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Difference between revisions of "Lew"

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| {{red|And left with right,<br/>If you most strongly will fence.}}
 
| {{red|And left with right,<br/>If you most strongly will fence.}}
 
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The first lesson of the long sword is that you before all things shall rightly learn the hews, so that you will otherwise fence strongly, and undertake that thus: when you stand with the left foot before and hew from the right side, then the hew is false and incorrect since the right side remains there behind, thereby the hew becomes too short and may not have its correct going to the right side, etc.
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The first lesson of the long sword is that you before all things shall rightly learn the hews, so that you will otherwise fence strongly, and undertake that thus: when you stand with the left foot before and hew from the right side, then the hew is false and incorrect since the right side remains there behind, thereby the hew<ref>"thereby the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> becomes too short and may not have its correct going to the right side, etc.
 
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| <p>[3] Or if you stand with the right foot before and hew from the left side, if you then do not follow after with the left foot, then the hew is but false. Therefore mark when you hew from the right side that you always follow after with the right foot. The same likewise do also when you hew from the left side. So put your body in the correct balance and thus the hews become long and correctly hewn, etc.
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| <p>[3] Or if you stand with the right foot before and hew from the left side, if you then do not follow after with the left foot, then the hew is but false. Therefore mark when you hew from the right side that you always follow after with the right foot.<ref>Salzburg: "right-side foot".</ref> The same likewise do also when you hew from the left side. So put your body in the correct balance and thus the hews become long and correctly hewn, etc.
 
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| {{red|And if you are left,<br/>In the fencing you also sorely limp.}}
 
| {{red|And if you are left,<br/>In the fencing you also sorely limp.}}
 
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<p>That is a good lesson and touches upon a left-hander and a right-hander. And know how you shall hew so that one does not win the Weak of your sword with the first hew, and undertake that thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing , if you are then right and will strongly fence, then hew the first hew with purpose not from the left side. Then he is weak and may not hold against when you bind strongly on him, or, if you hew from the right side, then you may well strongly hold against and work on the sword what you wish.</p>
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<p>That is a good lesson and touches upon a left-hander and a right-hander. And know how you shall hew so that one does not win the Weak of your sword with the first hew, and undertake that thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, if you are then right and will strongly fence, then hew the first hew with purpose not from the left side. Then he is weak and may not hold against when you bind strongly on him, or, if you hew from the right side, then you may well strongly hold against and work on the sword what you wish.</p>
 
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| {{red|If he becomes aware,<br/>Take off above without danger.}}
 
| {{red|If he becomes aware,<br/>Take off above without danger.}}
 
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<p>Item, the Wrath-hew with the point breaks all Over-hews and is yet nothing more than a simple peasant strike, and drive that thus. When he hews above from the right side to the head, then hew from your right side also from above with him, likewise wrathfully without any parrying, above onto his sword, and let the point shoot in straight ahead of you to the face or the breast. If he then becomes aware of the point and parries with strength, then tear up over yourself with your sword on his sword’s blade, above off from his sword, and hew in to the other side, on his sword’s blade, again in to the head. That is called taking off above, etc.</p>
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<p>Item, the Wrath-hew with the point breaks all Over-hews and is yet nothing more than a simple peasant strike,<ref>Salzburg: "hew".</ref> and drive that thus. When he hews above from the right side to the head, then hew from your right side<ref>Word omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> also from above with him, likewise wrathfully without any parrying, above onto his sword, and let the point shoot in straight ahead of you to the face or the breast. If he then becomes aware of the point and parries with strength, then tear up over yourself with your sword on his sword’s blade, above off from his sword, and hew in to the other side, on his sword’s blade, again in to the head. That is called taking off above, etc.</p>
 
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| {{red|Have you understood this,<br/>To strikes may he seldom come.}}
 
| {{red|Have you understood this,<br/>To strikes may he seldom come.}}
 
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<p>This is when one earnestly hews in at you, if you will then reckon to break the openings on him with artfulness so that he must let you strike without thinking, then drive the Doubling against the Strong of the sword and the Mutating against the Weak. So I say to you truthfully that he cannot guard himself before strikes, and may therefore to strikes not come, etc.</p>
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<p>This is when one earnestly hews in at you, if you will then reckon to break the openings on him with artfulness so that he must let you strike without thinking, then drive the Doubling against the Strong of the sword<ref>"of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and the Mutating against the Weak. So I say to you truthfully that he cannot guard himself before strikes, and may therefore to strikes not come, etc.</p>
 
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| {{red|Who well sets Crooked<br/>With steps injures many hews.}}
 
| {{red|Who well sets Crooked<br/>With steps injures many hews.}}
 
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<p>Know the Crooked-hew is one of the Four Preemptions against the Four Guards. When therewith one Wars the Ox and also the Over and the Under-hew, then drive this: When you come to him with the the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds his sword before the head in the guard of the Ox on his left side, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on the right shoulder in the guard, and from the guard, spring with the right foot well on the right side, and strike him with the long edge with crossed arms over his hands, etc.<ref>Here Salburg combines the Jud Lew text with additional description from [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] describing how the Crooked-hew is used as a counter-cut.</ref></p>
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<p>Know the Crooked-hew is one of the Four Preemptions against the Four Guards.<ref>Here Salzburg segues into [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]]'s gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."</ref> When therewith one Wars the Ox and also the Over and the Under-hew, then drive this: When you come to him<ref>S. ''dem man'': "the man"</ref> with the the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds his sword before the head in the guard of the Ox on his left side, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on the right shoulder in the guard, and from the guard, spring with the right foot well on the right side, and strike him with the long edge with crossed arms over his hands, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[38] Item, position yourself thus with the Barrier-guard to your left side. When you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set the right foot forward and hold your sword with the point near your left side on the earth with crossed hands, so that the short edge on the sword is above, and give an opening with the right side. If he hews you then to the opening, then step with the left foot well from the hew on your left side and strike him with the step with the short edge over his hands, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[38] Item, position yourself thus with the Barrier-guard to your left side. When you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set the right foot forward and hold your sword with the point near your left side on the earth with crossed hands, so that the short edge on the sword is above, and give an opening with the right side. If he hews you then to the opening, then step with the left foot well from the hew on your left side and strike him with the step with the short edge<ref>"with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> over his hands, etc.</p>
 
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| {{red|When it clashes above,<br/>Then stand off, that will I praise.}}
 
| {{red|When it clashes above,<br/>Then stand off, that will I praise.}}
 
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<p>Mark, this technique you shall drive against the masters from the bind of the swords, and mark that thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-guard, or hold it on your nearest shoulder. If he then hews above to your opening, then hew strongly with crossed arms with the long edge against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile with the sword against your left side and drive up with the arms and stab in to the upper opening. Or, if you will not stab him, then mark as quickly as it clashes, then hew him Meanwhile with the short edge to the head and to the body, etc.</p>
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<p>Mark, this technique you shall drive against the masters from the bind of the swords,<ref>S. ''schwertz haulben'': "sword hews".</ref> and mark that thus: When you come to him<ref>S. "the man".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-guard, or hold it on your nearest shoulder. If he then hews above to your opening, then hew strongly with crossed arms with the long edge against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile with the sword against your left side and drive up with the arms and stab in to the upper opening. Or, if you will not stab him, then mark as quickly as it clashes, then hew him Meanwhile with the short edge to the head and to the body, etc.</p>
 
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| {{red|That he does not know truthfully<br/>Where he is without danger.}}
 
| {{red|That he does not know truthfully<br/>Where he is without danger.}}
 
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<p>Mark, when you drive the Crooked-hew, then you must always give an opening therewith, and that means thus: When you hew in with the Crooked-hew from your right side, or bind on his sword, meanwhile you are open with the left side. If he is then thus clever and will hew you from the sword to the opening, and will you make him astray with agility, then remain with your sword on his, and follow after his hew thereon, and Wind in the point Meanwhile to the face, and work in further with the War to the openings, so he truthfully does not know on whatever end he should protect himself before your hews or stabs.<ref name="Ringeck"/></p>
+
<p>Mark, when you drive the Crooked-hew, then you must always give an opening therewith, and that means thus: When you hew in with the Crooked-hew from your right side, or bind on his sword, meanwhile you are open with the left side. If he is then thus clever and will hew you from the sword to the opening, and will you make him astray with agility, then remain with your sword on his, and follow after his hew thereon, and Wind in the point Meanwhile to the face, and work in further with the War to the openings, so he truthfully does not know on whatever end he should guard or protect<ref>Augsburg just has "protect".</ref> himself before your hews or stabs.<ref name="Ringeck"/></p>
 
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Revision as of 19:57, 5 July 2016

Jud Lew
Born before ca. 1440s
Died date of death unknown
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano
MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg

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This article was last edited by Michael Chidester (talk| contribs) at 19:57, 5 July 2016 (UTC). (Update)

Jud Lew was a 15th century German fencing master. His name signifies that he was Jewish, and some sources state that he was baptized Christian. He seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod.I.6.4º.3, a compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1450s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book, a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is a branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, but this seems to be an error.

Treatises

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund Schining ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but the exact nature of this relationship is currently unclear.

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than the other branch (particularly in the extensive Salzburg version of 1491) but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also includes glosses of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing only, and in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz. Apart from containing the most content, the Salzburg version is notable for including nine paragraphs of text that are not found in any other version of Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, but do appear in Ringeck (and constitute almost 10% of that gloss); this predates all known copies of Ringeck's text, but is another indicator of some connection between the works. Branch A was later used by Johannes Lecküchner as a source when he compiled his own gloss of a Recital on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken directly from the Rome,[2] while Augsburg II (1564) is taken from the Krakow but only includes the six illustrated devices of wrestling and their respective captions. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version, consisting solely of a sizeable fragment of the short sword gloss (hence its assignation to Branch B) which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

There is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into either branch, namely the Vienna version (included in a 1480 manuscript along with Paulus Kal's work, though Kal's personal level of involvement is unknown). The text of this copy is more consistent with the generally shorter descriptions of Branch A, but the overall contents much more closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword. The Vienna version may therefore be a copy of the original gloss before it split into these branches (or it may merely be an odd attempt by a scribe to synthesize the two branches into a single, shorter work).

While Branches A and B were originally presented in a single concordance on the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig page, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus Branch A has been moved here to Jud Lew's page, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the page of Pseudo-Danzig. As the Vienna version cannot be cleanly assigned to one branch or the other, it has been omitted for the present.

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Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. ↑ Zabinski, pp 82-83
  3. ↑ "thereby the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.
  4. ↑ Salzburg: "right-side foot".
  5. ↑ sic : nahent
  6. ↑ sic : rechten
  7. ↑ sic : lonen
  8. ↑ Salzburg: "hew".
  9. ↑ Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  10. ↑ "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  12. ↑ "of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  13. ↑ Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  14. ↑ "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.
  15. ↑ Word omitted in the Augsburg.
  16. ↑ "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.
  17. ↑ Here Salzburg segues into Sigmund ain Ringeck's gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."
  18. ↑ S. dem man: "the man"
  19. ↑ "with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.
  20. ↑ S. schwertz haulben: "sword hews".
  21. ↑ S. "the man".
  22. ↑ sic : schwerts
  23. ↑ Sentence omitted from the Augsburg.
  24. ↑ Augsburg just has "protect".
  25. ↑ sic : deinem
  26. ↑ Korrigiert aus »Hautt«.
  27. ↑ After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.
  28. ↑ Salzburg: "thrusts your point up".
  29. ↑ Clause omitted from the Augsburg.
  30. ↑ The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and are therefore omitted here.
  31. ↑ Mittels Einfügezeichen korrigiert aus »siten rechten«
  32. ↑ Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  33. ↑ "that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg.
  34. ↑ "do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Disappears into the binding.
  36. ↑ Corrected from 'mit'.
  37. ↑ "and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of siner rechte~.
  38. ↑ sic : sein rechten bis repetita


Early Germanic Traditions
Common Fencing Johannes Liechtenauer reversed.jpg
Wrestling
Liechtenauer
Tradition
Beringer Verse
Augsburg Tradition
Other Works
Fabris Tradition
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