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| {{red|Without any fear,<br/>Without confusion for how he acts.}}
 
| {{red|Without any fear,<br/>Without confusion for how he acts.}}
 
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<p>{{blue|That is when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, if you will then wisely fence, then you shall namely not hew in to the sword, since you should aim for the Four Openings. These are the right side, the other the left, of the half over the girdle of the man. The other two openings, these are the left and the right side of the under half of the girdle.<ref>"of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''der gürttell''.</ref> You take the same openings before and hew then boldly to, and regard not what he fences against you. If he then parries, then work in the parrying quickly to the next opening. Thus wait out the body and not the sword, etc.}}<ref name="Ringeck">The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]], and is therefore omitted here.</ref></p>
+
<p>That is when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, if you will then wisely fence, then you shall namely not hew in to the sword, since you should aim for the Four Openings. These are [one] the right side, the other the left, of the half over the girdle of the man. The other two openings, these are the left and the right side of the half under the girdle.<ref>"of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''der gürttell''.</ref> Take the same openings Before and hew then boldly to [them], and regard not what he fences against you. If he then parries, then work in the parrying quickly to the next opening. Thus wait out the body and not the sword, etc.<ref name="Ringeck">The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]], and is therefore omitted here.</ref></p>
 
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| <small>38</small>
 
| <small>38</small>
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| {{red|Will you reckon<br/>To masterfully break Four Openings,}}
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| {{red|If you will reckon<br/>To masterfully break Four Openings,}}
 
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| <small>41</small>
 
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| {{red|Have you understood this,<br/>To strikes may he seldom come.}}
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| {{red|If you have understood this,<br/>To strikes may he seldom come.}}
 
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<p>This is when one earnestly hews in at you, if you will then reckon to break the openings on him with artfulness so that he must let you strike without thinking, then drive the Doubling against the Strong of the sword<ref>"of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and the Mutating against the Weak. So I say to you truthfully that he cannot guard himself before strikes, and may therefore to strikes not come, etc.</p>
+
<p>This is when one earnestly hews in at you: if you will then reckon to break the openings on him with artfulness, so that he must let you strike without thinking, then drive the Doubling against the Strong of the sword<ref>"of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and the Mutating against the Weak. So I say to you truthfully that he cannot guard himself before strikes, and may therefore not come to strikes, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[32] Item, drive the Doubling thus: When he hews to you from his right shoulder, then hew also from your right with him likewise, strongly above in to the head. If he then parries the hew with strength, then drive up quickly with the arms and thrust your pommel with your left hand under your right arm, and strike him with the long edge with crossed arms behind his sword’s blade on the head, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[32] Item, drive the Doubling thus: When he hews to you from his right shoulder, then likewise hew also from your right with him, strongly above in to the head. If he then parries the hew with strength, then drive up quickly with the arms and thrust your pommel under your right arm with your left hand, and strike him with the long edge (with crossed arms) behind his sword’s blade on the head, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[33] Item, or if you have bound on his sword with the long edge from your left side, then drive quickly up with the arms and remain standing on the sword, and strike in behind his sword’s blade with the short edge on the head.</p>
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| <p>[33] Item. Or if you have bound on his sword with the long edge from your left side, then drive quickly up with the arms and remain standing at the sword, and strike in behind his sword’s blade with the short edge on the head.</p>
 
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| <p>[34] Item, the Mutating to the right side. When you hew in strongly above from your right shoulder, and you bind with the long edge on his sword, then drive up quickly with the arms and remain thus standing on the sword;<ref>"and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> if he parries and is Soft in the sword, then Wind the short edge on his sword on your left side, and drive well up with the arms and hang the point above over his sword, and drive the arms therewith and stab in to the other opening, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[34] Item, the Mutating to the right side. When you hew in strongly above from your right shoulder and you bind with the long edge on his sword, then drive up quickly with the arms and remain thus standing at the sword;<ref>"and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> if he parries and is Soft in the sword, then Wind the short edge on his sword on your left side, and drive up well with the arms and hang the point above over his sword, and drive the arms therewith and stab in to the other opening, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[35] Item, the Mutating to the left side. Or if you hew in from the left side with the long edge bound<ref name="word-a"/> on his sword, then drive up with the arms and remain with the same edge standing on the sword, and wind yet the short edge over his sword, and drive well up with the arms, and hang the point in above over his sword, and drive well there with the arms, and stab him to the lower opening of his left side.<ref>"And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hewing thereafter as you find the Weak and Strong of the sword, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[35] Item, the Mutating to the left side. Or if you hew in from the left side with the long edge bound<ref name="word-a"/> on his sword, then drive up with the arms and remain with the same edge standing on the sword, and wind yet the short edge over his sword, and drive well up with the arms, and hang the point in above over his sword, and drive there well with the arms, and stab him to the lower opening of his left side.<ref>"And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hewing hereafter as you find the Weak and Strong of the sword, etc.</p>
 
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| <small>43</small>
 
| <small>43</small>
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| {{red|Who well sets Crooked<br/>With steps injures many hews.}}
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| {{red|Whoever sets well Crooked<br/>With steps injures many hews.}}
 
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<p>Know the Crooked-hew is one of the Four Preemptions against the Four Guards.<ref>Here Salzburg segues into [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]]'s gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."</ref> When therewith one Wars the Ox and also the Over and the Under-hew, then drive this: When you come to him<ref>S. "the man"</ref> with the the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds his sword before the head in the guard of the Ox on his left side, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on the right shoulder in the guard, and from the guard, spring with the right foot well on the right side, and strike him with the long edge with crossed arms over his hands, etc.</p>
+
<p>Know that the Crooked-hew is one of the Four Preemptions against the Four Guards.<ref>Here Salzburg segues into [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]]'s gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."</ref> When therewith one Wars [against] the Ox and also the Over- and the Under-hew, then drive thus: when you come to the man<ref>A. "him"</ref> with the the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds his sword before the head in the guard of the Ox on his left side, then set your left foot before [you] and hold your sword on the right shoulder in the guard, and from the guard, spring with the right foot well on the right side, and strike him over his hands with the long edge (with crossed arms), etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[37] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
 
| <p>[37] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
  
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<p>Item, you shall also drive the Crooked-hew from the Barrier-guard from both sides, and position yourself in the guard thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth so that the long edge on the sword is turned above, and thus you give an opening with the left side. If he then hews above to your opening, then spring from the hew with the right foot well on the right side against him, and thrust the pommel of your sword under your right arm with the left hand, and strike him with crossed hands with the long edge with the point in his hands, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, you shall also drive the Crooked-hew from the Barrier-guard from both sides, and position yourself in the guard thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot before [you] and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth so that the long edge on the sword is turned above, and thus you give an opening with the left side. If he then hews above to your opening, then spring from the hew with the right foot well on the right side against him, and thrust the pommel of your sword under your right arm with the left hand, and strike him with the long edge (with crossed hands) with the point in his hands, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[38] Item, position yourself thus with the Barrier-guard to your left side. When you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set the right foot forward and hold your sword with the point near your left side on the earth with crossed hands, so that the short edge on the sword is above, and give an opening with the right side. If he hews you then to the opening, then step with the left foot well from the hew on your left side and strike him with the step with the short edge<ref>"with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> over his hands, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[38] Item, position yourself thus with the Barrier-guard to your left side: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set the right foot forward and hold your sword with the point near your left side on the earth with crossed hands, so that the short edge on the sword is above, and give an opening with the right side. If he then hews you to the opening, then step well with the left foot from the hew on your left side, and strike him with the step with the short edge<ref>"with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> over his hands, etc.</p>
 
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| {{red|When it clashes above,<br/>Then stand off, that will I praise.}}
 
| {{red|When it clashes above,<br/>Then stand off, that will I praise.}}
 
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<p>Mark, this technique you shall drive against the masters from the bind of the swords,<ref>S. "sword hews".</ref> and mark that thus: When you come to him<ref>S. "the man".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-guard, or hold it on your nearest shoulder. If he then hews above to your opening, then hew strongly with crossed arms with the long edge against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile with the sword against your left side and drive up with the arms and stab in to the upper opening. Or, if you will not stab him, then mark as quickly as it clashes, then hew him Meanwhile with the short edge to the head and to the body, etc.</p>
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<p>{{blue|Mark, this technique you shall drive against the masters from the bind of the swords,<ref>S. "sword hews".</ref> and mark that thus: When you come to him<ref>S. "the man".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-guard, or hold it on your nearest shoulder. If he then hews above to your opening, then hew strongly with crossed arms with the long edge against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile with the sword against your left side and drive up with the arms and stab in to the upper opening. Or, if you will not stab him, then mark as quickly as it clashes, then hew him Meanwhile with the short edge to the head and to the body, etc.}}</p>
 
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Revision as of 22:03, 26 August 2016

Jud Lew
Born before ca. 1440s
Died date of death unknown
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano
MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg

Caution: Scribes at Work

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This article was last edited by Michael Chidester (talk| contribs) at 22:03, 26 August 2016 (UTC). (Update)

Jud Lew was a 15th century German fencing master. His name signifies that he was Jewish, and some sources state that he was baptized Christian. He seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod.I.6.4º.3, a compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1450s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book, a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is a branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, but this seems to be an error.

Treatises

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two or three primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered Branch D).

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principle text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[2] and also incorporates nine paragraphs from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck and twenty-one paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), the Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[3] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling devices from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

A Branch C might be said to exist as well, first attested in the Vienna version (1480s), though it is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A. A fragment of Branch C appears in the writings of Jörg Wilhalm Hutter (several mss., 1520s), though the Glasgow version (1533) assigns the fragment a much earlier origin, indicating that it was devised by one Nicolaüs in 1489.

Finally, there is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into any branch, namely the one the Mair created based on notes purchased from the estate of Antonius Rast. This gloss is a chimeric abomination, combining text from all three branches in a unique sequence, and then concludes with the final eighteen paragraphs of Ringeck.

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in this article, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Jud Lew, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Peter von Danzig page. Branch C will be placed on another page in the future.

Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. ↑ Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.
  3. ↑ Zabinski, pp 82-83
  4. ↑ "thereby the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.
  5. ↑ S. "right-side foot".
  6. ↑ sic : nahent
  7. ↑ sic : rechten
  8. ↑ sic : lonen
  9. ↑ S. "peasant hew".
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  11. ↑ Could be read as “schlichter”.
  12. ↑ "And you shall... with the other" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of also soltu.
  13. ↑ Couplet 104, part of the group 102-109.
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  15. ↑ "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  17. ↑ "To you truthfully" omitted from the Augsburg.
  18. ↑ "of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  19. ↑ Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  20. ↑ "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.
  21. ↑ "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.
  22. ↑ Here Salzburg segues into Sigmund ain Ringeck's gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."
  23. ↑ A. "him"
  24. ↑ "with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.
  25. ↑ S. "sword hews".
  26. ↑ S. "the man".
  27. ↑ sic : schwerts
  28. ↑ Sentence omitted from the Augsburg.
  29. ↑ Augsburg just has "protect".
  30. ↑ A. "your"
  31. ↑ Salzburg doubles "schlag".
  32. ↑ "and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.
  33. ↑ A. treffen, S. griffen.
  34. ↑ S. "the man"
  35. ↑ "and every" omitted from the Salzburg.
  36. ↑ S. "or"
  37. ↑ A. "on"
  38. ↑ A. "to the"
  39. ↑ A. "to the"
  40. ↑ "and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.
  41. ↑ "if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.
  42. ↑ sic : deinem
  43. ↑ S. "his"
  44. ↑ A. aber: "yet".
  45. ↑ "and all Winding... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg.
  46. ↑ A. anwind: "wind on".
  47. ↑ S. "the man"
  48. ↑ S. "your"
  49. ↑ Korrigiert aus »Hautt«.
  50. ↑ After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.
  51. ↑ S. "thrusts your point up".
  52. ↑ Clause omitted from the Augsburg.
  53. ↑ Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error.
  54. ↑ This verse is glossed together with 70 in the Augsburg, but the Salzburg separates it out.
  55. ↑ The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and are therefore omitted here.
  56. ↑ Mittels Einfügezeichen korrigiert aus »siten rechten«
  57. ↑ The previous segment of the Augsburg is omitted because it is a truncated version of this one, probably a scribal error: "Item, or if he hews to you up from below from his right side, etc."
  58. ↑ "that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg.
  59. ↑ "do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.
  60. ↑ "to him" omitted from the Salzburg.
  61. ↑ S. were: "weapon".
  62. ↑ "on his neck... on his right side" omitted from the Salzburg.
  63. ↑ S. "ere when you come up"
  64. ↑ S. "to"
  65. ↑ A. "in"
  66. ↑ Salzburg doubles "the feeling".
  67. ↑ "Feel and cannot undertake" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from one instance of nicht to the next.
  68. ↑ S. "work".
  69. ↑ S. entphindest: "perceive".
  70. ↑ S. "ere when".
  71. ↑ Word doubled in the Salzburg.
  72. ↑ S. "word".
  73. ↑ S. "right or left side".
  74. ↑ S. bindest gebünde~.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Disappears into the binding.
  76. ↑ S. "after".
  77. ↑ Corrected from 'mit'.
  78. ↑ S. "wind".
  79. ↑ S. "Technique".
  80. ↑ A. "Item".
  81. ↑ Word doubled in the Augsburg.
  82. ↑ "down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.
  83. ↑ "before you" omitted from the Salzburg.
  84. ↑ S. dring.
  85. ↑ "at the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  86. ↑ "and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of siner rechte~.
  87. ↑ sic : sein rechten bis repetita
  88. ↑ S. "Another wrestling".
  89. ↑ A. "him".
  90. ↑ A. "his".
  91. ↑ S. "weapon".
  92. ↑ S. "your".
  93. ↑ A. "with".
  94. ↑ S. "his".
  95. ↑ "and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg.
  96. ↑ S. "be it an Over-/Under-hew".
  97. ↑ ”einwindẽ durchwindẽ“ written in another hand above the line.
  98. ↑ Illegible word from another hand written above the line.
  99. ↑ A. "noblest"
  100. ↑ Rest der Zeile verschwindet im Bund
  101. ↑ S. "the man".
  102. ↑ S. "against".
  103. ↑ S. "your".
  104. ↑ S. "your".
  105. ↑ "in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg.
  106. ↑ korrigiert aus »schnudt«


Early Germanic Traditions
Common Fencing Johannes Liechtenauer reversed.jpg
Wrestling
Liechtenauer
Tradition
Beringer Verse
Augsburg Tradition
Other Works
Fabris Tradition
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