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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 10.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 10.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 064.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| <p>[23] </p>
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| <p>[23] Here is another ''tierce'' with the right foot carried outwards, the knee bent and the body supported on that knee. The sword hand is advanced towards the adversary a distance equal to the length from the elbow to the hand, and the sword is inclined upwards at an angle in order to be in conjunction with the dagger, which is held high and in a straight line from the shoulder to it's[!] point. In approaching the adversary the left foot is brought up to the right, and the right foot carried in a circle towards his left side. That part of the side which is seen to be uncovered below the dagger is always kept back, so that if the adversary tried to hit it, you vould[!] parry with the ''forte'' pass of the sword, which is held forward. You should <sup>pass</sup> with the left foot, turning the hand into ''quarte'' and always keeping the dagger steady with the intention of defending, the upper parts; the body too should be kept at the same height. If you do not wish to pass or cannot pass because you are in motion, you can still parry and hit in the same manner by carrying the right foot into the straight line and without moving the dagger, so that your adversary cannot make a feint below and hit above, or vice versa, and from whichever side he comes you are defended. If he disengages over your sword, your dagger, which is steady, can easily parry and defend. If he tries to engage your sword with his dagger, then you can hit under the arm or over the dagger, by advancing in a circle towards that part in order to withdraw out of his line and to hit better; even if your adversary closed the distance he would effect nothing. With this guard, if the points of your adversary's weapons are separated, you may make some very good strokes in between as oppotunity[!] offers, if they are close together you can harass his dagger. But with this guard you should never change your hand, lower your point much, make ''appels'' nor stand still, but you should approach in a circle, keeping the same front as you gradually approach, and form your decision with swiftness. Sometimes you will parry with the ''forte'' of the sword, glide your dagger along the adversary's blade letting it remain there and hit with great force. This guard is sufficiently good, though laborious; but its limitations should be realised.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 18.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 065.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| <p>[24] </p>
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| <p>[24] This plate is also of a ''tierce'' but little practiced, though known by some. It is formed with the feet together, the body bent, the weapons divided, the dagger and sword both high. The sword is held high so that it cannot be engaged, the dagger high and withdrawn so that it cannot be harassed, the weapons divided so that the adversary can hit only between them, and the feet together to form a centre with the adversary on the circumference; at the centre you can change your front by a small movement more than your adversary on the circumference can by two steps. Moreover with the feet close together you can make a step forward and obtain a long reach, so that with this guard you get within distance before your adversary by an amount equal to the distance between his feet. Although you are within distance, your sword cannot be reached and you will easily keep it free. Being within distance, if you wish to pass with the left foot, your dagger will reach the hilt of your adversary’s sword, and your body will be turned and go out of line and you will be so far advanced that your adversary cannot free his sword. If with this guard you advance with the right foot, your sword will reach his hilt before he is within distance, and you can protect yourself on any side by getting out of presence. The power to reach where your adversary cannot reach is a great advantage, coupled with the fact that he cannot engage your sword until he is within close distance. Therefore if your adversary remains steady within presence, he will be in great danger of being hit for the sword falls downwards with greater speed than that with which it can be raised upward, as happens with all heavy objects. When the sword is held high in this manner, before it arrives in line it penetrates so far that it forces away the adversary's weapons, and the hit is almost inevitable because of the distance the sword has penetrated and because very great strength is needed to resist and check its weight, and also because it is unexpected, since the adversary, who is not within distance, is deceived in supposing that you also cannot reach. With this guard also you can hit in every part, even between the weapons, with or without a pass after hitting you can recover at once, but somewhat in a circle.</p>
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<p>In meeting this guard you must consider that your adversary's sword has to fall, and that in approaching you must close its path, so that it cannot reach the body; you must begin at a distance, so that your adversary is not within distance even if he advances his foot. You must hold your sword at the same height, so that approaching your adversary's sword your point is near his without your having to move either inside or outside. You should advance by natural steps and with the dagger in conjunction with the sword for greater safety, and you should move your feet and body towards his right side, in order to arrive more quickly within his point and reach his body. In case your adversary on your advance makes any small movement to change his front, you should then seize that oppotunity[!] and advancing your feet and body towards his left side hit with a guard of ''quarte'', holding the dagger high in order not to neglect the defence, although your adversary cannot hit as he has turned both his feet and changed his front, so that his sword has made a movement opposite to that needed for a hit. But your greatest danger is that your adversary, who has his feet together, may carry back his right foot and leave his dagger for the defence in such a way, that his body will be turned out of line and his sword so far withdrawn, that he can return it even if you have reached his body; but if in that case you left his sword aban-doning your first line and in the same time passed behind his left side, with your head outside his dagger arm; in this way you would save yourself.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 21.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 21.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 066.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 066.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[25] </p>
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| <p>[25] This is another extension in ''tierce'', in which is shown the position of the dagger, when making a hit, even if there is no occasion to parry, but simply for the safety of the upper part, and in order that the dagger may be ready for all cases. You may also see the manner of bending and lowering the body in order to extend the thrust, preserve a better union of the weapons and offer a smaller target. When you withdraw with the weapons thus united you are better covered. You should always recover the sword close to the dagger and remain at the same height in order to be readier to retire and be better defended; you should maintain the ''tierce'' which is advantageous and very safe.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|112|lbl=102}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|112|lbl=102}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 04.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 04.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 067.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 067.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[26] </p>
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| <p>[26] Now we have a guard in ''quarte'' with the sword arm forming almost a straight line from the elbow to the hilt. The dagger is not completely extended but in close conjunction with the sword, the right side advanced in order to keep back that part exposed above the dagger owing to the dagger arm not being extended. This part is defended if need be, either by the ''quarte'' itself or by extending the dagger. Feints above with the idea of hitting below, or vice versa, do no harm, since the dagger defends the one part and the sword the other and the sword hits at the same time. The part outside the sword is somewhat un-covered, but the guard is strong and may easily defend, as the hand is high. If your adversary desires to hit he will be forced to pass your ''forte'', where he may be deceived. Therefore he must attack over the dagger and in the ''time'' of your defending that part pass with his sword over the point of your dagger and hit between the weapons through your ''faible'' where the sword is less strong than elsewhere. This guard is in reality very convenient for making feints and disengagements with swiftness; with it you may make excellent strokes between the weapons with different ''times'', but you cannot attack much over the dagger, except by extending the ''quarte'' well under the dagger and then with a disengage turning to ''seconde''; in this way your sword will penetrate and be looked inside his arm in such a manner that he cannot thrust it away. This guard can be very successful, since the body is well covered, and the sword ready in its movements and kept free without trouble.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 09.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 09.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 068.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 068.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[27] </p>
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| <p>[27] This also is a ''quarte'' formed with the hands advanced and close together, and the point of the sword so low that the adversary cannot engage nor find it with his dagger. If your adversary also tried to lower himself he would be hit, nor would he succeed by covering your sword with his, since you could easily free yours. The sword in this position defends below while the dagger defends above, wherever the adversary attacks. You can also defend all cuts of ''mandiritto'' directed at the leg towards the right thigh, and hit in the same ''time''. This is the true method of defending against such an attack. This guard is in fact not useful for the assault, but in defence is very good and safe, for, as the weapons are so close together and extended from the body, your adversary can hit only by passing the ''fortes'' of your weapons, which are even stronger by the union of the hands and their distance from the body. But, as we have said, you cannot inflict much damage in the assault, and if your hands can be separated you can be hit without difficulty.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/114|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/114|2|lbl=-}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 15.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 15.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 069.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 069.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[28] </p>
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| <p>[28] Here follows another ''quarte'' formed with the left foot forward. This is very successful and better than the others formed on that foot, because the left side is covered by the ''forte'' of the sword in such a way, that if your adversary advances to hit, you have only to hit him, since with this guard you lunge very far even without passing. The dagger merely defends the upper part. It is held low in order to close the path between the dagger and the sword, that you may not be hit there; there is the chief danger, especially in approaching, more than on the inside or the outside. Unlike the previous guard with this guard you may attack or wait, lunge or pass according to your opportunity. On the other hand it has its disadvantages, since it is not useful for making ''appels'', and it is dangerous if the adversary closes; in that case, if you have no time to hit, you should make a feint in order to hold him, and then hit. If you observe its conditions this guard will serve excellently in attack and defence.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|115|lbl=105}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|115|lbl=105}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 22.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 22.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 070.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 070.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[29] </p>
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| <p>[29] Now follows an extension in ''quarte'', which shows the manner of holding oneself in parrying a thrust or cat over the dagger. In order that this defence may be strong, in addition to the union of the weapons you should turn the dagger hand that it parries with the edge which is usually bbelow, without dropping the point, so that the blow falls towards the hilt of the dagger; thus the defence will be firmer, and by advancing the right side the lunge will reach further, and the circle made by the body will bring it away from the adversary's point, if you are careful to begin and finish the movement with body feet and weapons in one ''time''. You should also bear in mind that when you make a hit and have no occasion to parry, it is not good to raise the hands so far as to uncover yourself below. The weapons should be united and remain so when you retire the body with the point directed towards your adversary's sword in ''tierce'' or in the same ''quarte''; thus you will recover safely on guard.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|116|lbl=106}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|116|lbl=106}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 23.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 23.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 071.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 071.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[30] </p>
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| <p>[30] We are now to demonstrate the hits with the sword and dagger, an important subject, the study of which is essential than in the case of sword alone, because now the sword is held further withdrawn, and the body more exposed. It is not only easier for the adversary to approach, but he has more opening where he may hit. Therefore we have purposely made this discourse somewhat longer than the others that the matter may be better understood, and that the student of this may know how to guard himself with greater caution against the danger. For there is no doubt that, when you are taking up your guard, that is the best time for the adversary to hit or seize some advantage.</p>
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<p>Here then is the first hit with the sword and dagger, which is a ''quarte'' and is made against an opponent with a guard of ''tierce'', who has made neither defence nor attack. He has come on guard too near to his opponent who has seized the ''time'' of his putting his foot to the ground to take up his position and hit during that pause. Thus the adversary has had no chance to do anything, an error, or rather a stupidity committed by many, who are wont to say that they were not on guard, forgetting that when they have the sword in the hand they are supposed to be always on guard. You must observe two things, the first not to advance so far in taking up your position, that the adversary can reach you in that ''time'', the second, in taking up your position to be careful not to let the body or the feet or the weapons drop. You should put your foot to the ground quietly and lightly with the weapons not far from the position which you intend to take up. As you approach your adversary you should adjust your weapons in such a manner, that when you reach your position the weapons have no other movement to make. Proceeding in this manner you can take up your position within wide distance, provided that you do not drop the body or foot. Even though you were out of distance and though your adversary could not reach, you might still offer him a ''time'' in which he would seize some advantage, and in the same ''time'' approach, when you would be in danger of a hit while trying to free yourself. Even if you were not hit at once, yet being at a disadvantage, you would be hit on the slightest movement. The knowledge of how to advance against the adversary is certainly the first care, and of great importance since victory generally depends on the first advantage.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 26.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 072.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 072.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[31] </p>
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| <p>[31] This hit in ''quarte'' against a guard in ''prime'' has arisen in this way: you were in ''tierce'' on the outside with your sword inclined upwards, in order to cover yourself from the adversary's sword against a hit in that line. Your dagger is held high, so that it could parry, if he disengaged on the inside, by thrusting his sword down to the left. The adversary, seeing you thus covered has tried to carry his dagger to your sword in order to beat it; at that moment you have lowered your point under the line of his left arm, extended your foot and arm changed into ''quarte'' and hit in the part he exposed by his attempt to beat your sword with his dagger. At the same moment you have placed your dagger where the sword was before, and turned the point so low that it has pushed his sword out of line. The point of the dagger has been turned downwards, so that if the adversary had attempted to hit with his guard, his point would have struck the ground. Or it might arise in this way: the adversary seeing his sword subjected, has tried to disengage on the inside in order to free it from your sword, carrying his dagger to the other side with the hope of covering his right side; in the same ''time'' you also have placed your dagger on his sword, and thus made the hit shown.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 31.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 31.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 073.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 073.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[32] </p>
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| <p>[32] The next ''quarte'' hits against an opponent in ''seconde'' who has meant to hit over the dagger. Both were in ''tierce''; you have made an opening by slightly lowering the dagger arm and approaching it to your sword; the adversary seeing the opening has turned from ''tierce'' to ''seconde'', disengaging his point, and has thrust over the dagger. You, who have given that opportunity in order to entice him to that side, have parried and carried the right side so far forward that you have not only hit, but also assisted the defence by avoiding with your body; your left side has been carried out of line at the moment of your hitting. Further the change of the hand to ''quarte'' has brought your sword away from his dagger. Whilst the adversary was advancing without union between the weapons, your sword has penetrated with the ''forte'' before his dagger could find it; and thus you have made the hit. Or it may be that the adversary's sword was on the inside, and you have tried to find it with your dagger, in order to force a disengage; he has disengaged and seized the ''time'' to make a thrust in ''seconde'' above; you have parried and hit with a ''counter-time'' as shown.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 30.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 074.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 074.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[33] </p>
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| <p>[33] Now follows another hit in ''quarte'' against a cut of ''mandiritto'' against the leg. You were perhaps in ''tierce'' with your sword inclined upwards in order to defend against the adversary's sword in ''prime'' or ''seconde''; he has made a feint with one of those guards of a thrust towards your face outside the sword; with your point inclined upwards towards his sword it has been convenient for your[!] to defend with the sword, keeping the dagger steady. In the same ''time'' the adversary has dropped his dagger under the two swords and made a cut of ''mandiritto'' at your leg, keeping his head covered. You, who have gone to the defence with your sword, have let the point drop on the outside of the adversary's dagger, turned your hand to ''quarte'', thus bringing it close to the dagger hand, and directed the point at the base of his right side under the hilt of his sword. This has given you a defence for your sword has covered the leg and stopped the adversary's hit. But the sword in parrying should be accompanied by the dagger; for if it had not first reached the adversary's body, it would not have had strength to support the shock, and through the disorder into which it would have been thrown, it could neither have parried nor hit. Therefore you can clearly understand how dangerous it is to try to resist the impetus of a cut, and not to reach the adversary's body before the shock comes. For if your sword is found in the air it is sometimes so disordered in resisting that before it recovers the adversary can repeat his stroke.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 33.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 075.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 075.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[34] </p>
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| <p>[34] The next plate shows a hit in ''quarte'' made close to the adversary's arm between his weapons, but low down against a ''tierce'' intended to hit over the dagger. Both combatants were in ''tierce''; you have made a feint of hitting in ''tierce'' against your adversary’s right shoulder; he has parried with the dagger and entered with the right foot in order to hit in ''tierce'' in that ''time'' under the feint; at the same moment you have changed from ''tierce'' to ''quarte'', and by simply dropping your point have hit under his dagger hand, which has passed in vain; for when he tried to parry your point, it had already dropped. You have also turned the point of your dagger downwards and parried his sword, whilst your body has been carried out of line in the extension. The arm has remained high, showing that, although you parry below, you should not drop the arm because the ''time'' would be long and would cause danger above. It may happen that you have found yourself with your point over the adversary's dagger and in ''quarte''. and have disengaged over his dagger with a feint of hitting his right shoulder; he has parried with his dagger and lunged in ''tierce'', thus dividing his weapons and leaving an opening between his two hands, so that by simply dropping your point you have hit the part uncovered.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 28.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 28.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 076.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 076.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[35] </p>
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| <p>[35] Now is shown a hit with a guard of ''prime'', made in defending yourself from a cut directed at the head and with a parry in the form of a cross, that is to say with the sword and dagger joined together. Your adversary was in a guard of ''prime'' or ''seconde''; you have tried to engage his sword on the outside with a guard of ''tierce''; the adversary has seized that ''time'' and tried to hit with a cut of ''mandiritto'' at the head, while you were trying to engage his sword. You, being in ''tierce'', have brought the hilt of your sword and your dagger together, raised your hands in a cross, and parried with complete protection; in the same ''time'' you have thrust the point of your sword towards your adversary's chest over the hilt of his sword, lunged and thus hit with a guard of ''prime''; your adversary's sword is excluded between your sword and dagger in such a way that he can free it only with difficulty. This manner of defence is very strong; there is no danger of your weapons being disordered by the shock of the adversary's sword, however great it's[!] impetus; moreover the head is completely defended on both sides at once. Since the lunge is short, you must advance the feet and pass, in order to reach the adversary before he can free his sword. One may say that it is a perfect guard.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/122|2|lbl=-|p=1}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/122|2|lbl=-|p=1}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 29.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 29.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 077.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 077.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[36] </p>
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| <p>[36] Now follows a low hit in ''seconde'' under the adversary's sword also in ''seconde'', while he is making a cut at the leg. The plate shows the manner of parrying that cut of ''riverso'' at the leg and of attacking in the same ''time''. The sword and dagger are shown united in order to add strength to the defence and also to cover the hands and the sword arm against a hit. If the adversary has made a feint of cutting at the leg and tries to hit higher, the conjunction of the hilts of your sword and dagger and the erect position of the dagger will cover all the right side up to the head. If again he has made a feint of cutting at the leg and then cut at the head, your hands will be raised a little, still in conjunction and the body kept at the same height; this you can very well do, because the distance from the leg to the head is so great and the ''time'' so long, that you have ample opportunity to defend. The adversary may have attempted this cut of ''riverso'' at the leg, when he was in an extended ''quarte'' on the inside, and seeing that you were about to hit with another ''quarte'' with the point inclined slightly upwards and accompanied by the dagger, he has seized that ''time'' to his cut of ''riverso'' at the leg carrying his dagger under your point in order to defend his head; but with your weapons in conjunction you have simply changed the position of your hand, thereby freeing your sword from his dagger, and by dropping your point and body together have hit at the moment of his sword meeting yours. Thus you have defended and attacked in one motion.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|123|lbl=113}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|123|lbl=113}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 27.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 27.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 078.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 078.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[37] </p>
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| <p>[37] Next follows another ''seconde'' against a ''seconde''. Your adversary was in ''quarte'' with his dagger advanced and his weapons apart; you were in ''tierce'' somewhat at an angle and have tried to engage the point of his sword on the inside at the ''faible'', keeping your sword and dagger together. The adversary has seized the ''time'' and attempted a cut of ''riverso'' at the part uncovered by your movement. With your weapons together you have simply changed the position of your hands, placed the dagger on your sword in order to strengthen the weapons and better resist the shock of his sword, pushed the right foot forward in the same ''time'' and made a hit in the chest on the outside of his sword, parrying at the same moment. We have introduced this plate in order to show how to parry and hit against a cut of ''riverso'' at the head, and how to resist a blow of the strongest arm.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|124|lbl=114}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|124|lbl=114}}
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 24.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 24.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 079.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 079.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[38] </p>
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| <p>[38] This also is a hit in ''seconde'' against a ''tierce''. You were in ''tierce'' and have changed to ''quarte'' with the dagger in union whilst engaging the adversary's sword in order to exclude it; and form a counter-position; he has seized that ''time'' to disengage and hit in ''tierce'' on the outside of your sword. At the same moment you have changed from ''quarte'' to ''seconde'', keeping the dagger for the defence against any possible thrust below. Or it may be that you had formed your counterposition[!], and the adversary has attempted a cut of ''fendente riverso'' at the head, which was exposed; in the same moment you have changed to ''seconde'', advanced, parried with your sword and hit in the same ''time''. Although this defence is weaker than a parry with the weapons in union, still it is good, because the lunge reaches further; but it is certainly not so safe.</p>
 
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| <p>[39] </p>
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| <p>[39] Now follows a defence in ''quarte'' accompanied by the dagger against a cut of ''mandiritto'' at the head. The ''quarte'' is directed between the adversary's weapons. He was in a guard of ''seconde'' and you have tried to engage in ''tierce'' on the outside and with your dagger in union in order to exclude his sword, the adversary has seized the ''time'' and made his cut at the head, thinking he could hit the part uncovered. With your weapons in conjunction you have simply changed your hands from ''tierce'' to ''quarte'' and parried with the edge of the dagger which is generally below; for in this way, as we have already said, the defence is stronger, the adversary's sword kept further away, and the hands more united, you have also brought the ''forte'' of your sword into that line, which not only defends the head and makes the parry safer, but also covers the part below the dagger, so that, if your adversary had made a feint of cutting at the head and changed to ''seconde'' in order to hit the left side, while you were raising your dagger to parry, the ''forte'' of your sword in this position would still have defended your left side. In addition to these two good results you would also have hit in the same ''time'' for your adversary could not have parried without abandoning his plan and changing to ''seconde''; this would have changed the front of his body, so that he could have defended himself, but could not have hit, since you would have covered all that line.</p>
 
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Revision as of 03:06, 2 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  36. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  38. The errata adds "l’".
  39. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  40. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  41. Should be 183.
  42. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.