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| <p>[42] </p>
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| <p>[42] '''''The fifth method of attacking the adversary without a pause.'''''</p>
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<p>Now we shall treat of another way of attacking the adversary, which is more subtle than the others. If you can safely reach the required position, you will hit without danger. On approaching, whatever your adversary’s guard you should gradually bring your sword towards the position where you intend to place it, so that on arriving within distance your sword reaches, the exact position desired. As we have said several times, the sword must be placed against the weakest part of the adversary's sword; this is so with the present method, until you are, within distance; but although elsewhere we have taught you to put your point against his point, yet with the present method you must advance so far as to bring your point against his hilt, but without letting his hilt penetrate beyond your point, though near it; your point must be in line with his hilt, neither above nor below, but to one side according to the position adopted by the adversary. Your point should be inclined rather downwards than upwards, for two reasons, the first, that you may be better able to disengage if, if necessary, the second, so that the adversary can find it only by lowering his hilt, which would give you a ''time'' to hit, as you are already on the move and your point is very near the adversary.</p>
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<p>On reaching this position, if your adversary is in ''tierce'' or ''quarte'', you must hold your sword in a straight line from your wrist to the point and your arm so far advanced that you are sure of defending any possible stroke with little movement, either when y0u reach your position, or at any time. In brief your sword and body must be in such a position that your ''forte'' can defend with little motion. But if your adversary is in a guard of ''prime'' or ''seconde'', you must then place your sword exactly in the line of his hand, but below it, and hold your sword in such a way that your hand forms no angle, and if he tries to you hit, you could parry with the same guard and hit at the same time on the outside over his sword, carrying the foot in that direction to shorten the movement, and to give yourself better cover and greater strength. If your adversary does nothing when you have your sword in the exact position, you should raise the point above the line of his hand and go on to the body and the nearest part exposed, covering yourself with your hilt in the line, where his sword might come, and supporting the stroke by the movement of your body in order to shorten the movement of the sword; by continuing you will reach the adversary's body before he can change his line. If when you reach your position he changes his hand to ''tierce'' or ''quarte''. then you should parry on the inside and follow on.</p>
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<p>Again if the adversary were in a low ''tierce'' or ''quarte'' directed downwards, you should place your point in the line of his hilt, but above it, towards his hand, and, when you reach your position, at once go on to the body, carrying your hilt to the defence, for then he can do no harm with these low guards; if he raises his point, it will meet your ''forte'', as you are moving. After reaching your position, you will pass so quickly that he will have no time to defend. You must take care to place your sword in position always with the hand in ''quarte'' both on the outside and on the inside, above and below, and to direct your point towards the adversary's hand and hilt, and so far distant, that you always have time to disengage it or change your line, before he touches it. The nearer to his body you can bring your point with these precautions the better you will succeed. Therefore to approach in the proper manner you must carry your point forward without pause, and in such a manner that you can abandon your first plan and adopt another according to circumstances.</p>
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<p>With this method you can make a feint of putting your sword in one line and then put it in another. Therefore it is well to remember that if your adversary, being in ''tierce'' or ''quarte'' tries to hit in the time of your approaching, you should always parry in the line in which you have put your sword; your body too should be in that line, because if your body were in one line and your sword in another you could be deceived, and the method would fail; the sword must be accompanied by the body and feet, and there must be no disunion. Also the parry on the  outside or inside must be made with the hand in quarte, but the parry below and on the outside with the hand in ''tierce'' so that the hand has little movement to make, and so that a change of the hand is seldom needed.</p>
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<p>Another method will follow, which is even safer and more subtle, against which the adversary cannot use his left hand; and sometimes against the other four where the sword is carried in position in order to take the ''time'' of the adversary's movement. But in the method of which we are speaking, the sixth in order the sword is never so far forward that it can be grasped by his left hand, as we shall explain is its place.</p>
 
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| <p>[43] </p>
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| <p>[43] With this ''quarte'' the sword is seen placed on the outside with the point directed towards the adversary's hilt, whose sword is in ''tierce''. You have advanced from a distance with short steps, carrying your sword in such a way that, on arriving within distance, it is in the position shown. If your adversary thinking he has the control over your sword, thrusts with a change to ''seconde'' in order to meet your point with his ''forte'', your intention is to disengage the point with a slight movement; and therefore you have placed it in this position. If your adversary makes no move, you will go on to hit as soon as you have reached your position since your point will be very near his body, and although it appears that he can control it, it is nevertheless free; if he tries to engage, his ''faible'' will meet your ''forte''. All this is due to the continued movement without a pause. If the adversary thrusts in order to hit the part uncovered over your sword, since your point is against his ''forte'', by simply raising it a little and extending the arm, you will hit in ''quarte'' over his sword in the chest.</p>
 
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| <p>[44] </p>
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| <p>[44] This hit in ''quarte'' has followed in this manner. Your adversary being in ''tierce'' and seeing you advancing to put your point against his hilt on the outside and that in advancing you have exposed your chest above the sword, has thrust with his hand in the straight line in order to hit in the ''time'' of your advance, and to cover himself also. You were advancing with the body and feet in union, holding your sword steady with the point near his hilt; you have disengaged your sword which was already low, with a slight movement, and by continuing with the left foot have met the adversary in his advance with the same ''quarte'', carrying your hilt, already advanced, to his ''faible''; in this way you will follow on to his body. If he had not moved, you would still have hit in ''quarte'' over his sword by moving the point a little and carrying it on with the ''forte'' against his hilt. He could have defended himself only by breaking distance, and in that case you would have dropped your point below in ''seconde'', before he had raised his sword. If he had tried to save himself by disengaging in ''quarte'', you would have continued in ''quarte'' without making any movement of defence, but with your hand in the parry of ''quarte'', and would have hit at the same time.</p>
 
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| <p>[45] </p>
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| <p>[45] With the next ''quarte'' the point is seen against the hilt of a ''tierce'' on the inside; the whole chest is exposed to the adversary. You have advanced from a distance with short steps, as is required with this method, and as is best with any other method, and whilst approaching have gradually brought your sword to this position, in order to provoke the adversary to attempt to hit or engage your sword. If he does not move, you will thrust the point at his body, after reaching his hilt, carrying your ''forte'' to his ''faible'', and hit in ''quarte'' or in ''tierce'' according to circumstances. In any case you must continue, whether he offers a ''time'' or not, advances or retires. From this advantage will follow the hit shown in the next plate.</p>
 
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| <p>[46] </p>
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| <p>[46] This hit in ''quarte'' against an opponent attempting a hit also in ''quarte'' has arisen in this way; whilst you were approaching and carrying your point in the line of his hilt, the adver sary seeing your point in such a strong position, has turned his hand from ''tierce'' to ''quarte'' in order to cover himself in the upper lines to engage your ''faible'' and hit. You were holding your sword steady and seeing his movement you have followed on, partly disengaging your point in ''quarte'' but without making any movement of defence, and have thrust in the angle formed by his hand in ''quarte''; by running along his ''faible'' on the outside you have made the hit in the chest. You would have hit equally on the inside if he had not moved, or again on the inside with the same guard of[!] he had tried to parry with his ''tierce''. All this is due to your being in motion, which, as we have said elsewhere, leads to quickness, and causes your adversary to move without your moving your sword.</p>
 
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| <p>[47] </p>
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| <p>[47] With this next ''quarte'' the sword is seen to be placed on the outside with the point directed towards the adversary's hilt, who is in a guard of ''seconde''. With this guard your chest is exposed to the adversary with the intention and design of enticing him to hit in the line uncovered, so that you may parry and hit in the same ''time''. If he does not move, you will throw your point over his sword, and keeping the hilt steady hit in ''quarte'', as shown in the next plate.</p>
 
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| <p>[48] </p>
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| <p>[48] From the position of the two combatants in the last plate has followed the hit now illustrated. You have arrived within distance in ''quarte'' with your point against his hilt; the adversary has not moved; therefore you have at once carried your point over his hilt; keeping the hand steady in ''quarte'' you have brought your left foot in front, advancing the right side, and extended your arm; thus you have made a hit in ''quarte'' in the chest, and by the natural strength of your sword in this line, you have pushed away his sword and prevented his parrying. You would also have hit in ''quarte'', if he had disengaged to hit in ''seconde'' on the inside, and you would have protected yourself by the some ''quarte''.</p>
 
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| <p>[49] </p>
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| <p>[49] This next hit in ''quarte'' has arisen from the some guard. When you came within distance, the adversary made no movement and you raised your point and carried it over his hilt in the manner described in the last discourse. He has disengaged in ''seconde'' in order to hit on the inside, imagining that you would have to change your line to parry, and that by the strength of his sword he would penetrate your body in the angle naturally formed by his ''seconde'', before you could parry. He has been deceived because, having already directed your point at his body, you have gone on, merely carrying your sword arm towards the inside, and extending the arm as in the last plate. You have met his sword with your hilt, before he had finished his disengage, and therefore his sword is seen to be kept low; also your arm is foreshortened as it has been carried inwards for the defence. Similarly, when you first came within distance, the adversary might have attempted to hit above in the part seen to be uncovered; by disengaging ''quarte'' you would have hit on the inside and parried in such a way that his sword would have fallen, since he would have tried to force your sword, expecting you to parry, but would not have found it because of your disengage, and therefore his sword would have fallen, as we said. Further you could have parried and hit above, as shown in the last plate, even if the adversary had tried to resist, and this because of the advantage of the line, since he would be resisting with his weakest part against your strongest part.</p>
 
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| <p>[50] </p>
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| <p>[50] This ''tierce'' with the point against the adversary's hilt, the adversary being in a low ''tierce'', is formed with the following design. You have seen that he was in a low guard with his upper parts exposed, although distant; your plan is to place your sword above his blade with the point directed towards his hilt in order to induce him to raise his sword on one side or the other, and to take the ''time'' of his movement. If he does not move, you can go on to hit in that ''tierce'', directing your point towards his throat close to his right arm and carrying your hilt near his sword in order to keep yourself defended. For in this position you cannot hit lower without moving your point from the correct position and endangering yourself.</p>
 
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| <p>[51] </p>
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| <p>[51] From the advantage of the low guard of ''tierce'' of the last plate with the point against the adversary's hilt, has followed this hit in ''tierce''. When you came within distance, the adversary did not move, so that you have followed on with the body and hit. You would equally have hit, if he had tried to hit in any line, because you would have continued and been still and similarly you would have arrived before he had finished his disengage, or your point would have reached the height at which your hand was originally, so that he could not have parried except by stepping back. As to his body he could not have withdrawn that further, and if he had tried to retreat and parry, that would have given you an opportunity to change your line; if he had parried on the inside, you would have yielded in ''seconde''; if on the outside you would still have changed to ''seconde'', but under his arm. All these devices will succeed if you follow on without stopping, remembering that to stop and then advance is very dangerous; rather than that it is better to retire and recover and then begin again.</p>
 
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| <p>[52] </p>
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| <p>[52] '''The sixth and last method 0f attacking the adversary without a pause, and without waiting for a ''time'' but forcing him to offer a ''time''.'''</p>
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<p>The preceeding[!] principles and methods of attacking without a pause, which we have described are practicable and likely to succeed, some more than others; and of them the one which requires more skill is the best. The method of which we are now about to treat is still more artful; in it the sword, feet and body are used with greater subtlety than in the others. You begin by approaching from a distance with natural steps, as we instructed in the other cases; when you arrive within wide distance, the point of your sword should be against the adversary's faible and in the stronger position. You should begin with the arm advanced, and, as the body comes forward, the sword hand must approach in order to bring the point to the required position of advantage, when within wide distance. In brief, al-though the body is moving, the sword and arm must remain steady and the body approach in a particular manner. As to the feet as you put one to the ground you must lift the other and bring it up to the first, but keeping it in the air in order to put it to the ground wherever needed, if the adversary moves. If he does not move, you should put the foot down a little in front of the other, and immediately lift the other to the same extent and keep it in the air with the same intention; for if the adversary takes the ''time'' of your lifting it, you have time to adopt a plan, before your foot comes to the ground; if he takes the ''time'' of your putting it to the ground, the other foot must be in the air ready to move. In this way you are always on one foot only and can move quickly and with control, as you desire. You must take care always to carry the feet in the ''line'' of the adversary’s sword; if his sword is on the inside and possibly high, in bringing your body towards his arm you must raise your hand just enough to bring your point above his and keep it there; if in that ''time'' he tries to hit in the lower lines, where he has been driven, it will be convenient for you to parry and hit below in the same ''time'' on the outside, if your feet are in a straight line with his sword; in the execution of this movement your hand must be carried to ''tierce'', your left side forward, while your right side is drawn back, for two reasons; in the first place, if the adversary disengages, he will not find your body; in the second, the further advanced the left shoulder is, the stronger the sword is and the more it can be shortened, so that you can advance further within close distance, and similarly your body will pass the point of danger.</p>
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<p>With this method there is one rule which must be observed: you must keep your sword in the position where it engages the adversary's until you hit, nor must you hit, if your body has not passed his point; or not begun to pass; even if, at you advance, he should make some change, you must still contain yourself and not hit, unless you clearly know that your body can penetrate his point. Otherwise it would be better to seize the advantage in the other line, and without moving the arm or hand, but merely by a movement of the body and a slight movement of the point, to continue on so that you could reach the adversary without entirely extending the arm. For with this method there is another rule also to be observed: you must carry your point to the adversary's body in union, without ever extending the arm or moving it. In this way you will be always ready with your body, feet and sword to adopt any change, and hit with safety and with great force, for it will be the body which hits, and not the arm. In this way either his sword will pass or break or he will be thrown to the ground; there will be no question of his being able to pass your point with his body or carry his body out of line, or of beating your sword or parrying with the left hand, with the sword alone.</p>
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<p>With the sword and dagger this method may be used in some cases, though not in all. For if the adversary's point were in conjunction with the point of his dagger, you could not engage it without danger of losing your own sword. In this case it is convenient to adopt the other method of placing your point against the adversary's ''forte'', where you can keep it free and hit with less subtlety than with the sword alone, since your sword is further from the adversary's sword and safer from his dagger, which cannot engage owing to the distance. You must take care in advancing to adopt a particular manner so that the point of your sword may not penetrate and may be kept always in the same position; as your body advances, so your dagger must approach his sword in such a way that, when you are ready to hit the dagger will be so far forward that it can defend against his sword without further movement. With the sword and dagger also you can attack without stopping, but you cannot use one method only against all positions, as with the sword alone, but you must adopt now one, and now another according to need. In order that this may be better understood, we shall give plates of the positions, showing the manner first of placing the sword, and then of the hit, which may follow, as at present we show the positions with the sword alone.</p>
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<p>All these methods of attack with resolution are based on the advantage of the feet, body and sword. But if the adversary does not keep his point steady but continually moves it round in a circle, it is not easy to engage it. In that case you could exclude his sword and prevent his moving it, though in truth this remedy involves the danger of your being disordered; therefore it is much better both with the sword alone and with the sword and dagger to advance holding your point in line with the adversary's hand and continue, since he will be forced to stop his movement and to try to drive your point out of line, otherwise you will go on and hit in the ''time'' of his moving his point, and he will be unable to parry with his sword or dagger, if he has a dagger, since your point will be far distant from his and far advanced towards his body; if he tries to carry his dagger to the defence of the other side, he will not be able to parry and will give you a chance to hit because of his slowness due to the great distance. Therefore there is no position in which the adversary can place his body and weapons, to which with these methods there is no reply, since you have an advantage.</p>
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<p>There are some men, speaking with rashness rather than with knowledge, of this art, who have presumed to say that there are some strokes, to which there is no reply, and which cannot be parried. But we are persuaded by sound reasons that every stroke has its reply, except the stroke made in the exact time and at the exact distance; to such a stroke there is no reply and it cannot be parried; whereas the stroke which is deceived in its ''time'' or its distance, has its reply and can easily be parried; so that you can defend yourself against all strokes of the one kind and none of the other, and he who thinks differently is deceived. So are they deceived who think that the same stroke can be used against every opponent. But we say that you can attack all opponents, but must proceed in different ways according to the opportunities offered by the adversary. Let this suffice for the methods of attacking with resolution and without a pause; you must understand how to advance or check yourself, move swiftly or slowly or retire, and to do everything of your own accord and not under the compulsion of the adversary, for that would be a sign that his replies were stronger and that you were trying to save yourself from danger. When you act of your own accord or for some purpose of deceiving, you can return and advance at will. In this consists true judgment and knowledge of arms, which gives you the assurance of proceeding according to the capacity of your opponent and according to the position in which he is. We have still to give the description of each plate beginning with the advantage acquired and the distance, and continuing with the hits which follow from those advantages and distances.</p>
 
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| <p>[53] </p>
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| <p>[53] With this method you have begun to advance against the adversary and have acquired the advantage shown in the plate. You have carried your sword in such a manner that when within distance you have acquired the advantage on the inside with a guard of ''quarte'' against a ''tierce''. This position has followed from the fact that the adversary was more exposed on that side[!] To strengthen your sword you have turned your body and enlarged the angle naturally formed by the hand in ''quarte''; your front is so turned that you are secure on the inside and there is little exposed on the outside. For this reason you have turned the body, so that you can defend yourself with little movement. This position of the body strengthens the sword on both sides much more than if you had your right side forward. You can follow on with the left foot in order to approach without advancing your sword more than is now shown; this will be seen <sup>in</sup> the next plate.</p>
 
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| {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/216|2|lbl=-|p=1}} {{section|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf/217|1|lbl=207|p=1}}
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| <p>[54] </p>
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| <p>[54] From the first advantage seen in the last plate has arisen the advantage now shown. The point of your sword is in the same position as before; you have not run along the adversary's sword, but checked your arm and advanced with the foot and body only; in doing this you have carried back the right side and advanced the left, so that you have in the end brought your head further forward than your hand. Your intention is to lift the other foot, carry it forward and on bringing it to the ground to thrust, bringing your hilt somewhat further than the position where your point is at present; thus you will ran along his blade and penetrate with your body right to his body in such a way that he cannot prevent you.</p>
 
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| <p>[55] </p>
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| <p>[55] From the two positions of advantage described in the two preceeding[!] discourses has followed this hit in ''quarte''. Although the adversary has tried to draw back and form a guard of ''quarte'', he has been unable to complete the turn of his hand, before you have hit, because he has allowed you to approach too far, before he moved. After you had acquired the second advantage, there was no time for him to parry on that side; but if he had moved when you had reached your first position, and engaged his sword he could have disengaged, not in order to hit, since he could have effected nothing, but to engage your point on the other side; he would have freed himself from the first danger and put you under the necessity of using great swiftness of hand in order to direct your point and exclude his on the outside; before he had finished his disengage or counter-disengage, and in order that you might approach with your body without advancing your sword more than in the first position. Your proceeding would have been rendered more difficult; but if you had worked in the correct manner, he still could not have saved himself in the end, because of the force and strength of this method of attacking, for the nearer you approach the adversary, the safer you become by reason of the turns you may make and the union of body, sword and feet.</p>
 
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| <p>[56] </p>
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| <p>[56] In this plate you are seen to have carried your sword in such a way, that on reaching the adversary's sword you have acquired the advantage on the outside with a guard of ''quarte'' against a ''tierce''. You have taken up this position for two reasons, in the first place in order to be stronger in the line where your adversary's sword is, in the second in order to protect your body in the part exposed by the angle made by the guard of ''quarte'' near the hand. Your body is turned to the front exposing the whole of the chest; you are safe on the outside and with your hilt in ''quarte'' you are almost entirely covered on the inside, so that you can defend with little movement in any line. You have lifted your rear foot in order to carry it forward without advancing your sword more than it is at present, as will be seen in the next plate.</p>
 
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| <p>[57] </p>
+
| <p>[57] From the first advantage shown in the last plate has followed this further advantage. Having reached the adversary's point and acquired the advantage you have continued with the left foot, so that your sword has advanced no further than it was. You have carried forward the left shoulder, keeping the right shoulder in its original position, and thus have secured yourself and deprived your adversary of the chance of hitting below in any way, while on the inside you are covered by keep¬ing your hand steady in its present position and by bringing the right foot in front, if necessary; thus you have nothing to fear in those lines, and on the outside you are similarly de¬fended, so that in this position you can go on to hit in the part seen to be exposed from the ''faible'' of his sword to his body as we shall show in the next plate.</p>
 
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| <p>[58] </p>
+
| <p>[58] From the two positions of advantage just described has followed this hit in ''quarte'' against an opponent who has tried to parry in ''tierce''. On reaching the second position, as the adversary did not move, you have continued with the body without advancing the sword more than shown in the plate, still keeping your hand in the guard of ''quarte''. All this is done with great skill, because on reaching the second position with the arm with¬drawn if you had extended it to hit, you would have given the adversary a ''time'' to hit below in ''quarte'', and to turn his body, let¬ting your sword pass in vain, or to parry without disengaging. In extending the arm the sword in fact is weakened and may be easily thrust aside by the adversary, but when it is accompanied by the body the adversary is not strong enough to drive it away. For this reason then you have maintained your guard of ''quarte'', and also in order to parry more easily, if he should try to hit below. You have lowered the body in the straight line in order to render the defence easier both below and on the inside, so that wherever he should hit, you would defend with little movement of the hand and body; moreover you would be so far advanced that his sword would pass, and you would be out of danger. On the other hand if you had bent the body outwards, you would have been sore exposed on the inside and would not have advanced so far with the body, so that your adversary could more readily have recovered his sword, whilst you would have been less united; for all these reasons the movement would have been weaker.</p>
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<p>We might have included the results which would have followed against guards of ''prime'' and ''quarte'', and also guards at an angle, or withdrawn; but we have omitted them for the sake of brevity, and because whoever can advance with safety against a guard in the straight line, can more easily attack those at an angle or withdrawn. Therefore we shall not treat of them, since they may be readily met with the methods we have described; for the nearer you can approach the adversary before being impeded or checked by his sword, the safer you are and the quicker you will attain your end; the adversary has fewer resources when you are close; when the danger is greater, he cannot make many changes. As to rushes which may be made by guards at an angle or withdrawn, we omit those also, because they will give no trouble; for if you know how to attack according to our methods, you will always be covered in the straight line from the adver¬sary's point to your body. As to the changes of line made by an opponent using a guard at an angle, they are always slower than with a straight guard; therefore in these six methods we have described the opponent as on guard in the straight line. There are some who claim that a straight guard cannot be defeated, especially if the body is held sideways, whereas we have here shown in how many ways such a guard may be deceived.</p>
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<p>We have still to add, that with the last method it is better to use a shorter sword, which is easier to control, less likely to be impeded and has less ''faible''; if the adversary's sword is longer, there is all the greater advantage in attacking with resolution. If you understand these methods, you can attack any imaginable guard; as the number of guards is almost infinite we have been content to include the principal ones, from which you may easily understand how to proceed against any other. Here we shall end the discussion of the principles of the sword alone and shall proceed to treat of the sword and dagger.</p>
 
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Revision as of 00:05, 5 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Temp

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. This word can't be read on the photos I have. It's a 6-letter word that seems to end in "s?ed". The Italian word means to move or advance, and Tom Leoni translates it as "fling".
  36. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  38. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  39. The errata adds "l’".
  40. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  41. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  42. Should be 183.
  43. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.