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| {{red|If he becomes aware,<br/>Take-off above without danger.}}
 
| {{red|If he becomes aware,<br/>Take-off above without danger.}}
 
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<p>Item, the Wrath-hew breaks all Over-hews with the point, and yet it is nothing more than a simple peasant strike,<ref>S. "peasant hew".</ref> and drive that thus: when he hews above from the right side to the head, then hew with him also from your right side<ref name="word-s">Word omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> from above (likewise wrathfully without any parrying), above onto his sword, and let the point shoot in straight ahead of you to the face or the breast. If he then becomes aware of the point and parries with strength, then with your sword on his sword’s blade, tear off from his sword up above over yourself, and hew in to the other side, on his sword’s blade, again in to the head. That is called taking-off above, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, the Wrath-hew breaks all Over-hews with the point, and yet it is nothing more than a simple peasant strike,<ref>S. "peasant hew".</ref> and drive that thus: when he hews above from the right side to the head, then wrathfully hew with him also (without any parrying), likewise from above from your right side<ref name="word-s">Word omitted from the Salzburg.</ref>, above onto his sword, and let the point shoot in straight ahead of you to the face or the breast. If he then becomes aware of the point and parries with strength, then with your sword on his sword’s blade, tear off from his sword up above over yourself, and hew in to the other side, on his sword’s blade, again in to the head. That is called taking-off above, etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[52] {{red|b=1|Here mark the Thwart strike to the Four Openings, etc.}}</p>
 
| <p>[52] {{red|b=1|Here mark the Thwart strike to the Four Openings, etc.}}</p>
  
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<p>{{blue|Item, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you in the guard From the Day, then spring with the right foot against him, well on your right side, and strike him with the Thwart above to the Ox on his left side with full art. If he parries you,<ref name="word-a"/> then strike<ref>Salzburg doubles "schlag".</ref> him quickly below to the Plow on his right side, and then drive the Thwart-strike quickly further, always one to the Ox, the other to the Plow, crosswise from one side to the other, to the head and to the body,<ref>"and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> etc.}}</p>
+
<p>Item, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you in the guard From the Day, then spring with the right foot against him (well on your right side), and strike him above with the Thwart to the Ox on his left side with full art. If he parries you,<ref name="word-a"/> then strike<ref>Salzburg doubles "schlag".</ref> him quickly below to the Plow on his right side, and then quickly drive the Thwart-strike further, always one to the Ox, the other to the Plow, crosswise from one side to the other, to the head and to the body,<ref>"and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> etc.</p>
 
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| <p>[53] Item, you shall also remember that you always shall spring-out widely on a side with each Thwart-strike, so that you may therewith hit<ref>A. ''treffen'', S. ''griffen''.</ref> him to the head, and see that you meanwhile are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
+
| <p>[53] Item, you shall also remember that you shall always spring-out widely on a side with each Thwart-strike, so that you may hit<ref>A. ''treffen'', S. ''griffen''.</ref> him to the head therewith, and meanwhile see that you are well-guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
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| {{red|Failer misleads.<br/>From below it hits as you wish.}}
 
| {{red|Failer misleads.<br/>From below it hits as you wish.}}
 
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<p>Mark, the Failer is a technique that therewith becomes planned by the fencer and hits as he wishes, and strikes those that like to parry and those that hew to the sword and not to the openings of the body.</p>
+
<p>Mark, the Failer is a technique that becomes planned by the fencer and therewith hits as he wishes, and strikes those that like to parry and those that hew to the sword and not to the openings of the body.</p>
 
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| <p>[55] Item, drive the Failer thus, when you come to him<ref>S. "the man"</ref> with the pre-fencing, then hew the Under-hews from both sides, you then come on him with a Under-hew from your right side, then shoot in<ref name="word-a"/> the point therewith long in to the breast, so he must parry. Then spring quickly with the left foot on his right side, and do as if you will strike him thereto, and pull the hew, and strike quickly around again to the left side. Or, if you come before the left side with the Under-hew on him, then shoot in the point yet long, and drive the driving as it stands before in the nearest description, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[55] Item, drive the Failer thus, when you come to the man<ref>A. "him"</ref> with the pre-fencing, then hew the Under-hews from both sides. If you then come on him with an Under-hew from your right side, then shoot in<ref name="word-a"/> the point therewith long in to the breast, so he must parry. Then spring quickly with the left foot on his right side, and do as if you will strike him thereto, but pull the hew and strike quickly around again to the left side. Or, if you come before the left side with the Under-hew on him, then shoot in the point yet long, and drive the driving as it stands before in the nearest description, etc.</p>
 
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| {{red|The elbow<br/>take knowingly, spring in his balance.}}
 
| {{red|The elbow<br/>take knowingly, spring in his balance.}}
 
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<p>Mark, the Inverter shall you covertly bring in the pre-fencing when therewith you force the man so that you may Run-through him and correctly grasp him with wrestling.</p>
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<p>Mark, you shall covertly bring the Inverter in the pre-fencing, when you force the man therewith so that you may Run-through him and correctly grasp him with wrestling.</p>
 
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| <p>[57] Item, drive the Inverter thus, when you are gone half to him with the pre-fencing, then go the other half further to him, each and every<ref>"and every" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> with the left foot before, and hew a free Under-hew from the right side after each step forward, the left foot after, and with the hew, so Invert and<ref>S. "or"</ref> turn the long edge of<ref>A. "on"</ref> the sword always above. And as quickly as you you therewith bind him on his sword, then hang in the point Meanwhile in above and stab him to the face. If he parries the stab and drives high up with the arms, then Run-through him. Or, if he remains low with the hands with the parrying, then grip his right elbow with the left hand, and hold fast, and spring with the left foot in front of his right, and thrust him thus thereover.</p>
+
| <p>[57] Item, drive the Inverter thus: when you are gone half to him with the pre-fencing, then go the other half further to him, each and every<ref>"and every" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> with the left foot before, and hew a free Under-hew from the right side after each step forward, the left foot after, and with the hew, so Invert and<ref>S. "or"</ref> turn the long edge of<ref>A. "on"</ref> the sword always above. And as quickly as you bind him on his sword therewith, then hang the point in above Meanwhile and stab him to the face. If he parries the stab and drives high up with the arms, then Run-through him. Or, if he remains low with the hands in the parrying, then grip his right elbow with the left hand, and hold fast, and spring with the left foot in front of his right, and thrust him thus thereover.</p>
 
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| <p>[58] Item, and when you shall Run-through, that you will find hereafter described in the technique that speaks "Run-though, let hang with the pommel if you will wrestle."</p>
+
| <p>[58] Item, and when you shall Run-through, that you will find hereafter described in the technique that speaks "Run-though, let hang with the pommel if you will wrestle."<ref>Couplet 91.</ref></p>
 
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| {{red|Twofold further,<br/>Step in left and be not lax.}}
 
| {{red|Twofold further,<br/>Step in left and be not lax.}}
 
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<p>Mark, this is called the Twofold Failer, and drive it thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot before and hold your sword on the right shoulder, and when you see that he is even to you, then spring against him well out with the right foot on your right side, and do as if you will hew him with a free Thwart strike to his left side to his<ref>A. "to the"</ref> head, and pull the hew, and spring with the left foot well around him to his right side, and strike him with the Thwart to his<ref>A. "to the"</ref> head. If he parries you<ref name="word-a"/> and you hit his sword, then step away to the same side near him, and slice him behind his sword's blade with the short edge with the Doubling in the mouth. Or fall in with the sword over both arms and slice.<ref>"and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> Drive that to both sides. You may also likewise drive the Failer from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, if that is what you wish, etc.<ref>"if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref></p>
+
<p>Mark, this is called the Twofold Failer, and drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot fore and hold your sword on the right shoulder, and when you see that he is even to you, then spring against him with the right foot well out on your right side, and do as if you will hew him with a free Thwart strike to his left side to the<ref>S. "to his"</ref> head, but pull the hew, and spring with the left foot well around him to his right side, and strike him with the Thwart to his<ref>A. "to the"</ref> head. If he parries you<ref name="word-a"/> and you hit his sword, then step away to the same side near him, and slice him behind his sword's blade with the short edge, with the Doubling in the mouth. Or fall in with the sword over both arms and slice.<ref>"and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> Drive that to both sides. You may also likewise drive the Failer from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, if that is what you wish, etc.<ref>"if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref></p>
 
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| {{red|Who threatens to Change,<br/>Squinter robs him therefrom.}}
 
| {{red|Who threatens to Change,<br/>Squinter robs him therefrom.}}
 
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<p>Know the Squinter is a strange, good, serious<ref name="word-s"/> technique, when it breaks one with power with hew and with stab, and goes ahead with inverted sword. Therefore many masters of the sword know nothing to say of the hew. And also [it breaks] the guard that is called the Plow.</p>
+
<p>{{blue|Know the Squinter is a strange, good, serious<ref name="word-s"/> technique, when it breaks one with power with hew and with stab, and goes ahead with inverted sword. Therefore many masters of the sword know nothing to say of the hew. And also [it breaks] the guard that is called the Plow}}.</p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  

Revision as of 16:08, 12 September 2016

Jud Lew
Born before ca. 1440s
Died date of death unknown
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano
MS Thott.290.2º 011r.jpg

Caution: Scribes at Work

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This article was last edited by Michael Chidester (talk| contribs) at 16:08, 12 September 2016 (UTC). (Update)

Jud Lew was a 15th century German fencing master. His name signifies that he was Jewish, and some sources state that he was baptized Christian. He seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the Cod.I.6.4º.3, a compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1450s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book, a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing that is a branch of the so-called Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss. Though some versions of Martin Huntfeltz's treatise on armored fencing are also attributed to Lew, but this seems to be an error.

Treatises

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two or three primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered Branch D).

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principle text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[2] and also incorporates nine paragraphs from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck and twenty-one paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), the Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[3] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling devices from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

A Branch C might be said to exist as well, first attested in the Vienna version (1480s), though it is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A. A fragment of Branch C appears in the writings of Jörg Wilhalm Hutter (several mss., 1520s), though the Glasgow version (1533) assigns the fragment a much earlier origin, indicating that it was devised by one Nicolaüs in 1489.

Finally, there is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into any branch, namely the one the Mair created based on notes purchased from the estate of Antonius Rast. This gloss is a chimeric abomination, combining text from all three branches in a unique sequence, and then concludes with the final eighteen paragraphs of Ringeck.

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in this article, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Jud Lew, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Peter von Danzig page. Branch C will be placed on another page in the future.

Additional Resources

References

  1. ↑ The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of Paulus Kal's treatise: MS 1825 (1460s), Cgm 1570 (ca. 1470), and MS KK5126 (1480s).
  2. ↑ Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.
  3. ↑ Zabinski, pp 82-83
  4. ↑ "thereby the hew" omitted from the Salzburg.
  5. ↑ S. "right-side foot".
  6. ↑ sic : nahent
  7. ↑ sic : rechten
  8. ↑ sic : lonen
  9. ↑ S. "peasant hew".
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 Word omitted from the Salzburg.
  11. ↑ Could be read as “schlichter”.
  12. ↑ "And you shall... with the other" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of also soltu.
  13. ↑ Couplet 104, part of the group 102-109.
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 Word omitted from the Augsburg.
  15. ↑ "of the man… of the girdle" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of der gürttell.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 The subsequent play in Salzburg is taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and is therefore omitted here.
  17. ↑ "To you truthfully" omitted from the Augsburg.
  18. ↑ "of the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  19. ↑ Fehlstelle im Manuskript
  20. ↑ "and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.
  21. ↑ "And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.
  22. ↑ Here Salzburg segues into Sigmund ain Ringeck's gloss of the same verse describing hot the Crooked hew is used as a counter-cut: "This is how you shall cut crooked to the hands, and execute the play thusly: When he cuts from your[sic: his] right side with the over- or under-cut, spring away from the cut with the right foot against him well to his left side, and strike him with outstretched arms with the [point] upon his hands."
  23. ↑ A. "him"
  24. ↑ "with the short edge" omitted from the Salzburg.
  25. ↑ S. "bind of the sword hews".
  26. ↑ A. "him".
  27. ↑ sic : schwerts
  28. ↑ Sentence omitted from the Augsburg.
  29. ↑ Augsburg just has "protect".
  30. ↑ A. "your"
  31. ↑ Lit. "his".
  32. ↑ Salzburg doubles "schlag".
  33. ↑ "and to the body" omitted from the Salzburg.
  34. ↑ A. treffen, S. griffen.
  35. ↑ A. "him"
  36. ↑ "and every" omitted from the Salzburg.
  37. ↑ S. "or"
  38. ↑ A. "on"
  39. ↑ Couplet 91.
  40. ↑ S. "to his"
  41. ↑ A. "to the"
  42. ↑ "and slice" omitted from the Salzburg.
  43. ↑ "if that is what you wish" omitted from the Salzburg.
  44. ↑ sic : deinem
  45. ↑ S. "his"
  46. ↑ A. aber: "yet".
  47. ↑ "and all Winding... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg.
  48. ↑ A. anwind: "wind on".
  49. ↑ S. "the man"
  50. ↑ S. "your"
  51. ↑ Korrigiert aus »Hautt«.
  52. ↑ After this paragraph is a repetition of [59], the Twofold Failer.
  53. ↑ S. "thrusts your point up".
  54. ↑ Clause omitted from the Augsburg.
  55. ↑ Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error.
  56. ↑ This verse is glossed together with 70 in the Augsburg, but the Salzburg separates it out.
  57. ↑ The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck, and are therefore omitted here.
  58. ↑ Mittels Einfügezeichen korrigiert aus »siten rechten«
  59. ↑ The previous segment of the Augsburg is omitted because it is a truncated version of this one, probably a scribal error: "Item, or if he hews to you up from below from his right side, etc."
  60. ↑ "that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg.
  61. ↑ "do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.
  62. ↑ "to him" omitted from the Salzburg.
  63. ↑ S. were: "weapon".
  64. ↑ "on his neck... on his right side" omitted from the Salzburg.
  65. ↑ S. "ere when you come up"
  66. ↑ S. "to"
  67. ↑ A. "in"
  68. ↑ Salzburg doubles "the feeling".
  69. ↑ "Feel and cannot undertake" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from one instance of nicht to the next.
  70. ↑ S. "work".
  71. ↑ S. entphindest: "perceive".
  72. ↑ S. "ere when".
  73. ↑ Word doubled in the Salzburg.
  74. ↑ S. "word".
  75. ↑ S. "right or left side".
  76. ↑ S. bindest gebünde~.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Disappears into the binding.
  78. ↑ S. "after".
  79. ↑ Corrected from 'mit'.
  80. ↑ S. "wind".
  81. ↑ S. "Technique".
  82. ↑ A. "Item".
  83. ↑ Word doubled in the Augsburg.
  84. ↑ "down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.
  85. ↑ "before you" omitted from the Salzburg.
  86. ↑ S. dring.
  87. ↑ "at the sword" omitted from the Salzburg.
  88. ↑ "and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of siner rechte~.
  89. ↑ sic : sein rechten bis repetita
  90. ↑ S. "Another wrestling".
  91. ↑ A. "him".
  92. ↑ A. "his".
  93. ↑ S. "weapon".
  94. ↑ S. "your".
  95. ↑ A. "with".
  96. ↑ S. "his".
  97. ↑ "and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg.
  98. ↑ S. "be it an Over-/Under-hew".
  99. ↑ ”einwindẽ durchwindẽ“ written in another hand above the line.
  100. ↑ Illegible word from another hand written above the line.
  101. ↑ A. "noblest"
  102. ↑ Rest der Zeile verschwindet im Bund
  103. ↑ S. "the man".
  104. ↑ S. "against".
  105. ↑ S. "your".
  106. ↑ S. "your".
  107. ↑ "in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg.
  108. ↑ korrigiert aus »schnudt«


Early Germanic Traditions
Common Fencing Johannes Liechtenauer reversed.jpg
Wrestling
Liechtenauer
Tradition
Beringer Verse
Augsburg Tradition
Other Works
Fabris Tradition
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