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| <p>[18] And what you shall fence from the techniques, and how you shall give openings with the Hangings and Windings, you will thus one after another to the next find described hereafter.</p>
 
| <p>[18] And what you shall fence from the techniques, and how you shall give openings with the Hangings and Windings, you will thus one after another to the next find described hereafter.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 013r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 013r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 011v.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[19] {{Red|b=1|Mark. Here begins the text and the gloss.}}</p>
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<p>Firstly, of the Wrath-hew with its techniques:</p>
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<p>'''''Text'''''</p>
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<p>{{red|Who Over-hews you,<br/>Wrath-hew point threatens him.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Wrath-hew breaks all Over-hews with the point, and is yet nothing other than a simple peasant strike, and that drive thus: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then hews at your head from above on his right side, then hew also from your right side from above, without any parrying, with him wrathfully on his sword. If he is then Soft on the sword, then shoot in the long point straight before you and stab him to the face or the breast. So Set-on him.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 013r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 013v.jpg|1|lbl=13v|p=1}}
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'''Merck hie hebt sich an der Text / und die Glos'''
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'''des ersten vom Zorn- / haw mit seinen stucken'''
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'''Text'''
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| <p>[20] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of yet another technique of the Wrath-hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Becomes he aware of it,<br/>Then take off above without danger.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, then shoot the long point into the face or breast as before described states. If he becomes aware of the point and parries strongly and presses your sword to the side, then wrench with your sword on his sword’s blade up over it, above off from his sword, and hew him to the other side, yet on his sword’s blade into the head. That is called “taking off above”.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 013v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[21] {{red|b=1|''Break against the taking off above''}}</p>
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<p>When he takes off above, then bind above on his sword strongly in to his head with the long edge.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 013v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 013r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[22] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss on yet another of the Wrath-hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Be Stronger against,<br/>Wind, Stab. Sees he, then take it down.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, if he parries and remains Strong with the parrying on the sword, then remain also Strong against with your sword on his and drive high up with the arms and Wind your hilt on his sword in front before your head, and stab him above into the face. If he becomes aware of the stab and drives high up with the arms and parries with the hilt, then remain thus standing with your hilt before your head and set the point in below on the neck, or on the breast between both his arms.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 013v.jpg|4|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 014r.jpg|1|lbl=14r|p=1}}
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| <p>[23] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of a lesson of the Wrath-hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|This precisely mark,<br/>Hew, stab, Lier, Soft or Hard,<br/>Meanwhile, and Before, After,<br/>Without haste. Your War should not be rushed.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark this is when he has bound with you with a hew or with a stab, or otherwise on your sword, then you shall not too quickly leave his sword from the Winding before you very precisely mark if he is Soft or Hard in the bind, when one sword on the other clashes, and when you have found that first, then work Meanwhile with the Winding after the Soft and after the Hard, always to the next-standing opening as you hereafter become taught and trained in the techniques.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 014r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[24] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of the War:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Who enters the War<br/>above, he becomes ashamed below.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark the War, that is the Winding and the work that therefrom goes with the point to the four openings, and that drive thus: when you hew in with the Wrath-hew, then as quickly as he parries, drive well up with your arms and Wind the point of the sword above in to the upper opening of his left side. If he then sets the upper stab off, then remain thus standing in the Winding with the hilt before your head, and let the point sink down to the lower opening yet on his left side. If he then follows after your sword with the parrying, then search with the point for the lower opening on his right side. If he then follows after your sword further with the parrying, then drive up with your sword on your left side, and hang the point in above to the upper opening on his right side. Thus he becomes ashamed with the War above and low, if you drive correctly from one to the other.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 014v.jpg|1|lbl=14v}}
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| <p>[25] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of yet another lesson from the Wrath-hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|In all Winding,<br/>Hew, stab, slice, learn to find.<br/>Also shall you with<br/>Proving hew, stab, or slice.<br/>In all hits<br/>You will trick the Masters.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark this is when you hew in to him with the Wrath-hew, then you shall be very well trained and entirely ready with the Winding on the sword, since each single Winding has three particular techniques; which are a hew, a stab, and a slice. And when you Wind on the sword, then you shall think precisely well, so that you do not incorrectly drive the technique that pertains in that Winding, thus that you do not hew when you should stab, and not slice when you should hew, and not stab when you should slice. And thus you shall always know to drive the technique that correctly pertains thereto in all hits and binding on the sword if you will trick or deceive the other Masters when they are set against you.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 014v.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 015r.jpg|1|lbl=15r|p=1}}
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| <p>[26] And how you shall drive the Windings, and how many there are, you will find described in the last technique of the Epitome, which says “Who well drives and correctly breaks…”</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 015r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[27] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of the Four Openings:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Four Openings know.<br/>Aim so you hit knowingly<br/>In all driving<br/>Without confusion for how he acts.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, who will be a Master of the Sword, he shall know how one shall search the Four Openings with art, if he will otherwise fence correctly and wisely. The first opening is the right side, the other the left, of the upper-half above the girdle of the man. The other two openings are the right and left side of the lower-half below the girdle. Now, there are two drivings wherefrom one shall search the openings. Firstly, one shall search from the pre-fencing with Travelling-after and with shooting-in the long point. Secondly, one shall search with the Eight Windings when one has bound the other on the sword.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 015r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 015v.jpg|1|lbl=15v|p=1}}
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| <p>[28] That you shall thus understand: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, you shall always aim at the Four Openings, to whichever you may best come on, boldly without any fear with a hew or with a stab, and regard not what he drives or fences against you. Therewith you force the man so that he must parry you, and when he has parried, then search quickly in the parrying with the Winding on his sword yet to the next opening, and thus aim always at the openings of the man and fence not to the sword, as in the technique which says, “Set on four ends, learn to remain thereon, will you end.”</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 015v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[29] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss how one shall break the Four Openings:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Will you reckon<br/>The Four Openings artfully to break,<br/>Above Double,<br/>Below correctly Mutate.<br/>I say to you truthfully,<br/>No man protects himself without danger.<br/>Have you understood this,<br/>To strikes may he seldom come.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, when one earnestly hews in at you, if you will then reckon on him, and win on the openings with art so that he must let you strike without thinking, then drive the Doubling against the Strong of his sword, and the Mutating when he is Weak on the sword. So I say to you truthfully that he may not protect himself from strikes before you, and cannot come to strikes himself.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 015v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016r.jpg|1|lbl=16r|p=1}}
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 016r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[30] {{red|b=1|Here mark how you shall drive the Doubling to both sides:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when he hews above to you from his right shoulder, then hew also from your right with him, likewise above strongly to the head. If he parries and remains Strong on the sword, then drive up Meanwhile with your arms and thrust your sword’s pommel with the left hand under your right arm, and strike in with the long edge with crossed arms behind his sword’s blade on his head.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 016v.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[31] {{red|b=1|Another:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, if he hews you with the long edge in to your head from above his left shoulder, and you do likewise, again if he then remains Strong on the sword, then quickly drive up with the arms and strike in behind his sword’s blade with the short edge on his head.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016v.jpg|1|lbl=16v|p=1}}
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| <p>[32] ''Thus you have learned to bring your sword to the War and pass through it.''</p>
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 017v.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[33] {{red|b=1|Here mark how one shall drive the Mutating to both sides:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when you hew strongly on him from above your right shoulder to the head, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then Wind on your left side with your short edge on his sword and drive well up with the arms, and drive in with your sword’s blade above over his sword and stab into the lower opening.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[34] {{red|b=1|Another:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when you hew to his head from above your left side, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive up with the arms and hang in the point above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening. Thus you may thereafter drive the two techniques from all hews as you find the Weak and Strong on the sword.</p>
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| <p>[35] ''These are the fencings with the sword and embodies the work that is exalted.''</p>
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 018v.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[36] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of the Crooked Hew with its techniques:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Crooked on nimbly,<br/>Throw the point on the hands.<br/>Who well sets Crooked<br/>With steps injures many hews.}}</p>
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<p>Mark, the Crooked hew is one of the Four Preemptings against the Four Guards and therewith breaks the guard that is called the Ox, and also the Over-hew and the Under-hew. Drive that thus; when you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then stands against you and holds his sword before his head in guard of the Ox on his left side, then set the left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring with the right foot well on your right side against him and strike in with the long edge with crossed arms over his hands.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016v.jpg|4|lbl=-}}
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 017r.jpg|1|lbl=17r}}
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 019v.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[37] {{red|b=1|Another:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, you may also drive the Crooked hew from the Barrier-Guard on both sides, and in that guard position yourself thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with the left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth so that the long edge is above, and give an opening with the left side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew with the right foot well on your right side against him, and strike him with crossed hands with the long edge with the point on his hands.</p>
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| <p>[38] {{red|b=1|'''Of the Barrier-Guard'''}}</p>
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<p>Thus position yourself with the Barrier-Guard on your left side: When you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with the right foot before and hold your sword near your left side on the earth with crossed hands so that the short edge is above, and give an opening with the right side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew against him with the left foot well on his right side and strike him with the short edge over the hands in the spring.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 017r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 017v.jpg|1|lbl=17v|p=1}}
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| <p>[39] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of a good technique from the Crooked hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Hew Crooked to the flat.<br/>The Masters will you weaken.<br/>When it clashes above<br/>Then stand off, that will I praise.}}</p>
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Gloss: Mark, you shall drive this technique against the Masters from the bind of the swords, and that drive thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-Guard and stand with the left foot before, or hold it on your right shoulder. If he then hews above to the opening, then hew strongly with the long edge with crossed arms against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile against your left side with the short edge on his sword, and stab him to the face. Or will you not stab him, then hew him Meanwhile from the sword with the short edge to the head, or to the body.
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 021r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[40] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of yet another from the Crooked-hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Crooked not, Short-hew.<br/>Changing-through therewith show.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he will hew you from above his right side, then drive high up with the hands and do as if you will bind him on his sword with the Crooked hew, and drive with the point through under his sword, and stab him to the other side, to the face or the breast, and see that you are well protected above with the hilt before the head.</p>
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| <p>[41] You also break the guard of the Ox with this technique, drive that thus: when you go to him with the pre-fencing, when he then stands against you and holds his sword with the hilt on his left side before his head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder and do as if you will bind him with the Crooked hew on his sword, and hew short and Change-through therewith below his sword and shoot in the long point to the other side, under his sword, in to the neck. Then he must parry, therewith you come to strikes and to other work with the sword.</p>
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| <p>[42] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of yet another technique from the Crooked hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Crooked, who makes you astray,<br/>The noble War confuses him,<br/>That he truthfully<br/>Knows not where he is without danger.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark when you will drive the Crooked hew then you must always therewith give openings, and that undertake thus. When you hew him with the Crooked hew from your right side, or bind on his sword, you are the while open with the left side; Is he then clever thus, and will hew you from the sword after the opening, and you will make him confused with agility, then remain with your sword on his, and follow his sword thereon after, and Wind in the point to his face, and work in before you with the War, that is, with the Winding to the openings. Then he becomes confused before you, so that he truthfully does not know which end he shall protect before you against hews or stabs, etc.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 018r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 018v.jpg|1|lbl=18v}}
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 022r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[43] {{red|b=1|Here begins the text and the gloss of the Thwart Hew with its techniques:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Thwart takes<br/>What comes From the Day.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, the Thwart hew breaks the guard From the Day and all hews that come hewing down from above, and the Thwart drive thus: When you come with the pre-fencing, then stand with the left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then Stands against you and holds his sword with outstretched arms high over his head and threatens to hew in from above at you, then come before him with your hew and spring with the right foot well on your right side against him, and in the spring Wind your sword with the hilt before your head so that your thumb comes under, and strike him with the short edge against his left side to the head.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 018v.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 019r.jpg|1|lbl=19r|p=1}}
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| <p>[44] {{red|b=1|Or}} if he comes before with the hew down from above before you, then spring from the hew with the right foot well on your right side with the parry described before, so that you catch his hew on your hilt and strike him with the Thwart to the left side of his head.</p>
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 023r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[45] {{red|b=1|Here mark the break against the Thwart Hew:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when you stand against him in the guard From the Day, then hew him boldly above to the head. If he then springs from the hew and he means to come Before with the Thwart Hew and strike you therewith to your left side to the head, then fall in with the long edge on his sword. If he then strikes with the Thwart around to your other side, then come Meanwhile before, also with the Thwart, in front under his sword on his neck. So he strikes himself with your sword.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 019r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 019v.jpg|1|lbl=19v|p=1}}
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 024r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[46] {{red|b=1|Note}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when a fencer has bound you on his sword, if he then strikes around from the sword with the Thwart to your other side, then fall in on his hands or on the arm with the long edge, and press his arm with the sword with the slice with your all from you, and then strike him with the sword on his head from the slice on his arm.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 019v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| rowspan="3" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 025r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[47] {{red|b=1|Here mark the break against the Over-slice on the arm:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when you strike him with the Thwart to his right side, if he then follows you with the slice on the arm, then strike him with the Doubling with the short edge behind his sword’s blade in his mouth.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 019v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 020r.jpg|1|lbl=20r|p=1}}
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| <p>[48] {{red|b=1|Or}} if you strike him with the Thwart to his left side and he then follows you with the slice on your arm, then strike him with the Doubling behind his sword’s blade with the long edge in his mouth.</p>
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| <p>[49] Mark, break him thus against the Doubling: when you slice him above on his arm, if he then strikes above with the Doubling to your head, then drive up and Wind your sword under his, against the strike, and drive in with the sword on his neck with the short edge.</p>
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 026r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[50] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of yet a technique from the Thwart hew:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Thwart with the Strong,<br/>Your work therewith mark.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when you will strike with the Thwart, then you shall strike him with the entire strength of your body and always bind on his sword with the Strong of your sword, with which you win the opening. That undertake thus: when you hew to him with the Thwart from your right side, if he then parries and binds therewith strongly on your sword, then drive the Doubling.</p>
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| <p>[51] {{red|b=1|Or}} thrust his sword with your hilt off to the side from the Thwart and strike him therewith to the other side.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 020r.jpg|5|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 020v.jpg|1|lbl=20v|p=1}}
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| <p>[52] {{red|b=1|Yet another:}}</p>
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<p>When you strongly hew to him from your right side with the Thwart, if he then parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive in with the short edge of your sword to his right side on his neck and spring with the right foot behind his left foot and shove him over with the sword’s blade thus, or drive the Mutating in to the lower opening.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 020v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[53] {{red|b=1|Thus break that:}}</p>
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<p>When one drives on your neck with the sword, then drive up with the pommel inside his sword, and let the blade hang low, and thrust his sword therewith from your neck and strike him with the snapping above to the head. Or strike him with the right hand above over his sword below to the face while he has his sword on your neck with the Doubling.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 020v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 028r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[54] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of the Thwart strike to the Four Openings:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Thwart to the Plow,<br/>To the Ox hard joined.<br/>What you well Thwart<br/>With springing, the head endanger.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before how that the Ox and the Plow are named two Liers or two guards, so are they here called the Four Openings. The Ox, that is the upper two openings on the right and the left sides of the head, and so is the Plow the lower two openings, also the right and the left side of the lower half of the girdle of the man. You shall strike the same openings with the Thwart in the pre-fencing, and seek all four.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 021r.jpg|1|lbl=21r}}
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| <p>[55] {{red|b=1|Mark, thus strike the Thwart strike to the Four Openings:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with the left foot before and when you are near him, then spring well on his left side with the right foot against him, and strike the Thwart with vigor against his left side to the lower opening. That is called striking to the Plow. If he parries, then strike him quickly to the upper opening on his right side. That is called to the Ox. And then drive the Thwart strikes quickly, always one to the Ox and the other to the Plow, crosswise from one side to the other, that is to the head and to the body.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 021r.jpg|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 021v.jpg|1|lbl=21v|p=1}}
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| <p>[56] {{Red|b=1|Also you shall}} always think to spring out wide on the side against him with each Thwart strike, so may you hit well to his head, and see also that you are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 021v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| [[File:MS Germ.Quart.2020 029r.jpg|250px|center]]
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| <p>[57] {{red|b=1|Here mark a break against the lower Thwart strike:}}</p>
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<p>Mark, when he strikes you with the Thwart from his right side to your left above to your head, then parry with the long edge and remain with the point before the breast. If he then strikes around from the sword with the Thwart to the lower opening on your right side, then strike also with the Thwart below through, between you and him also against his right side, and bind therewith on his sword, and remain in the bind and stab him Meanwhile to the lower opening.</p>
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| <p>[58] {{red|b=1|This is the text and the gloss of the technique that is called the Failer:}}</p>
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<p>{{red|Failer misleads.<br/>Hit from below after your wish.}}</p>
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<p>Gloss: The Failer is a technique which many fencers plan and hit with as they wish, and strike those who like parrying and fence to the sword and not to the openings of the body.</p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 022r.jpg|1|lbl=22r}}
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| <p>[59] Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then do as if you will strike him with a free Over-hew to the head, but pull the hew and strike him with the Thwart to the lower opening of his left or his right side, to whichever you want, and see that you are well-guarded with the hilt over your head. You may also drive this thus with the Thwart-hew.</p>
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Revision as of 01:58, 14 May 2016

Gloss and Interpretation of
the Recital on the Long Sword
die gloss und die auslegung der zettel
des langen schwert
Author(s) Unknown
Ascribed to Pseudo-Peter von Danzig
Illustrated by Unknown
Date before 1452
Genre
Language Early New High German
Archetype(s) Hypothetical
Principal
Manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
First Printed
English Edition
Tobler, 2010
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations

"Pseudo-Peter von Danzig" is the name given to an anonymous late 14th or early 15th century German fencing master.[1] Some time before the creation of the Codex 44.A.8 in 1452, he authored a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital (Zettel) which would go on to become the most widespread in the tradition. While his identity remains unknown, it is possible that he was in fact Jud Lew or Sigmund Schining ein Ringeck, both of whose glosses show strong similarities to the work. On the other hand, the introduction to the Rome version of the text—the oldest currently extant—might be construed as attributing it to Liechtenauer himself.

Treatise

Early on in its history, this text seems to have split into two primary branches. The first branch, found in the Rome (1452), Krakow (1510-20), and Augsburg II (1564) versions, has slightly longer descriptions for many devices and is always accompanied by illustrations. The second branch, appearing first in the Augsburg I (1450s) and used in all extant versions except the three listed above, has shorter descriptions but a number of additional devices.

In order to achieve a greater degree of organization and readability, Liechtenauer's verse has been separated into its proper couplets in this presentation. The verse is laid out this way in the Augsburg I and Salzburg versions, but in most of the other manuscripts it is included inline.

Additional Resources

References

  1. This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt.