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Difference between revisions of "Angelo Viggiani dal Montone"

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| <p><small>''Between two blows lies a guard, and between two guards, a blow.''</small></p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Between two blows lies a guard, and between two guards, a blow.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: All right, it suffices that each motion that is single and continuous lies between the preceding and subsequent rest; look, then, ''conte'': before you throw a ''mandritto'', a ''rovescio'', or a ''punta'', you are in some guard; having finished the blow, you find yourself in another guard; that motion of throwing the blow is a ''tempo'', because that blow is a continuous motion; thus the ''tempo'' that it accompanies is a single ''tempo''; when you rest in guard, having finished that motion, you find yourself once again at rest; it is therefore a ''tempo'', a motion, which instead of calling a “motion”, we call a “''tempo''”, because the one does not abandon the other; and the guard is the rest and the repose in some place and form. In conclusion it is as much to say “''tempo''” and “guard”, as it is to say “motion” and “rest”. Whereby it is necessarily so, that as between two motions there is always a rest, and between two rests there is interposed a motion, apparently between 59 two thrown blows, or two ''tempo''s, or two motions, is found a guard. And between two guards, or rests (as you wish to say) are interposed some blow and ''tempo''. </p>
 
<p>ROD: All right, it suffices that each motion that is single and continuous lies between the preceding and subsequent rest; look, then, ''conte'': before you throw a ''mandritto'', a ''rovescio'', or a ''punta'', you are in some guard; having finished the blow, you find yourself in another guard; that motion of throwing the blow is a ''tempo'', because that blow is a continuous motion; thus the ''tempo'' that it accompanies is a single ''tempo''; when you rest in guard, having finished that motion, you find yourself once again at rest; it is therefore a ''tempo'', a motion, which instead of calling a “motion”, we call a “''tempo''”, because the one does not abandon the other; and the guard is the rest and the repose in some place and form. In conclusion it is as much to say “''tempo''” and “guard”, as it is to say “motion” and “rest”. Whereby it is necessarily so, that as between two motions there is always a rest, and between two rests there is interposed a motion, apparently between 59 two thrown blows, or two ''tempo''s, or two motions, is found a guard. And between two guards, or rests (as you wish to say) are interposed some blow and ''tempo''. </p>
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/151|7|lbl=63v.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/152|1|lbl=64r.1|p=1}}
  
<p><small>''What is a full ''tempo'' and ''mezo tempo'' in striking.''</small></p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''What is a full ''tempo'' and ''mezo tempo'' in striking.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>Thus a full ''tempo'' is a full perfect blow, because that would be a perfect motion and ''tempo''. And a ''mezo tempo'' would then be (as you said) a ''mezo rovescio'', a ''mezo mandritto''. And every bit of movement of the body is called a ''mezo tempo''; and if you see it said sometimes that one strikes in ''mezo tempo'', do not believe nevertheless that this is always true; because now one strikes with a full blow, in full ''tempo'', and now one strikes with a half blow, in ''mezo tempo''; </p>
 
<p>Thus a full ''tempo'' is a full perfect blow, because that would be a perfect motion and ''tempo''. And a ''mezo tempo'' would then be (as you said) a ''mezo rovescio'', a ''mezo mandritto''. And every bit of movement of the body is called a ''mezo tempo''; and if you see it said sometimes that one strikes in ''mezo tempo'', do not believe nevertheless that this is always true; because now one strikes with a full blow, in full ''tempo'', and now one strikes with a half blow, in ''mezo tempo''; </p>
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/152|f2|lbl=-}}
  
<p><small>''One does not always strike in ''mezo tempo'', but does so the majority of times.''</small></p>
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/152|2|lbl=64r.2}}
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| <p><small>''One does not always strike in ''mezo tempo'', but does so the majority of times.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>it is true, that the majority of striking is in ''mezo tempo'', it being necessary that when there are two well-schooled in the art, he who wishes to strike deceives his companion in the fashion that when the adversary is about to make a blow, he must enter with dexterity and speed, and strike in the middle of the blow of the adversary, with his half blow; hence we can say, that the majority of times the strike will be in ''mezo tempo'' with a half blow. </p>
 
<p>it is true, that the majority of striking is in ''mezo tempo'', it being necessary that when there are two well-schooled in the art, he who wishes to strike deceives his companion in the fashion that when the adversary is about to make a blow, he must enter with dexterity and speed, and strike in the middle of the blow of the adversary, with his half blow; hence we can say, that the majority of times the strike will be in ''mezo tempo'' with a half blow. </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/152|f3|lbl=-|p=1}}<br/><br/>
  
{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/151|7|lbl=63v.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/152|1|lbl=64r.1|p=1}}
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<p>CON: I believe that I understand it now, when you say to me that between two blows is found a guard, and between two guards a blow; whence perhaps derives that which you say, that each blow gives rise to a guard, and that each guard gives rise to a blow. </p>
 
<p>CON: I believe that I understand it now, when you say to me that between two blows is found a guard, and between two guards a blow; whence perhaps derives that which you say, that each blow gives rise to a guard, and that each guard gives rise to a blow. </p>
 
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<p>ROD: Thus it is, more or less saying that following each blow one finds oneself in some guard, and that following the guard, the blow succeeds it. And as the rest of a particular motion is different from the rest of another varying motion (since these are the natural dispositions which they desire) thus a guard is apt to generate a particular blow commodiously and not another; which I will make you to see better, beginning our ''schermo''. </p>
 
<p>ROD: Thus it is, more or less saying that following each blow one finds oneself in some guard, and that following the guard, the blow succeeds it. And as the rest of a particular motion is different from the rest of another varying motion (since these are the natural dispositions which they desire) thus a guard is apt to generate a particular blow commodiously and not another; which I will make you to see better, beginning our ''schermo''. </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/152|5|lbl=64r.5|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|1|lbl=64v.1|p=1}}
  
 
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| <p>CON: When I think over that which you have said to me just now, I find a clear example in the Germans, who, coming to an armed brawl, deliver a blow per man, and delivering the blow, stop in guard in order to wait for their companion to deliver his, and withhold theirs, and then redouble; behold the two rests with a motion in the middle. </p>
 
| <p>CON: When I think over that which you have said to me just now, I find a clear example in the Germans, who, coming to an armed brawl, deliver a blow per man, and delivering the blow, stop in guard in order to wait for their companion to deliver his, and withhold theirs, and then redouble; behold the two rests with a motion in the middle. </p>
 
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| <p>ROD: This is a fairly fitting example; but we give the principal place to my ''schermo'', beginning with the first guard. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: This is a fairly fitting example; but we give the principal place to my ''schermo'', beginning with the first guard. </p>
 
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| <p>BOC: And I will silence myself, and will watch you, reserving for myself however the liberty to be able to ask of you at times some thing that I desire to know. </p>
 
| <p>BOC: And I will silence myself, and will watch you, reserving for myself however the liberty to be able to ask of you at times some thing that I desire to know. </p>
 
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| <p>CON: That is well reasoned, and we likewise will look to you for that (as you know more than we) when such occasions occur. But speak of the first guard, Rodomonte. </p>
 
| <p>CON: That is well reasoned, and we likewise will look to you for that (as you know more than we) when such occasions occur. But speak of the first guard, Rodomonte. </p>
 
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<p>'''''Prima guardia difensiva, imperfetta'''''; formed from girding the sword at the left side, from whence originates the ''rovescio ascendente''.</p>
 
<p>'''''Prima guardia difensiva, imperfetta'''''; formed from girding the sword at the left side, from whence originates the ''rovescio ascendente''.</p>
 
 
| <p><small>''First guard, called “''difensiva imperfetta''”, derives from having the sword girded at the hip.''</small></p>
 
| <p><small>''First guard, called “''difensiva imperfetta''”, derives from having the sword girded at the hip.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: It is supposed (''conte'') that the carrying of the sword at the hip is for defense, and as a guard of man, and nature invites man to carry it for his defense; the carrying of the sword thus bound to the left hip, and resting firmly in this form and at that place, will be the first guard, called by us “''guardia difensiva, imperfetta''”. </p>
 
<p>ROD: It is supposed (''conte'') that the carrying of the sword at the hip is for defense, and as a guard of man, and nature invites man to carry it for his defense; the carrying of the sword thus bound to the left hip, and resting firmly in this form and at that place, will be the first guard, called by us “''guardia difensiva, imperfetta''”. </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|6|lbl=64v.6}}
  
 
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| <p>CON: For what reason do you call it thus? </p>
 
| <p>CON: For what reason do you call it thus? </p>
 
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<p>ROD: It is a ''guardia'' through being a still placement and pose; it is called “''difensiva''” through being for defense of that side where the sword is positioned; “''imperfetta''” I call it, because lying within the scabbard it only defends, frightening the enemy; but it is an imperfect defense, as it does naught else. </p>
 
<p>ROD: It is a ''guardia'' through being a still placement and pose; it is called “''difensiva''” through being for defense of that side where the sword is positioned; “''imperfetta''” I call it, because lying within the scabbard it only defends, frightening the enemy; but it is an imperfect defense, as it does naught else. </p>
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|8|lbl=64v.8}}
  
 
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| <p>CON: What blows arise from this first guard? </p>
 
| <p>CON: What blows arise from this first guard? </p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|9|lbl=64v.9}}
  
 
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| <p><small>''Advice that all the guards be done with the right foot, and with the right side, toward the enemy.''</small></p>
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| class="noline" | <p><small>''Advice that all the guards be done with the right foot, and with the right side, toward the enemy.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: The ''rovescio'', but you are advised that all seven guards must be done with the right foot and the right side advance toward the enemy; because they are less mortal and have greater strength and faculty than the left, as much in the offending as well as in the defending. Watch, therefore, ''conte'', now I hold this sword at my left hip; if I wish to avail myself of it, and use it against you, either to offend you or to defend myself, it will be necessary that I put my right hand here at the hilt of the sword, in order to draw it forth, </p>
 
<p>ROD: The ''rovescio'', but you are advised that all seven guards must be done with the right foot and the right side advance toward the enemy; because they are less mortal and have greater strength and faculty than the left, as much in the offending as well as in the defending. Watch, therefore, ''conte'', now I hold this sword at my left hip; if I wish to avail myself of it, and use it against you, either to offend you or to defend myself, it will be necessary that I put my right hand here at the hilt of the sword, in order to draw it forth, </p>
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| class="noline" | {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/154|1|lbl=-}}
  
<p><small>''The rovescio ascendente originates from the first guard.''</small></p>
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/153|10|lbl=64v.10|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/154|1|lbl=65r.1|p=1}}
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| <p><small>''The rovescio ascendente originates from the first guard.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>whereby I do this ''rovescio ascendente'' with strength, and this is the first blow, originated from the left side, ''guardia prima'', et ''difensiva imperfetta''. </p>
 
<p>whereby I do this ''rovescio ascendente'' with strength, and this is the first blow, originated from the left side, ''guardia prima'', et ''difensiva imperfetta''. </p>

Revision as of 04:20, 25 November 2023

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone
Died 1552
Bologna (?)
Relative(s) Battista Viggiani (brother)
Occupation Fencing master
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Lo Schermo (1575)
Manuscript(s) Cod. 10723 (1567)
Translations Traduction française

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone (Viziani, Angelus Viggianus; d. 1552) was a 16th century Italian fencing master. Little is known about this master's life, but he was Bolognese by birth and might also have been connected to the court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[1]

In 1551, Viggiani completed a treatise on warfare, including fencing with the side sword, but died shortly thereafter. His brother Battista preserved the treatise and recorded in his introduction that Viggiani had asked him not to release it for at least fifteen years.[1] Accordingly, a presentation manuscript of the treatise was completed in 1567 as a gift for Maximilian II (1527-1576), Holy Roman Emperor. It was ultimately published in 1575 under the title Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani.

Treatise

Note: This article includes a very early (2002) draft of Jherek Swanger's translation. An extensively-revised version of the translation was released in print in 2017 as The Fencing Method of Angelo Viggiani: Lo Schermo, Part III. It can be purchased at the following link in softcover.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Unspecified service to Charles is mentioned in his brother's dedication on page 3.
  2. Literally, “Braggart”.
  3. Literally, “Iron Mouth”.
  4. It is conspicuous that in every other instance in the present text, (at least, in the sections translated here) Viggiani uses the term “da giuoco” (of play/practice) to refer to practice arms. Sydney Anglo (The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe p.324, footnote 102) refers to evidence showing that in late 16th century Spain the spada da marra was considered to be an Italian equivalent of the spada negra, a blunted weapon with a button, and discusses the significance of the different terms. “Marra” in modern Italian is “hoe, fluke of an anchor”, and is given by Florio (A Worlde of Wordes, 1598) to mean “a mattock, a spade, a shovell, a rake to mingle sand and lome together, a pickaxe, or such rusticke instrument.” Thus “spade da marra” may simply mean “swords of blunt metal”, and represent a standard type of practice weapon. Of possible relevance, “smarra” is used to refer to the practice rapier by Marcelli (Regole della scherma, 1686) and others, presumably as a linguistic descendent of “spade da marra” (Gaugler, The History of Fencing, 1998, p. 92); turning again to Florio, “smarrare” is given as “to pare or shave down” and so “smarra” may simply derive from the meaning of “a sword whose point has been pared down”, rather than a contraction of “spada da marra”. It is intriguing to speculate that the term was originally pejorative, suggesting something akin to “swords like shovels”.
  5. Psalm 45:3.
  6. The word for which I substitute the phrase “dull edge” is, in the original, “costa”; the relevant meaning given in Florio is “the back of a knife”. Viggiani uses it to refer, first, to a dull false edge (as in a backsword); and second, to a dull portion of either the false, or, more likely, both edges (as an extended ricasso). I am unaware of a discrete word in English that could stand in adequate stead.
  7. Psalm 149:6-7.
  8. This is almost certainly an error in the original. The text reads “se nascerà la punta dalle parti dritte, chiamerassi punta rovescia”. This is, of course, the complete opposite of what is meant by “punta rovescia”, and Viggiani immediately contradicts this statement on pg. 56V, endnote immediately following.
  9. Here the correct definition (contrary to the preceding endnote) is given: “Se si ferirà con la punta, o nascerà dalle parti diritte, & chiamerassi punta diritta, o dalle parti stanche, & chiamerassi punta rovescia…
  10. "C" is upside down.
  11. Interpreting this maneuver is problematic. It may refer to the practice of arresting a fendente by meeting it at the agent’s hand, hilt, or at worst, forte; yet no mention is made of the patient closing distance to do so, creating the impression of simply putting a hand or forearm in harm’s way rather than take the blow in the head. The relevant passage in the original is “…il suo braccio stanco tien cura, & custodia della testa in pigliare il colpo con la mano, o in ritener co’l braccio la forza sua…
  12. A braccio is a unit of length of approximately 60 centimeters. The specified distance is therefore about 30 cm, or one foot.
  13. This is, of course, in full, “guardia larga, offensiva, imperfetta”.