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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/144|f2|lbl=-}}
 
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| <p><br/><br/></p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/145|f1|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/>
 
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| <p>CON: At least tell me now what advantage is, and what ''tempo'' is. </p>
 
| <p>CON: At least tell me now what advantage is, and what ''tempo'' is. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: This (I believe) one could quite well do, if the enemy were not intent upon this exercise. But if he shrewdly did not allow me to place myself in guard with advantage, what would I have to do? </p>
 
| <p>CON: This (I believe) one could quite well do, if the enemy were not intent upon this exercise. But if he shrewdly did not allow me to place myself in guard with advantage, what would I have to do? </p>
 
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<p>ROD: I would like you to step, vaulting at him diagonally, and wearying him continuously, now with a ''mezo mandritto'', and now with a ''mezo rovescio'', and often with a variety of feints, taking heed nonetheless always to keep your body away from the point of his sword, because he could easily give you the time and the occasion to seize the advantage of placing yourself in guard. </p>
 
<p>ROD: I would like you to step, vaulting at him diagonally, and wearying him continuously, now with a ''mezo mandritto'', and now with a ''mezo rovescio'', and often with a variety of feints, taking heed nonetheless always to keep your body away from the point of his sword, because he could easily give you the time and the occasion to seize the advantage of placing yourself in guard. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: And if he were to weary me with similar feints and half blows, what would I have to do? </p>
 
| <p>CON: And if he were to weary me with similar feints and half blows, what would I have to do? </p>
 
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<p>ROD: You would have to retire backwards one or two steps; as a result, he would not be able to strike you, being thus unable to reach you, and you would have to step so that the mind of the adversary would be baited by the proposition that he might accomplish the striking of you, and the way that it were determined; because at all times the variation of your body with the stepping also causes a change in the thought and the plan. But always remain attentive in the stepping to seize the opportunity to place yourself in guard with the advantage of the sword. </p>
 
<p>ROD: You would have to retire backwards one or two steps; as a result, he would not be able to strike you, being thus unable to reach you, and you would have to step so that the mind of the adversary would be baited by the proposition that he might accomplish the striking of you, and the way that it were determined; because at all times the variation of your body with the stepping also causes a change in the thought and the plan. But always remain attentive in the stepping to seize the opportunity to place yourself in guard with the advantage of the sword. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: What, then, is the advantage in the strike? </p>
 
| <p>CON: What, then, is the advantage in the strike? </p>
 
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<p>ROD: Bear in mind to never try to strike unless when you throw the blow you can reach the enemy with a half step, or at most a step. </p>
 
<p>ROD: Bear in mind to never try to strike unless when you throw the blow you can reach the enemy with a half step, or at most a step. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: And why is that? Could I not still try although I could reach him in two steps? It seems to me that it still wounds, that it doesn’t have to lose time. </p>
 
| <p>CON: And why is that? Could I not still try although I could reach him in two steps? It seems to me that it still wounds, that it doesn’t have to lose time. </p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/146|8|lbl=61r.8}}
  
 
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| <p><small>''When one strikes, one must not regard his own point, but that of his enemy.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''When one strikes, one must not regard his own point, but that of his enemy.''</small><br/><br/></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: If you always want to attempt to throw blows when you still cannot reach your enemy without more steps, then you will spend too much time in throwing them, and give too much of it to the enemy in order to be able to shun your blow, and simultaneously to strike you, because you would overly disconcert yourself needing to move yourself from that distance between you. But when you can close with a step, and with half of one, you will not disconcert yourself, and you will strike quickly, without giving the enemy time to protect himself. Then you will have to pay attention that when you strike, you do not look to the point of your own sword, but rather to that of your enemy. </p>
 
<p>ROD: If you always want to attempt to throw blows when you still cannot reach your enemy without more steps, then you will spend too much time in throwing them, and give too much of it to the enemy in order to be able to shun your blow, and simultaneously to strike you, because you would overly disconcert yourself needing to move yourself from that distance between you. But when you can close with a step, and with half of one, you will not disconcert yourself, and you will strike quickly, without giving the enemy time to protect himself. Then you will have to pay attention that when you strike, you do not look to the point of your own sword, but rather to that of your enemy. </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/146|9|lbl=61r.9|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/147|1|lbl=61v.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>CON: It seems to me that if I want to strike it is necessary that I look to the place where the enemy is exposed, otherwise I would throw the blow without doing him any harm, and that if I have to look to where I must thrust the point of my sword, it is necessary that I regard it as well. </p>
 
| <p>CON: It seems to me that if I want to strike it is necessary that I look to the place where the enemy is exposed, otherwise I would throw the blow without doing him any harm, and that if I have to look to where I must thrust the point of my sword, it is necessary that I regard it as well. </p>
 
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<p>ROD: It is indeed necessary to look to where the enemy is exposed, because it is to there that the blow must be thrown; but it is necessary to throw the blow without looking to one’s own sword; and with the speed of eye necessary to a good warrior, one can in the selfsame time see the place where the enemy is exposed, and regard the point of the enemy’s sword. Know you well, then, that greater damage can come to you from being offended than can easily come to you from being on the offense, and therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the sword of your enemy in order to be able to defend, reserving yourself for a better time to offend him. Therefore, ''conte'', from your perspective you have the advantage in the strike when you can hit in one step, or half of one; and from the perspective of your enemy, when he would try some blow without being able to reach you, or being able to reach you in more steps, because he, in disconcertedly attempting his blow, or in the elevation of his sword, will give to you time in which to strike him, and similarly, when he, not having regarded the point of your sword, will give to you occasion to offend him. </p>
 
<p>ROD: It is indeed necessary to look to where the enemy is exposed, because it is to there that the blow must be thrown; but it is necessary to throw the blow without looking to one’s own sword; and with the speed of eye necessary to a good warrior, one can in the selfsame time see the place where the enemy is exposed, and regard the point of the enemy’s sword. Know you well, then, that greater damage can come to you from being offended than can easily come to you from being on the offense, and therefore it is necessary to pay attention to the sword of your enemy in order to be able to defend, reserving yourself for a better time to offend him. Therefore, ''conte'', from your perspective you have the advantage in the strike when you can hit in one step, or half of one; and from the perspective of your enemy, when he would try some blow without being able to reach you, or being able to reach you in more steps, because he, in disconcertedly attempting his blow, or in the elevation of his sword, will give to you time in which to strike him, and similarly, when he, not having regarded the point of your sword, will give to you occasion to offend him. </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/147|4|lbl=61v.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/148|1|lbl=62r.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p><small>''Advantage in the stepping from the perspective of the enemy.''</small></p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Advantage in the stepping from the perspective of the enemy.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: Briefly I tell you that when the enemy, in stepping, lifts his left foot in order to move a step, that he is then a bit discommoded, and then you can strike him with ease, and again change guard without fear, because he is intent on the other; and this is from the perspective of the enemy.</p>
 
<p>ROD: Briefly I tell you that when the enemy, in stepping, lifts his left foot in order to move a step, that he is then a bit discommoded, and then you can strike him with ease, and again change guard without fear, because he is intent on the other; and this is from the perspective of the enemy.</p>
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/148|f1|lbl=-}}
  
<p><small>''Advantage in the stepping from one’s own perspective.''</small></p>
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| <p><small>''Advantage in the stepping from one’s own perspective.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>From your perspective, then, when you are stepping, approaching the enemy, and go closing the step, then you have much advantage; for as much closer as you are with your feet, you will have that much more force in your blows, and in your self defense, and otherwise accordingly will you be able to close with your enemy in less time. </p>
 
<p>From your perspective, then, when you are stepping, approaching the enemy, and go closing the step, then you have much advantage; for as much closer as you are with your feet, you will have that much more force in your blows, and in your self defense, and otherwise accordingly will you be able to close with your enemy in less time. </p>
 
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<p>CON: Tell me, Rodomonte, give me advice, how should I go when I want to close the distance with my enemy; which is the greater advantage: to go to encounter him, or to wait for him? </p>
 
<p>CON: Tell me, Rodomonte, give me advice, how should I go when I want to close the distance with my enemy; which is the greater advantage: to go to encounter him, or to wait for him? </p>
 
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| <p>ROD: All the answer to this question is reduced to you being in advantage, and the enemy in disadvantage, because if you go in ''tempo'', such that you are in disadvantage of the sword, and your enemy is in advantage of guard, your going would undoubtedly be worse; but if it were the contrary, it would certainly be better. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: All the answer to this question is reduced to you being in advantage, and the enemy in disadvantage, because if you go in ''tempo'', such that you are in disadvantage of the sword, and your enemy is in advantage of guard, your going would undoubtedly be worse; but if it were the contrary, it would certainly be better. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: I do not doubt this, but I want to learn when one and the other were of advantage, and what would be the case were all else equal. </p>
 
| <p>CON: I do not doubt this, but I want to learn when one and the other were of advantage, and what would be the case were all else equal. </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/148|7|lbl=62r.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/149|1|lbl=62v.1|p=1}}
  
 
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<p>CON: If this is true, speaking of going to encounter the enemy, what then do you say of striking? Is it better to wait for the enemy to strike, or for him to be the first to throw a blow? </p>
 
<p>CON: If this is true, speaking of going to encounter the enemy, what then do you say of striking? Is it better to wait for the enemy to strike, or for him to be the first to throw a blow? </p>
 
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| <p>ROD: It is better to wait for the enemy to strike. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: It is better to wait for the enemy to strike. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: It seems to me rather to be the opposite; because when I will be the first to strike it necessitates the enemy to defend himself, and while he pays attention to his defense, he cannot devote attention to offending me. </p>
 
| <p>CON: It seems to me rather to be the opposite; because when I will be the first to strike it necessitates the enemy to defend himself, and while he pays attention to his defense, he cannot devote attention to offending me. </p>
 
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| <p>ROD: This reason of yours would be valid if while one defended oneself one was not still able to offend; but such is discovered to be false of many defenses, which are able to be offenses as well, among which we can place our ''schermo'', which is a single parry, a single strike, and a single time. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: This reason of yours would be valid if while one defended oneself one was not still able to offend; but such is discovered to be false of many defenses, which are able to be offenses as well, among which we can place our ''schermo'', which is a single parry, a single strike, and a single time. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: Why do you say thus to me, that it is better to wait, that the enemy be the first to strike? </p>
 
| <p>CON: Why do you say thus to me, that it is better to wait, that the enemy be the first to strike? </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/149|7|lbl=62v.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/150|1|lbl=63r.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>CON: I rest very satisfied by such as you have said to me concerning wherein may lie the advantage in placing oneself in guard while striking and stepping; now I wish to know what ''tempo'' is, and what is signified to us by saying a “''tempo''” and a “''mezo tempo''”. </p>
 
| <p>CON: I rest very satisfied by such as you have said to me concerning wherein may lie the advantage in placing oneself in guard while striking and stepping; now I wish to know what ''tempo'' is, and what is signified to us by saying a “''tempo''” and a “''mezo tempo''”. </p>
 
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| <p>ROD: It is a great controversy among the philosophers, in viewing the nature of ''tempo'', and it is difficult to comprehend, and better to inquire about it of Bocadiferro, now that we come to it. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: It is a great controversy among the philosophers, in viewing the nature of ''tempo'', and it is difficult to comprehend, and better to inquire about it of Bocadiferro, now that we come to it. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: O ''Dottore'', what do you understand about ''tempo'', and what it is? </p>
 
| <p>CON: O ''Dottore'', what do you understand about ''tempo'', and what it is? </p>
 
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<p>BOC: It will be difficult to understand it, ''Signor conte''; the philosophers say that ''tempo'' is measured in motion, and in rest, according to earlier and later; and more intelligently, I say to you, that a body which moves itself, moves itself from one place in order to travel to another; the place from whence it departs is one end of that journey, and the motion is the other end; now divide that journey and that path into two equal parts through the middle; the first half toward the end from whence it departs is called the first part; the other half is called the final part; this consideration of the first and second part (that is to say, earlier and later) in the discourse of our spirit, the philosophers call “''tempo''”, where the numbering of the parts of the successive motion is ''tempo''. </p>
 
<p>BOC: It will be difficult to understand it, ''Signor conte''; the philosophers say that ''tempo'' is measured in motion, and in rest, according to earlier and later; and more intelligently, I say to you, that a body which moves itself, moves itself from one place in order to travel to another; the place from whence it departs is one end of that journey, and the motion is the other end; now divide that journey and that path into two equal parts through the middle; the first half toward the end from whence it departs is called the first part; the other half is called the final part; this consideration of the first and second part (that is to say, earlier and later) in the discourse of our spirit, the philosophers call “''tempo''”, where the numbering of the parts of the successive motion is ''tempo''. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: For what reason is it not recognized during sleep? </p>
 
| <p>CON: For what reason is it not recognized during sleep? </p>
 
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| <p><small>''Why during sleep ''tempo'' is not recognized.''</small></p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Why during sleep ''tempo'' is not recognized.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>BOC: Because when the external senses are bound (sleep being nothing other than a binding of all the external senses) we do not comprehend motion, and consequently ''tempo'' is not recognized, which is an occasion inseparable from motion, or to say it better, it is the same motion according to other considerations; whereupon reaching the first instant, the first beginning of the ''tempo'' of sleep, to the last instant, the sleep ends, it not being possible to understand the ''tempo mezo'', </p>
 
<p>BOC: Because when the external senses are bound (sleep being nothing other than a binding of all the external senses) we do not comprehend motion, and consequently ''tempo'' is not recognized, which is an occasion inseparable from motion, or to say it better, it is the same motion according to other considerations; whereupon reaching the first instant, the first beginning of the ''tempo'' of sleep, to the last instant, the sleep ends, it not being possible to understand the ''tempo mezo'', </p>
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<p><small>''When in dreams it is possible to understand ''tempo.</small></p>
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| <p><small>''When in dreams it is possible to understand ''tempo.</small></p>
  
 
<p>except when the imagination works and creates dreams, as in respect of that motion; then is understood ''tempo'', and then the understanding grasps ''tempo'' to the extent of movement in that dream. </p>
 
<p>except when the imagination works and creates dreams, as in respect of that motion; then is understood ''tempo'', and then the understanding grasps ''tempo'' to the extent of movement in that dream. </p>
 
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<p>ROD: I see that the ''conte'' does not understand well; and therefore in order to give it to him perhaps to understand, speaking chivalrically: you see, ''conte'', the philosophers have proven that prior to a body moving itself it will remain at rest, and ceasing its motion again remains at rest; so that a motion (provided that it be single) will lie in the middle of two rests. </p>
 
<p>ROD: I see that the ''conte'' does not understand well; and therefore in order to give it to him perhaps to understand, speaking chivalrically: you see, ''conte'', the philosophers have proven that prior to a body moving itself it will remain at rest, and ceasing its motion again remains at rest; so that a motion (provided that it be single) will lie in the middle of two rests. </p>
 
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| <p>BOC: In the Seventh and Eighth Physics Aristotle proved it; Rodomonte speaks the truth. </p>
 
| <p>BOC: In the Seventh and Eighth Physics Aristotle proved it; Rodomonte speaks the truth. </p>
 
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| <p>ROD: I have heard it said by physicians that the motion of the pulse as well lies in the middle of two rests; is it not so, ''Dottore''? </p>
 
| <p>ROD: I have heard it said by physicians that the motion of the pulse as well lies in the middle of two rests; is it not so, ''Dottore''? </p>
 
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| <p>BOC: So proves Galen, and claims to have endured great labor for a long time in order to discern by touch the motion of the pulse when it lowers and raises, and divides itself into systole and diastole, that is to say into elevation and depression. </p>
 
| <p>BOC: So proves Galen, and claims to have endured great labor for a long time in order to discern by touch the motion of the pulse when it lowers and raises, and divides itself into systole and diastole, that is to say into elevation and depression. </p>
 
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<p>it is true, that the majority of striking is in ''mezo tempo'', it being necessary that when there are two well-schooled in the art, he who wishes to strike deceives his companion in the fashion that when the adversary is about to make a blow, he must enter with dexterity and speed, and strike in the middle of the blow of the adversary, with his half blow; hence we can say, that the majority of times the strike will be in ''mezo tempo'' with a half blow. </p>
 
<p>it is true, that the majority of striking is in ''mezo tempo'', it being necessary that when there are two well-schooled in the art, he who wishes to strike deceives his companion in the fashion that when the adversary is about to make a blow, he must enter with dexterity and speed, and strike in the middle of the blow of the adversary, with his half blow; hence we can say, that the majority of times the strike will be in ''mezo tempo'' with a half blow. </p>
 
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Revision as of 00:27, 25 November 2023

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone
Died 1552
Bologna (?)
Relative(s) Battista Viggiani (brother)
Occupation Fencing master
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Lo Schermo (1575)
Manuscript(s) Cod. 10723 (1567)
Translations Traduction française

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone (Viziani, Angelus Viggianus; d. 1552) was a 16th century Italian fencing master. Little is known about this master's life, but he was Bolognese by birth and might also have been connected to the court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[1]

In 1551, Viggiani completed a treatise on warfare, including fencing with the side sword, but died shortly thereafter. His brother Battista preserved the treatise and recorded in his introduction that Viggiani had asked him not to release it for at least fifteen years.[1] Accordingly, a presentation manuscript of the treatise was completed in 1567 as a gift for Maximilian II (1527-1576), Holy Roman Emperor. It was ultimately published in 1575 under the title Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani.

Treatise

Note: This article includes a very early (2002) draft of Jherek Swanger's translation. An extensively-revised version of the translation was released in print in 2017 as The Fencing Method of Angelo Viggiani: Lo Schermo, Part III. It can be purchased at the following link in softcover.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Unspecified service to Charles is mentioned in his brother's dedication on page 3.
  2. Literally, “Braggart”.
  3. Literally, “Iron Mouth”.
  4. It is conspicuous that in every other instance in the present text, (at least, in the sections translated here) Viggiani uses the term “da giuoco” (of play/practice) to refer to practice arms. Sydney Anglo (The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe p.324, footnote 102) refers to evidence showing that in late 16th century Spain the spada da marra was considered to be an Italian equivalent of the spada negra, a blunted weapon with a button, and discusses the significance of the different terms. “Marra” in modern Italian is “hoe, fluke of an anchor”, and is given by Florio (A Worlde of Wordes, 1598) to mean “a mattock, a spade, a shovell, a rake to mingle sand and lome together, a pickaxe, or such rusticke instrument.” Thus “spade da marra” may simply mean “swords of blunt metal”, and represent a standard type of practice weapon. Of possible relevance, “smarra” is used to refer to the practice rapier by Marcelli (Regole della scherma, 1686) and others, presumably as a linguistic descendent of “spade da marra” (Gaugler, The History of Fencing, 1998, p. 92); turning again to Florio, “smarrare” is given as “to pare or shave down” and so “smarra” may simply derive from the meaning of “a sword whose point has been pared down”, rather than a contraction of “spada da marra”. It is intriguing to speculate that the term was originally pejorative, suggesting something akin to “swords like shovels”.
  5. Psalm 45:3.
  6. The word for which I substitute the phrase “dull edge” is, in the original, “costa”; the relevant meaning given in Florio is “the back of a knife”. Viggiani uses it to refer, first, to a dull false edge (as in a backsword); and second, to a dull portion of either the false, or, more likely, both edges (as an extended ricasso). I am unaware of a discrete word in English that could stand in adequate stead.
  7. Psalm 149:6-7.
  8. This is almost certainly an error in the original. The text reads “se nascerà la punta dalle parti dritte, chiamerassi punta rovescia”. This is, of course, the complete opposite of what is meant by “punta rovescia”, and Viggiani immediately contradicts this statement on pg. 56V, endnote immediately following.
  9. Here the correct definition (contrary to the preceding endnote) is given: “Se si ferirà con la punta, o nascerà dalle parti diritte, & chiamerassi punta diritta, o dalle parti stanche, & chiamerassi punta rovescia…
  10. "C" is upside down.
  11. Interpreting this maneuver is problematic. It may refer to the practice of arresting a fendente by meeting it at the agent’s hand, hilt, or at worst, forte; yet no mention is made of the patient closing distance to do so, creating the impression of simply putting a hand or forearm in harm’s way rather than take the blow in the head. The relevant passage in the original is “…il suo braccio stanco tien cura, & custodia della testa in pigliare il colpo con la mano, o in ritener co’l braccio la forza sua…
  12. A braccio is a unit of length of approximately 60 centimeters. The specified distance is therefore about 30 cm, or one foot.
  13. This is, of course, in full, “guardia larga, offensiva, imperfetta”.