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Difference between revisions of "Salvator Fabris"

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| <p>[6] </p>
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| <p>[6] '''The second method of attacking without a pause with the sword & dagger.'''</p>
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<p>With this method also a guard of ''seconde'' is used, which has also been illustrated (Pl. 57.) it is formed with the feet in line and the points of the feet facing the adversary and wide apart, the body bent forwards and the shoulders in line, so that the whole of the chest faces the adversary; the arms and wea¬pons are held high and curved inwards, so that the point of the dagger meets the sword near the ''forte'' closing the path between the weapons against thrusts and cuts, with the point of the sword directed to the left, so as to cover the head entirely and defend it from any cut without any further parry. Thus the adversary can attack only below between the weapons towards the face, which may be easily defended by both weapons, which are advanced. The lower parts also are defended and safe by reason of the distance, where the adversary cannot reach them except by bringing his head close to your hands.</p>
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<p>When you have formed this guard you should advance with short steps in order to keep the same distance between the feet When you are so far advanced that your hands have penetrated the point of the adversary's sword, you should then carry one of your feet into line with the other on the side on which you intend to attack, which will bring your body out of line a distance equal to half the space between your feet when on guard, and you will be so far advanced, that your adversary can no longer bring his point into line. If you have carried the left foot into line with the right, you can hit in ''quarte'', holding the point of your dagger turned downwards in order to exclude his sword, so that it cannot attack in the line of your body. If you have carried the right foot to the line of the left, you will have greater advantage in hitting, since in carrying the body away you can leave the dagger to defend the side nearest the adversary and direct your sword, which, as we have said, is high and held across the body, against the adversary; your sword will then be so far advanced that its forte will penetrate before his weapons can parry, and the point on coming into line will hit. If the adversary should attempt a rush, you should either parry by leaving your dagger to defend without however beating his sword, or carry your foot to the right and thrust the ''forte'' of your sword forward in order to exclude his sword and continue with the point to his body, meeting him at the very moment of his rush; in this way your success will be greater then when he remains steady on guard. If he remains on guard, it will be better to move to the outside with the right foot, when by the advantage of being already on the move, you will arrive so quickly that he cannot save himself. With this method you are certain that the adversary can never engage your sword, which is a very great advantage. If you observe these rules, you can attack any imaginable position on guard.</p>
 
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| <p>[7] </p>
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| <p>[7] This is the guard of ''seconde'' of which we have spoken, with the chest facing the adversary’s sword. When within such distance that your dagger has penetrated his point, you advance the right foot and ran along his blade with your dagger, passing out of line towards his right side in such a way, that his sword which was directed against your chest, is now out of line of your body as far as half the space between your feet, before you m0ved. Therefore it is sufficient to hold your dagger against his blade, without thrusting it away, attacking over his dagger for you know that your sword is superior and can make a hit in ''prime'', as will be seen in the next plate.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/229|2|lbl=-}}
 
| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/229|2|lbl=-}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 161.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[8] </p>
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| <p>[8] From the guard of ''seconde'' described in the last discourse, with which you have advanced so far that your dagger has penetrated the point of the adversary's sword, you can understand the effect and cause of the hit now shown. When within distance you have carried the right foot to the line of the left beyond the adversary's right side, and thus brought yourself out of line and reached his body with a guard of prime over his dagger; this guard has followed from the position of the ''seconde'' with the sword crossed and out of line; in directing the point you have not lowered your hand but raised it, as seen, preventing his dag¬ger from parrying. Although the adversary has drawn back and tried to turn his body and has begun to extend his sword, your stroke has arrived before he has finished the extension; even if he had withdrawn still further, he would still have done no good, but would have been hit in the same place. If he had contrived to defend the first blow, he would still have been hit below with a second.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|230|lbl=220}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|230|lbl=220}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 162.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[9] </p>
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| <p>[9] When you had reached so far with your guard of ''seconde'' that your dagger had begun to penetrate his point, the adversary tried to disengage in order to free his point. Seeing his intention you left your dagger in its position, turned your hand to ''quarte'' and hit between the weapons, arriving with such speed that he has had no time to parry. Your sword was outside his right side and so far advanced, when he disengaged, that it reached his body at the moment of his disengaging and directing his point, so that he had not been able to thrust your sword away with his dagger. If he had withdrawn in order to have room to parry, leaving your sword hand in the same position you would have dropped the point far enough to hit under his dagger hand at the moment of his ex¬pecting to parry, so that he could not have defended. Also if his sword had been lower, keeping the dagger arm at the same height you would have turned the point downwards and kept his feint out of presence.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|231|lbl=221}}
 
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| <p>[10] </p>
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| <p>[10] When you came within distance with this guard of ''seconde'', with the feet apart and in line, the adversary raised his dagger, covering himself above, advanced his left foot and turned his hand to ''quarte'' in order to hit in the part which he saw ex¬posed between your weapons. Therefore you have carried the right foot to the line of the left, thus bringing yourself out of presence; leaving your dagger against his sword in order to exclude it, you have directed the guard of ''seconde'' below his dag¬ger arm, and thus hit at the moment of his putting his foot to the ground and will follow on to the body without stopping.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|232|lbl=222}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|232|lbl=222}}

Revision as of 04:57, 5 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. This word can't be read on the photos I have. It's a 6-letter word that seems to end in "s?ed". The Italian word means to move or advance, and Tom Leoni translates it as "fling".
  36. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  38. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  39. The errata adds "l’".
  40. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  41. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  42. Should be 183.
  43. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.