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Difference between revisions of "Salvator Fabris"

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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 08.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 059.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| <p>[18] </p>
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| <p>[18] This plate illustrates a guard in ''tierce'' at an angle, although there is much uncovered above the sword, yet the dagger defends that part; therefore the dagger is held erect and high, with the hand somewhat low and to the outside, so that the adversary can hit only in that part which is exposed above the sword. The intention is to parry with the dagger held thus high and to hit in ''tierce'' under the adversary's sword, with the same angle. This stroke is very difficult to parry for it cannot be thrust downwards because of the angle which pushes away the dagger, resists and goes to the body. Therefore the adversary must push your sword to the one side or the other according to which side it is nearer; or rather he must push the sword to that side where it will be out of line in the shortest time, and where it has less force and can offer less resistance. With this guard excellent strokes can be made under the dagger on the outside, and also between the weapons. Sometimes you must lower the point a little and make the angle again hitting with the force of the angle, so that even with both his weapons, the adversary can not[!] push your sword down. You will succeed because his weapons will glance towards the strength of the angle, that is the hilt of your sword. Therefore the adversary has to use much judgment in deciding to which side to push your sword, in order to defend himself more easily; otherwise he must save himself by retiring. That plan of retiring should be adopted, since the thrust at an angle does not reach very far. The best rule then is not to parry.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 03.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 060.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| <p>[19] </p>
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| <p>[19] This is a guard in ''tierce'' with the sword and dagger. It is formed with the points of the weapons in conjunction, so that the adversary cannot hit between them. The sword should be held with one fifth of its length beyond the dagger in order to prevent the adversary from harassing the dagger by disengagements and feints. As the sword is so far advanced, the ''forte'' of the sword can be very well used in the defence, with the support of the dagger. There is the further advantage that the point of the sword is nearer the adversary's body, and, if kept free, is ready to hit with a lunge or a pass. You can wait or attack at pleasure, make feints, disengagements, counter-disengagements, ''times'', or ''counter-times''; you can lunge or pass, above or below the dagger, in any part according to your opportunity, and with little change of the hand, since it is between ''seconde'' and ''quarte''.</p>
 
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| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 06.jpg|400px|center]]
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 061.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 061.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[20] </p>
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| <p>[20] This is a guard in ''tierce'', with the sword advanced, the dagger near the hilt, the right side forward and the left exposed. With this guard you may advance gradually within distance, in order to entice your adversary to hit at the part uncovered and to defeat him at the moment of his advance with a ''tierce'' or ''quarte''; the ''quarte'' would be better, because your weapons would be closer together so that he could not hit below, whilst defending above. When you are approaching within distance if your adversary changes the position of his dagger, with this guard you can make a swift thrust, which would hit under the line of the dagger on the inside and close to the sword; or you might make an excellent stroke over the sword in the straight line. In this position the dagger cannot be much harassed by the adversary's sword, for too much judgment and circumspection would be needed to bring the sword so far forward. In using this guard you should know how to preserve your sword from being engaged by the adversary's weapons, when you would have difficulty in freeing it and could only do so by withdrawing it, which would be bad. Also you must keep within wide distance, so that your adversary cannot pass. With this guard it is sometimes advantageous to change to ''quarte''.</p>
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 062.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[21] </p>
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| <p>[21] Here follows another ''tierce'' with the dagger advanced and the sword as much withdrawn, in order to keep it free from the adversary's weapons and to give more impetus to the lungs[!]. The sword does not impede the dagger in seeking the adversary's point, and the whole defence is based on the dagger. It is considered that the distance from your dagger to your body is so great, that the adversary's sword cannot penetrate so far, before you have had a chance to parry. This would be true, if he had begun to hit before the point of his sword penetrated your dagger. But against an opponent who knew how to carry his sword forward, so that its point began to penetrate your dagger hand, and knew how to form his decision according to the opportunity, you would be deceived in your judgment, especially if your opponent decided not to advance his sword; to meet that case you must hold your sword advanced and bring the point close to the dagger hand; but promptness is required lest your adversary should engage your sword, and in order that you may take advantage of his movements. This guard is better used in practice, in order to learn the use of the dagger, rather than for anything else. In actual fighting another position and a different style would be required.</p>
 
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| <p>[22] </p>
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| <p>[22] Here follows another ''tierce'' formed on the left foot, with the bent, the sword hand opposite the left thigh and the dagger extended and so high, that the head is almost entirely hidden beneath the line of the left arm. All these positions are to facilitate the defence with the dagger and for the greater security of the body, which is seen to be bent so as to shorten the line of the left side and so that it may be defended with less movement. With this guard the head is low, so that in parrying below there is less exposed above. The hilt of the sword is kept near the knee in order that you may use the ''forte'' in defence and be better able to hit. The dagger cannot be much harassed. With this guard you can close distance, or wait and give your adversary various opportunities by movements of the body and weapons. When your opportunity to hit comes, it is better to pass than to lunge.</p>
 
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Revision as of 00:56, 2 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  36. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  38. The errata adds "l’".
  39. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  40. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  41. Should be 183.
  42. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.