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Difference between revisions of "Lew"

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| {{red|Who threatens to Change,<br/>Squinter robs him therefrom.}}
 
| {{red|Who threatens to Change,<br/>Squinter robs him therefrom.}}
 
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<p>Know the Squinter is a strange, good, serious technique, when it breaks one with power with hew and with stab, and goes ahead with inverted sword. Therefore many masters of the sword know nothing to say of the hew. And also [it breaks] the guard that is called the Plow.</p>
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<p>Know the Squinter is a strange, good, serious<ref>Word omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> technique, when it breaks one with power with hew and with stab, and goes ahead with inverted sword. Therefore many masters of the sword know nothing to say of the hew. And also [it breaks] the guard that is called the Plow.</p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
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| <p>[61] Item, drive the Squinter thus: When you come with the pre-fencing to the man, then set the left foot before and hold your sword in your right shoulder. If he hews you then from above to your head, then turn your sword and spring ahead with the right foot, and hew against his hew with the short edge, long with stretched arms over his sword in to his face or breast. If he is then thus clever and Fails with the hew and Changes-through below your sword, then remain with the point with long arms before his face so he may not harm you, nor come through below, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[61] Item, drive the Squinter thus: When you come with the pre-fencing to the man, then set the left foot before and hold your sword in your right shoulder. If he hews you then from above to your head, then turn your sword and spring ahead with the right foot, and hew against his hew with the short edge, long with stretched arms over his sword in<Word omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> to his face or breast. If he is then thus clever and Fails with the hew and Changes-through below your sword, then remain with the point with long arms before his face so he may not harm you, nor come through below, etc.</p>
 
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{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 022v.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 023r.jpg|1|lbl=23r|p=1}}
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| <p>[62] '''Item, another technique:'''</p>
 
| <p>[62] '''Item, another technique:'''</p>
  
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<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and threatens to stab you below, then hew him with the Squinter, with the short edge long in above, and shoot in the point to his face or breast, so he may not reach you below with the stab, etc.</p>
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<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and threatens to stab you below, then hew him<ref>Word omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> with the Squinter, with the short edge long in above, and shoot in the point to his face or breast, so he may not reach you below with the stab, etc.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 023r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
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| {{red|Squint that he is short on you,<br/>Changing-through defeats him.}}
 
| {{red|Squint that he is short on you,<br/>Changing-through defeats him.}}
 
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<p>This is a lesson, when you go ahead with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with your face or see if he fights you short, and the shortening of the sword is undertaken thus: When he does not lengthen the arms with the hew, then he is shortened. If you lie in the guard, yet he will fall fall thereon with the sword, so he is but shortened. If he fights against you from the Ox or from the Plow, that is also short, and all Winding before the man, they are all short, and such fencers shall you then Change-through. Therewith you compel them that they must parry, so then you may freely hew and work with the sword, and also with wrestling, etc.</p>
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<p>This is a lesson, when you go ahead with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with your face or see if he fights you short, and the shortening of the sword is undertaken thus: When he does not lengthen the arms with the<ref>S. "his"</ref> hew, then he is shortened. If you lie in the guard Fool,<ref>A. ''aber'': "yet".</ref> if he will fall fall thereon with the sword, so he<ref>Word omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> is but shortened. If he fights against you from the Ox or from the Plow, that is also short, and all Winding before the man, they are all short,<ref>"and all Winding... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref>  and such fencers shall you then Change-through. Therewith you compel them that they must parry, so then you may freely hew and work with the sword, and also with wrestling, etc.</p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
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| <p>[65] '''Item, another lesson'''</p>
 
| <p>[65] '''Item, another lesson'''</p>
  
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<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with the face if he fights short against you. You shall thus discern that; when he hews he does not stretch the arms before himself long from him with the hew, then is his sword shortened. And all fencers that fight short so, then Change-through freely from hews and from stabs with the Longpoint, therewith you beset them on the sword so that they must let you come to bind on them and allow you to strike.</p>
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<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with the face if he fights short against you. You shall thus discern that; when he hews he does not stretch the arms before himself long from him with the hew, then is his sword shortened. And all fencers that fight short so, then Change-through freely from hews and from stabs with the Longpoint, therewith you beset them on the sword so that they must let you come to bind<ref>A. ''anwind'': "wind on".</ref> on them and allow you to strike.</p>
 
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| {{red|Squint to the point,<br/>Take the throat without fear.}}
 
| {{red|Squint to the point,<br/>Take the throat without fear.}}
 
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<p>Mark, that is a technique against the Longpoint with a betrayal of the face, drive that thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands and holds his point against your face or breast, then hold your sword on your right shoulder and squint with the face to the point, and do as if you will hew in thereto, and hew strongly with the Squinter with the short edge on his sword, and shoot in the point long therewith to the throat with a step forward of your right foot, etc.</p>
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<p>Mark, that is a technique against the Longpoint with a betrayal of the face, drive that thus: When you come to him<ref>S. "the man"</ref> with the pre-fencing, if he then stands and holds his<ref>S. "your"</ref> point against your face or breast, then hold your sword on your right shoulder and squint with the face to the point, and do as if you will hew in thereto, and hew strongly with the Squinter with the short edge on his sword, and shoot in the point long therewith to the throat with a step forward of your right foot, etc.</p>
 
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Revision as of 18:16, 6 July 2016

Jud Lew
Born before ca. 1440s
Died date of death unknown
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano
MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg

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This article was last edited by Michael Chidester (talk| contribs) at 18:16, 6 July 2016 (UTC). (Update)

Jud Lew was a 15th century German fencing master. His name signifies that he was Jewish, and some sources state that he was baptized Christian. He seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod.I.6.4º.3, a compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1450s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book, a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is a branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, but this seems to be an error.

Treatises

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund Schining ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but the exact nature of this relationship is currently unclear.

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than the other branch (particularly in the extensive Salzburg version of 1491) but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also includes glosses of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing only, and in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz. Apart from containing the most content, the Salzburg version is notable for including nine paragraphs of text that are not found in any other version of Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, but do appear in Ringeck (and constitute almost 10% of that gloss); this predates all known copies of Ringeck's text, but is another indicator of some connection between the works. Branch A was later used by Johannes Lecküchner as a source when he compiled his own gloss of a Recital on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken directly from the Rome,[2] while Augsburg II (1564) is taken from the Krakow but only includes the six illustrated devices of wrestling and their respective captions. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version, consisting solely of a sizeable fragment of the short sword gloss (hence its assignation to Branch B) which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

There is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into either branch, namely the Vienna version (included in a 1480 manuscript along with Paulus Kal's work, though Kal's personal level of involvement is unknown). The text of this copy is more consistent with the generally shorter descriptions of Branch A, but the overall contents much more closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword. The Vienna version may therefore be a copy of the original gloss before it split into these branches (or it may merely be an odd attempt by a scribe to synthesize the two branches into a single, shorter work).

While Branches A and B were originally presented in a single concordance on the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig page, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus Branch A has been moved here to Jud Lew's page, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the page of Pseudo-Danzig. As the Vienna version cannot be cleanly assigned to one branch or the other, it has been omitted for the present.

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Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. ↑ Zabinski, pp 82-83
  3. ↑ "thereby the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.
  4. ↑ Salzburg: "right-side foot".
  5. ↑ sic : nahent
  6. ↑ sic : rechten
  7. ↑ sic : lonen
  8. ↑ Salzburg: "hew".
  9. ↑ Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  10. ↑ Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  11. ↑ "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  13. ↑ "To you truthfully" omitted from the Augsburg.
  14. ↑ "of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  15. ↑ Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  16. ↑ "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.
  17. ↑ Word omitted in the Augsburg.
  18. ↑ "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.
  19. ↑ Here Salzburg segues into Sigmund ain Ringeck's gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."
  20. ↑ S. "the man"
  21. ↑ "with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.
  22. ↑ S. "sword hews".
  23. ↑ S. "the man".
  24. ↑ sic : schwerts
  25. ↑ Sentence omitted from the Augsburg.
  26. ↑ Augsburg just has "protect".
  27. ↑ A. "your"
  28. ↑ Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  29. ↑ Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  30. ↑ Salzburg doubles "schlag".
  31. ↑ "and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.
  32. ↑ A. treffen, S. griffen.
  33. ↑ S. "the man"
  34. ↑ Word omitted rom the Augsburg.
  35. ↑ "and every" omitted from the Salzburg.
  36. ↑ S. "or"
  37. ↑ A. "on"
  38. ↑ A. "to the"
  39. ↑ A. "to the"
  40. ↑ Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  41. ↑ "and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.
  42. ↑ "if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.
  43. ↑ sic : deinem
  44. ↑ Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  45. ↑ Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  46. ↑ S. "his"
  47. ↑ A. aber: "yet".
  48. ↑ Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  49. ↑ "and all Winding... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg.
  50. ↑ A. anwind: "wind on".
  51. ↑ S. "the man"
  52. ↑ S. "your"
  53. ↑ Korrigiert aus »Hautt«.
  54. ↑ After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.
  55. ↑ Salzburg: "thrusts your point up".
  56. ↑ Clause omitted from the Augsburg.
  57. ↑ The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and are therefore omitted here.
  58. ↑ Mittels Einfügezeichen korrigiert aus »siten rechten«
  59. ↑ Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  60. ↑ "that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg.
  61. ↑ "do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Disappears into the binding.
  63. ↑ Corrected from 'mit'.
  64. ↑ "and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of siner rechte~.
  65. ↑ sic : sein rechten bis repetita
  66. ↑ S. "Another wrestling".


Early Germanic Traditions
Common Fencing Johannes Liechtenauer reversed.jpg
Wrestling
Liechtenauer
Tradition
Beringer Verse
Augsburg Tradition
Other Works
Fabris Tradition
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