Wiktenauer logo.png

Difference between revisions of "Salvator Fabris"

From Wiktenauer
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 2,079: Line 2,079:
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 50.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 50.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 097.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 097.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[2] </p>
+
| <p>[2] Here we shall explain the principles of the accompanying plate, the first in order with the sword and cloak and formed with a guard of ''seconde''. We have thought good to neglect entirely the guard of ''prime'' as unnecessary, in order not to make the book unconscionably long. When this ''guard'' in ''seconde'' is well formed it is safer than that with the sword and dagger, because the lower parts are defended by the cloak hanging from the arm. The arm is held high and to the outside, so that the adversary cannot hit above, nor can he hit between because the sword is held close to the edge of the cloak. As there is nothing exposed over the sword, he can hit only the small part exposed below near the cloak, which the cloak can easily defend, especially if aided by the right foot. In advancing you should carry the right foot towards the adversary's right side with the point of the foot towards the left on reaching the ground; in this way the right side of your body will be brought out of line, which will help against the yielding of the cloak on reaching the adversary's sword; thus you will be safe and hit at the same time. In finishing your lunge you should raise the left foot and carry it back in a circle towards the left, bringing the right foot back to it immediately and recovering to the same guard of seconde; you should form this position as often as there is an opportunity to hit.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/147|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/147|2|lbl=-}}
Line 2,089: Line 2,089:
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 51.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 51.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 098.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 098.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[3] </p>
+
| <p>[3] The second plate with the sword and cloak represents a guard in ''tierce'', with the sword inclined upwards at an angle for two reasons; in the first place to close the path between the weapons, in the second to cover and defend the cloak hand, in case the adversary should try to hit it; therefore the sword is held advanced; also if the adversary comes on the outside of the sword, the ''forte'' being well advanced can easily defend. Instead of using the sword you could parry with the cloak alone, change the hand to ''seconde'' and hit in the chest in the same time recovering on guard in ''seconde'' in the way explained in the last plate. When steady on your guard; if you wish to change from ''seconde'' to ''tierce'', you mast carry the left foot back somewhat, so that the adversary cannot reach you during the change; afterwards you should begin to close the distance with this ''tierce''; if it is well formed the adversary will be able to hit only over the sword.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|148|lbl=138}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|148|lbl=138}}
Line 2,099: Line 2,099:
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 52.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 52.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 099.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 099.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[4] </p>
+
| <p>[4] The next is also a guard in ''tierce'' formed because of the fatigue of the arm, which cannot be held long extended owing to the weight of the cloak which drags the arm down. When the arm is weary you must carry the left foot backwards in order to withdraw the upper parts most exposed, leaving the sword advanced to keep the adversary at a distance; the cloak hand should be united to the sword hand to prevent a hit between; thus the adversary will be able to hit only over the cloak arm, and against this stroke you must raise the cloak hand only, without moving the elbow from its position, accompanying it with the sword hand changed to ''quarte'', in order to close the path between; thus you defend the upper parts and hit at the same time, immediately recovering to ''seconde'' with the cloak extended.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|149|lbl=139}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|149|lbl=139}}
Line 2,109: Line 2,109:
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 53.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 53.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 100.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 100.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[5] </p>
+
| <p>[5] This also represents a ''tierce'', but on the left foot. This is better with these weapons than with the sword and dagger or any other weapons, because the side and the leg, which are in the greatest danger, are covered by the cloak, which hangs in such a way that neither cut nor thrust can attack. Further the sword hand is held so high that the adversary cannot hit above, while the path between is closed by the sword which rests on and is strengthened by the cloak; the sword is directed towards the adversary in line with your cloak hand in such a way that he has nowhere to hit except in that line, which is defended by the ''faible'' of your sword; though we call it the ''faible'' it is none the less stronger than the adversary's ''forte'' as it is strengthened by the cloak hand; and with this support your sword hits at the same time; with the same ''tierce'' you can reach his body and after hitting recover to the same guard. In short this guard is the best of all with the sword and cloak.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|150|lbl=140}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|150|lbl=140}}
Line 2,119: Line 2,119:
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 54.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 54.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 101.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 101.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[6] </p>
+
| <p>[6] The next plate represents a defence with the sword and cloak with a guard of ''seconde'', which is far better than with the sword and dagger, because the lower parts are easily defended by the hanging cloak; if the adversary should make a feint of cutting at the head in order to thrust below, he would do no good, because you would turn your sword to ''seconde'' and advance to hit, carrying the edge of the cloak somewhat towards the right so as to be covered; if his cut had been really meant and had been a simple cut, after parrying you would still have made a hit in ''seconde'' inside his sword, leaving your cloak on his sword and passing on with the left foot, with the point of the foot outwards, in order that both sides of the body may advance and the sword reach further. This kind of hit will be treated of in its place, that all may better understand it.
 +
</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|151|lbl=141}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|151|lbl=141}}
Line 2,129: Line 2,130:
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 58.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:GKS 1868 2 detail 58.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 102.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 102.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[7] </p>
+
| <p>[7] Next we show a hit in ''quarte'' against a ''seconde'', intended to hit over the cloak arm. You were in ''tierce'' and have dropped the cloak arm towards the hilt of your sword; your adversary this has advanced his right foot to hit the part uncovered, changing his hand from ''tierce'' to ''seconde'' and carrying his cloak to your sword in order to parry; in that moment you have raised your cloak hand and carried his sword far out, changed from ''tierce'' to ''quarte'', and without allowing your sword to be caught by his cloak and have hit in the right side. This high defence is very advantageous with these weapons, since the cloak covers the whole of the part which is exposed with the sword and dagger; the hand also by the change to ''quarte'' covers the inside, so that the adversary could effect nothing there. Since your point hits the base of his arm you may easily realise that he cannot recover into line.</p>
 
|  
 
|  
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|152|lbl=142}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|152|lbl=142}}

Revision as of 20:03, 2 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  36. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  38. The errata adds "l’".
  39. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  40. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  41. Should be 183.
  42. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.