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| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 65v detail.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 65v detail.jpg|400px|center]]
  
<p>'''''Prima guardia difensiva, imperfetta'''''; formed from girding the sword at the left side, from whence originates the ''rovescio ascendente''.</p>
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<div style="margin: 0 auto; width: 400px;"><p>'''''Prima guardia difensiva, imperfetta'''''; formed from girding the sword at the left side, from whence originates the ''rovescio ascendente''.</p>
  
 
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{{pagetb|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf|155|lbl=65v}}
 
{{pagetb|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf|155|lbl=65v}}
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| rowspan="3" | <p><small>''First guard, called “''difensiva imperfetta''”, derives from having the sword girded at the hip.''</small></p>
 
| rowspan="3" | <p><small>''First guard, called “''difensiva imperfetta''”, derives from having the sword girded at the hip.''</small></p>
  
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| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 67r detail.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 67r detail.jpg|400px|center]]
  
<p>'''''Seconda guardia alta, offensiva,''' perfetta''; formed from the ''rovescio ascendente'', from which originates the ''punta sopramano offensiva'', either complete or incomplete.</p>
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<div style="margin: 0 auto; width: 400px;"><p>'''''Seconda guardia alta, offensiva,''' perfetta''; formed from the ''rovescio ascendente'', from which originates the ''punta sopramano offensiva'', either complete or incomplete.</p>
  
 
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{{paget|Page:Cod.10723|96v|jpg}}
  
 
{{pagetb|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf|158|lbl=67r}}
 
{{pagetb|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf|158|lbl=67r}}
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| rowspan="5" | <p><small>''Second guard, called “''alta, offensiva, perfetta''”.''</small></p>
 
| rowspan="5" | <p><small>''Second guard, called “''alta, offensiva, perfetta''”.''</small></p>
  
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| <p>BOC: And if in that ''tempo'', Rodomonte, in which you pull forth your sword, and in which the ''rovescio'' travels from low to high, the ''conte'' were to deliver some blow in order to harm your head or upper body, what would you do? </p>
 
| <p>BOC: And if in that ''tempo'', Rodomonte, in which you pull forth your sword, and in which the ''rovescio'' travels from low to high, the ''conte'' were to deliver some blow in order to harm your head or upper body, what would you do? </p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|2|lbl=98r.2}}
 
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{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/159|7|lbl=67v.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|1|lbl=68r.1|p=1}}
 
{{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/159|7|lbl=67v.7|p=1}} {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|1|lbl=68r.1|p=1}}
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| <p>ROD: With the very same ''rovescio'' I would beat aside the blow of his sword toward the air, and toward my right side, and then settling into the said ''guardia alta, perfetta'', et ''offensiva'', I would thrust the readied point into his chest. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: With the very same ''rovescio'' I would beat aside the blow of his sword toward the air, and toward my right side, and then settling into the said ''guardia alta, perfetta'', et ''offensiva'', I would thrust the readied point into his chest. </p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|3|lbl=98r.3}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|2|lbl=68r.2}}
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| <p>BOC: If you were quick, and he slow. </p>
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|3|lbl=68r.3}}
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| <p>ROD: If one has understanding, then there is no need for him to already be asleep. </p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|5|lbl=98r.5}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|4|lbl=68r.4}}
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| <p>BOC: Do it a bit, ''conte''. </p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|6|lbl=98r.6}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|5|lbl=68r.5}}
  
 
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| <p>BOC: If you were quick, and he slow. </p>
 
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|7|lbl=98r.7}}
 
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| <p>ROD: If one has understanding, then there is no need for him to already be asleep. </p>
 
 
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|8|lbl=98r.8}}
 
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| <p>BOC: Do it a bit, ''conte''. </p>
 
 
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| <p>CON: Look. </p>
 
 
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| <p><small>''What must be done coming to blows with the enemy, either at close range or at a distance.''</small></p>
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| <p>CON: Look. </p>
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| rowspan="5" |
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| rowspan="5" | <p><small>''What must be done coming to blows with the enemy, either at close range or at a distance.''</small></p>
  
 
<p>ROD: And behold the response, and when you come to blows with your enemy at close range, this is the shortest defense and offense that you can make; because having finished drawing forth your sword, you address it toward the enemy, and not otherwise, in order to offend him, and defend yourself. </p>
 
<p>ROD: And behold the response, and when you come to blows with your enemy at close range, this is the shortest defense and offense that you can make; because having finished drawing forth your sword, you address it toward the enemy, and not otherwise, in order to offend him, and defend yourself. </p>
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{{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|12|lbl=98r.12}}
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{{section|Page:Cod.10723 98r.jpg|16|lbl=98r.16|p=1}} {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98v.jpg|1|lbl=98v.1|p=1}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|8|lbl=68r.8}}
  
 
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| <p>CON: And if I am at a distance from my enemy, then what must I do? </p>
 
| <p>CON: And if I am at a distance from my enemy, then what must I do? </p>
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| {{section|Page:Cod.10723 98v.jpg|2|lbl=98v.2}}
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| {{section|Page:Lo Schermo (Angelo Viggiani) 1575.pdf/160|9|lbl=68r.9}}
  
 
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| <p>ROD: The very same: again, put yourself in this ''alta guardia offensiva perfetta'', and here you will give to him that you intend to thrust the point of your sword into his eyes. </p>
 
| <p>ROD: The very same: again, put yourself in this ''alta guardia offensiva perfetta'', and here you will give to him that you intend to thrust the point of your sword into his eyes. </p>
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| <p>CON: Isn’t it better to target it so as to thrust into his chest? </p>
 
| <p>CON: Isn’t it better to target it so as to thrust into his chest? </p>
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<p>ROD: No Sir, because if you elevate the ''punta sopramano'' such that you point to his eyes, in the extension your arm lowers, and drops to his chest; but if you point to his chest, it will descend to his thigh, and without pretending to hit him in his eyes, by which you would give him more terror (the eyes being the noblest parts of the body) and make him lose more spirit. </p>
 
<p>ROD: No Sir, because if you elevate the ''punta sopramano'' such that you point to his eyes, in the extension your arm lowers, and drops to his chest; but if you point to his chest, it will descend to his thigh, and without pretending to hit him in his eyes, by which you would give him more terror (the eyes being the noblest parts of the body) and make him lose more spirit. </p>
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| <p>BOC: You speak the truth, Rodomonte; some of those who are armored in full jousting harness, when the opponent lowers his lance, looking to the visor of their helm in order to offend it, I have seen that they happen to have a little helmet hanging from a band, well advanced from the face, to avoid the enemy’s point for fear of their eyes. And there are some that close their eyes out of fear, and these never make worthy blows, except by luck. Now if these armored men are in such fear of the point finding their eyes, how then will one unarmored be, seeing the very point of a sword directed straight at his eyes? </p>
 
| <p>BOC: You speak the truth, Rodomonte; some of those who are armored in full jousting harness, when the opponent lowers his lance, looking to the visor of their helm in order to offend it, I have seen that they happen to have a little helmet hanging from a band, well advanced from the face, to avoid the enemy’s point for fear of their eyes. And there are some that close their eyes out of fear, and these never make worthy blows, except by luck. Now if these armored men are in such fear of the point finding their eyes, how then will one unarmored be, seeing the very point of a sword directed straight at his eyes? </p>
 
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Revision as of 20:21, 27 November 2023

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone
Died 1552
Bologna (?)
Relative(s) Battista Viggiani (brother)
Occupation Fencing master
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Lo Schermo (1575)
Manuscript(s) Cod. 10723 (1567)
Translations Traduction française

Angelo Viggiani dal Montone (Viziani, Angelus Viggianus; d. 1552) was a 16th century Italian fencing master. Little is known about this master's life, but he was Bolognese by birth and might also have been connected to the court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[1]

In 1551, Viggiani completed a treatise on warfare, including fencing with the side sword, but died shortly thereafter. His brother Battista preserved the treatise and recorded in his introduction that Viggiani had asked him not to release it for at least fifteen years.[1] Accordingly, a presentation manuscript of the treatise was completed in 1567 as a gift for Maximilian II (1527-1576), Holy Roman Emperor. It was ultimately published in 1575 under the title Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani.

Treatise

Note: This article includes a very early (2002) draft of Jherek Swanger's translation. An extensively-revised version of the translation was released in print in 2017 as The Fencing Method of Angelo Viggiani: Lo Schermo, Part III. It can be purchased at the following link in softcover.

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Unspecified service to Charles is mentioned in his brother's dedication on page 3.
  2. Literally, “Braggart”.
  3. Literally, “Iron Mouth”.
  4. It is conspicuous that in every other instance in the present text, (at least, in the sections translated here) Viggiani uses the term “da giuoco” (of play/practice) to refer to practice arms. Sydney Anglo (The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe p.324, footnote 102) refers to evidence showing that in late 16th century Spain the spada da marra was considered to be an Italian equivalent of the spada negra, a blunted weapon with a button, and discusses the significance of the different terms. “Marra” in modern Italian is “hoe, fluke of an anchor”, and is given by Florio (A Worlde of Wordes, 1598) to mean “a mattock, a spade, a shovell, a rake to mingle sand and lome together, a pickaxe, or such rusticke instrument.” Thus “spade da marra” may simply mean “swords of blunt metal”, and represent a standard type of practice weapon. Of possible relevance, “smarra” is used to refer to the practice rapier by Marcelli (Regole della scherma, 1686) and others, presumably as a linguistic descendent of “spade da marra” (Gaugler, The History of Fencing, 1998, p. 92); turning again to Florio, “smarrare” is given as “to pare or shave down” and so “smarra” may simply derive from the meaning of “a sword whose point has been pared down”, rather than a contraction of “spada da marra”. It is intriguing to speculate that the term was originally pejorative, suggesting something akin to “swords like shovels”.
  5. Psalm 45:3.
  6. The word for which I substitute the phrase “dull edge” is, in the original, “costa”; the relevant meaning given in Florio is “the back of a knife”. Viggiani uses it to refer, first, to a dull false edge (as in a backsword); and second, to a dull portion of either the false, or, more likely, both edges (as an extended ricasso). I am unaware of a discrete word in English that could stand in adequate stead.
  7. Psalm 149:6-7.
  8. This is almost certainly an error in the original. The text reads “se nascerà la punta dalle parti dritte, chiamerassi punta rovescia”. This is, of course, the complete opposite of what is meant by “punta rovescia”, and Viggiani immediately contradicts this statement on pg. 56V, endnote immediately following.
  9. Here the correct definition (contrary to the preceding endnote) is given: “Se si ferirà con la punta, o nascerà dalle parti diritte, & chiamerassi punta diritta, o dalle parti stanche, & chiamerassi punta rovescia…
  10. "C" is upside down.
  11. Interpreting this maneuver is problematic. It may refer to the practice of arresting a fendente by meeting it at the agent’s hand, hilt, or at worst, forte; yet no mention is made of the patient closing distance to do so, creating the impression of simply putting a hand or forearm in harm’s way rather than take the blow in the head. The relevant passage in the original is “…il suo braccio stanco tien cura, & custodia della testa in pigliare il colpo con la mano, o in ritener co’l braccio la forza sua…
  12. A braccio is a unit of length of approximately 60 centimeters. The specified distance is therefore about 30 cm, or one foot.
  13. This is, of course, in full, “guardia larga, offensiva, imperfetta”.