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Difference between revisions of "Lew"

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'''Jud Lew''' is the name (or possibly pseudonym) of a [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]]. The appellation "Jude" seems to signify that he was Jewish, though Jude was also a surname of some non-Jewish families, and he seems to have stood in the tradition of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], though he was not included in [[Paulus Kal]]'s ca. 1470 list of the members of the [[Fellowship of Liechtenauer]].<ref>The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of [[Paulus Kal]]'s treatise: [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS 1825)|MS 1825]] (1460s), [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Cgm 1507)|Cgm 1570]] (ca. 1470), and [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|MS KK5126]] (1480s).</ref>
+
'''Lew''' or '''Lewe''' is the presumed name of a [[century::15th century]] [[nationality::German]] [[fencing master]]. The name "Lewe" means lion and might have been a nickname or pseudonym; alternatively, the colophon of the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod. I.6.4º.3]] could be interpreted to mean that he was Jewish, in which case it might be the German spelling of a Jewish name like Levi. He seems to have stood in the tradition of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]], though he was not included in [[Paulus Kal]]'s ca. 1470 list of the members of the [[Fellowship of Liechtenauer]].<ref>The Fellowship of Liechtenauer is recorded in three versions of [[Paulus Kal]]'s treatise: [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS 1825)|MS 1825]] (1460s), [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (Cgm 1507)|Cgm 1570]] (ca. 1470), and [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|MS KK5126]] (1480s).</ref>
  
−
Lew is often erroneously credited with authoring the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod. I.6.4º.3]], an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises created in the 1460s. In fact, his name is only associated with a single section of that book,<ref>See [[Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123r.jpg|folio 123r]].</ref> a [[gloss]] of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]]'s [[Recital]] on [[mounted fencing]] that is one branch of the so-called [[Pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] gloss (see below). Though some versions of [[Martin Huntfeltz]]'s treatise on [[armored fencing]] are also attributed to Lew, this is almost certainly an error.<ref>Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.</ref> By convention, the gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on [[long sword]] fencing that generally accompanies this mounted gloss is also attributed to Lew.
+
Lew is sometimes erroneously credited with authoring the whole of the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Cod. I.6.4º.3]], which is an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises, created in the 1460s. His name is actually associated with just two sections of that book: he is credited as the author of an armored fencing treatise which was really written by [[Martin Huntsfeld]],<ref>Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.</ref> and is mentioned at the end of a [[gloss]] of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]]'s [[Recital]] on [[mounted fencing]]<ref>See the colophon on [[Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123r.jpg|folio 123r]].</ref> (by convention, the gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on [[long sword]] fencing that almost always accompanies this mounted gloss is also attributed to Lew). Though this colophon is generally regarded as indicating that Lew authored the gloss (which is one branch of the larger [[Pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] gloss family), it could alternatively be interpreted to mean that Lew was the scribe or client for the whole manuscript.
  
 
== Stemma ==
 
== Stemma ==
  
−
Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig [[gloss]] seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered a fourth branch).
+
Early on in its history, the prototype of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered a fourth branch).
  
−
Branch A, first attested in the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Augsburg version]] (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of [[Andre Liegniczer]] and [[Martin Huntfeltz]] (or, in the case of the 1512 [[Oplodidaskalia sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (MS 26-232)|Vienna II]], Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the [[Jud Lew]] gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|Salzburg version]] (1491), which was copied independently<ref>Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.</ref> and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by [[Paulus Hector Mair]] (three mss., 1540s), [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Lienhart Sollinger]] (1556), and [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|Joachim Meyer]] (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for [[Johannes Lecküchner]]'s gloss on the [[Messer]] in the late 1470s.
+
Branch A, first attested in the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Augsburg version]] (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of [[Andre Lignitzer]] and [[Martin Huntsfeld]] (or, in the case of the 1512 [[Oplodidaskalia sive Armorvm Tractandorvm Meditatio Alberti Dvreri (MS 26-232)|Vienna II]], Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the [[Lew]] gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|Salzburg version]] (1491), which was copied independently<ref>Both Augsburg and Salzburg contain significant scribal errors of omission that allow us to identify manuscripts copied from them.</ref> and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by [[Paulus Hector Mair]] (three mss., 1540s), [[Maister Liechtenawers Kunstbuech (Cgm 3712)|Lienhart Sollinger]] (1556), and [[Fechtbuch zu Ross und zu Fuss (MS Var.82)|Joachim Meyer]] (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for [[Johannes Lecküchner]]'s gloss on the [[Messer]] in the late 1470s.
  
 
Branch B, attested first in the [[Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome version]] (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The [[Goliath Fechtbuch (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow version]] (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,<ref>Zabinski, pp 82-83</ref> while [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg II]] (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the [[Glasgow Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.341)|Glasgow version]] (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.
 
Branch B, attested first in the [[Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome version]] (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The [[Goliath Fechtbuch (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow version]] (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,<ref>Zabinski, pp 82-83</ref> while [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg II]] (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the [[Glasgow Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.341)|Glasgow version]] (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.
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== Treatises ==
 
== Treatises ==
  
−
While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the [[pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Jud Lew, Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page, and branch C is now on the [[Nicolaüs Augsburger]] page.
+
While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the [[pseudo-Peter von Danzig]] article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Lew, Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page, and branch C is now on the [[Nicolaüs]] page.
  
 
{{master begin
 
{{master begin
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  | width = 300em
 
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{| class="floated master"
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{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Cory Winslow]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|B|Complete Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Cory Winslow]]</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 001r.jpg|1|lbl=1r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 001r.jpg|1|lbl=1r}}
 
|  
 
|  
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| <p>{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 082r.png|1|lbl=82r|p=1}}<br/><br/></p>
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|  
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{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 082r.png|1|lbl=82r|p=1}}<br/><br/>
  
 
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 084r.png|1|lbl=84r}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 084r.png|1|lbl=84r}}
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{{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 I 082r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 I 082v.jpg|1|lbl=82v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 I 082r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 I 082v.jpg|1|lbl=82v|p=1}}
 
|  
 
|  
−
| <p>{{section|Page:MS Var.82 016r.png|6|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/></p>
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|  
 +
{{section|Page:MS Var.82 016r.png|6|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/>
  
−
<p><br/></p>
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<br/>
  
 
{{section|Page:MS Var.82 016v.png|1|lbl=16v}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Var.82 016v.png|1|lbl=16v}}
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>36</small>
 
| <small>36</small>
−
| {{red|Four openings know,<br/>Aim<ref name="word-a">Word omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> so you strike wisely,}}
+
| {{red|Four openings know,<br/>Aim<ref name="word-a">Word omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.</ref> so you strike wisely,}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>37</small>
 
| <small>37</small>
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>40</small>
 
| <small>40</small>
−
| {{red|I say to you truthfully,<ref>"To you truthfully" omitted from the Augsburg.</ref><br/>No man protects himself without danger.}}
+
| {{red|I say to you truthfully,<ref>"To you truthfully" effaced from the Augsburg by damage to the page.</ref><br/>No man protects himself without danger.}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>41</small>
 
| <small>41</small>
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[26] Item, the Mutating to the right side. When you hew in strongly above from your right shoulder and you bind with the long edge on his sword, then drive up quickly with the arms and remain thus standing at the sword;<ref>"and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> if he parries and is Soft in the sword, then Wind the short edge on his sword on your left side, and drive up well with the arms and hang the point above over his sword, and drive the arms<ref>"with the arms… and drive" omitted from the Rostock. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''den armen''.</ref> therewith and stab in to the other opening, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[26] Item, the Mutating to the right side. When you hew in strongly above from your right shoulder and you bind with the long edge on his sword, then drive up quickly with the arms and remain thus standing at the sword;<ref>"and you bind with… standing on the sword" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.</ref> if he parries and is Soft in the sword, then Wind the short edge on his sword on your left side, and drive up well with the arms and hang the point above over his sword, and drive the arms<ref>"with the arms… and drive" omitted from the Rostock. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''den armen''.</ref> therewith and stab in to the other opening, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 013r.jpg|1|lbl=13r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 013r.jpg|1|lbl=13r}}
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[27] Item, the Mutating to the left side. Or if you hew in from the left side with the long edge bound<ref name="word-a"/> on his sword, then drive up with the arms and remain with the same edge standing on the sword, and wind yet the short edge over his sword, and drive well up with the arms, and hang the point in above over his sword, and drive there well with the arms, and stab him to the lower opening of his left side.<ref>"And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg.</ref> Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hewing hereafter as you find the Weak and Strong of the sword, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[27] Item, the Mutating to the left side. Or if you hew in from the left side with the long edge bound<ref name="word-a"/> on his sword, then drive up with the arms and remain with the same edge standing on the sword, and wind yet the short edge over his sword, and drive well up with the arms, and hang the point in above over his sword, and drive there well with the arms, and stab him to the lower opening of his left side.<ref>"And wind yet… and stab him" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.</ref> Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hewing hereafter as you find the Weak and Strong of the sword, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 013r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 013r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[29] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
+
| <p>[29] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
 
<p>Item, you shall also drive the Crooked-hew from the Barrier-guard from both sides, and position yourself in the guard thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set your<ref>A, M: "the</ref> left foot before [you] and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth so that the long edge on the sword is turned above, and thus you give an opening with the left side. If he then hews above to your opening, then spring from the hew<ref>"the hew" omitted in Mair.</ref> with the right foot well on the right side against him, and thrust the pommel of your sword under your right arm with the left hand, and strike him with the long edge (with crossed hands) with the point in his hands, etc.</p>
 
<p>Item, you shall also drive the Crooked-hew from the Barrier-guard from both sides, and position yourself in the guard thus: when you come to the man with the pre-fencing, then set your<ref>A, M: "the</ref> left foot before [you] and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth so that the long edge on the sword is turned above, and thus you give an opening with the left side. If he then hews above to your opening, then spring from the hew<ref>"the hew" omitted in Mair.</ref> with the right foot well on the right side against him, and thrust the pommel of your sword under your right arm with the left hand, and strike him with the long edge (with crossed hands) with the point in his hands, etc.</p>
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| {{red|Crooked not, hew short;<br/>Show changing-through therewith.}}
 
| {{red|Crooked not, hew short;<br/>Show changing-through therewith.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>This is a counter against the guard of the Ox, drive it thus: when you go to the man with the pre-fencing, if he then stands in the guard and holds his sword on his left side before the head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder and do as if you will bind on his sword with the Crooked-hew, and hew short and change through below therewith, and shoot the point long in to the other side to the opening, so he must parry. Therewith you come to strikes (and to other work with the sword).</p>
+
<p>This is a counter against the guard of the Ox, drive it thus: when you come<ref>A., M., S. "go"</ref> to the man with the pre-fencing, if he then stands in the guard and holds his sword on his left side before the head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder<ref>"the head, then throw your sword on" omitted from Mair. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from ''dem'' to ''dein''.</ref> and do as if you will bind on his sword with the Crooked-hew, and hew short and change through below therewith, and shoot the point long in to the other side to the opening, so he must parry. Therewith you come to strikes (and to other work with the sword).</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| <p>[42] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
 
| <p>[42] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
−
<p>Item, drive the Failer thus, when you come to the man<ref>A., M., R. "him"</ref> with the pre-fencing, then hew the Under-hews from both sides. If you then come on him with an Under-hew from your right side, then shoot in<ref name="word-a"/> the point therewith long in to the breast, so he must parry. Then spring quickly with the left foot on his right side, and do as if you will strike him thereto, but pull the hew and strike quickly around again to the left side. Or,<ref name="word-r"/> if you come before the left side with the Under-hew on him, then shoot in the point yet long, and drive the driving as it stands before in the nearest description, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, drive the Failer thus, when you come to the man<ref>A., M., R. "him"</ref> with the pre-fencing, then hew the Under-hews from both sides. If you then come on him with an Under-hew from your right side, then shoot in<ref name="word-a"/> the point therewith long in to the breast, so he must parry. Then spring quickly with the left foot on his right side, and do as if you will strike him thereto, but pull the hew and strike quickly around again to the left side with the Thwart. Or,<ref name="word-r">Word omitted from the Rostock.</ref> if you come before the left side with the Under-hew on him, then shoot in the point yet long, and drive the driving as it stands before in the nearest description, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| {{red|The elbow take knowingly,<br/>Spring in his balance.}}
 
| {{red|The elbow take knowingly,<br/>Spring in his balance.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Mark, you shall covertly bring the Inverter in the pre-fencing, when you force the man therewith so that you may Run-through him and correctly grasp him with wrestling.</p>
+
<p>Mark, you shall covertly bring the Inverter<ref>M. "you shall bring the Inverter with extended arms".</ref> in the pre-fencing, when you force the man therewith so that you may Run-through him and correctly grasp him with wrestling.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| {{red|Who threatens to Change,<br/>Squinter robs him therefrom.}}
 
| {{red|Who threatens to Change,<br/>Squinter robs him therefrom.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Know that the Squinter is a strange, good, serious<ref name="word-s"/> technique, when it breaks in with power, with hew and with stab, and goes ahead with inverted sword. Therefore many masters of the sword know nothing to say of the hew. And also [it breaks] the guard that is called the Plow.</p>
+
<p>Know that the Squinter is a strange, good, serious<ref name="word-s"/> technique, when it breaks in with power, with hew and with stab, and goes ahead with inverted sword. Therefore many masters of the sword<ref>"of the sword" omitted in Mair.</ref> know nothing to say of the hew. And also [it breaks] the guard that is called the Plow.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[48] Item, drive the Squinter thus: when you come with the pre-fencing to the man, then set the left foot fore and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then hews you from above to your head, then turn your sword and spring ahead with the right foot, and hew long against his hew with the short edge, with arms stretched over his sword in<ref name="word-s"/> to his face or breast. If he then is thus clever and Fails with the hew and Changes-through below your sword, then remain with long arms with the point before his face so he may not harm you, nor come through below, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[48] Item, drive the Squinter thus: when you come with the pre-fencing to the man, then set your<ref>A., R. "the"</ref> left foot fore and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then hews you from above to your head, then turn your sword and spring ahead with the right foot, and hew long against his hew with the short edge, with arms stretched over his sword in<ref name="word-s"/> to his face or his<ref name="word-s"/> breast. If he then is thus clever and Fails with the hew and Changes-through below your sword, then remain with long arms with the point before his face so he may not harm you, nor come through below, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| <p>[50] '''Another item'''</p>
 
| <p>[50] '''Another item'''</p>
  
−
<p>When you stand against and have your sword on your right shoulder, if he stands then against you in the guard of the Plow and threatens to stab you below, then turn your hew in with the short edge, long in above, so he may not reach you below with the stab.</p>
+
<p>When you stand against and have your sword on your right shoulder, if he stands then against you in the guard of the Plow and threatens to stab you below, then turn your hew in with the short edge, long in above, so he may not reach you below with the stab.<ref>"with the stab" omitted from the Rostock.</ref></p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| {{red|Squint that he is short on you,<br/>Changing-through defeats him.}}
 
| {{red|Squint that he is short on you,<br/>Changing-through defeats him.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>This is a lesson, that when you go ahead with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with your face or see if he fights you short, and the shortening of the sword is undertaken thus: when he does not lengthen the arms with his<ref>A. "the"</ref> hew, then he is shortened. If you lie in the guard Fool,<ref>A. ''aber'': "yet".</ref> if he will fall thereon with the sword, so is he<ref name="word-a"/> but shortened. If he fights against you from the Ox or from the Plow, that is also short, and all Windings before the man, they are all short,<ref>"and all Windings... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and such fencers shall you then Change-through. Therewith you compel them that they must parry, so then you may freely hew and work with the sword, and also with wrestling, etc.</p>
+
<p>This is a lesson, that when you go ahead with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with your face or see if he fights you short, and the shortening of the sword is undertaken thus: when he does not lengthen the arms with his<ref>A., M., R. "the"</ref> hew, then he is shortened. If you lie in the guard Fool,<ref>A., M., R. ''aber'': "yet"; this seems to be a misspelling of ''alber''.</ref> if he will fall thereon with the sword, so is he<ref name="word-a"/> but shortened. If he fights against you from the Ox or from the Plow, that is also short, and all Windings before the man, they are all short,<ref>"and all Windings... are all short" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''kurtz vnd''.</ref> and such fencers shall you then Change-through. Therewith you compel them that they must parry, so then<ref name="word-s"/> you may freely hew and work with the sword, and also with wrestling, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| <p>[52] '''Item, another lesson'''</p>
 
| <p>[52] '''Item, another lesson'''</p>
  
−
<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with the face if he fights short against you. You shall thus discern if, when he hews, he does not stretch the arms before himself long from him with the hew, then is his sword shortened. And [against] all fencers that so fight short, Change-through freely then from hews and from stabs with the Longpoint, therewith you beset them on the sword so that they must let you come to bind on<ref>A. ''anwind'': "wind on".</ref> them and allow you to strike.</p>
+
<p>When you go to him with the pre-fencing, then you shall squint with the face if he fights short against you. You shall thus discern if, when he hews, he does not stretch the arms before himself long from him with the hew, then is his sword shortened. And [against] all fencers that so fight short,<ref>"that so fight short" omitted from Mair. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping from ''fechtern'' to ''fechten''.</ref> Change-through freely then from hews and from stabs with the Longpoint, therewith you beset them on the sword so that they must let you<ref name="word-m">Word omitted from Mair.</ref> come to bind on<ref>A., M. ''anwind'': "wind on".</ref> them and allow you to strike.</p>
 
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| {{red|Squint to the point,<br/>Take the neck without fear.}}
 
| {{red|Squint to the point,<br/>Take the neck without fear.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Mark, this is a technique against the Longpoint with a betrayal of the face, drive it thus: when you come to the man<ref>A. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, if he then stands and holds his<ref>S. "your"</ref> point against your face or breast, then hold your sword on your right shoulder and squint with the face to the point, and do as if you will hew in thereto, and hew strongly with the Squinter (with the short edge on his sword), and shoot in the point long therewith to the neck with a step forward of your right foot, etc.</p>
+
<p>Mark, this is a technique against the Longpoint with a betrayal of the face, drive it thus: when you come to the man<ref>A., M., R. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, if he then stands and holds his<ref>S. "your"</ref> point against your face or breast,<ref>R. "the breast".</ref> then hold your sword on your right shoulder and squint with the face to the point, and do as if you will hew in thereto, and hew strongly with the Squinter (with the short edge on his sword), and shoot in the point long therewith to the neck with a step forward of your right foot, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| {{red|Twofold it further<br/>Step in left and be not lax}}
 
| {{red|Twofold it further<br/>Step in left and be not lax}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>This is how you shall drive the failer twofold to both sides. And undertake that thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot fore and hold your sword on the right shoulder, and when you see that he is even to you, then spring against him well out with the right foot on your right side, and do as if you will hew a free Over-hew to his left side to his head. If he drives then before with the parrying, then pull the hew again up and spring quickly with the left foot well around the man to his right side, and in the spring but do as if you will strike to the right side,<ref>Rostock ends here with the statement (written in Latin) "Previously in the chapter Vom Feler", which is odd because this is the exact point when the text ceases to bear any resemblance to the earlier version in that chapter.</ref> and fore-pull and spring again with the right foot around him on his left side and strike to the same side freely with one. Meanwhile, if he will attack after the opening, then fall in with the long edge in the arms with the edge<ref>"in the arms with the edge" omitted from Dresden and Vienna.</ref> and press from you.</p>
+
<p>This is how you shall drive the failer twofold to both sides. And undertake that thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot fore and hold your sword on your<ref>A., M., R. "the"</ref> the right shoulder, and when you see that he is even to you, then spring against him<ref name="word-r"/> well out with the right foot on your<ref>R. "his"</ref> right side, and do as if you<ref>"as if you" omitted from the Salzburg and Rostock.</ref> will hew a free Over-hew to his left side to his head. If he drives then before with the parrying, then pull the hew again up and spring quickly with the left foot well around the man to his right side, and in the spring but do as if you will strike to the right side,<ref>Rostock ends here with the statement (written in Latin) "Previously in the chapter Vom Feler", which is odd because this is the exact point when the text ceases to bear any resemblance to the earlier version in that chapter.</ref> and fore-pull and spring again with the right foot around him on his left side and strike to the same side freely with one. Meanwhile, if he will attack after the opening, then fall in with the long edge in the arms with the edge<ref>"in the arms with the edge" omitted from Mair and the Rostock. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from ''schneiden'' to ''schnitt''.</ref> and press from you.</p>
  
 
<p>And you shall know to drive from both sides, and that may you drive from the Thwart strike.</p>
 
<p>And you shall know to drive from both sides, and that may you drive from the Thwart strike.</p>
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| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
−
{{section|Page:MS Var.82 026r.png|1|lbl=26r|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Var.82 026r.png|1|lbl=26r}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[57] Item, drive the Parter thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he<ref>S. "he then".</ref> lies in the guard Fool, then set the left foot forward and hold your sword with outstretched arms high over your head in the guard From the Day, and spring to him with the right foot, and hew with the long edge strongly down from above, and remain high with the arms and sink in the point below you to his face or breast. If he then parries with the Crown (that the point and the hilt<ref>S. "the one hilt".</ref> on his sword both stand over him thus), and drives up therewith and thrusts your point over you,<ref>S. "thrusts your point up".</ref> then turn your sword under through his Crown with the edge in his arm, and Press so the Crown is again broken, and with the Pressing take the edge and pull yourself off therewith, and step near to him when he again parries.<ref>Clause omitted from the Augsburg.</ref><ref name="Ringeck"/></p>
+
| <p>[57] Item, drive the Parter thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he<ref>S. "he then".</ref> lies in the guard Fool, then set the left foot forward and hold your sword with outstretched arms high over your head in the guard From the Day, and spring to him with the right foot, and hew with the long edge strongly down from above, and remain high with the arms and sink in the point below you to his face or breast. If he then parries with the Crown (that the point and the hilt<ref>S. "the one hilt".</ref> on his sword both stand over him thus), and drives up therewith and thrusts your point over you,<ref>S. "thrusts your point up".</ref> then turn your sword under through his Crown with the edge in his arm, and Press so the Crown is again broken, and with the Pressing take the edge and pull yourself off therewith, and step near to him when he again parries.<ref>Clause omitted from the Augsburg, Mair, and the Rostock.</ref><ref name="Ringeck"/></p>
 
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| {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 028r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 028r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 097v.png|1|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 097v.png|1|lbl=-}}
−
| {{section|Page:Cod.10825 080v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}}
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.10825 080v.png|2|lbl=-}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
| {{section|Page:MS Var.82 026r.png|2|lbl=26r|p=1}}
+
| {{section|Page:MS Var.82 026r.png|2|lbl=26r}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
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|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>68</small>
 
| <small>68</small>
−
| {{red|Four Leaguers alone<br/>Therefrom you hold, curse the common.}}
+
| {{red|Four Leaguers alone<br/>Therefrom you hold, and<ref>Word omitted in the Augsburg, Salzburg, and Mair.</ref> curse the common.}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>69</small>
 
| <small>69</small>
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{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 029r.jpg|1|lbl=29r}}
 
{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 029r.jpg|1|lbl=29r}}
−
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 097v.png|2|lbl=-}}
−
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 097v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}}
 
 
|  
 
|  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.10825 080v.png|3|lbl=-}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.10825 080v.png|3|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[59] '''Of the Oxen'''</p>
 
| <p>[59] '''Of the Oxen'''</p>
  
−
<p>Position yourself in the Ox thus: stand with the left foot in front and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front<ref>Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error.</ref> of the head, so that the short edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against the face, etc.</p>
+
<p>Position yourself in the Ox thus: stand with the left foot in front and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front<ref>Augsburg doubles the phrase "and hold your sword on your right side with the hilt in front". This is probably a scribal error in which the scribe's eye jumped to the wrong line.</ref> of the head, so that the short edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against the face, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 1,719: Line 1,720:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[60] Item, position yourself on the left side in the Ox thus: stand with the right foot before and hold your sword on your left side with the hilt in front of the head, so that the long edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against his face. And that is the Ox from both sides.</p>
+
| <p>[60] Item, position yourself on the left side in the Ox thus: stand with the right foot before and hold your sword on your left side with the hilt in front of the head, so that the long edge stands against you, and hold the point thus against his face. And<ref name="word-sr"/> that is the Ox from both sides.</p>
 
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
−
{{section|Page:MS Var.82 026v.png|3|lbl=-}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Var.82 026v.png|4|lbl=-}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 1,768: Line 1,769:
 
| <p>[63] '''Of the Fool'''</p>
 
| <p>[63] '''Of the Fool'''</p>
  
−
<p>Item, the third guard is called the<ref name="word-a"/> Fool. And position yourself with<ref name="word-s"/> it thus: set the left foot in front and hold your sword before you with stretched arms, with the point on the earth and so that the short edge is above, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, the third guard is called the<ref name="word-amr"/> Fool. And position yourself with<ref name="word-s"/> it thus: set the left foot in front and hold your sword before you with stretched arms, with the point on the earth and so that the short edge is above, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 1,813: Line 1,814:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>71</small>
 
| <small>71</small>
−
| {{red|Guard yourself before parrying,<br/>If it happens, it hurts you more.}}
+
| {{red|Guard yourself before parrying,<br/>If it happens, it hurts you more.}}<ref>This couplet is listed separately in Salzburg, with a paragraph from the gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck.</ref>
 
|}
 
|}
 
<p>Mark, you have heard before of the Four Guards, so you shall now know that there are the Four Forfendings with which you shall break the Four Guards. Know that no parrying pertains thereto since four hews break the Four Guards.</p>
 
<p>Mark, you have heard before of the Four Guards, so you shall now know that there are the Four Forfendings with which you shall break the Four Guards. Know that no parrying pertains thereto since four hews break the Four Guards.</p>
Line 1,833: Line 1,834:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[66] The first is the Crooked-hew, which breaks the guard of the Ox.</p>
+
| <p>[66] Item,<ref name="word-asm">Word omitted from the Augsburg, Salzburg, and Mair.</ref> the first is the Crooked-hew, which breaks the guard of the Ox.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 029v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 029v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[67] The second, that is the Thwart-hew, which breaks the guard From the Day.</p>
+
| <p>[67] Item,<ref name="word-asm"/> the second, that is the Thwart-hew, which breaks the guard From the Day.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,859: Line 1,860:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[68] The third, that<ref name="word-s"/> is the Squinter-hew, which breaks the guard of the Plow.</p>
+
| <p>[68] Item,<ref name="word-asm"/> the third, that<ref name="word-s"/> is the Squinter-hew, which breaks the guard of the Plow.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 030r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 030r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
Line 1,871: Line 1,872:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[69] The fourth is the Part-hew, which breaks the guard that is called the<ref name="word-a"/> Fool.</p>
+
| <p>[69] Item,<ref name="word-asm"/> the fourth is the Part-hew, which breaks the guard that is called the<ref name="word-amr"/> Fool.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 030r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 030r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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| {{red|Hear what I teach:<br/>Wrench off quickly with threat.}}
 
| {{red|Hear what I teach:<br/>Wrench off quickly with threat.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Mark, this is when he has parried you and will not draw off from the sword, and he means to let you come to no technique: then do as if you will draw off from the sword, and pull your sword [to] you to half the blade, and drive the sword quickly up therewith and hew him quickly with the short edge, or with the Doubling, to the head.</p>
+
<p>Mark, this is<ref>"this is" omitted in the Augsburg, the Rostock, and the Mair.</ref> when he has parried you and will not draw off from the sword, and he means to let you come to no technique: then do as if you will draw off from the sword, and pull your sword [to] you to half the blade, and drive the sword quickly up therewith and hew him quickly with the short edge, or with the Doubling, to the head.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 1,911: Line 1,912:
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
−
{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 030v.jpg|2|lbl=-|lbl=30v}}
+
{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 030v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
Line 1,928: Line 1,929:
 
| <p>[72] '''Item, another.'''</p>
 
| <p>[72] '''Item, another.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he has parried you, then wrench up over you with with your sword on his sword's blade, against his point (as if you will take off above). Then remain on the sword and hew him simply on the blade, in against his head, etc.<ref>The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]], and are therefore omitted here.</ref></p>
+
<p>When he has parried you, then wrench up over you with with your sword on his sword's blade, against his point (as if you will take off above). Then remain on the sword and hew him simply on the blade, in<ref name="word-m"/> against his head, etc.<ref>The subsequent two plays in Salzburg are taken from the gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]], and are therefore omitted here.</ref></p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 1,980: Line 1,981:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[75] Item, or if he then hews in from above from his left side, then come before with the Forfending and shoot in the point long in to the nearest standing opening of his right side, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[75] Item, or if he then hews in from above from<ref name="word-m"/> his left side, then come before with the Forfending and shoot in the point long in to the nearest standing opening of his right side, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 031v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 031v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
Line 2,005: Line 2,006:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[77] Item, or if he hews to you up from below from his left side, then shoot the point long in to the lower opening of his right side, and see the Setting-on therewith always. If he becomes aware of the shooting in and parries, then remain with the sword on his, and work quickly<ref>A. "quickly there".</ref> to the nearest opening, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[77] Item, or if he hews to you up from below from his left side, then shoot the point long in to the<ref>M. "his"</ref> lower opening of his right side, and see the Setting-on therewith always. If he becomes aware of the shooting in and parries, then remain with the sword on his, and work quickly<ref>A. "quickly there".</ref> to the nearest opening, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 032r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 032r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
Line 2,043: Line 2,044:
 
| {{red|And test the driving<br/>If they are Soft or Hard.}}
 
| {{red|And test the driving<br/>If they are Soft or Hard.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Item, mark the Travelings-after are many<ref name="word-a"/> and multiple, and pertain to driving with great prudence against the fencers that fence from free long hews,<ref>"that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and otherwise do not hold<ref>"do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> the right Art of the Sword, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, mark the Travelings-after are many and<ref>"many and" omitted in Mair; Augsburg omits "many" and just says "are and multiple".</ref> multiple, and pertain to driving with great prudence against the fencers that fence from free long hews,<ref>"that fence from free long hews" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''fechten''.</ref> and otherwise do not hold<ref>"do not hold" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> the right Art of the Sword, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,065: Line 2,066:
 
| <p>[79] '''Item, the first technique from the Traveling-after'''</p>
 
| <p>[79] '''Item, the first technique from the Traveling-after'''</p>
  
−
<p>Drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot forward and stand in the guard From the Day, and see well even that which he fences against you. If he then hews in<ref name="word-s"/> long from his right shoulder, then do not parry him, and wait so that he does not reach you with the hew. Then mark while his sword goes below you against the earth, [and] then spring to him<ref>"to him" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> with the right foot, and hew him above in to the opening of his right side before he comes up again. So he is struck, etc.</p>
+
<p>Drive it thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set the left foot forward and stand in the guard From the Day, and see well even that which he fences against you. If he then hews in<ref name="word-s"/> long from his right shoulder, then do not parry him, and wait so that he does not reach you with the hew. Then mark while his sword goes below you against the earth, [and] then spring to him<ref>"to him" omitted from the Salzburg and Mair. Rostock just has "to".</ref> with the right foot, and hew him above in to the opening of his right side ere<ref name="word-m"/> he comes up again. So he is struck, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,080: Line 2,081:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[80] '''Item, another technique.'''</p>
+
| <p>[80] '''Item, another technique.'''<ref name="title-m">Title is repeated in Mair.</ref></p>
  
−
<p>When he forehews at you and you hew after him, if he then drives quickly up with the sword and parries, then remain strongly with the long edge on his sword. If he then lifts upwards with the sword, then spring with the left foot well behind his right, and strike him with the Thwart (or such) to the right side of his head, and work quickly around to his left side with the Doubling (or such with other techniques) thereafter, if you find he is Soft or Hard on the sword. And that is the Outer Conduct, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he forehews at you and you hew after him, if he then drives quickly up with the sword<ref>M. "if he the drives his sword quickly upward".</ref> and parries, then remain strongly with the long edge on his sword. If he then lifts upwards with the sword, then spring with the left foot well behind his right, and strike him with the Thwart (or such) to the right side of his head, and work quickly around to his left side with the Doubling (or such with other techniques) thereafter, if you find he is Hard or Soft<ref>M. "Soft or Hard".</ref> on the sword. And that is the Outer Conduct, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,097: Line 2,098:
 
| <p>[81] '''Item, yet another technique.'''</p>
 
| <p>[81] '''Item, yet another technique.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he forehews in front of you and you hew after him, if you then bind on his sword against<ref name="word-s"/> his left side, and he then strikes quickly around with the weapon<ref>A. ''zwer'': "thwart".</ref> from the parrying to your right side, then come in Meanwhile ahead with the Thwart before, under his sword against his left side [and] on his neck. Or, spring with the left foot on his right side<ref>"on his neck... on his right side" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and hew after his hew to the right side. Or, drive the slice in over his arm to the head, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he forehews in front of you and you hew after him, if you then bind on his sword against<ref name="word-s"/> his left side, and he then strikes quickly around with the weapon<ref>A. ''zwer'': "thwart".</ref> from the parrying to your right side, then come in Meanwhile ahead with the Thwart before, under his sword against his left side [and] on his neck. Or, spring with the left foot on his right side<ref>"on his neck... on his right side" omitted from the Salzburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping from to the second instance of ''seiten''.</ref> and strike or<ref>"Strike or" omitted from the Augsburg, Salzburg, and Rostock.</ref> hew after his hew to the right side. Or, drive the slice in over his arm to the head, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,112: Line 2,113:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[82] '''Item, yet a Traveling-after.'''</p>
+
| <p>[82] '''Item, yet a Traveling-after.'''<ref name="title-m"/></p>
  
−
<p>When you fight against him from Under-hewing or from Slashing, or you lie against him in the guard Fool, if he then falls with the sword on yours ere you then come up,<ref>S. "ere when you come up"</ref> then remain thus below on the sword, and lift upwards. If he will then hew you from the parrying or Wind-in on<ref>S. "to"</ref> the sword, then let him not come off from the sword, and follow after him thereon, and work therewith to the nearest opening.</p>
+
<p>When you fight against him from Under-hewing or from Slashing, or you lie against him in the guard Fool, if he then falls with the sword on yours ere you then come up,<ref>S., R. "ere when you come up"</ref> then remain thus below on the sword, and lift upwards. If he will then hew you from the parrying or Wind-in on<ref>S. "to"</ref> the sword, then let him not come off from the<ref name="word-am">Word omitted from the Augsburg and Mair.</ref> sword, and follow after him thereon, and work therewith to the nearest opening.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,128: Line 2,129:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[83] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
+
| <p>[83] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
 
<p>Item, mark, you shall Travel-after him from all guards and from all hews as quickly as you can, when he forehews in front of you or opens himself with the sword.</p>
 
<p>Item, mark, you shall Travel-after him from all guards and from all hews as quickly as you can, when he forehews in front of you or opens himself with the sword.</p>
Line 2,154: Line 2,155:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>78</small>
 
| <small>78</small>
−
| {{red|The Feeling learn;<br/>Meanwhile, that slices sorely.}}
+
| {{red|The Feeling learn;<br/>The word<ref>"The word" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.</ref> "Meanwhile", that slices sorely.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Know that, on<ref>A. "in"</ref> the sword, the Feeling<ref>Salzburg doubles "the feeling".</ref> and the word "Meanwhile" are the greatest Art. And whoever is a Master of the Sword, or wants to be, and<ref name="word-s"/> he cannot Feel and cannot undertake<ref>"Feel and cannot undertake" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from one instance of ''nicht'' to the next.</ref> the word "Meanwhile", so is he not a Master, [rather] he is a Buffalo of the Sword. Therefore you shall, before all things, learn the word "Meanwhile" and the Feeling well.</p>
+
<p>Know that, on<ref>A., R. "in"</ref> the sword, the Feeling<ref>Salzburg doubles "the feeling".</ref> and the word "Meanwhile" are the greatest Art. And whoever is a Master of the Sword, or wants to be, and<ref name="word-s"/> he cannot Feel and cannot undertake<ref>"Feel and cannot undertake" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping from one instance of ''nicht'' to the next.</ref> the word "Meanwhile", so is he not a Master, [rather] he is a Buffalo of the Sword. Therefore you shall, before all things, learn the word "Meanwhile" and the Feeling well.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,178: Line 2,179:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[85] Mark<ref>S. "work".</ref> the Feeling thus: When you come with him to the pre-fencing, and one binds the other on the sword, then Meanwhile, as the swords clash together, you shall Feel with the hand if he has bound on Soft or Hard. And as quickly as you Feel<ref>S. ''entphindest'': "perceive".</ref> Soft or Hard, then think on the word "Meanwhile", that is, that you shall work quickly with the sword in the Feeling, so he becomes struck ere<ref>S. "ere when".</ref> you are.</p>
+
| <p>[85] Item,<ref name="word-am"/> mark<ref>S. "work".</ref> the Feeling thus: When you come with him to the pre-fencing, and one binds the other on the sword, then Meanwhile, as the swords clash together, you shall Feel with the hand if he has bound on Soft or Hard. And as quickly as you Feel<ref>S., R. ''entphindest'': "perceive".</ref> Soft or Hard, then think on the word "Meanwhile", that is, that you shall work quickly with the sword in the Feeling, so he becomes struck ere<ref>S., R. "ere when".</ref> you are.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,191: Line 2,192:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[86] Item, now you shall know that Feeling and the word "Meanwhile" may not be one without the other, and undertake that thus: when you bind on his sword, then you must Feel Soft or Hard with the word "Meanwhile". And when you Feel, then you must yet work Meanwhile. Thus are they always by one another, since the word "Meanwhile" is in all techniques. </p>
+
| <p>[86] Item, now you shall know that Feeling and the word "Meanwhile" may not be one without the other, and undertake that thus: when you bind him<ref name="word-s"/> on his sword, then you must Feel Soft or Hard with the word "Meanwhile". And when you Feel, then you must yet work Meanwhile. Thus are they always by one another, since the word "Meanwhile" is in all techniques.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 035v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 035v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
Line 2,203: Line 2,204:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[87] Mark that thus: Meanwhile Doubles, Meanwhile Mutates, Meanwhile Changes-through, Meanwhile Runs-through, Meanwhile takes the Slice, Meanwhile wrestles with, Meanwhile<ref>Word doubled in the Salzburg.</ref> takes the sword.<ref>S. "word".</ref> Meanwhile does whatever your heart desires. "Meanwhile" is a sharp word by which all masters become sliced, and they do not know or understand the word "Meanwhile" from previously, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[87] Mark<ref>M. "undertake"</ref> that thus: Meanwhile Doubles, Meanwhile Mutates, Meanwhile Changes-through, Meanwhile Runs-through, Meanwhile takes the Slice, Meanwhile wrestles with, Meanwhile<ref>Word doubled in the Salzburg.</ref> takes the sword.<ref>S. "word".</ref> Meanwhile does whatever your heart desires. "Meanwhile" is a sharp word by which all masters become sliced, and they do not know or understand the word "Meanwhile" from previously, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 035v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 035v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
Line 2,249: Line 2,250:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>80</small>
 
| <small>80</small>
−
| {{red|Whoever overcomes,<br/>Over-run, then he becomes ashamed.}}
+
| {{red|Whoever overcomes,<ref>S. "Whoever aims below", which matches the standard Recital. R. "whoever winds below".</ref><br/>Over-run, then he becomes ashamed.}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>81</small>
 
| <small>81</small>
−
| {{red|When it clashes above,<br/>So strengthen, that do I praise.}}
+
| {{red|When it clashes above,<br/>So strengthen, that do I<ref name="word-r"/> praise.}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>82</small>
 
| <small>82</small>
Line 2,275: Line 2,276:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[90] Item, mark when you have bound<ref>S. ''bindest gebünde~''.</ref> him strongly on his sword, if he then strikes from the parrying around you to the other side, then bind him yet with the long edge strongly on his sword, above to the head, and work to the openings as before. Drive that to both sides, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[90] Item, mark when you have bound<ref>S. ''bindest gebünde~''.</ref> him strongly on his sword, if he then strikes from the parrying around<ref>M. "under"</ref> you to the other side, then bind him<ref name="word-r"/> yet with the long edge strongly on his<ref>S. "his"</ref> sword, above to the head, and work to the openings as before. Drive that to both sides, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 037r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 037r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
Line 2,299: Line 2,300:
 
| {{red|From both sides,<br/>Hit all, if you will step.}}
 
| {{red|From both sides,<br/>Hit all, if you will step.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Item, mark when you come to him with the pre-fencing: if he then stands against you as if he will stab, then set your left foot forward and lay yourself against him in the Plow to your right side, and give an opening with your left. If he then stabs to the opening, then Wind with your sword on your left side against his stab, the short edge on his sword, and set it off therewith, that<ref name="word-s"/> your point remains thus<ref name="word-a"/> standing against him, and step to him with<ref name="word-a"/> the right foot and stab him Meanwhile to the face or to<ref name="word-a"/> the breast, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, mark when you come to him with the pre-fencing: if he then stands against you as if he will stab, then set your left foot forward and lay yourself against him in the Plow to your right side, and give an opening with your left.<ref>M. "left side"</ref> If he then stabs to the opening, then Wind with your sword on your left side against his stab, the short edge on his sword, and set it off therewith, that<ref name="word-s"/> your point remains thus<ref name="word-a"/> standing against him, and step to him with<ref name="word-a"/> the right foot and stab him Meanwhile to the face or to<ref name="word-am"/> the breast, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,320: Line 2,321:
 
| <p>[92] '''Item, another technique.'''</p>
 
| <p>[92] '''Item, another technique.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When you stand to your right side in the Plow, if he then hews above to your left side<ref name="word-s"/> to the opening, then drive up with the sword and Wind against his hew therewith on your left side, the hilt before the head in the Ox, and step ahead with the right foot therewith, and stab in to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. And also drive the technique from the Plow on the left side, etc.</p>
+
<p>When you stand to your right side in the Plow, if he then hews above to your left side<ref name="word-sr"/> to the opening, then drive up with the sword and Wind against his hew therewith on your left side, the hilt before the<ref>S. "his"</ref> head in the Ox, and step ahead with<ref name="word-m"/> the right foot therewith, and stab in to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. And also drive the technique from the Plow on the left side, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 038r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 038r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
Line 2,366: Line 2,367:
 
| {{red|Whoever binds on you,<br/>Change-through him; closely slice or find.}}
 
| {{red|Whoever binds on you,<br/>Change-through him; closely slice or find.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Item, know the Changing-throughs are many and multiple, and you may drive them from all hews against the fencers that hew there to<ref>S. "after".</ref> the sword, and not to the openings of the man. And you shall learn very well to drive them with prudence, so that one does not Set-on you while you Change-through him.</p>
+
<p>Item,<ref name="word-sr"/> know the Changing-throughs are many and multiple, and you may drive them from all hews against the fencers that hew there to<ref>S. "after".</ref> the sword, and not to the openings of the man. And you shall learn very well to drive them with prudence, so that one does not Set-on you while you Change-through him.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,386: Line 2,387:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[94] Item, drive the Changing-through thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then hew in long above<ref name="word-s"/> to the head. If he then hews against your sword and not to your body, then let your point whisk through below with the hew, before he binds you<ref name="word-s"/> on the sword, and stab him to the other side. If he then becomes aware of the stab, and quickly drives with the sword after the stab with parrying, then Change-though yet [again] to the other side, and drive then always when he drives after your sword with the parrying to both sides, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[94] Item, drive the Changing-through thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then hew in long above<ref name="word-s"/> to the head. If he then hews<ref>R. "hews you"</ref> against your sword and not to your body, then let your point whisk through<ref>S., R. "change through"</ref> below with the hew, before he binds you<ref name="word-s"/> on the sword, and stab him to the other side. If he then becomes aware of the stab, and quickly drives with the sword after the stab with parrying, then Change-though yet [again] to the other side, and drive then always when he drives after your sword with the parrying to both sides, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 039r.jpg|1|lbl=39r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 039r.jpg|1|lbl=39r}}
Line 2,401: Line 2,402:
 
| <p>[95] '''Item, yet a Changing-through.'''</p>
 
| <p>[95] '''Item, yet a Changing-through.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set your left foot forward and hold the Long Point against his face. If he then hews you from above or below to the sword, and wants to strike that away or bind<ref>S. "wind".</ref> thereon, let the point sink underneath and stab to the other side, and do that against all hews, etc.</p>
+
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then set your<ref>S. "the"</ref> left foot forward and hold the Long Point against his face. If he then hews you from above or below to the sword, and wants to strike that away or bind<ref>S., R. "wind".</ref> thereon, let the point sink underneath and stab to the other side, and do that against all hews, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,416: Line 2,417:
 
| <p>[96] '''Item, this technique mark very evenly.'''</p>
 
| <p>[96] '''Item, this technique mark very evenly.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he has parried you (or has otherwise bound on your sword), if he then holds his point on your sword [but] not against the opening of your body, and lets it go near on the side beside you,<ref name="word-s"/> then Change-through under<ref name="word-a"/> him boldly. Or, if he remains with the point before the face or<ref name="word-s"/> against the opening, then do not Change-through, and remain on the sword and work therewith to his nearest opening; thus he may not Travel-after or Set-on you.</p>
+
<p>When he has parried you (or has otherwise bound on your sword), if he then holds his point on your sword [but] not against the opening of your body, and lets it go near on the side beside you, then Change-through under<ref name="word-amr"/> him boldly. Or, if he remains with the point before the face or<ref name="word-s"/> against the opening, then do not Change-through, and remain on the sword and work therewith to his nearest opening; thus he may not Travel-after or Set-on you.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,492: Line 2,493:
 
<p>''The wrestling in the long sword''</p>
 
<p>''The wrestling in the long sword''</p>
  
−
<p>Mark,<ref>A. "Item".</ref> the Running-through and the wrestling pertain to driving against the masters that like to run in, and drive it thus: when he parries you and<ref name="word-a"/> drives high up with the arms therewith, and runs in on you and will overwhelm you with strength above, then drive up with the arms and hold your sword over your head (with the left hand by the pommel), and let the blade hang low behind [you], over your back, and run with the head through the arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his right<ref>Word doubled in the Augsburg.</ref> side, and spring with the right foot behind his right, and with the spring, drive in with the right arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his left side, well around the body, and grasp him thus on your right hip, and throw him down before you on his head, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item,<ref name="word-sr"/> mark<ref name="word-am"/> the Running-through and the wrestling pertain to driving against the masters that like to run in, and drive it thus: when he parries you and drives high up with the arms therewith,<ref name="word-am"/> and runs in on you and will overwhelm you with strength above, then drive up with the arms and hold your sword over your head (with the left hand by the pommel), and let the blade hang low behind [you], over<ref>R. "on"</ref> your back, and run with the head through the arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his right<ref>Word doubled in the Augsburg.</ref><ref name="word-m"/> side, and spring with the right foot behind his right, and with the spring, drive in with the right arm against<ref name="word-s"/> his left side, well around the body, and grasp him thus on your right hip, and throw him down before you on his head, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,518: Line 2,519:
 
| <p>[100] '''Item, another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[100] '''Item, another wrestling.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he runs in on you with arms stretched up, and you against him, then Run-through him with the head to his right side, and step with the right foot in front before his right, and drive in with the right arm under his right arm, around through behind his body, and sink down a little,<ref>"down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and grasp him on the right hip and throw him behind you. You shall drive these two wrestlings to both sides, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you with arms stretched up, and you against him, then Run-through him with the head to his<ref>S. "your"</ref> right side, and step with your<ref>A., R. "the"</ref> right foot in front before his right, and drive in with the right arm under his right arm,<ref name="word-sr"/> around through behind his body, and sink down a little,<ref>"down a little" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> and grasp him on the right hip and throw him behind you. You shall drive these two wrestlings to both sides, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 042r.jpg|1|lbl=42r}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 042r.jpg|1|lbl=42r}}
Line 2,533: Line 2,534:
 
| <p>[101] '''Item, yet<ref name="word-s"/> another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[101] '''Item, yet<ref name="word-s"/> another wrestling.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he runs in on you to your right side<ref name="word-s"/> and is high with the arms, and you also, then hold your sword in your right<ref name="word-s"/> hand and thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with your left foot in-front before his right, and drive in with the left arm well around behind the body, and sink down a little, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him before you<ref>"before you" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> on the face, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you to your right side<ref name="word-s"/> and is high with the arms, and you also, then hold your sword in your<ref>A., M., R. "the"</ref> right<ref name="word-s"/> hand and thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with your left foot in-front before his right, and drive in with the left arm well around behind his<ref>A., S., R. "the"</ref> body, and sink down a little, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him before you<ref>"before you" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> on the face, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,547: Line 2,548:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[102] '''Item, yet another<ref name="word-s"/> wrestling.'''</p>
+
| <p>[102] '''Item, yet another<ref>S., R. "a"</ref> wrestling.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he runs in on you and is high with the arms, and you also, then you shall hold your sword in your right hand and then thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with the left foot behind his right, and drive with the left arm below through before his breast, in his left side, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides, etc.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you and is high with the arms, and you also, then you shall hold your sword in your right hand and then<ref name="word-sr"/> thrust his arm from you therewith, and spring with the left foot behind his right,<ref>M. "rightful"</ref> and drive with the left arm below through before his breast, in his left side, and grasp him on your left hip and throw him behind you. Drive these two wrestlings also to both sides, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,563: Line 2,564:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[103] Mark, when he runs into you with the sword, and holds his arms low so that you may not run through him, then drive this wrestling as hereafter described.</p>
+
| <p>[103] Mark, when he runs into you with the<ref name="word-s"/> sword, and holds his arms low so that you may not<ref>Word doubled in Mair.</ref> run through him, then drive this wrestling as hereafter described.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 043r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 043r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
Line 2,590: Line 2,591:
 
| <p>[105] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[105] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword and is low with the hands, then release your left hand ahead from the sword, and with the right drive in with the pommel outside over his right hand, and press down therewith, and grasp him with the left hand by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and press him thus over.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword and is low with the hands, then release your left hand ahead from the sword, and with the right drive in<ref name="word-s"/> with the pommel outside over his right hand, and press down therewith, and grasp him with the left hand by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and press him thus over.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,621: Line 2,622:
 
| <p>[107] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
 
| <p>[107] '''Item, yet another wrestling.'''</p>
  
−
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword, then let your sword fall, and invert your right hand and grip his right outwardly therewith, and with the left grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and thrust his right hand over your left with the right arm,<ref>"and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''siner rechte~''.</ref> and lift him upwards therewith. Thus he is locked, and you may thus break the arm or throw [him] before you over the left leg.</p>
+
<p>When he runs in on you with the sword, then let your sword fall, and invert your right hand and grip his right<ref>M. "rightful"</ref> outwardly therewith, and with the left hand<ref name="word-asr">Word omitted from the Augsburg, the SAlzburg, and the Rostock.</ref> grasp him by the right elbow, and spring with the left foot before his right, and thrust his right hand over your left with the right arm,<ref>"and thrust... the right" omitted from the Augsburg and Mair. This omission is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''siner rechte~''.</ref> and lift him upwards therewith. Thus he is locked, and you may thus break the arm or<ref>R. "but"</ref> throw [him] before you over the left leg.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,641: Line 2,642:
 
| {{red|Slice off the hard ones<br/>From below in both drivings.}}
 
| {{red|Slice off the hard ones<br/>From below in both drivings.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>{{blue|That is a counter against the over-binding of your sword, drive that thus. When you fight to him from Under-hews, or from the Strife Hewing, or you lie against him in the guard that is called the Fool, if he falls then with the sword on yours before you then come up with the sword; then remain below on the sword and lift with the short edge fast upwards. If he then presses down fast, then slash below behind you with the sword on his sword's blade, off from his sword, and hew on the sword again quickly into his face, etc.}}</p>
+
<p>{{blue|That is a counter against the over-binding<ref>S., M., R. "over-winding"</ref> of your sword, drive that thus. When you fight to him from Under-hews, or from the Strife Hewing, or you lie against him in the guard that is called the<ref name="word-r"/> Fool, if he falls then with the sword on yours before you then come up with the sword; then remain below on the sword and lift with the short edge fast upwards. If he then presses down fast, then slash below behind<ref name="word-s"/> you with the sword on his sword's blade, off from his sword, and hew on the sword again quickly into his face, etc.}}</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,661: Line 2,662:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[109] '''Item, another.'''<ref>S. "Another wrestling".</ref></p>
+
| <p>[109] '''Item, another.'''<ref>S., R. "Another wrestling".</ref></p>
  
−
<p>When you fight to his body<ref>A. "him".</ref> with Under-hewing, or lie in the guard Fool, if he then<ref name="word-s"/> falls with the sword on yours near by the hilt so that his point goes out to your<ref>A. "his".</ref> right side, then drive quickly up with the pommel over his sword, and strike him with the long edge to the head. Or, if he binds on your sword to your left side, then drive agilely up with the pommel over his sword and strike him with the short edge to the head. And that is called the Snapping or the Speeding, etc.</p>
+
<p>When you fight to his body<ref>A., M. "him".</ref> with Under-hewing, or lie in the guard Fool, if he then<ref name="word-sr"/> falls with the sword on yours near by the hilt so that his point goes out to your<ref>A. "his"; M. "the".</ref> right side, then drive quickly up with the pommel over his sword, and strike him with the long edge to the head. Or, if he binds on your sword to<ref>M. "on"</ref> your left side, then drive agilely up with the pommel over his sword and strike him with the short edge to the head. And that is called the Snapping or the Speeding, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,683: Line 2,684:
 
| {{red|Four are the Slices,<br/>Two below, with two above.}}
 
| {{red|Four are the Slices,<br/>Two below, with two above.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Item,<ref name="word-s"/> mark the Four Slices. The first are the two Overs that pertain to driving against the fencers that like striking around to the other side from the parrying or from the bind of the swords. And counter that<ref name="word-s"/> before with the slice thus: when he binds on your sword with the parrying or such to your left side, and strikes therewith quickly around with the Thwart<ref>S. "weapon".</ref> or such to your right side, then spring from the hew with the left foot on his<ref>S. "your".</ref> right side and fall in with the long edge above over both arms, and press with the slice from you. You shall drive that from both sides, always when he strikes around from the parrying, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item,<ref name="word-sr"/> mark the Four Slices. The first are the two Overs that pertain to driving against the fencers that like striking around to the other side from the parrying or from the bind of the swords. And counter that<ref name="word-s"/> before with the slice thus: when he binds on your sword with the parrying or such to your left side, and strikes therewith quickly around with the Thwart<ref>S. "weapon".</ref> or such to your right side, then spring from the hew with the left foot on his<ref>S. "your".</ref> right side and fall in with the long edge above over both arms, and press with the slice from you. You shall drive that from both sides, always when he strikes around from the parrying, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,705: Line 2,706:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[111] Item, the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that run in with arms stretched up, and drive them thus: When he binds you on your sword, be it with parrying or such, if he then drives high up with the arms and runs in on you to your left side, then turn your sword so that your thumb comes below, with the long edge under his hilt in his arm, and press upward with the slice.</p>
+
| <p>[111] Item, the two Under-slices pertain to driving against the fencers that run in with arms stretched up, and drive them thus: When he binds you on your sword, be it with parrying or such, if he then drives high up with the arms and runs in on you to your<ref>M. "with his"</ref> left side, then turn your sword so that your thumb comes below, with the long edge under his hilt in his arm, and press upward with the slice.</p>
 
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
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| {{red|Turn your edge,<br/>To escape, press your hands.}}
 
| {{red|Turn your edge,<br/>To escape, press your hands.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>That is how you shall change from the Under-slices to the Over-slices, mark that thus. When he runs in on you to your left side with arms stretched up, then turn your sword with the long edge under his hilt in his arms, and press upwards fast, and step therewith on his right side, and Wind through below with the pommel, and come with the sword not<ref>A. "with".</ref> from his arms, and turn the sword from the Under-slice to the Over, over his arms with the long edge, etc.</p>
+
<p>That is how you shall change from the Under-slices to the Over-slices, mark that thus. When he runs in on you to your left side with arms stretched up, then turn your sword with the long edge under his hilt in his arms, and press upwards fast, and step therewith on his right side, and Wind through below with the pommel, and come with the sword not<ref>A. "with".</ref> from his arms, and turn the sword from<ref>S. "on"</ref> the Under-slice to the Over, over his arms with the long edge, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
−
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 109r.png|4|lbl=-|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 109r.png|4|lbl=-}}
  
−
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 109v.png|1|lbl=109v|p=1}}
+
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 109v.png|1|lbl=109v}}
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
  
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| {{red|In all driving<br/>Hew, stab, Leaguer, Soft or Hard.}}
 
| {{red|In all driving<br/>Hew, stab, Leaguer, Soft or Hard.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Know the Two Hangings from the earth, that is the Plow from both sides, therein you shall also have the Feeling in hewing, and in stabbing, and in the binds of the swords, if he is Soft or Hard therein, etc.</p>
+
<p>Know the Two Hangings from the earth, that is the Plow from both sides, therein you shall also have the Feeling in hewing, and<ref name="word-sr"/> in<ref name="word-am"/> stabbing, and in the binds of the swords, if he is Soft or Hard therein, etc.</p>
 
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|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[116] Also you shall know that you shall therefrom drive the Four Windings, and from each single Winding<ref>"and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> particularly a hew, a stab, and a slice, as from the upper Hangings.</p>
+
| <p>[116] Also you shall know that you shall therefrom drive the Four Windings, and from each single Winding<ref name="word-m"/><ref>"and from each single Winding" omitted from the Salzburg. This is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''winden''.</ref> particularly a hew, a stab, and a slice, as from the upper Hangings.<ref name="word-m"/></p>
 
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|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 048r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 048r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| {{red|If you have understood,<br/>He may not come to strikes.}}
 
| {{red|If you have understood,<br/>He may not come to strikes.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>Item, mark, you have heard before how you shall position yourself before the man with the sword in the Four Guards. So you shall now know that the Speaking-Window is a guard wherein you may stand well, and the guard is the Long Point, that is the noblest and the<ref name="word-a"/> best ward with the sword. Who can fence correctly therefrom forces the man therewith so that he must allow striking without thinking, and may therefore not well come to strikes, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item,<ref name="word-sr"/> mark, you have heard before how you shall position yourself before the man with the sword in the Four Guards. So you shall now know that the Speaking-Window is a guard wherein you may stand well, and the guard is the Long Point, that is the noblest and the<ref name="word-am"/> best ward with the sword. Who can fence correctly therefrom forces the man therewith so that he must allow striking without thinking, and may therefore not well come to strikes, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 2,863: Line 2,864:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[118] Item, make the Speaking-Window thus: when you go to the man with the pre-fencing with whatever hew you then come on him, be it an Over or an Under-hew,<ref>S. "be it an Over-/Under-hew".</ref> then let the point always shoot-in long from the arms with the hew, to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. Therewith you force him so that he must parry or bind on, and when he has bound-on thus, then remain strong with the long edge on the sword, and stand freely and see his manner; what he will fence further. If he pulls backwards from the sword, then follow after him with the point to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. Or, if he strikes from the bind around to the other side, then slice him strongly over the arms, and work in above to the head. Or, if he will not pull off nor strike around, then work with the Doubling or such with other techniques thereafter, as you find if he is Strong or Weak on the sword, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[118] Item, make the Speaking-Window thus: when you go to the man with the pre-fencing with whatever hew you then come on him, be it an Over or<ref name="word-r"/> an Under-hew,<ref>S. "be it Over-/Under-hew".</ref> then let the point always shoot-in long from the arms with the hew, to the face or the<ref name="word-sr"/> breast. Therewith you force him so that he must parry or bind on, and when he has bound-on thus, then remain strong with the long edge on the sword, and stand freely and see his manner; what he will fence further. If he pulls backwards from the sword, then follow after him with your<ref>A., S., R. "the"</ref> point to the face or the<ref name="word-s"/> breast. Or, if he strikes from the bind around to the other side, then slice him strongly over the arms, and work in<ref name="word-m"/> above to the head. Or, if he will not pull off nor strike around, then work with the Doubling or such with other techniques thereafter, as you find if he is Strong or Weak on the sword, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,892: Line 2,893:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[120] Item, I say truthfully that the Long Point is the best<ref>A. "noblest"</ref> ward on the sword, when therewith you compel the man that he must let you strike, and therefore to no strikes may come. Wherefore you shall drive the point in to the man with all hews, to the breast or to the face, and further therefrom drive stab and strike, etc...</p>
+
| <p>[120] Item, I say truthfully that the Long Point is the noblest<ref name="word-sr"/> [and] best<ref name="word-am"/> ward on the sword, when therewith you compel the man that he must let you strike, and therefore to no strikes may come. Wherefore you shall drive the point in to the man with all hews, to the breast or to the face, and further therefrom drive stab and strike, etc...</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 050r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 050r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[121] Item, mark that is also<ref name="word-s"/> called a Speaking-Window when you are<ref name="word-s"/> come close<ref name="word-s"/> to the man with the pre-fencing. Then set the left foot before, and hold the point long from the arms against the face or the breast ere when you bind him on the sword, and stand joyfully and see what he will fence against you. If he then hews in above, then drive up with the sword and Wind against his hew in the Ox, and stab him to the face. Or, if he hews to the sword and not to the body, then Change-through bravely and stab in to the other side. Or, if he runs in and is high with the arms, then drive the Under-slice; or if he is low with the arms, then await the wrestling. Thus you may drive all techniques from the arms, whichever is best, etc.</p>
+
| <p>[121] Item, mark that is also<ref name="word-sr"/> called a Speaking-Window when you are<ref name="word-s"/> come close<ref name="word-s"/> to the man with the pre-fencing. Then set the left foot before, and hold the point long from the arms against the face or the breast ere when you bind him on the sword, and stand joyfully and see what he will fence against you. If he then hews in above, then drive up with the sword and Wind against his hew in the Ox, and stab him to the face. Or, if he hews to the sword and not to the body, then Change-through<ref>R. "change"</ref> bravely and stab in to the other side. Or, if he runs in and is high with the arms, then drive the Under-slice; or if he is low with the arms, then await the wrestling. Thus you may drive all techniques from the arms, whichever is best, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[122] {{red|b=1|The conclusion of the new epitome}}</p>
+
| <p>[122] {{red|b=1|The conclusion of the new<ref>R. "correct"</ref> epitome}}</p>
 
{| class="zettel"
 
{| class="zettel"
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 2,936: Line 2,937:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>106</small>
 
| <small>106</small>
−
| {{red|And you each<br/>The Windings triple,}}
+
| {{red|And you each<br/>The Windings triple, I mean,<ref>"I mean" omitted from the Augsburg, the Rostock, and Mair.</ref>}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>107</small>
 
| <small>107</small>
−
| {{red|Twenty-<br/>And-four pieces only.}}
+
| {{red|So they are<ref>"So they are" omitted from the Augsburg and Mair.</ref> Twenty-<br/>And-four pieces only.}}
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <small>108</small>
 
| <small>108</small>
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| {{red|And prove the driving,<br/>Not more than Soft or Hard.}}
 
| {{red|And prove the driving,<br/>Not more than Soft or Hard.}}
 
|}
 
|}
−
<p>This is a lesson and admonition of the Art of the Sword that you therein shall very well judge and meditate on, so that you quickly drive bravely, and correctly drive the counters against his techniques. Thus you shall particularly drive the Three Wounders in each counter, which become explained hereafter. Also you shall know that the Four Hangings are two below and two above: the upper is the Ox, the lower is the Plow, to both sides. And from the Four Hangings you shall thus further contemplate and rightly weigh Eight Windings, so that you shall particularly drive a hew, a stab, and a slice from each Winding. These are the previously described Four Windings, etc.</p>
+
<p>This is a lesson and admonition of the Art of the Sword that you therein shall very well judge and meditate on,<ref>S., R. "meditate and judge"</ref> so that you quickly drive bravely, and correctly drive the counters against his techniques. Thus you shall particularly<ref name="word-s"/> drive the Three Wounders in each counter, which become explained hereafter. Also you shall know that the Four Hangings are two below and two above: the upper is the Ox, the lower is the Plow, to both sides. And from the Four Hangings you shall bring Eight Windings, and the same Eight Windings<ref>"and the same Eight Windings" omitted from Mair. This is probably a scribal error, jumping to the second instance of ''winden''.</ref> you shall thus further<ref name="word-sr"/> contemplate and rightly weigh, so that you shall particularly drive a hew, a stab, and<ref name="word-sr"/> a slice from each Winding. These are the previously described Four Windings, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 051r.jpg|1|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 051r.jpg|1|lbl=-}}
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|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[123] Item, here<ref name="word-s"/> mark how you shall drive the Eight Windings from the Four Hangings. The first Over-Hanging has two Windings, drive that thus. When you come to the man<ref>A. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then stand on your right side in the Ox. If he then hews in<ref name="word-a"/> above in to your left side, then Wind against his hew, the short edge on his sword, yet in Ox, and stab him above in to the face. That is the Winding-in. If he sets the stab off to<ref>S. "against".</ref> his left side, then remain on the sword, and Wind again on your right side in the Ox, the long edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. That is one Hanging from your right side with two Windings on his sword.</p>
+
| <p>[123] Item, here<ref name="word-s"/> mark how you shall drive the Eight Windings from the Four Hangings. The first Over-Hanging has two Windings, drive that thus. When you come to the man<ref>A., M., R. "him".</ref> with the pre-fencing, then stand on your right side in the Ox. If he then hews in<ref name="word-a"/> above in to your left side, then Wind against his hew,<ref>M. "against his hew oppositely"</ref> the short edge on his sword, yet in Ox, and stab him above in to the face. That is the<ref name="word-m"/> Winding-in. If he sets the stab off to<ref>S., R. "against".</ref> his left side, then remain on the sword, and Wind again on your right side in the Ox, the long edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. That is one<ref>S., R. "the one"</ref> Hanging from your right side with two Windings on his sword.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 2,980: Line 2,981:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[124] {{red|b=1|Another}}</p>
+
| <p>[124] ''{{red|b=1|Another}}''</p>
  
−
<p>Item, drive the two Over-Hangings yet with two Windings thus. When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox. If he then hews above in to your right side, then Wind the long edge on his sword against his hew and stab him above to the face. That is but one Winding. If he sets the stab off against your<ref>A. "his".</ref> right side, then remain on the sword and Wind again on your left side in the Ox, the short (?) edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. This is the second Over-Hanging from the<ref>S. "your".</ref> left side, yet with two Windings on his sword, etc.</p>
+
<p>Item, drive the two Over-Hangings yet with two Windings<ref>M. "hangings"</ref> thus. When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand on your left side in the Ox. If he then hews above in to your right side, then Wind the long edge on his sword against his hew and stab him above to the face. That is but one Winding. If he sets the stab off against your<ref>A. "his".</ref> right side, then remain on the sword and Wind again on your left side in the Ox, the short (?) edge on his sword, and stab him above in to the face. This is the second<ref>M. "another"</ref> Over-Hanging from the<ref>S., R. "your".</ref> left side, yet with two Windings on his sword, etc.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| <p><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/></p>
Line 3,002: Line 3,003:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[125] Item, Now you shall know that from the two Under Hangings, that is the Plow from both sides, you shall also drive Four Windings with all your drivings, as from the Overs. These are the Eight Windings. And as often as you Wind, then think in each single Wind particularly on the hew, and<ref name="word-s"/> on the stab, and on the slice. Thus come from the Eight Windings twenty-four, and from whatever Winding, and against whatever technique, and against whatever hew you shall drive the hew, or the stab, or the slice. You find all that described before in the techniques,<ref>"in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg.</ref> etc.</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>[125] Item, Now you shall know that from the two Under Hangings, that is the Plow from both sides, you shall also drive Four Windings with all your drivings, as from the Overs. These are the Eight Windings. And as often as you Wind, then think in each single Wind particularly on the hew, and<ref name="word-s"/> on the<ref>"on the" omitted from Mair.</ref> stab, and on the slice. Thus twenty-four come from the Eight Windings, and from whatever Winding, and against whatever technique, and against whatever hew you shall drive the hew, or the<ref name="word-m"/> stab, or the slice. You find all that described before in the techniques,<ref>"in the techniques" omitted from the Salzburg and the Rostock.</ref> etc.</p>
−
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+
| class="noline" |  
−
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| class="noline" |  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053v.jpg|1|lbl=53v|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 053v.jpg|1|lbl=53v|p=1}}
−
| {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 044r.jpg|1|lbl=44r}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 044r.jpg|1|lbl=44r}}
−
| {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 113r.png|1|lbl=113r}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.93 113r.png|1|lbl=113r}}
−
| {{section|Page:Cod.10825 089v.png|3|lbl=-}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Cod.10825 089v.png|3|lbl=-}}
−
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+
| class="noline" |  
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+
| class="noline" |  
−
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
−
| {{section|Page:MS Var.82 039v.png|2|lbl=-|p=1}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS Var.82 039v.png|2|lbl=-}}
  
 
|}
 
|}
 
{{master end}}
 
{{master end}}
 +
 
{{master begin
 
{{master begin
 
  | title = Mounted Fencing Gloss
 
  | title = Mounted Fencing Gloss
 
  | width = 360em
 
  | width = 360em
 
}}
 
}}
−
{| class="floated master"
+
{| class="master"
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
! <p>{{rating|start|Zettel Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Christian Tobler]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|start|Zettel Translation (from the German)}}<br/>by [[Christian Tobler]]</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 097r.jpg|1|lbl=97r}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 097r.jpg|1|lbl=97r}}
−
|  
+
| {{section|Page:MS M.I.29 143r.jpg|1|lbl=143r}}
−
{{section|Page:MS M.I.29 143r.jpg|1|lbl=143r|p=1}}
 
 
| <p><br/><br/></p>
 
| <p><br/><br/></p>
  
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
|  
+
| {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 220r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
−
{{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 220r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}}
 
  
 
<p><br/><br/><br/><br/></p>
 
<p><br/><br/><br/><br/></p>
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|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
−
| {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 222v.jpg|6|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 223r.jpg|1|lbl=223r|p=1}}
+
|  
 +
{{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 222v.jpg|6|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 223r.jpg|1|lbl=223r|p=1}}
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
 
|  
Line 6,584: Line 6,585:
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <p>[142]</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>[142]</p>
−
| <p>'''Some other excellent pieces of advice'''</p>
+
| class="noline" | <p>'''Some other excellent pieces of advice'''</p>
  
 
<p>Learn how to steer and turn the horse on both sides.</p>
 
<p>Learn how to steer and turn the horse on both sides.</p>
Line 6,606: Line 6,607:
  
 
<p>Then you cut off his reins(and furthermore threaten his left leg).</p>
 
<p>Then you cut off his reins(and furthermore threaten his left leg).</p>
−
| <p><br/></p>
+
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123v.jpg|1|lbl=123v|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 124r.jpg|1|lbl=124r|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 123v.jpg|1|lbl=123v|p=1}}<br/>{{section|Page:Cod.I.6.4º.3 124r.jpg|1|lbl=124r|p=1}}
−
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
−
| {{section|Page:MS 26-232 100v.png|3|lbl=100v}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS 26-232 100v.png|3|lbl=100v}}
−
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
−
| <p><br/></p>
+
| class="noline" | <p><br/></p>
  
 
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.94 327r.png|1|lbl=327r}}
 
{{section|Page:MS Dresd.C.94 327r.png|1|lbl=327r}}
−
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
−
|  
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| class="noline" |  
−
| {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 227r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 227r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
  
 
{{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 227v.jpg|1|lbl=227v}}
 
{{section|Page:Cod.icon. 393 II 227v.jpg|1|lbl=227v}}
−
|  
+
| class="noline" |  
−
| {{section|Page:MS Var.82 075v.png|1|lbl=75v}}
+
| class="noline" | {{section|Page:MS Var.82 075v.png|1|lbl=75v}}
  
 
|}
 
|}
Line 6,724: Line 6,725:
 
* Bergner, U. and Giessauf, J. ''[http://www.adeva.com/produkt_detail.asp?id=223 Würgegriff und Mordschlag. Die Fecht- und Ringlehre des Hans Czynner (1538)]''. ADEVA Graz, 2006. ISBN 978-3-201-01855-5
 
* Bergner, U. and Giessauf, J. ''[http://www.adeva.com/produkt_detail.asp?id=223 Würgegriff und Mordschlag. Die Fecht- und Ringlehre des Hans Czynner (1538)]''. ADEVA Graz, 2006. ISBN 978-3-201-01855-5
 
* [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''Jude Lew: Das Fechtbuch.'' VS-Books, 2017. ISBN 978-3-932077-46-3
 
* [[Dierk Hagedorn|Hagedorn, Dierk]]. ''Jude Lew: Das Fechtbuch.'' VS-Books, 2017. ISBN 978-3-932077-46-3
−
* Jaquet, Daniel. "The collection of Lew the Jew in the lineage of German Fight Books corpus". ''Acta Periodica Duellatorum'' '''5'''(1):151–191. April 2017. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2017-0004}}.
+
* Jaquet, Daniel. "The collection of Lew the Jew in the lineage of German Fight Books corpus". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''5'''(1):151–191. April 2017. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2017-0004}}.
 
* Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.
 
* Jaquet, Daniel; [[Bartłomiej Walczak|Walczak, Bartłomiej]]. "Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings". ''[[Acta Periodica Duellatorum]]'' '''2'''(1): 105-148. 2014. {{doi|10.1515/apd-2015-0015}}.
  
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Revision as of 19:44, 31 July 2020

Lew
Occupation Fencing master
Ethnicity Jewish (?)
Movement Liechtenauer Tradition
Genres
Language Early New High German
Principal
manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations Traducción castellano

Lew or Lewe is the presumed name of a 15th century German fencing master. The name "Lewe" means lion and might have been a nickname or pseudonym; alternatively, the colophon of the Cod. I.6.4º.3 could be interpreted to mean that he was Jewish, in which case it might be the German spelling of a Jewish name like Levi. He seems to have stood in the tradition of Johannes Liechtenauer, though he was not included in Paulus Kal's ca. 1470 list of the members of the Fellowship of Liechtenauer.[1]

Lew is sometimes erroneously credited with authoring the whole of the Cod. I.6.4º.3, which is an anonymous compilation of various fencing treatises, created in the 1460s. His name is actually associated with just two sections of that book: he is credited as the author of an armored fencing treatise which was really written by Martin Huntsfeld,[2] and is mentioned at the end of a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital on mounted fencing[3] (by convention, the gloss of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword fencing that almost always accompanies this mounted gloss is also attributed to Lew). Though this colophon is generally regarded as indicating that Lew authored the gloss (which is one branch of the larger Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss family), it could alternatively be interpreted to mean that Lew was the scribe or client for the whole manuscript.

Stemma

Early on in its history, the prototype of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into at least three branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but it is currently unclear if Ringeck's gloss is based on that of pseudo-Danzig or if they both derive from an even earlier original gloss (or even if Ringeck and pseudo-Danzig are the same author and the "Ringeck" gloss should be considered a fourth branch).

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more plays overall than Branch B but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also glosses only Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing; in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword, it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Lignitzer and Martin Huntsfeld (or, in the case of the 1512 Vienna II, Ringeck's short sword gloss). Branch A is sometimes called the Lew gloss, based on a potential attribution at the end of the mounted gloss in a few copies. Apart from the Augsburg, the other principal text in Branch A is the Salzburg version (1491), which was copied independently[4] and also incorporates twelve paragraphs from Ringeck's gloss and nineteen paragraphs from an unidentified third source. Branch A was redacted by Paulus Hector Mair (three mss., 1540s), Lienhart Sollinger (1556), and Joachim Meyer (1570), which despite being the latest is the cleanest extant version and was likely either copied directly from the original or created by comparing multiple versions to correct their errors. It was also one of the bases for Johannes Lecküchner's gloss on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer plays overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also differs from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1535-40) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken from the Rome,[5] while Augsburg II (1564) collects only the six illustrated wrestling plays from the Krakow. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version (1508), consisting solely of a nearly complete redaction of the short sword gloss (assigning it to Branch B), which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

Branch C is first attested in the Vienna version (1480s). It is unclear whether it was derived independently from the original, represents an intermediate evolutionary step between Branches A and B, or was created by simply merging copies of the other branches together. The structure and contents of this branch very closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique plays of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword, but the actual text is more consistent with that of Branch A (though not identical). The other substantial copy of Branch C is the Augsburg version II (1553), which was created by Paulus Hector Mair based on the writings of Antonius Rast, and which segues into the text of Ringeck's gloss for the final eighteen paragraphs. A substantial fragment of Branch C is present in five additional 16th century manuscripts alongside the illustrated treatise of Jörg Wilhalm Hutter; one of these, Glasgow II (1533) assigns the text a much earlier origin, stating that it was devised by one Nicolaüs in 1489. This branch has received the least attention and is currently the least understood.

(A final text of interest is the 1539 treatise of Hans Medel von Salzburg,[6] which was acquired by Mair and bound into the Cod. I.6.2º.5 after 1566.[7] Medel demonstrates familiarity with the teachings of a variety of 15th century Liechtenauer masters, and his text often takes the form of a revision and expansion of the long sword glosses of Ringeck and Nicolaüs. Because of the extent of the original and mixed content, Medel's versions are not included in any of these pages.)

Treatises

While all branches were originally presented in a single concordance in the pseudo-Peter von Danzig article, the differences between them are extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus, Branch A has been placed here on the page of Lew, Branch B has been retained on the main pseudo-Danzig page, and branch C is now on the Nicolaüs page.