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Difference between revisions of "Lew"

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| {{red|Squint to the point,<br/>Take the throat without fear.}}
 
| {{red|Squint to the point,<br/>Take the throat without fear.}}
 
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<p>{{blue|Mark, that is a technique against the Longpoint with a betrayal of the face, drive that thus: When you come to him<ref>S. "the man"</ref> with the pre-fencing, if he then stands and holds his<ref>S. "your"</ref> point against your face or breast, then hold your sword on your right shoulder and squint with the face to the point, and do as if you will hew in thereto, and hew strongly with the Squinter with the short edge on his sword, and shoot in the point long therewith to the throat with a step forward of your right foot, etc.}}</p>
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<p>Mark, this is a technique against the Longpoint with a betrayal of the face, drive it thus: when you come to the man<ref>A. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, if he then stands and holds his<ref>S. "your"</ref> point against your face or breast, then hold your sword on your right shoulder and squint with the face to the point, and do as if you will hew in thereto, and hew strongly with the Squinter (with the short edge on his sword), and shoot in the point long therewith to the throat with a step forward of your right foot, etc.</p>
 
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| {{red|Squint to the upper<br/>Head, if you will ruin the hands.}}
 
| {{red|Squint to the upper<br/>Head, if you will ruin the hands.}}
 
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<p>Item, when he stands against you in the Longpoint, if you will then strike over his hands, then squint in to his face and to his head and do as you will strike him thereupon, and strike him then with the Squinter with the point on his hands, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, when he stands against you in the Longpoint, if you will then strike over his hands, then squint in to his face and to his head and do as if you will strike him thereupon, but strike him then with the Squinter (with the point on his hands), etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[68] You may also do that when he hews you a free Over-hew from above, then Squint to his head as if you will in thereon strike, and hew with the short edge against his head and strike in on his sword's blade down with the point on the hands.<ref>After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.</ref></p>
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| <p>[68] You may also do that when he hews you a free Over-hew from above: then Squint to his head as if you will in thereon strike, but hew with the short edge against his head and strike in down onto his sword's blade with the point on the hands.<ref>After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.</ref></p>
 
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| {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 027r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
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| <small>64</small>
 
| <small>64</small>
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| {{red|Is to the face<br/>And the breast quite a danger.}}
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| {{red|Is, to the face<br/>And the breast, quite a danger.}}
 
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| <small>65</small>
 
| <small>65</small>
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| {{red|What from him comes,<br/>The Crown takes that off.}}
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| {{red|What comes from him,<br/>The Crown takes that off.}}
 
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| <small>66</small>
 
| <small>66</small>
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| <p>[70] Item, drive the Parter thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he lies then<ref name="word-s"/> in the guard Fool, then set the left foot forward and hold your sword with outstretched arms high over your head in the guard From the Tag, and spring to him with the right foot, and hew with the long edge strongly down from above, and remain high with the arms and sink in the point below you to his face or breast. If he then parries with the Crown, thus that the point and the one<ref name="word-a"/> hilt on his sword both stand over him, and drives up therewith and thrusts your point over you,<ref>S. "thrusts your point up".</ref> then turn your sword under through his Crown with the edge in his arm, and Press so the Crown is again broken, and with the Pressing take the edge and therewith pull yourself off, and step near to him when he again parries.<ref>Clause omitted from the Augsburg.</ref><ref name="Ringeck"/></p>
+
| <p>[70] Item, drive the Parter thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he<ref>S. "he then".</ref> lies in the guard Fool, then set the left foot forward and hold your sword with outstretched arms high over your head in the guard From the Day, and spring to him with the right foot, and hew with the long edge strongly down from above, and remain high with the arms and sink in the point below you to his face or breast. If he then parries with the Crown (that the point and the one<ref name="word-a"/> hilt on his sword both stand over him thus), and drives up therewith and thrusts your point over you,<ref>S. "thrusts your point up".</ref> then turn your sword under through his Crown with the edge in his arm, and Press so the Crown is again broken, and with the Pressing take the edge and pull yourself off therewith, and step near to him when he again parries.<ref>Clause omitted from the Augsburg.</ref><ref name="Ringeck"/></p>
 
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| <p>[71] Item, when you will make the Parter-hew on one, then may you allow the long point to go through him under his hands to his face on his right side and long stretched in.</p>
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| <p>[71] Item, when you will make the Parter-hew on someone, then may you allow the long point to go through him, under his hands, to his face (on his right side and stretched in long).</p>
 
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| <p>[73]</p>
 
| <p>[73]</p>
  
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<p>Position yourself in the Ox thus: stand with the left foot in front and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front<ref>Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error.</ref> of the head so that the short edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against the face, etc.</p>
+
<p>Position yourself in the Ox thus: stand with the left foot in front and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front<ref>Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error.</ref> of the head, so that the short edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against the face, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[75]</p>
 
| <p>[75]</p>
  
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<p>Item, the second guard is called the Plow. Position yourself with<ref name="word-s"/> it thus: set the left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands under you on your right side, with the pommel near your right hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands before you against the face of the man, etc.</p>
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<p>{{blue|Item, the second guard is called the Plow. Position yourself with<ref name="word-s"/> it thus: set the left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands under you on your right side, with the pommel near your right hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands before you against the face of the man, etc.}}</p>
 
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| <p>[142] Item, here<ref name="word-s"/> mark how you shall drive the Eight Windings from the Four Hangings. The first Over-Hanging has two Windings, drive that thus. When you come to him<ref>S. "the man".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then stand on your right side in the Ox. If he then hews in<ref name="word-a"/> above in to your left side, then Wind against his hew, the short edge on his sword, yet in Ox, and stab him above in to the face. That is the Winding-in. If he sets the stab off to<ref>S. "against".</ref> his left side, then remain on the sword, and Wind again on your right side in the Ox, the long edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. That is one Hanging from your right side with two Windings on his sword.</p>
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| <p>[142] Item, here<ref name="word-s"/> mark how you shall drive the Eight Windings from the Four Hangings. The first Over-Hanging has two Windings, drive that thus. When you come to the man<ref>A. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then stand on your right side in the Ox. If he then hews in<ref name="word-a"/> above in to your left side, then Wind against his hew, the short edge on his sword, yet in Ox, and stab him above in to the face. That is the Winding-in. If he sets the stab off to<ref>S. "against".</ref> his left side, then remain on the sword, and Wind again on your right side in the Ox, the long edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. That is one Hanging from your right side with two Windings on his sword.</p>
 
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Revision as of 01:05, 20 September 2016

Jud Lew
Born before ca. 1440s
Died date of death unknown
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano
MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg

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Jud Lew was a 15th century German fencing master. His name signifies that he was Jewish, and he seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod.I.6.4º.3, an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1450s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book, a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is a branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, this is almost certainly an error.[2]

Treatises

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two or three primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered Branch D).

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principle text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[3] and also incorporates nine paragraphs from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck and twenty-one paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), the Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[4] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling devices from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

A Branch C might be said to exist as well, first attested in the Vienna version (1480s), though it is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A. A fragment of Branch C appears in the writings of Jörg Wilhalm Hutter (several mss., 1520s), though the Glasgow version (1533) assigns the fragment a much earlier origin, indicating that it was devised by one Nicolaüs in 1489.

Finally, there is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into any branch, namely the one the Mair created based on notes purchased from the estate of Antonius Rast. This gloss is a chimeric abomination, combining text from all three branches in a unique sequence, and then concludes with the final eighteen paragraphs of Ringeck.

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in this article, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Jud Lew, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Peter von Danzig page. Branch C will be placed on another page in the future.

Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. ↑ Jaquet, Daniel; Walczak, Bartłomiej. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". Acta Periodica Duellatorum 2(1): 105-148. 2014. doi:10.1515/apd-2015-0015.
  3. ↑ Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.
  4. ↑ Zabinski, pp 82-83
  5. ↑ "thereby the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.
  6. ↑ S. "right-side foot".
  7. ↑ sic : nahent
  8. ↑ sic : rechten
  9. ↑ sic : lonen
  10. ↑ S. "peasant hew".
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 11.35 11.36 Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  12. ↑ Could be read as “schlichter”.
  13. ↑ "And you shall... with the other" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of also soltu.
  14. ↑ Couplet 104, part of the group 102-109.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  16. ↑ "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  18. ↑ "To you truthfully" omitted from the Augsburg.
  19. ↑ "of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  20. ↑ Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  21. ↑ "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.
  22. ↑ "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.
  23. ↑ Here Salzburg segues into Sigmund ain Ringeck's gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."
  24. ↑ A. "him"
  25. ↑ "with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.
  26. ↑ S. "bind of the sword hews".
  27. ↑ A. "him".
  28. ↑ sic : schwerts
  29. ↑ Sentence omitted from the Augsburg.
  30. ↑ Augsburg just has "protect".
  31. ↑ A. "your"
  32. ↑ Lit. "his".
  33. ↑ Salzburg doubles "schlag".
  34. ↑ "and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.
  35. ↑ A. treffen, S. griffen.
  36. ↑ A. "him"
  37. ↑ "and every" omitted from the Salzburg.
  38. ↑ S. "or"
  39. ↑ A. "on"
  40. ↑ Couplet 91.
  41. ↑ S. "to his"
  42. ↑ A. "to the"
  43. ↑ "and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.
  44. ↑ "if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.
  45. ↑ sic : deinem
  46. ↑ A. "the"
  47. ↑ A. aber: "yet".
  48. ↑ "and all Windings... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg.
  49. ↑ A. anwind: "wind on".
  50. ↑ A. "him".
  51. ↑ S. "your"
  52. ↑ Korrigiert aus »Hautt«.
  53. ↑ After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.
  54. ↑ S. "he then".
  55. ↑ S. "thrusts your point up".
  56. ↑ Clause omitted from the Augsburg.
  57. ↑ Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error.
  58. ↑ This verse is glossed together with 70 in the Augsburg, but the Salzburg separates it out.
  59. ↑ The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and are therefore omitted here.
  60. ↑ Mittels Einfügezeichen korrigiert aus »siten rechten«
  61. ↑ The previous segment of the Augsburg is omitted because it is a truncated version of this one, probably a scribal error: "Item, or if he hews to you up from below from his right side, etc."
  62. ↑ "that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg.
  63. ↑ "do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.
  64. ↑ "to him" omitted from the Salzburg.
  65. ↑ S. were: "weapon".
  66. ↑ "on his neck... on his right side" omitted from the Salzburg.
  67. ↑ S. "ere when you come up"
  68. ↑ S. "to"
  69. ↑ A. "in"
  70. ↑ Salzburg doubles "the feeling".
  71. ↑ "Feel and cannot undertake" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from one instance of nicht to the next.
  72. ↑ S. "work".
  73. ↑ S. entphindest: "perceive".
  74. ↑ S. "ere when".
  75. ↑ Word doubled in the Salzburg.
  76. ↑ S. "word".
  77. ↑ S. "right or left side".
  78. ↑ S. bindest gebünde~.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Disappears into the binding.
  80. ↑ S. "after".
  81. ↑ Corrected from 'mit'.
  82. ↑ S. "wind".
  83. ↑ S. "Technique".
  84. ↑ A. "Item".
  85. ↑ Word doubled in the Augsburg.
  86. ↑ "down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.
  87. ↑ "before you" omitted from the Salzburg.
  88. ↑ S. dring.
  89. ↑ "at the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  90. ↑ "and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of siner rechte~.
  91. ↑ sic : sein rechten bis repetita
  92. ↑ S. "Another wrestling".
  93. ↑ A. "him".
  94. ↑ A. "his".
  95. ↑ S. "weapon".
  96. ↑ S. "your".
  97. ↑ A. "with".
  98. ↑ S. "his".
  99. ↑ "and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg.
  100. ↑ S. "be it an Over-/Under-hew".
  101. ↑ ”einwindẽ durchwindẽ“ written in another hand above the line.
  102. ↑ Illegible word from another hand written above the line.
  103. ↑ A. "noblest"
  104. ↑ Rest der Zeile verschwindet im Bund
  105. ↑ A. "him".
  106. ↑ S. "against".
  107. ↑ S. "your".
  108. ↑ S. "your".
  109. ↑ "in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg.
  110. ↑ korrigiert aus »schnudt«


Early Germanic Traditions
Common Fencing Johannes Liechtenauer reversed.jpg
Wrestling
Liechtenauer
Tradition
Beringer Verse
Augsburg Tradition
Other Works
Fabris Tradition
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