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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 118.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 118.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[16] </p>
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| <p>[16] This high guard of ''tierce'' leads to the advantage shown in this plate. As you approach the adversary, you direct your point, and lower the body, keeping the hand and arm steady, until the point is in line. You have controlled the adversary's sword and will maintain that position, when your point hits. If, when you come into line, the adversary disengages it order to hit on the inside of your guard, you will have penetrated with your body half the length of his blade, which deprives him of the power of turning out of line or passing. The advanced position of the guard facilitates your passing below, if he attacks your sword. in order that that result may be better understood it will be illustrated in its place.</p>
 
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| <p>[17] </p>
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| <p>[17] From the advantage acquired by this high guard has arisen the following hit; you have reached the adversary's your ''forte'', checked your hand in that position, lowered your point, directing it against the adversary, and by carrying your head forward and below your own hand have continued your advance and hit in the throat, when his sword was high; if it had been lower, you could have hit lower by dropping your body and hand in proportion. If he had tried to parry by raising his sword, you would have disengaged below, and by turning your hand to ''seconde'' and keeping it in the same place would still have certainly hit.</p>
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 120.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 120.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[18] </p>
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| <p>[18] The next is a hit in ''quarte'' against an opponent who has lunged in ''quarte''. You had engaged your adversary's ''faible'' on the outside with the high guard shown in the previous plates; he has tried to disengage and lunge in ''quarte'' on the inside in the path which appeared to him to be uncovered. But with your arm high and held back you have pressed on his ''faible'' with a guard of ''quarte'', and by carrying the right foot forward and somewhat out of the straight line and bending the body over it, you have made a hit in the throat. By continuing with the left foot you would have passed right to his body. If the adversary had tried to turn with either foot, he would have been all the weaker, and therefore you would have hit in the straight line or in the back.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|179|lbl=169}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|179|lbl=169}}
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 121.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 121.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[19] </p>
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| <p>[19] The next is a hit in ''seconde'' made by passing underneath with the body on the outside, against a guard turned somewhat towards ''quarte''. You were in a high ''tierce'', with the hilt near your face and advancing towards the outside; the adversary in ''tierce'' in  a straight line, seeing you coming, raised his point to impede your sword and cover himself above. Being already within distance you have left your hand at that height, turned to ''seconde'', before he could reach your sword, and by bending your body as far forward as possible have passed, With the head so far advanced as to penetrate the whole length of his blade; thus you have hit, and the adversary has been unable to defend, nor has had time to bring his sword back into line or to turn his body.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|180|lbl=170}}
 
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| [[file:Scienza d’Arme (Fabris) 122.jpg|400px|center]]
| <p>[20] </p>
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| <p>[20] This plate illustrates the exclusion of an opponent's sword in low ''tierce''. You were in high ''tierce'' and have lowered your body as you advanced, so that on arriving within distance you were so low that you have controlled the adversary's sword without moving your arm. While lowering your body you have carried the right side back and the left forward and so balanced the body on the feet and knees, that you have been able to get so low with great swiftness. The position of your body is such that even if your adversary had disengaged above, you would not have checked your advance or made any defence since there was nothing to defend in that line. Whether he had disengaged or not, or whatever he had chosen to do, he would not have prevented your advance, with your sword, feet and body working in union. The change in the position of the body after reaching this point will be shown in the next plate.</p>
 
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| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|181|lbl=171}}
 
| {{pagetb|Page:Scienza d’Arme (Salvator Fabris) 1606.pdf|181|lbl=171}}

Revision as of 01:25, 4 May 2022

Salvator Fabris
200px
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus IV of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-
    Holstein-Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1606)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus IV, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Temp

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to withdraw/"break measure". ~Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  36. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  38. The errata adds "l’".
  39. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  40. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  41. Should be 183.
  42. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.