</p>
 +
! <p>[[Joachim Meyers Fäktbok (MS A.4º.2)|Lund manuscript]]{{edit index|Joachim Meyers Fäktbok (MS A.4º.2)}}</p>
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Fencing in Dussack, techniques in all Kinds of One handed Weapons Thorough Descriptions'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Firstly are the Guards, therein are namely Four which are not made so that one should wait in them how it is previously and partially reported above in the sword. But rather has more divisions there with one knows One from the other to distinguish, namely thus, when one fights from the Steer, he will generally use such Strikes and devices, that are assigned to the Steer therefore he who will fight with them, thus should he pay attention from which or through which division he goes against in fighting, thus that he may know best, with what cuts or devices he should lay on against him, in that he in the Vor runs off, then your fighting and your cuts to him and techniques will be correctly cut in and soon put, it must usually give way to harm And should you know thus with the four guards that the opponent is divided into four parts, how in the above figure it is shown, the two from High are called the Ox, the other two are called the Plow take an example, when you hold the weapon high, to the right or the left thus you stand in Ox or Steer, what cuts and strikes you do from the ox, you can also do from the other High Guards. And you should yourself not mistake that more than four are known. Steer, Watch, Wrath whose names spring from their intentions and take this first as not only an example, I Hold my weapon above, prepared to strike over my head, that the point is behind me, which I call the Watch, not that he is always in Ox, but rather because my plan is to have prepared or ready strikes and pay attention and watch where he will give cuts to me, then be very ready to cut into the openings, thus I would like to say he who stays in Ox, holds good watch.</p>
 +
|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Thus one in Wrathguard stays, may I say, he opposes you wrathfully in Ox, from which comes the name's use, but this is premature and will further, as much as, hereafter, needfully enough, and understandingly be given and taught. Next are the cuts, which even if I would set forth and report to you, of all twelve, yet there are still not more than Four main cuts, from which the others all have sprung from, namely, first the Highcut, second the Wrathcut, third the Middelcut, and the fourth an Undercut, than slashing or crooked so that no one can make cuts, or cut him usefully either from above or diagonally.</p>
 +
|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Uberzwerch or bring from under, thus there are many kinds of names and alterations to the cuts, hence, so named that quite a few are carried out during the cuts, for example, thus I stand before one in the same work, and can't come at all to the openings, thus I cut strongly from above a Boch strike not that I intend to hit or strike through but rather that I crash on to him and wrench into a cut and with this  he will also do this to me, and would thus give room to the openings, from which a high cut comes nicely. This cut has the name Boch Cut, therefore that my naming this is only about the clashing on that is to be done.</p>
 +
|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''From the Four Openings'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>And thirdly, should one protect the openings, and learn to recognize them on the arms of the man, therein one should be aware, of he who leads diligently the defense when each are up high, thus he is open below.</p>
 +
|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Item''' Thus he who is low is even likewise open high, as is he who proceeds too far to the side, further but more importantly, the four divisions of the man the Vor and the Nach, strong and weak.
 +
|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' The looping round, and the Circle cuts and likewise how it is previously in the longsword presented and taught and should be used here, as before.</p>
 +
|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Follow the Guards and they are given these Names'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Watch or Luginslandt, Steer, Wrath, Boar, Changer, Sideguard. Item The Slice, the Bow, which are the two displacings, one from under, the other from above</p>
 +
|
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 47r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''The Cuts</p>
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
| Oberhau || Mittlehau || Boch Hau
 +
|-
 +
| Underhau || Wecker || Felerhau
 +
|-
 +
| Zornnhau || Brummerhau || Kurz hau
 +
|-
 +
| Krumphau || Windthau || Zwinger Hau
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
These figures painted here are the paths through the man to which and through which one Cuts, the first line has three parts, namely on the Head, on the Arm and thus that one strikes Outright. Thus also the Wrathguard winds, displaces, namely the three depictions, firstly through the face, to the other, through the Middle of the man, and thereafter through to the Legs and is nevertheless just a cut from one of the inward cuts, through his face or through the Middle of the man or through the Legs.
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''In summation:'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>What comes from above, or that which cuts to the head or Arms and feet thus is called from the High cuts, thus that which would be cut from the Shoulder diagonally to the man, whether to the face or Body, high or from under, are called the Wrathcuts and may also be done with the crooked or straight edge from which reason the cuts are well named for the limbs that they will be cut to.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>In rappier here after follows and remains that the cut is still basically a wrathcut or a middle cut and thus it is created with all four cuts. Mejur should one note when one cuts one of the four cuts through the stated line, and he is High or Middle, thus should one always cut out to the next line to the displacing.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Thus in zufechten I come into the Steer and cut a Middle cut through his face strongly, at once I cut from my left through the under weakly on his right line, displacing against his hand Meanwhile, I have given here to you a general rule throughout the whole of Dussack fencing, thus will I now as before, set forth an example of the technique which without the togetherness of the Guards and Hews, together with the Pulled cuts, namely deceiving, no defeat comes, for they are based on the hews from the shortest explanation (which is necessary) and their Counters.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Highcut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>The Highcut breaks all other cuts with suppressing or extra length and always goes through the Watch or from the Luginslandt and is a blissful and still artful cut to use.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Wrathcut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Wrathcut is also from above, but in those from the first it is differentiated of those from straight from above, this goes however diagonal from the shoulder and is known as the correct Fatherstrike, Wrathtcut or also the Battlecut for this reason then, he who is strongest is greatest amongst all.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Middlecut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Middlecut is an athwart cut wherein one should know as common.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Undercut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Under cut is a weak cut, but where he with cleverness will use it it is very
 +
useful.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Crooked cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Crooked is thus, grab around the grip well so that you have the Dussaack crooked, thus if he cuts or not, so step immediately out and cut with the crooked edge, through the Diagonal, Wrath, Uberzwerch, or Middle line.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Whacker'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Whacker is thus, in the onset cut a strong cut onto his displacement and in that it clashes, or rests thus wind the cut into a thrust over his displacement line, that's called the Whacker.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 49r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''Buzzer'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>the Buzzer is thus, take hold of your grip crooked as the first figure here shows, in those cuts that he would give to you from somewhat on high, then cut through in a stroke from under and athwart to his arm, so that the Dussacks are both in the wind above, and again you shoot around to the displacement. It is or is called therefore a Buzzer, because of the sound from the fast rushing wind that it makes.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Wind Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Wind cut is thus when one would cut athwart well outside his right arm over his arm line, thus quickly in a rip, wind out again, You can do the wind cut through a high, middle or under cut.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Bock Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Bock cut is here sufficiently clarified by examples.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Swinger Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Swinger is a strong taking away from your left to his right it is with the Flat or the Long, also I wind a special technique afterwards about the Swinger.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Short Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Short cut is a throwing in from the Left against or over his right, which will also be clarified afterwards in a special device.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Failer Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark when you come near to him, and the both of you are standing high in the displacing, thus cut from his right shoulder a circle so soon as he is convinced and will strike, thus cut him beside the hilt to the head.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>Now follow the techniques on the Guards together with the cuts, and have diligence with the cuts when they again make you open, even though he doesn't seem far. While I amply teach next, but follow firstly the Quick cut.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Quick Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark thus when you stand before one in the Bow, and he will not cut so pull upwards into the Watch as if you would cut from high especially if he does nothing, wind in the air and cut with the long edge from under to his right arm quickly and jerk the Dussack again around to your left shoulder, from there cut a defense strike through his right, to the arm or above the arm through to his face, and then cut Cross or a Driving cut.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 51r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''Item''' If he cuts from above in the before, thus displace upwards towards your
 +
left and cut through quickly from your left to his right it is under or above the Dussack thus you come with your Dussack beside your right side, from there cut again athwart from under with the Long edge strongly through his Arm, or if he cuts against your strike so that your Dussack comes to your left shoulder, cut away directly from the over line.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''High Cut on the Steer'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Item Thus when you  may reach him, in the on going, in the Bow thus cut a long cut through his displacement to the face and cut quickly to the displacing, upwards from outside against his weapon, right away work inside and outside to the Openings.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' In every cut are three things to think about, that namely you wrench inward after cutting or striking.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 52r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''Example'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>He who stands before you in the Bow, now may you not be unmindful of striking to his advantage, thus he makes you rush while he after is not weakened, so do to him now thus, when one stands before you in the Bow, thus cut him the first through his Bow not that you would, but rather, with it you cut him where he is open, when he goes out to cut. and when he has cut, then you must suppress or ground his strike with a High cut, as soon as you have cut the first the second is taken, then cut the third long after.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Go at him with a cut and displace his strong cut with the Bow from under, the third, cut him after to the Openings, if he cuts, however without strength, then take his cut with a Suppressing strike and cut after to the next opening.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Take note when he goes out to strike, thus cut him after besides his hilt to the face and that must happen, while he has his Dussack in the air to strike.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Cut him a Buffalo cut, as soon as he cuts after, thus displace and cut after him through to his forward limb and come quickly again in the displacing.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Cut him initially a long High cut to his head near by his hilt and allow this quickly to run off besides his right, and cut a long cut after to his face, and the two cuts should go hand in hand.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''A Good Device from the Steer how it follows'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>If you encounter one who is in the Slice how this figure shows, thus step and cut from your right crooked under his right Arm through so that you connect near his knuckles with the crooked point, the other take him strongly away with the flat upwards through his right arm from your left, so that your weapon again flies around your head, with this thrust over his right arm to the face, if he defends this, thus cut him to the face.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 54r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''Item''' In the onset cut in with Long edge strongly through his face, so that your dussack again shoots over your head athwart to the displacement from your right, step instantly and quickly with your left around his right and cut him Crooked over his right arm to the Head if he defends, thus cut him forwards to the face or cut him crooked to the left at the Head.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Middle strike with the Throwing In'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>'''Item''' If you encounter one who is in the Slice or Straight Parrying how this figure shows. Thus send yourself in the Middle guard to your left side and throw at him your crooked edge from outside over his Right Arm and Pull the Long edge to your left, through his face, if he defends this, and he drives above you thus cut before him long to the face.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 55r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Mark when you encounter one who is in Straight parrying or in the Slice thus come in the zufechten into the Sideguard on your left side, throw the Half edge over his right arm to his face, the second proceeds from under with the Long edge through his face. The third a Middelcut after from your right, if one defends these thrown strikes, thus cut nimbly to the face But if one cuts to you when you thus stand in the Sideguard so take away the strike from your left with the Flat Instantly step with the left foot to his right side and thrust him over his right arm to the face, cut quickly after through his face or to the Next opening.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Swinger'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>The first is a taking out from your left and a winding out with the Flat, the other is a Strong cut from your left through his face with the Long edge with a twofold strike through the Cross.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''A Good Device from the Swinger'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark in zufechten you come into the Slice, allow him not too close to you as soon as he would strike to you, thus pull under his strike, through to your left side avoid his striking through and cut quickly from your left, over his right arm, two high strikes to the head with this you go twice to him.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Rose Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Item In the zufechten cut him from above outside his right arm, (go) under and through him, so that your Dussack comes around again in a Circle above your head, let it low and nimbly run out next to your left, cut him from your right to his face.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Thrust him  outside from over his right arm going under and through so that your Dussack again comes outside over his Arm grab with your Left hand over your right arm on your incoming Blade by the Hilt, Pull to you, and to your right side, thus you have taken his Dussack.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Failer Strike'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark when you can come close to him and both of you are standing high in the displacement, thus cut from his right corner, fail with a circle, and then as soon as he witnesses this failing and will strike, then cut him beside the hilt to the head.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' When one cuts to you, thus yield with your displacement and allow his
 +
cut to fall, step and cut from outside as soon as his right arm falls through, then next through his face. See that you are nimble again in displacing.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''A Stuck on the Left'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Cut him outside his left arm fail through that your Dussack comes to your low left side, as soon as he cuts, then cut with him together, ahead of the line to his face, step with the left well on his right.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Cut him failing through from outside his arm like before then next take
 +
him away with the Flat from your left through his right so that your Dussack
 +
flies above, step and cut indes Two wind strikes to his face, one into the
 +
other from your left to his right.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Wrath Strike'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark when you find someone in Left Wrath guard how this figure shows, thus come into Steer and thrust him to the face with displacing, that he must Defend, thus cut him nimbly through the face the other is a High strike to the Head.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 58r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''A Good Attack from the Steer'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark thus in zufechten that you come into the Steer against the Left Wrath or a similar Guard, thus cut the first crooked in from your right from below with a step to, through to his left side the other also from your right from above so that your Dussack shoots around from your left, over your head, into the Plunge, instantly cut hard with the Long edge from your lower left through the Scalp line, and then a middle cut after or step with displacing to him.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''A Good Stuck from the Steer'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>If you are approached by one who is in the Slice, thus step and cut crooked from your right under and through his right arm so that you connect on his knuckles with the crooked point, the other, take him out strongly from your left with the Flat over his right arm, so that your weapon again flies around over your head and with your cut going over his right arm to his face, if he defends this, thus cut him to the face.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Under Cut'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Item When you have warded a strike twice, thus catch his strike in the air on the Bow, indes wrench with the short edge from below, to your right through his displacement, then at once Cut Crosswise through his face.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''A Stuck'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark when one strikes over, crooked to your head, thus set him off with your slice, from your right, grab with your Left hand over your right down onto his right hand by the joints and drive with your hilt from under and break upwards.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Plunging to the Head'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Or when you thus have caught one's hand as described above, then heave upwards and go through under his right, stoop down to the ground and grab with your right hand and your Dussack around behind his Leg, how you may do in all Grabbing, heave upwards, thus he falls on his Head.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Note in the zufechten, that you come with the Left foot forwards hold the Dussack besides your right, grab the handle well so that you have the Dussack Crooked, Indes step cut then Crooked over his Bow line, wrench downwards to your left side, step out with your right behind his right Strike then outside over his right arm to the face or to his left with a step out.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' Mark thus when you stand in right Wrath guard, thus step and cut the first from under through his left, the second also from under through his right  both crooked. the third, from above through his Left, the fourth also from above through his Right so that your Dussack again stays over your head in the Plunge, the fifth a Middelcut through his left, the sixth a Highcut, In zufechten cut  from your lower left, out to his right arm, as soon as he clashes, then thrust into his face, if he parries that, thus grab his Dussack in the Middle and take him downwards to your left side.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Work for Running in'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Mark thus when you come close together, then work him high over his displacement firstly with a Crooked cut over his displacement to the Left ear.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' If he displaces you, thus cut a Crooked cut outside and over his right arm to the right ear If he displaces once again, thus cut crooked under his arm to the face. The Fourth strike is a Thwart strike to his left ear from under with the long edge so that your hilt is well gripped, in these four strikes you should always be high with the Hilt, above your Head to the displacing.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
| [[File:MS A.4º.2 61r.jpg|300px|center]]
 +
| <p>'''Follow Several Good Rules from the Fencing in Bow (Bogen)'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>The first Rule is when someone strikes to you from the Bow, thus step with
 +
your Left foot behind you right and follow with to his left and have instantly let your haft go above you Then when his strike clashes on your weapon Hoist the weapon(s) through his face, so that your Dussack flies above your Head step and cut outside from your left over his right Arm From this Rule are many nimble Lists to use with deception.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The Second Rule is thus when one strikes to you from above, thus drive with the Bow upwards against his strike, wind out his strike to your left side, thus come with your Dussack on your left shoulder wind after likewise with your Body and Dussack to your left side Indes step nimbly again to him and cut him outside over his right arm, pull the hilt nimbly upward to you and strike him through the face.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The Third Rule is thus; When one would cut to you, thus Note however that you are not too close, and that you move out from his Cut, then Pull your weapon upwards to you and yield your forward foot back to the rear foot and out from his cut, and take then his strike with out displacing, as soon as his strike falls to the ground, so follow with a cut and with a step to him. thus the attacker has been attacked instead.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>The Fourth Rule, Mark then when one is weak to you on your Dussack thus drive out and cut a Brummer from your Right to his Arm.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Item''' When one strikes to you on the strong, so wind the point upwards against his Dussack and wind in on his weak on your right side and cut to him a Brummer from your Left outwards to his Arm or cut the Quick Cut. These are four good rules the better to mark, when you are Fighting in the Bow.</p>
 +
|
 +
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| <p>'''Stück with the Bow'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>Firstly mark when you meet one who is in the Bow, so send yourself into the Changer to your Left, the right foot forwards, Step and thrust from under his displacement to the face or chest as soon as you find that you are in the after, so drive instantly and nimbly out with your Hilt before the head and remain with the Point at his Body so that he must defend or strike, thus have care as soon as he goes on to strike, then step to his left and strike him besides his displacement line, this device is often on going
 +
how it is seen here in the Bow and Changer.</p>
 +
|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Item''' If you are a Strong man, so come into Changer like before, cut his forward held Bow with the Half edge from under and away from you, cut nimbly after to the face.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Mark''' when one will wrench your Bow upwards, how it is taught next, thus wind out his wrenching to your left side with the Hilt underneath, Indes cut nimbly and likewise with a line to the face, step out from his strike.</p>
 +
|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Mark''' when one however thrusts to your face, under your displacement line, how you were taught above, thus wind the thrust out, therewith you make open your face, as soon as he strikes to your opening, so drive under his strike close by his hand, between the both of your hands, and thrust him in the face with your hilt.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Breaking in above the Bow'''</p>
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<p>Mark in the zufechten that you come with the left foot forwards, hold your Dussack beside your right, grip your handle well that you have your Dussack Crooked, instantly Step, cut Crooked over his Bow Line, wrench downwards to your left side, step out with your right around to his right, Strike then outside above his right Arm high above to the Head, wherein cut the next Crooked under his right arm to the face or to his left, with a step out. E .</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Item''' When you cut outside over his right arm diagonally, how it is mentioned above, and he Drives high above you, thus step nimbly out and cut on the Crooked line to his face.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''A Fast Stück'''</p>
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<p>'''Item''' grab around the grip so that you have the Dussack crooked, how it is reported above. Thus Cut a wide springing high strike from your right, over the hands and over his bow line so that your right side comes well to his left side, throw a strike at him in a squint again from below through the under line to his face so that your hand remains high, cut nimbly a short cut.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Item''' When one stays in the Bow and allows his dussack to hang downwards thus step and cut through from your right to the weak of his Dussack beneath his arm so that your Dussack comes out to your left side,Indes with the flat above his arm away from your left and cut long after to the opening by his oncoming hand.</p>
 +
|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''The 6 Drivings'''</p>
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<p>The first Driving is thus, stay with the right foot forwards and then High strike and Low strike together so that the Dussack always flies around over your head to the Plunge.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''The Second'''</p>
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<p>Stand with the right foot forward as in the above driving, cut from your left Shoulder over your right leg to the Opponent. through the right Strike Line from under and over together strongly through his Face.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''The Third'''</p>
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<p>Stand as before, Drive the Middle cuts together through the Middle Line from the right and left.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''The Fourth'''</p>
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<p>Is the Cross from above, together Drive hard on the opponent's Line.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''The Fifth'''</p>
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<p>This is two under cuts through the Cross, done together from under with the flat.</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''The Sixth Driving'''</p>
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<p>Is the Double Changer, a choice cut, usually a hard one like from a battlesword. It is done thus:</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>Stand with the right foot forward and strike the first cut from your upper right and through the opponent's Strong Left Line, thus you come into the Left Changer, wrench (cut) with the half edge again from under through the same Line, through which you are familiar with, and in the air change and cut from above from your left through his right Strike Line over to your right strongly, thus come to defense of your lower right side, then drive upwards through the same line you were just on, and change again in the air and cut then from your right through the opponents Left Line. E .</p>
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|
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|-
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|
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| <p>Diligently cut the strikes once or more, one after another always through a line, twice namely once from above and again from below with the short edge, thus with this changing you can Break the Guards and Strikes. E.</p>
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|}
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{| class="wikitable floated master"
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! <p>Images</p>
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! <p>{{rating}}</p>
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! <p>[[Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer)|1570 Edition]]{{edit index|Index:Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens (Joachim Meÿer) 1570.pdf}}</p>
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Revision as of 03:37, 15 February 2015

Joachim Meÿer
Born ca. 1537
Basel, Germany
Died 24 February 1571 (aged 34)
Schwerin, Germany
Spouse(s) Appolonia Ruhlman
Occupation
Citizenship Strasbourg
Patron
  • Johann Albrecht
  • Johann Casimir
Movement Freifechter
Influences
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Early New High German
Notable work(s) Gründtliche Beschreibung der
Kunst des Fechtens (1570)
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition		 Forgeng, 2006
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations
Signature Joachim Meyer sig.jpg
The title of this article contains the character ÿ. Where it is unavailable or not desired, the name may be represented as Joachim Meyer.

Joachim Meÿer (ca. 1537 - 1571)[1] was a 16th century German Freifechter and fencing master. He was the last great figure in the tradition of the German grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, and in the last years of his life he devised at least three distinct and quite extensive fencing manuals. Meÿer's writings incorporate both the traditional Germanic technical syllabus and contemporary systems that he encountered in his travels, including the Italian school of side sword fencing.[2] In addition to his fencing practice, Meÿer was a Burgher and a master cutler.[3]

Meÿer was born in Basel,[4] where he presumably apprenticed as a cutler. He writes in his books that he traveled widely in his youth, most likely a reference to the traditional Walz that journeyman craftsmen were required to take before being eligible for mastery and membership in a guild. Journeymen were often sent to stand watch and participate in town and city militias (a responsibility that would have been amplified for the warlike cutlers' guild), and Meÿer learned a great deal about foreign fencing systems during his travels. It's been speculated by some fencing historians that he trained specifically in the Bolognese school of fencing, but this doesn't stand up to closer analysis.[5]

Records show that by 4 June 1560 he had settled in Strasbourg, where he married Appolonia Ruhlman (Ruelman)[1] and joined the Cutler's Guild. His interests had already moved beyond knife-smithing, however, and in 1561, Meÿer petitioned the City Council of Strasbourg for the right to hold a Fechtschule (fencing competition). He would repeat this in 1563, 1566, 1567 and 1568;[6] the 1568 petition is the first time known record in which he identifies himself as a fencing master.

Meÿer wrote his first manuscript (Joachim Meyers Fäktbok (MS A.4º.2)) in either 1560 or 1568 for Otto Count von Sulms, Minzenberg, and Sonnenwaldt.[7] Its contents seem to be a series of lessons on training with longsword, dussack, and side sword (rapier). His second manuscript (Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)), written between 1563 and 1570 for Heinrich Graf von Eberst, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including Sigmund Schining ein Ringeck, pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Martin Syber, and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of side sword fencing based on German Messer teachings. Finally, on 24 February 1570 Meÿer completed (and soon thereafter published) an enormous multiweapon treatise entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung der Kunst des Fechtens ("A Thorough Description of the Art of Combat"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of the Rhine, and illustrated at the workshop of Tobias Stimmer.[8]

Unfortunately, Meÿer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 1300 crowns), which Meÿer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.[1] Late in 1570, Meÿer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meÿer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meÿer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 500 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meÿer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.[6]

Antoni Rulman, Appolonia’s brother, became her legal guardian after Joachim’s death. On 15 May 1571, he had a letter written by the secretary of the Strasbourg city chamber and sent to the Duke of Mecklenburg stating that Antoni was now the widow Meÿer’s guardian; it politely reminded the Duke who Joachim Meÿer was, Meÿer’s publishing efforts and considerable debt, requested that the Duke send Meÿer’s personal affects and his books to Appolonia, and attempted to sell some (if not all) of the books to the Duke.[1]

Appolonia remarried in April 1572 to another cutler named Hans Kuele, bestowing upon him the status of Burgher and Meÿer's substantial debts. Joachim Meÿer and Hans Kuele are both mentioned in the minutes of Cutlers' Guild archives; Kuele may have made an impression if we can judge that fact by the number of times he is mentioned. It is believed that Appolonia and either her husband or her brother were involved with the second printing of his book in 1600. According to other sources, it was reprinted yet again in 1610 and in 1660.[9][10]

The Fechtschule of Joachim Meÿer in Strasbourg, a thriving school of fence equal to many others in Germany at the time, was taken over during the Acquisition of Strasbourg by Louis XIV in 1681; it was turned into the "Academie de Arms" and essentially absorbed into the French school of fence.[11]

Treatises

Joachim Meÿer's writings are preserved in two manuscripts prepared in the 1560s, the MS A.4º.2 (Lund) and the MS Var 82 (Rostock); a third manuscript from 1561 has been lost since at least the mid-20th century, and its contents are unknown.[12] Dwarfing these works is a massive book printed in 1570 entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung der freyen Ritterlichen vnnd Adelichen kunst des fechtens in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren mit schȯnen vnd nůtzlichen Figuren gezieret vnnd fůrgestellet ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Knightly and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings").

Meÿer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. His longsword system draws upon the teachings of Freifechter Andre Paurñfeyndt (via Christian Egenolff's reprint) and Liechtenauer glossators Sigmund Schining ein Ringeck and pseudo-Peter von Danzig, as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief Zettel of Martin Syber. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary Paulus Hector Mair was doing, Meÿer sought to update them in various ways for the martial climate of the last sixteenth century, including altering many techniques to account for the increased momentum of a greatsword and modifying others to use winding slices rather than thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities. Meÿer presented longsword as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most attention to fundamentals like stance and footwork.

The second part of Meÿer's treatises is designed to address new weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dussack and the rapier. His early Lund manuscript presents a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.[13] Meÿer's dussack system, designed for the heaver proto-sabers that moved into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century, combines the old Messer teachings of 15th century master Johannes Lecküchner and Freifechter Andre Paurñfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish saber). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords moving north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of Achille Marozzo). Meÿer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two systems, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dussack teachings; it is unclear why these teachings did not appear in his book, but given the dates it might be that they represent his last musings on the weapon, written in the months between the publication of his book and his death the following year.

The third part of Meÿer's treatise only appears in his published book and covers dagger, wrestling, and pole weapons. His dagger teachings seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo, but also include many unique teachings of unknown origin. His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which he uses as a training tool for various weapons including the spear, halberd, and possibly even greatsword, and then moving on to proper halberd simulators before ending with the long staff, representing the pike. As with the dagger, the sources Meÿer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.

Additional Resources

  • Kiermayer, Alex. Joachim Meyers Kunst Des Fechtens. Gründtliche Beschreibung des Fechtens, 1570. Arts Of Mars Books, 2012. ISBN 978-3981162738
  • Meyer, Joachim. The Art of Combat: A German Martial Arts Treatise of 1570. Translated by Jeffrey L. Forgeng. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ISBN 978-1403970923

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dupuis, Olivier. Joachim Meyer, escrimeur libre, bourgeois de Strasbourg (1537 ? - 1571). In Maîtres et techniques de combat. Dijon: AEDEH, 2006.
  2. ↑ Castle, Egerton. Schools and Masters of Fencing: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. London: George Bell and Sons, 1885. pp 74 - 76.
  3. ↑ Naumann, Robert. Serapeum. Vol. 5. T.O. Weigel, 1844. pp 53-59.
  4. ↑ According to his wedding certificate.
  5. ↑ His dagger teachings do, however, show some evidence of influence by Achilles Marozzo's printed treatise.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Van Slambrouck, Christopher. "The Life and Work of Joachim Meyer". Meyer Frei Fechter Guild.
  7. ↑ Roger Norling. "The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  8. ↑ Whose members included Christoph Maurer and Hans Christoffel Stimmer.
  9. ↑ Schaer, Alfred. Die altdeutschen fechter und spielleute: Ein beitrag zur deutschen culturgeschichte. K.J. Trübner, 1901. p 76.
  10. ↑ Pollock, W. H., Grove, F. C., and Prévost, C. Fencing. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and co, 1897. pp 267-268.
  11. ↑ Castle, Egerton. Schools and Masters of Fencing: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. London: George Bell and Sons, 1885. p 147.
  12. ↑ Jens P. Kleinau. "1561 Joachim Meyer dedicated a fencing book to the Pfalzgrafen of Pfalz-Veldenz". Hans Talhoffer ~ as seen by Jens P. Kleinau. 04 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  13. ↑ James Roberts. "System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Early Germanic Traditions
Common Fencing Johannes Liechtenauer reversed.jpg
Wrestling
Liechtenauer
Tradition
Beringer Verse
Augsburg Tradition
Other Works
Fabris Tradition
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