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<p>{{blue|Mark,<ref>A. "Item".</ref> the Running-through and the wrestling pertains to driving against the masters that like to run in, and drive that thus. When he parries you, and therewith<ref name="word-a"/> drives high up with the arms and runs in on you, and will overwhelm you with strength above, then drive up with the arms and hold your sword over your head with the left hand by the pommel, and let the blade hang low behind over your back, and Run-through the arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his right<ref>Word doubled in the Augsburg.</ref> side with the head, and spring with the right foot behind his right, and with the spring drive in with the right arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his left side, well around the body, and grasp him thus on your right hip, and throw him down before you on his head, etc.}}</p>
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<p>Mark,<ref>A. "Item".</ref> the Running-through and the wrestling pertain to driving against the masters that like to run in, and drive it thus: when he parries you and<ref name="word-a"/> drives high up with the arms therewith, and runs in on you and will overwhelm you with strength above, then drive up with the arms and hold your sword over your head (with the left hand by the pommel), and let the blade hang low behind [you], over your back, and run with the head through the arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his right<ref>Word doubled in the Augsburg.</ref> side, and spring with the right foot behind his right, and with the spring, drive in with the right arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his left side, well around the body, and grasp him thus on your right hip, and throw him down before you on his head, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[118] '''Item, another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[118] '''Item, another wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you with arms stretched up, and you against him, then Run-through him with the head to his right side, and step with the right foot in front before his right, and drive in with the right arm under his right arm, around through behind his body, and sink down a little,<ref>"down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and grasp him on the right hip, and throw him behind you. These two wrestlings you shall drive to both sides, etc.</p>
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<p>When he runs in on you with arms stretched up, and you against him, then Run-through him with the head to his right side, and step with the right foot in front before his right, and drive in with the right arm under his right arm, around through behind his body, and sink down a little,<ref>"down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and grasp him on the right hip and throw him behind you. You shall drive these two wrestlings to both sides, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[119] '''Item, yet<ref name="word-s"/> another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[119] '''Item, yet<ref name="word-s"/> another wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you to your right side<ref name="word-s"/> and is high with the arms, and you also, then hold your sword in your right<ref name="word-s"/> hand and thrust therewith his arm from you, and spring with your left foot in-front before his right, and drive in with the left arm well around behind the body, and sink down a little, and grasp him on your left hip, and throw him before you<ref>"before you" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> on the face, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you to your right side<ref name="word-s"/> and is high with the arms, and you also, then hold your sword in your right<ref name="word-s"/> hand and thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with your left foot in-front before his right, and drive in with the left arm well around behind the body, and sink down a little, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him before you<ref>"before you" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> on the face, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[120] '''Item, yet another<ref name="word-s"/> wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[120] '''Item, yet another<ref name="word-s"/> wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you and is high with the arms, and you also, then you shall hold your sword in your right hand, and then thrust his arm therewith from you and spring with the left foot behind his right, and drive with the left arm below through before his breast, in his left side, and grasp him on your left hip, and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you and is high with the arms, and you also, then you shall hold your sword in your right hand and then thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with the left foot behind his right, and drive with the left arm below through before his breast, in his left side, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[121] Mark, when he runs into you with the sword and holds his arms low, that you may not run through him, then drive this wrestling as hereafter described.</p>
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| <p>[121] Mark, when he runs into you with the sword, and holds his arms low so that you may not run through him, then drive this wrestling as hereafter described.</p>
 
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| <p>[122] Item, when he runs in on you with the sword and holds his hands low, then invert your left hand and grip therewith his right, inwardly between both his hands, and jerk<ref>S. ''dring''.</ref> therewith on your left side, and with the right strike him with the sword over the head. Or if you will not strike him, then spring with the right foot behind his left and drive in with the right arm in front or behind around the neck, and thus<ref name="word-s"/> throw him over your right knee, etc.</p>
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| <p>[122] Item, when he runs in on you with the sword and holds his hands low, then invert your left hand and grip his right therewith (inwardly between both his hands), and jerk<ref>S. ''dring''.</ref> it on your left side therewith, and with the right [hand] strike him over the head with the sword. Or, if you will not strike him, then spring with the right foot behind his left and drive in with the right arm in front or behind around the neck, and thus<ref name="word-s"/> throw him over your right knee, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[123] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[123] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword and is low with the hands, then release your left hand ahead from the sword and with the right drive in with the pommel outside over his right hand, and press therewith down, and grasp him with the left hand by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and press him thus over.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword and is low with the hands, then release your left hand ahead from the sword, and with the right drive in with the pommel outside over his right hand, and press down therewith, and grasp him with the left hand by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and press him thus over.</p>
 
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| <p>[124] '''Item, another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[124] '''Item, another wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you at the sword,<ref>"at the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> then invert your left hand and drive therewith over his right arm, and grip therewith his sword between both hands by the handle, and jerk on your left side. Thus you take his sword.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you at the sword,<ref>"at the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> then invert your left hand and drive over his right arm therewith, and grip therewith his sword between both hands by the handle, and jerk on your left side. Thus you take his sword.</p>
 
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| <p>[125] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[125] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
  
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword, then let your sword fall, and invert your right hand, and grip therewith his right outwardly, and with the left grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and thrust his right hand over your left with the right arm,<ref>"and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''siner rechte~''.</ref> and lift him therewith upwards. Thus he is locked and you may thus break the arm, or throw before you over the left leg.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword, then let your sword fall, and invert your right hand and grip his right outwardly therewith, and with the left grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and thrust his right hand over your left with the right arm,<ref>"and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''siner rechte~''.</ref> and lift him upwards therewith. Thus he is locked, and you may thus break the arm or throw [him] before you over the left leg.</p>
 
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| {{red|Slice off the hard ones<br/>From below in both drivings.}}
 
| {{red|Slice off the hard ones<br/>From below in both drivings.}}
 
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<p>That is a counter against the over-binding of your sword, drive that thus. When you fight to him from Under-hews, or from the Strife Hewing, or you lie against him in the guard that is called the Fool, if he falls then with the sword on yours before you then come up with the sword; then remain below on the sword and lift with the short edge fast upwards. If he then presses down fast, then slash below behind you with the sword on his sword's blade, off from his sword, and hew on the sword again quickly into his face, etc.</p>
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<p>{{blue|That is a counter against the over-binding of your sword, drive that thus. When you fight to him from Under-hews, or from the Strife Hewing, or you lie against him in the guard that is called the Fool, if he falls then with the sword on yours before you then come up with the sword; then remain below on the sword and lift with the short edge fast upwards. If he then presses down fast, then slash below behind you with the sword on his sword's blade, off from his sword, and hew on the sword again quickly into his face, etc.}}</p>
 
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Revision as of 01:09, 28 March 2017

Jud Lew
Born before ca. 1440s
Died date of death unknown
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano

Jud Lew was a 15th century German fencing master. His name signifies that he was Jewish, and he seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod.I.6.4º.3, an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1450s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book, a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is actually one branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, this is almost certainly an error.[2]

Treatises

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two or three primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered Branch D).

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz (or, in the case of the 1512 Vienna II, Ringeck's short sword gloss). Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[3] and also incorporates nine paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and twenty-one paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[4] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling devices from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

A Branch C might be said to exist as well, first attested in the Vienna version (1480s), though it is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A. A fragment of Branch C appears in the writings of Jörg Wilhalm Hutter (several mss., 1520s), though Glasgow II (1533) assigns the fragment a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by one Nicolaüs in 1489.

Finally, there is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into any branch, namely the one that Mair created based on papers purchased from the estate of Antonius Rast. This gloss is a chimeric abomination, combining text from all three branches in an apparently-arbitrary sequence, and then concluding with the final eighteen paragraphs of Ringeck.

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the pseudo-Peter von Danzig article, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Jud Lew, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page. Branch C will be placed on another page in the future.

Additional Resources

References

  1. The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. Jaquet, Daniel; Walczak, Bartłomiej. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". Acta Periodica Duellatorum 2(1): 105-148. 2014. doi:10.1515/apd-2015-0015.
  3. Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.
  4. Zabinski, pp 82-83
  5. "thereby the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.
  6. S. "right-side foot".
  7. sic : nahent
  8. sic : rechten
  9. sic : lonen
  10. S. "peasant hew".
  11. 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 11.35 Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  12. Could be read as “schlichter”.
  13. "And you shall... with the other" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of also soltu.
  14. Couplet 104, part of the group 102-109.
  15. 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  16. "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  17. 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  18. "To you truthfully" omitted from the Augsburg.
  19. "of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  20. Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  21. "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.
  22. "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.
  23. Here Salzburg segues into Sigmund ain Ringeck's gloss of the same verse describing how the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thus: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."
  24. A. "him"
  25. "with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.
  26. S. "bind of the sword hews".
  27. A. "him".
  28. sic : schwerts
  29. Sentence omitted from the Augsburg.
  30. Augsburg just has "protect".
  31. A. "your"
  32. Lit. "his".
  33. Salzburg doubles "schlag".
  34. "and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.
  35. A. treffen, S. griffen.
  36. A. "him"
  37. "and every" omitted from the Salzburg.
  38. S. "or"
  39. A. "on"
  40. Couplet 91.
  41. S. "to his"
  42. A. "to the"
  43. "and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.
  44. "if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.
  45. sic : deinem
  46. A. "the"
  47. A. aber: "yet".
  48. "and all Windings... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg.
  49. A. anwind: "wind on".
  50. A. "him".
  51. S. "your"
  52. Korrigiert aus »Hautt«.
  53. After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.
  54. S. "he then".
  55. S. "the one hilt".
  56. S. "thrusts your point up".
  57. Clause omitted from the Augsburg.
  58. Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error.
  59. This verse is glossed together with 70 in the Augsburg, but the Salzburg separates it out.
  60. The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and are therefore omitted here.
  61. Mittels Einfügezeichen korrigiert aus »siten rechten«
  62. A. "quickly there".
  63. "that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg.
  64. "do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.
  65. "to him" omitted from the Salzburg.
  66. S. were: "weapon".
  67. "on his neck... on his right side" omitted from the Salzburg.
  68. S. "ere when you come up"
  69. S. "to"
  70. A. "in"
  71. Salzburg doubles "the feeling".
  72. "Feel and cannot undertake" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from one instance of nicht to the next.
  73. S. "work".
  74. S. entphindest: "perceive".
  75. S. "ere when".
  76. Word doubled in the Salzburg.
  77. S. "word".
  78. S. "right or left side".
  79. S. bindest gebünde~.
  80. 80.0 80.1 Disappears into the binding.
  81. S. "after".
  82. Corrected from 'mit'.
  83. S. "wind".
  84. S. "Technique".
  85. A. "Item".
  86. Word doubled in the Augsburg.
  87. "down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.
  88. "before you" omitted from the Salzburg.
  89. S. dring.
  90. "at the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  91. "and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of siner rechte~.
  92. sic : sein rechten bis repetita
  93. S. "Another wrestling".
  94. A. "him".
  95. A. "his".
  96. S. "weapon".
  97. S. "your".
  98. A. "with".
  99. S. "his".
  100. "and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg.
  101. S. "be it an Over-/Under-hew".
  102. ”einwindẽ durchwindẽ“ written in another hand above the line.
  103. Illegible word from another hand written above the line.
  104. A. "noblest"
  105. Rest der Zeile verschwindet im Bund
  106. A. "him".
  107. S. "against".
  108. S. "your".
  109. S. "your".
  110. "in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg.
  111. korrigiert aus »schnudt«