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== Treatise ==
 
== Treatise ==
  
Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of [[Sigmund Schining ain Ringeck]] also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but the exact nature of this relationship is currently unclear.
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Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of [[Sigmund ain Ringeck]] also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but the exact nature of this relationship is currently unclear.
  
 
Branch A, first attested in the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Augsburg version]] (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than the other branch (particularly in the extensive [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|Salzburg version]] of 1491) but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also includes glosses of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing only, and in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of [[Andre Liegniczer]] and [[Martin Huntfeltz]]. Apart from containing the most content, the Salzburg version is notable for including nine paragraphs of text that are not found in any other version of Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, but do appear in Ringeck (and constitute almost 10% of that gloss); this predates all known copies of Ringeck's text, but is another indicator of some connection between the works. Branch A was later used by [[Johannes Lecküchner]] as a source when he compiled his own gloss of a Recital on the [[Messer]] in the late 1470s.
 
Branch A, first attested in the [[Codex Lew (Cod.I.6.4º.3)|Augsburg version]] (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than the other branch (particularly in the extensive [[Codex Speyer (MS M.I.29)|Salzburg version]] of 1491) but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also includes glosses of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing only, and in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of [[Andre Liegniczer]] and [[Martin Huntfeltz]]. Apart from containing the most content, the Salzburg version is notable for including nine paragraphs of text that are not found in any other version of Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, but do appear in Ringeck (and constitute almost 10% of that gloss); this predates all known copies of Ringeck's text, but is another indicator of some connection between the works. Branch A was later used by [[Johannes Lecküchner]] as a source when he compiled his own gloss of a Recital on the [[Messer]] in the late 1470s.
  
Branch B, attested first in the [[Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome version]] (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The [[Goliath (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow version]] (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken directly from the Rome,<ref>Zabinski, pp 82-83</ref> while [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg II]] (1564) is taken from the Krakow but only includes the six illustrated devices of wrestling and their respective captions. Even more anomalous is the [[Glasgow Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.341)|Glasgow version]], consisting solely of a sizeable fragment of the short sword gloss (hence its assignation to Branch B) which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.
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Branch B, attested first in the [[Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome version]] (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The [[Goliath (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow version]] (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken directly from the Rome,<ref>Zabinski, pp 82-83</ref> while [[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg II]] (1564) is taken from the Krakow but only includes the six illustrated devices of wrestling and their respective captions. Even more anomalous is the [[Glasgow Fechtbuch (MS E.1939.65.341)|Glasgow version]], consisting solely of a sizable fragment of the short sword gloss (hence its assignation to Branch B) which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.
  
 
There is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into either branch, namely the [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|Vienna version]] (included in a 1480 manuscript along with [[Paulus Kal]]'s work, though Kal's personal level of involvement is unknown). The text of this copy is more consistent with the generally shorter descriptions of Branch A, but the overall contents much more closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword. The Vienna version may therefore be a copy of the original gloss before it split into these branches (or it may merely be an odd attempt by a scribe to synthesize the two branches into a single, shorter work).
 
There is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into either branch, namely the [[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|Vienna version]] (included in a 1480 manuscript along with [[Paulus Kal]]'s work, though Kal's personal level of involvement is unknown). The text of this copy is more consistent with the generally shorter descriptions of Branch A, but the overall contents much more closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword. The Vienna version may therefore be a copy of the original gloss before it split into these branches (or it may merely be an odd attempt by a scribe to synthesize the two branches into a single, shorter work).
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! <p>{{rating|A|Featured Translation (from the Rome)}}<br/>by [[Cory Winslow]]</p>
 
! <p>{{rating|A|Featured Translation (from the Rome)}}<br/>by [[Cory Winslow]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome Transcription]] (1452){{edit index|Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)|Rome Transcription]] (1452){{edit index|Codex Danzig (Cod.44.A.8)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
! <p>[[Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)|Vienna Transcription]] (1480s){{edit index|Paulus Kal Fechtbuch (MS KK5126)}}<br/>by [[Carsten&nbsp;Lorbeer]], [[Julia&nbsp;Lorbeer]],<br/>[[Andreas&nbsp;Meier]], [[Marita&nbsp;Wiedner]]</p>
 
 
! <p>[[Goliath (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow Transcription]] (1510-20){{edit index|Goliath (MS Germ.Quart.2020)}}<br/>by [[Grzegorz Żabiński]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Goliath (MS Germ.Quart.2020)|Krakow Transcription]] (1510-20){{edit index|Goliath (MS Germ.Quart.2020)}}<br/>by [[Grzegorz Żabiński]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg Transcriptionver]] (1564){{edit index|Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)|Augsburg Transcriptionver]] (1564){{edit index|Hutter/Sollinger Fechtbuch (Cod.I.6.2º.2)}}<br/>by [[Dierk Hagedorn]]</p>
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<p>This has been composed and created by Johannes Liechtenauer, the one High Master in the Art, may God be gracious to him, so that princes, lords, knights, and soldiers shall know and learn that which pertains to the Art. Therefore he has allowed the Epitome to be written with secret and suspicious words, so that not every man shall undertake and understand them. And he has done that so the Epitome’s Art will little concern the reckless Fencing Masters, so that from those same Masters his Art is not openly presented, nor shall it become common. And the same secret and suspicious words of the Epitome which stand hereafter, the glosses teach and explain thus, so that everyone who otherwise can fence may well undertake and understand them.</p>
 
<p>This has been composed and created by Johannes Liechtenauer, the one High Master in the Art, may God be gracious to him, so that princes, lords, knights, and soldiers shall know and learn that which pertains to the Art. Therefore he has allowed the Epitome to be written with secret and suspicious words, so that not every man shall undertake and understand them. And he has done that so the Epitome’s Art will little concern the reckless Fencing Masters, so that from those same Masters his Art is not openly presented, nor shall it become common. And the same secret and suspicious words of the Epitome which stand hereafter, the glosses teach and explain thus, so that everyone who otherwise can fence may well undertake and understand them.</p>
 
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| <p>[2] {{red|b=1|Here mark what the red writing is in the beginning of the techniques described hereafter:}} it is the text of secret words of the Epitome of the Long Sword. And always the black script after it is the gloss and the explanation of the secret and suspicious words of the Epitome.</p>
 
| <p>[2] {{red|b=1|Here mark what the red writing is in the beginning of the techniques described hereafter:}} it is the text of secret words of the Epitome of the Long Sword. And always the black script after it is the gloss and the explanation of the secret and suspicious words of the Epitome.</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is the first art of the Long Sword, that you shall learn the hews correctly before all things, so that you will otherwise fence strongly, and undertake that thus: When you stand with your left foot before and hew from your right side, if you do not follow after the hew with a step forward of your right foot, then the hew is false and incorrect. When your right side remains behind, the hew becomes too short thereby and may not have its correct path downwards to the other side before the left foot.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is the first art of the Long Sword, that you shall learn the hews correctly before all things, so that you will otherwise fence strongly, and undertake that thus: When you stand with your left foot before and hew from your right side, if you do not follow after the hew with a step forward of your right foot, then the hew is false and incorrect. When your right side remains behind, the hew becomes too short thereby and may not have its correct path downwards to the other side before the left foot.</p>
 
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<p><br/></p>
 
 
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<p>Gloss: This is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: then you shall not stand still and look after his hews, waiting for what he fences against you. Know that all fencers that look and wait on another’s hews and will do nothing other than parrying deserve such very little joy in their art, since they are destroyed and become struck thereby.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: This is when you come to him with the pre-fencing: then you shall not stand still and look after his hews, waiting for what he fences against you. Know that all fencers that look and wait on another’s hews and will do nothing other than parrying deserve such very little joy in their art, since they are destroyed and become struck thereby.</p>
 
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| <p>[8] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he drives high up with his arms with the parrying, then strike him with a free hew below to the body, and step quickly backward therewith, so he is struck before he comes in.</p>
 
| <p>[8] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he drives high up with his arms with the parrying, then strike him with a free hew below to the body, and step quickly backward therewith, so he is struck before he comes in.</p>
 
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| <p>[10] Likewise, if you are left-handed, then also do not hew the first hew from the right side, since it is quite perilous for a left-hander to practice Art from the right side, the same as it is also for a right-hander from the left side.</p>
 
| <p>[10] Likewise, if you are left-handed, then also do not hew the first hew from the right side, since it is quite perilous for a left-hander to practice Art from the right side, the same as it is also for a right-hander from the left side.</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, this is that before all things you shall rightly undertake and understand these two things, which are the Before and the After, and thereafter the Weak and Strong of the sword, and then the word “Meanwhile”, whence comes the entire foundation of all the Art of Fencing. When you think on, undertake, and understand them rightly, and do not forget the word “Meanwhile” in all techniques that you drive, then you are a very good Master of the Sword and may teach princes and lords well, so that they may be best in combat and in earnest with the correct Art of the Sword.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is that before all things you shall rightly undertake and understand these two things, which are the Before and the After, and thereafter the Weak and Strong of the sword, and then the word “Meanwhile”, whence comes the entire foundation of all the Art of Fencing. When you think on, undertake, and understand them rightly, and do not forget the word “Meanwhile” in all techniques that you drive, then you are a very good Master of the Sword and may teach princes and lords well, so that they may be best in combat and in earnest with the correct Art of the Sword.</p>
 
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<p>The After are the breaks against all techniques and hews the opponent drives on you, and that undertake thus: When he comes Before with the hew, and you must parry him, then work Meanwhile with your parrying nimbly with the sword to the next opening. Then you break his Before with your After.</p>
 
<p>The After are the breaks against all techniques and hews the opponent drives on you, and that undertake thus: When he comes Before with the hew, and you must parry him, then work Meanwhile with your parrying nimbly with the sword to the next opening. Then you break his Before with your After.</p>
 
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<p>Understand the Weak and the Strong thus: On the sword from the hilt to the middle of the blade is the Strong of the sword, and further above the middle to the point is the Weak. (And how you shall work with the Strong of your sword after the Weak of his sword you will learn hereafter.)</p>
 
<p>Understand the Weak and the Strong thus: On the sword from the hilt to the middle of the blade is the Strong of the sword, and further above the middle to the point is the Weak. (And how you shall work with the Strong of your sword after the Weak of his sword you will learn hereafter.)</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, here have become named to you the right Chief Techniques of the Epitome on the Long Sword (how they are each called particularly by their names), so that you can further remember and recall them.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, here have become named to you the right Chief Techniques of the Epitome on the Long Sword (how they are each called particularly by their names), so that you can further remember and recall them.</p>
 
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| <p>{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 010r.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/></p>
  
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<p>{{red|Item:}} The first is called the Wrath-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The second the Crooked-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The third the Thwart-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fourth the Squinting-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fifth the Parting-hew.</p>
 
<p>{{red|Item:}} The first is called the Wrath-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The second the Crooked-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The third the Thwart-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fourth the Squinting-hew.<br/>{{red|Item:}} The fifth the Parting-hew.</p>
 
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| <p>[18] And what you shall fence from the techniques, and how you shall give openings with the Hangings and Windings, you will thus find described hereafter, one after another to the next.</p>
 
| <p>[18] And what you shall fence from the techniques, and how you shall give openings with the Hangings and Windings, you will thus find described hereafter, one after another to the next.</p>
 
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<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, then shoot the long point into the face or breast, as the fore-described states. If he becomes aware of the point and parries strongly and presses your sword to the side, then wrench up over it with your sword on his sword’s blade, off above from his sword, and hew him to the other side, yet on his sword’s blade, into the head. That is called “taking off above”.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, that is when you hew in on him with the Wrath-hew, then shoot the long point into the face or breast, as the fore-described states. If he becomes aware of the point and parries strongly and presses your sword to the side, then wrench up over it with your sword on his sword’s blade, off above from his sword, and hew him to the other side, yet on his sword’s blade, into the head. That is called “taking off above”.</p>
 
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| <p><br/><br/></p>
 
 
<p><br/><br/></p>
 
 
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Line 421: Line 387:
 
<p>When he takes off above, then bind above on his sword strongly, in with the long edge to his head.</p>
 
<p>When he takes off above, then bind above on his sword strongly, in with the long edge to his head.</p>
 
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Line 436: Line 401:
 
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Line 455: Line 419:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he has bound with you, with a hew or with a stab (or otherwise on your sword): then from the Winding before you, you shall not too quickly leave his sword. When one sword clashes on the other, very precisely mark if he is Soft or Hard in the bind, and when you have found that first, then work Meanwhile with the Winding, after the Soft and after the Hard, always to the next-standing opening as you will be taught hereafter and trained in the techniques.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he has bound with you, with a hew or with a stab (or otherwise on your sword): then from the Winding before you, you shall not too quickly leave his sword. When one sword clashes on the other, very precisely mark if he is Soft or Hard in the bind, and when you have found that first, then work Meanwhile with the Winding, after the Soft and after the Hard, always to the next-standing opening as you will be taught hereafter and trained in the techniques.</p>
 
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Line 471: Line 434:
  
 
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Line 494: Line 456:
 
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Line 504: Line 465:
 
| <p>[26] And how you shall drive the Windings, and how many there are, you will find described in the last technique of the Epitome, which says “Whoever drives well and correctly breaks…”<ref>Couplets 102-109.</ref></p>
 
| <p>[26] And how you shall drive the Windings, and how many there are, you will find described in the last technique of the Epitome, which says “Whoever drives well and correctly breaks…”<ref>Couplets 102-109.</ref></p>
 
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Line 522: Line 482:
 
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| <p>{{section|Page:MS KK5126 107r.jpg|8|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/></p>
 
 
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Line 533: Line 490:
 
| <p>[28] That you shall thus understand: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, you shall always aim at the Four Openings boldly without any fear (with a hew or with a stab, to whichever you may best come on) and regard not what he drives or fences against you. Therewith, you force the man so that he must parry you, and when he has parried, then search quickly in the parrying with the Winding on his sword yet to the next opening, and thus aim always at the openings of the man and fence not to the sword, as in the technique which says, “Set-on four ends; Learn to remain thereon if you will end.”<ref>Couplet 74.</ref></p>
 
| <p>[28] That you shall thus understand: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, you shall always aim at the Four Openings boldly without any fear (with a hew or with a stab, to whichever you may best come on) and regard not what he drives or fences against you. Therewith, you force the man so that he must parry you, and when he has parried, then search quickly in the parrying with the Winding on his sword yet to the next opening, and thus aim always at the openings of the man and fence not to the sword, as in the technique which says, “Set-on four ends; Learn to remain thereon if you will end.”<ref>Couplet 74.</ref></p>
 
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Line 557: Line 513:
 
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Line 568: Line 523:
 
<p>Mark, when he hews above to you from his right shoulder: then hew also from your right with him, likewise above strongly to the head. If he parries and remains Strong on the sword, then drive up Meanwhile with your arms, and thrust your sword’s pommel with your left hand under your right arm, and strike in with the long edge with crossed arms, behind his sword’s blade on his head.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he hews above to you from his right shoulder: then hew also from your right with him, likewise above strongly to the head. If he parries and remains Strong on the sword, then drive up Meanwhile with your arms, and thrust your sword’s pommel with your left hand under your right arm, and strike in with the long edge with crossed arms, behind his sword’s blade on his head.</p>
 
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Line 580: Line 534:
 
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Line 586: Line 539:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| <p>[32] ''Thus you have learned to bring your sword to the War and pass through it.''</p>
 
| <p>[32] ''Thus you have learned to bring your sword to the War and pass through it.''</p>
|
 
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 016v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 016v.jpg|1|lbl=16v}}
Line 597: Line 549:
 
<p>Mark, when you hew strongly on him from above your right shoulder to his head, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then Wind on your left side with your short edge on his sword, and drive up well with your arms, and drive in with your sword’s blade above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you hew strongly on him from above your right shoulder to his head, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then Wind on your left side with your short edge on his sword, and drive up well with your arms, and drive in with your sword’s blade above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening.</p>
 
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Line 606: Line 557:
 
<p>Mark, when you hew to his head from above your left side, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive up with your arms and hang in the point above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening. Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hews thereafter, as you find the Weak and Strong on the sword.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you hew to his head from above your left side, if he parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive up with your arms and hang in the point above over his sword, and stab into the lower opening. Thus you may drive the two techniques from all hews thereafter, as you find the Weak and Strong on the sword.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 016v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
| <p><br/></p>
 
 
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Line 615: Line 563:
 
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| <p>[35] ''These are the fencings with the sword, and embody the work that is exalted.''</p>
 
| <p>[35] ''These are the fencings with the sword, and embody the work that is exalted.''</p>
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Line 635: Line 582:
  
 
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Line 646: Line 591:
 
<p>Mark, you may also drive the Crooked hew from the Barrier-Guard on both sides, and in that guard position yourself thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth (so that the long edge is above), and give an opening with the left side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike him with the long edge with crossed hands, with the point on his hands.</p>
 
<p>Mark, you may also drive the Crooked hew from the Barrier-Guard on both sides, and in that guard position yourself thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with the point near your right side on the earth (so that the long edge is above), and give an opening with the left side. If he then hews to the opening, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side against him, and strike him with the long edge with crossed hands, with the point on his hands.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 017r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 017r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
| <p><br/></p>
 
 
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Line 658: Line 600:
 
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| <p><br/></p>
 
 
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Line 677: Line 616:
 
Gloss: Mark, you shall drive this technique against the Masters from the bind of the swords, and it drive thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with the left foot before and lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-Guard (or hold it on your right shoulder). If he then hews above to the opening, then hew strongly with your long edge with crossed arms against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile against your left side with the short edge on his sword, and stab him to the face. Or, if you will not stab him, then hew him with your short edge Meanwhile, from the sword to his head or to his body.
 
Gloss: Mark, you shall drive this technique against the Masters from the bind of the swords, and it drive thus: when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with the left foot before and lay your sword to your right side in the Barrier-Guard (or hold it on your right shoulder). If he then hews above to the opening, then hew strongly with your long edge with crossed arms against his hew, and as quickly as the swords clash together, then Wind Meanwhile against your left side with the short edge on his sword, and stab him to the face. Or, if you will not stab him, then hew him with your short edge Meanwhile, from the sword to his head or to his body.
 
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Line 692: Line 630:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he will hew you from above his right side: then drive high up with your hands and do as if you will bind him on his sword with the Crooked hew, and drive through under his sword with your point, and stab him to the other side, to his face or his breast, and see that you are well protected above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is when he will hew you from above his right side: then drive high up with your hands and do as if you will bind him on his sword with the Crooked hew, and drive through under his sword with your point, and stab him to the other side, to his face or his breast, and see that you are well protected above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 020v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
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Line 699: Line 636:
 
| <p>[41] You also break the guard of the Ox with this technique, drive it thus: when you go to him with the pre-fencing, when he then stands against you and holds his sword with the hilt on his left side before his head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder and do as if you will bind him with the Crooked hew on his sword, and hew short and Change-through therewith below his sword, and shoot in the long point to the other side, under his sword, in to his neck. Then he must parry, and you come to strikes therewith, and to other work with the sword.</p>
 
| <p>[41] You also break the guard of the Ox with this technique, drive it thus: when you go to him with the pre-fencing, when he then stands against you and holds his sword with the hilt on his left side before his head, then throw your sword on your right shoulder and do as if you will bind him with the Crooked hew on his sword, and hew short and Change-through therewith below his sword, and shoot in the long point to the other side, under his sword, in to his neck. Then he must parry, and you come to strikes therewith, and to other work with the sword.</p>
 
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Line 719: Line 655:
  
 
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Line 735: Line 670:
 
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Line 744: Line 677:
 
| <p>[44] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he comes before with the hew down from above before you, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side, with the parry described before, so that you catch his hew on your hilt and strike him with the Thwart to the left side of his head.</p>
 
| <p>[44] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he comes before with the hew down from above before you, then spring from the hew with your right foot well on your right side, with the parry described before, so that you catch his hew on your hilt and strike him with the Thwart to the left side of his head.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 019r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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Line 755: Line 687:
 
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Line 767: Line 698:
  
 
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Line 778: Line 708:
 
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Line 785: Line 714:
 
| <p>[48] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you strike him with the Thwart to his left side, and he then follows you with the slice on your arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the long edge.</p>
 
| <p>[48] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you strike him with the Thwart to his left side, and he then follows you with the slice on your arm, then strike him in his mouth with the Doubling, behind his sword’s blade with the long edge.</p>
 
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Line 792: Line 720:
 
| <p>[49] Mark, break him thus against the Doubling: when you slice him above on his arm, if he then strikes above with the Doubling to your head, then drive up against the strike and Wind your sword under his, and drive in with the short edge, with your sword on his neck.</p>
 
| <p>[49] Mark, break him thus against the Doubling: when you slice him above on his arm, if he then strikes above with the Doubling to your head, then drive up against the strike and Wind your sword under his, and drive in with the short edge, with your sword on his neck.</p>
 
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Line 807: Line 734:
 
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Line 817: Line 743:
 
<p>When you strongly hew to him from your right side with the Thwart, if he then parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive in with the short edge of your sword to his right side on his neck, and spring with your right foot behind his left foot, and shove him over with the sword’s blade thus, or drive the Mutating in to the lower opening.<ref>Vienna rewords and rearranges this paragraph: “When you hew to him with the Thwart, if he parries and binds therewith Soft on your sword, then drive the Mutating in to the lower opening, or drive in with your sword to his right side on the neck, and spring with the right foot behind his left, and jerk him thereover with the sword.”</ref></p>
 
<p>When you strongly hew to him from your right side with the Thwart, if he then parries and is Soft on the sword, then drive in with the short edge of your sword to his right side on his neck, and spring with your right foot behind his left foot, and shove him over with the sword’s blade thus, or drive the Mutating in to the lower opening.<ref>Vienna rewords and rearranges this paragraph: “When you hew to him with the Thwart, if he parries and binds therewith Soft on your sword, then drive the Mutating in to the lower opening, or drive in with your sword to his right side on the neck, and spring with the right foot behind his left, and jerk him thereover with the sword.”</ref></p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 020v.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
| <p><br/></p>
 
 
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Line 829: Line 752:
 
<p>When one drives on your neck with the sword, then drive up with the pommel inside his sword and let your blade hang low, and thrust his sword therewith from your neck, and strike him with the snapping above to the head. Or strike him with your right hand above, over his sword, below to his face while he has his sword on your neck with the Doubling.</p>
 
<p>When one drives on your neck with the sword, then drive up with the pommel inside his sword and let your blade hang low, and thrust his sword therewith from your neck, and strike him with the snapping above to the head. Or strike him with your right hand above, over his sword, below to his face while he has his sword on your neck with the Doubling.</p>
 
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Line 846: Line 768:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before how the Ox and the Plow are named two Liers (or two guards), so are they here called the Four Openings. The Ox is the upper two openings on the right and the left sides of the head, and so is the Plow the lower two openings, also the right and the left side of the lower half of the girdle of the man. You shall strike the same openings with the Thwart in the pre-fencing, and seek all four.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, you have heard before how the Ox and the Plow are named two Liers (or two guards), so are they here called the Four Openings. The Ox is the upper two openings on the right and the left sides of the head, and so is the Plow the lower two openings, also the right and the left side of the lower half of the girdle of the man. You shall strike the same openings with the Thwart in the pre-fencing, and seek all four.</p>
 
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Line 859: Line 780:
 
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Line 868: Line 788:
 
| <p>[55] {{red|b=1|Also you shall}} always think to spring out wide on the side against him with each Thwart strike: so may you hit well to his head, and see also that you are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
| <p>[55] {{red|b=1|Also you shall}} always think to spring out wide on the side against him with each Thwart strike: so may you hit well to his head, and see also that you are well guarded above with the hilt before your head.</p>
 
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Line 878: Line 797:
 
<p>Mark, when he strikes you above to your head with the Thwart (from his right side to your left), then parry with the long edge and remain with the point before his breast. If he then strikes around with the Thwart, from the sword to the lower opening on your right side, then strike also with the Thwart below through (between you and him), also against his right side, and bind therewith on his sword, and remain in the bind and stab him Meanwhile to the lower opening.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when he strikes you above to your head with the Thwart (from his right side to your left), then parry with the long edge and remain with the point before his breast. If he then strikes around with the Thwart, from the sword to the lower opening on your right side, then strike also with the Thwart below through (between you and him), also against his right side, and bind therewith on his sword, and remain in the bind and stab him Meanwhile to the lower opening.</p>
 
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Line 894: Line 812:
  
 
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Line 902: Line 819:
 
| <p>[58] Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then do as if you will strike him with a free Over-hew to the head, but pull the hew and strike him with the Thwart to the lower opening of his left or his right side (to whichever you want), and see that you are well-guarded with the hilt over your head. You may also drive this thus with the Thwart-hew.</p>
 
| <p>[58] Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then do as if you will strike him with a free Over-hew to the head, but pull the hew and strike him with the Thwart to the lower opening of his left or his right side (to whichever you want), and see that you are well-guarded with the hilt over your head. You may also drive this thus with the Thwart-hew.</p>
 
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|-
 
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| <p>[This play from the Vienna belongs to [[Jud Lew|Branch A]].]</p>
 
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Line 927: Line 835:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Inverter is called “the half-hew” or “the turned-hew” by fencers. Therewith one forces the man, so that he may Run-through him and grasp him with wrestling.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, the Inverter is called “the half-hew” or “the turned-hew” by fencers. Therewith one forces the man, so that he may Run-through him and grasp him with wrestling.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 022r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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| <p>{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 029v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/></p>
 
| <p>{{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 029v.jpg|3|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/></p>
  
Line 941: Line 848:
 
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Line 951: Line 855:
 
| <p>[61] Or if he remains low with his hands in the parrying, then grip his right elbow with your left hand and hold him fast therewith, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him thus over the foot.</p>
 
| <p>[61] Or if he remains low with his hands in the parrying, then grip his right elbow with your left hand and hold him fast therewith, and spring with your left foot before his right and thrust him thus over the foot.</p>
 
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Line 959: Line 862:
 
| <p>[62] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you will not thrust him over the foot by the elbow with your left hand (as the fore-described states), then drive in with your left arm behind around his body, and throw him before you over your left hip.</p>
 
| <p>[62] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you will not thrust him over the foot by the elbow with your left hand (as the fore-described states), then drive in with your left arm behind around his body, and throw him before you over your left hip.</p>
 
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Line 977: Line 879:
 
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Line 986: Line 887:
 
| <p>[64] Also, you may thus drive the Failer as well from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, when you are even (or when you want).</p>
 
| <p>[64] Also, you may thus drive the Failer as well from the Over-hew as from the Thwart strike, when you are even (or when you want).</p>
 
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Line 1,006: Line 906:
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 032v.jpg|1|lbl=32v}}
 
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Line 1,015: Line 914:
 
<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then hews above in to your head, then turn your sword and hew long against his hew with the short edge, over his sword with stretched arms above in to his head. If he is then clever and Fails with the hew, and will Change-through below your sword, then let the point shoot in long before you with the hew, so he may not Change-through below.</p>
 
<p>Mark, when you come to him with the pre-fencing, then stand with your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder. If he then hews above in to your head, then turn your sword and hew long against his hew with the short edge, over his sword with stretched arms above in to his head. If he is then clever and Fails with the hew, and will Change-through below your sword, then let the point shoot in long before you with the hew, so he may not Change-through below.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 033r.jpg|1|lbl=33r}}
 
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Line 1,025: Line 923:
 
<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and will stab below to you, then hew him long in above with the Squinter, and shoot the point long in to the breast, so may he not reach you below with the stab.</p>
 
<p>When you stand against him and hold your sword on your right shoulder, if he then stands against you in the guard of the Plow and will stab below to you, then hew him long in above with the Squinter, and shoot the point long in to the breast, so may he not reach you below with the stab.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 023v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 023v.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 034r.jpg|1|lbl=34r}}
 
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Line 1,042: Line 938:
  
 
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Line 1,050: Line 945:
 
| <p>[69] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you lie before him in the guard of the Fool, if he will then fall Crooked thereon with the sword, so is his sword but shortened.</p>
 
| <p>[69] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if you lie before him in the guard of the Fool, if he will then fall Crooked thereon with the sword, so is his sword but shortened.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 024r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 024r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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Line 1,058: Line 952:
 
| <p>[70] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he lies against you in the guard of the Ox or the Plow, so is his sword but shortened. Also know that all Winds with the sword before the man are short and shorten the sword, and whatever fencer drives the Winding thus, then freely Change through from hews and from stabs, and shoot in the long point therewith into the next opening. Therewith you force him so that he must parry, and so you come to your correct work.</p>
 
| <p>[70] {{red|b=1|Or}}, if he lies against you in the guard of the Ox or the Plow, so is his sword but shortened. Also know that all Winds with the sword before the man are short and shorten the sword, and whatever fencer drives the Winding thus, then freely Change through from hews and from stabs, and shoot in the long point therewith into the next opening. Therewith you force him so that he must parry, and so you come to your correct work.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 024r.jpg|3|lbl=-}}
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Line 1,073: Line 966:
 
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Line 1,087: Line 979:
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is another break when he stands against you in the Long Point. Squint with your face to his head, and do as if you will strike him thereon, but strike him with the Squint-hew with the point on his hands.</p>
 
<p>Gloss: Mark, this is another break when he stands against you in the Long Point. Squint with your face to his head, and do as if you will strike him thereon, but strike him with the Squint-hew with the point on his hands.</p>
 
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Line 1,116: Line 1,007:
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Germ.Quart.2020 037v.jpg|1|lbl=37v}}
  
Line 1,128: Line 1,018:
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then lies against you in the guard Fool, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring to him, and hew strongly down from above with the long edge to his head.</p>
 
<p>When you come to him with the pre-fencing, if he then lies against you in the guard Fool, then set your left foot before and hold your sword on your right shoulder in the guard, and spring to him, and hew strongly down from above with the long edge to his head.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 025r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Cod.44.A.8 025r.jpg|2|lbl=-}}
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| <p>[75] If he then parries the hew so that his point and hilt both stand over him, that is called the Crown. Then remain high with your arms, and with your left hand lift your sword’s pommel over you, and sink the point in over his hilt to his breast. If he then drives up with his sword and thrusts your point upwards with his hilt, then Wind your sword through under his Crown with the slice in his arms and press. Thus is the Crown again broken, and with the pressing slice fast in the arms, and then pull yourself off with the slice.</p>
 
| <p>[75] If he then parries the hew so that his point and hilt both stand over him, that is called the Crown. Then remain high with your arms, and with your left hand lift your sword’s pommel over you, and sink the point in over his hilt to his breast. If he then drives up with his sword and thrusts your point upwards with his hilt, then Wind your sword through under his Crown with the slice in his arms and press. Thus is the Crown again broken, and with the pressing slice fast in the arms, and then pull yourself off with the slice.</p>
 
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| <p>[78] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, on the left side position yourself thus in the Ox: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side, with the hilt before your head so that your thumb is below, and hang the point in against his face. That is the Ox on both sides.</p>
 
| <p>[78] {{red|b=1|Mark}}, on the left side position yourself thus in the Ox: stand with your right foot before and hold your sword near your left side, with the hilt before your head so that your thumb is below, and hang the point in against his face. That is the Ox on both sides.</p>
 
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<p>Mark, the other guard is called the Plow, there position yourself thus with it: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands, with the pommel below you near your right side on your hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands in against his face.</p>
 
<p>Mark, the other guard is called the Plow, there position yourself thus with it: stand with your left foot before and hold your sword with crossed hands, with the pommel below you near your right side on your hip, so that the short edge is above and the point stands in against his face.</p>
 
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Revision as of 19:09, 11 July 2016

Gloss and Interpretation of
the Recital on the Long Sword
die gloss und die auslegung der zettel
des langen schwert
Johannes Liechtenauer.jpg
Author(s) Unknown
Ascribed to Pseudo-Peter von Danzig
Illustrated by Unknown
Date before 1452
Genre
Language Early New High German
Archetype(s) Hypothetical
Principal
Manuscript(s)
Manuscript(s)
First Printed
English Edition
Tobler, 2010
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations

"Pseudo-Peter von Danzig" is the name given to an anonymous late 14th or early 15th century German fencing master.[1] Some time before the creation of the Codex 44.A.8 in 1452, he authored a gloss of Johannes Liechtenauer's Recital (Zettel) which would go on to become the most widespread in the tradition. While his identity remains unknown, it is possible that he was in fact Jud Lew or Sigmund Schining ein Ringeck, both of whose glosses show strong similarities to the work. On the other hand, the introduction to the Rome version of the text might be construed as attributing it to Liechtenauer himself.

Treatise

Early on in its history, the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss seems to have split into two primary branches, and no definite copies of the unaltered original are known to survive. The gloss of Sigmund ain Ringeck also seems to be related to this work, due to the considerable overlap in text and contents, but the exact nature of this relationship is currently unclear.

Branch A, first attested in the Augsburg version (1450s) and comprising the majority of extant copies, has more devices overall than the other branch (particularly in the extensive Salzburg version of 1491) but generally shorter descriptions in areas of overlap. It also includes glosses of Liechtenauer's Recital on long sword and mounted fencing only, and in lieu of a gloss of Liechtenauer's short sword it is generally accompanied by the short sword teachings of Andre Liegniczer and Martin Huntfeltz. Apart from containing the most content, the Salzburg version is notable for including nine paragraphs of text that are not found in any other version of Pseudo-Peter von Danzig, but do appear in Ringeck (and constitute almost 10% of that gloss); this predates all known copies of Ringeck's text, but is another indicator of some connection between the works. Branch A was later used by Johannes Lecküchner as a source when he compiled his own gloss of a Recital on the Messer in the late 1470s.

Branch B, attested first in the Rome version (1452), is found in only four manuscripts; it tends to feature slightly longer descriptions than Branch A, but includes fewer devices overall. Branch B glosses Liechtenauer's entire Recital, including the short sword section, and may therefore be considered more complete than Branch A; it also different from Branch A in that three of the four known copies are illustrated to some extent, where none in the other branch are. The Krakow version (1510-20) seems to be an incomplete (though extensively illustrated) copy taken directly from the Rome,[2] while Augsburg II (1564) is taken from the Krakow but only includes the six illustrated devices of wrestling and their respective captions. Even more anomalous is the Glasgow version, consisting solely of a sizable fragment of the short sword gloss (hence its assignation to Branch B) which is appended to the opening paragraphs of Ringeck's gloss of the same section; since it accompanies Ringeck's long sword and mounted fencing glosses, a possible explanation is that the scribe lacked a complete copy of Ringeck and tried to fill in the deficit with another similar text.

There is one version of the Pseudo-Peter von Danzig gloss that defies categorization into either branch, namely the Vienna version (included in a 1480 manuscript along with Paulus Kal's work, though Kal's personal level of involvement is unknown). The text of this copy is more consistent with the generally shorter descriptions of Branch A, but the overall contents much more closely align with Branch B, lacking most of the unique devices of Branch A and including the gloss of the short sword. The Vienna version may therefore be a copy of the original gloss before it split into these branches (or it may merely be an odd attempt by a scribe to synthesize the two branches into a single, shorter work).

While Branches A and B were originally presented in a single concordance in this article, the differences between them were revealed thereby to be extensive enough that they merit separate consideration. Thus Branch A has been placed on the page of Jud Lew, to whom is seemingly attributed the gloss on mounted fencing, while Branch B has been retained here. As the Vienna version cannot be cleanly assigned to one branch or the other, it appears in both concordances for comparative purposes.

Additional Resources

References

  1. This name stems from the false assumption of many 20th century writers identifying him with Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt.
  2. Zabinski, pp 82-83
  3. Per Rasmusson, Goliath text reads "...else the play further from the left side shall happen with the step and strike on other sides."
  4. Or "tap-hit".
  5. Lit. "he is".
  6. Couplets 102-109.
  7. Couplet 74.
  8. Vienna rewords and rearranges this paragraph: “When you hew to him with the Thwart, if he parries and binds therewith Soft on your sword, then drive the Mutating in to the lower opening, or drive in with your sword to his right side on the neck, and spring with the right foot behind his left, and jerk him thereover with the sword.”
  9. Squint here means “an askew glance”, referring to both the sword's direction of travel and also the use of deception with the eyes with this hew.
  10. The Vienna incorporates additional material belonging to Branch A here.
  11. Letter erased and overwritten.
  12. This text is a repetition of the first paragraph on folio 68r, but this is the illustration that corresponds to the text in Goliath (folio 54v).
  13. Korrigiert aus »das«.
  14. 14.0 14.1 Indecipherable due to an ink blotch.
  15. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  16. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  17. Steht nach der nächsten Zeile.
  18. "Nachent in weyshait" is reversed in the text, with markings indicating the correct word order"
  19. Corrected from »sein«.
  20. Corrected from »seinem«.
  21. The rest vanishes in the binding.
  22. Corrected from »dam«.
  23. Corrected from »dem«.
  24. Corrected from »vchsel«.
  25. Korrigiert aus »sein«.
  26. Corrected from »mit«.