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<p>In dealing with an adversary who is supported on his left foot, you must consider that his sword is so far withdrawn, that it is difficult to engage it, and that he holds his dagger well advanced with the idea of engaging your sword and then making a hit in ''time'', generally with a pass; for he realises that his line is short and that he cannot reach without a pass, and he is well aware that he cannot pass without first engaging your sword. You must consider too that by passing he will come with a great impact owing to the great distance from the spot where he lifts his foot to the spot where he brings it to the ground, and owing to the fact that his sword is carried on not only by the arm and foot, but by the whole body. He advances his body with great vigour in order to make his hit quickly, and therefore he strikes violently, especially if he comes in the ''time'' of your advance, when you cannot break ground, and thus the encounter is all the more impetuous. Further, since your adversary recognises that he can do nothing whilst he is within wide distance, he will always seek to approach in order to gain your sword and the required distance.</p>
 
<p>In dealing with an adversary who is supported on his left foot, you must consider that his sword is so far withdrawn, that it is difficult to engage it, and that he holds his dagger well advanced with the idea of engaging your sword and then making a hit in ''time'', generally with a pass; for he realises that his line is short and that he cannot reach without a pass, and he is well aware that he cannot pass without first engaging your sword. You must consider too that by passing he will come with a great impact owing to the great distance from the spot where he lifts his foot to the spot where he brings it to the ground, and owing to the fact that his sword is carried on not only by the arm and foot, but by the whole body. He advances his body with great vigour in order to make his hit quickly, and therefore he strikes violently, especially if he comes in the ''time'' of your advance, when you cannot break ground, and thus the encounter is all the more impetuous. Further, since your adversary recognises that he can do nothing whilst he is within wide distance, he will always seek to approach in order to gain your sword and the required distance.</p>
  
<p>From all these considerations you should be able to discern your advantage and avail yourself of it, that is to say the distance, in which you may arrive, more quickly than he who is supported on the left foot even with his right foot in front. While he is seeking to engage your sword is the time to hit and to break ground so as to keep away and prevent his passing, or, if you cannot hit, at least to make a feint in order to disorder him and then hit, or play him and in that ''time'' withdraw so far, that he will remain at the original distance. Then you may choose a more convenient ''time'', when he moves again, for since he is on the left foot, his side below the dagger is in great danger, and if he tries to cover it, he uncovers himself above, since the dagger cannot cover both places at once. Therefore choosing the ''time'' you can always hit in one of these two places. Everytime that your sword provokes his dagger to move you will certainly hit in one part or the other, and all the better if the provocation is in the ''time'' of his advance, when he cannot break ground. Also you must not advance so far that you are in danger of receiving a riposte stronger than your thrust, as often happens. When you see the adversary advancing in order to engage your sword with his dagger, then you should hold your point in line with his fist; if his dagger is extended with the point forward so as to hide his fist, then you should hold the sword straight under the blade neither inside nor outside, and therefore you must hold it in a straight line in ''tierce''. As your adversary approaches, you must bring the arm back to the body keeping the point in the straight line and not letting it drop, and draw him on until his hand penetrates the point of your sword; at the moment when his foot arrives within distance, then hit in the straight line under the blade of his dagger, the nearer the arm the better. If that part is not uncovered then you must hit over the dagger, making a slight turn of the hand towards ''seconde'', but close to the dagger, above all taking care to arrive quickly. If the part uncovered is on the inside, you could turn the hand to ''quarte'' so as to hit that part, but still close to the blade of the dagger. These thrusts will certainly succeed, if you take the ''time'' of your adversary's advance. If his dagger is held so exactly that you cannot hit, you should move the point a little inwards or outwards in order to make him waver and then hit. To protect yourself better against the ''riposte'' or ''counter-time'' which your adversary might make, you should hold your dagger in such a position towards the point of his sword, that, wherever it comes, the dagger can parry with little movement. In this position you may be certain of having greater ease in defence; but you should not be already so far advanced that your adversary's sword can harass you, before you are at the proper distance.</p>
+
<p>From all these considerations you should be able to discern your advantage and avail yourself of it, that is to say the distance, in which you may arrive, more quickly than he who is supported on the left foot even with his right foot in front. While he is seeking to engage your sword is the time to hit and to break ground so as to keep away and prevent his passing, or, if you cannot hit, at least to make a feint in order to disorder him and then hit, or play him and in that ''time'' withdraw so far, that he will remain at the original distance. Then you may choose a more convenient ''time'', when he moves again, for since he is on the left foot, his side below the dagger is in great danger, and if he tries to cover it, he uncovers himself above, since the dagger cannot cover both places at once. Therefore choosing the ''time'' you can always hit in one of these two places. Everytime that your sword provokes his dagger to move you will certainly hit in one part or the other, and all the better if the provocation is in the ''time'' of his advance, when he cannot break ground. Also you must not advance so far that you are in danger of receiving a ''riposte'' stronger than your thrust, as often happens. When you see the adversary advancing in order to engage your sword with his dagger, then you should hold your point in line with his fist; if his dagger is extended with the point forward so as to hide his fist, then you should hold the sword straight under the blade neither inside nor outside, and therefore you must hold it in a straight line in ''tierce''. As your adversary approaches, you must bring the arm back to the body keeping the point in the straight line and not letting it drop, and draw him on until his hand penetrates the point of your sword; at the moment when his foot arrives within distance, then hit in the straight line under the blade of his dagger, the nearer the arm the better. If that part is not uncovered then you must hit over the dagger, making a slight turn of the hand towards ''seconde'', but close to the dagger, above all taking care to arrive quickly. If the part uncovered is on the inside, you could turn the hand to ''quarte'' so as to hit that part, but still close to the blade of the dagger. These thrusts will certainly succeed, if you take the ''time'' of your adversary's advance. If his dagger is held so exactly that you cannot hit, you should move the point a little inwards or outwards in order to make him waver and then hit. To protect yourself better against the ''riposte'' or ''counter-time'' which your adversary might make, you should hold your dagger in such a position towards the point of his sword, that, wherever it comes, the dagger can parry with little movement. In this position you may be certain of having greater ease in defence; but you should not be already so far advanced that your adversary's sword can harass you, before you are at the proper distance.</p>
  
 
<p>If your position is not so subtlely formed, and the adversary's dagger begins to penetrate your point on the one side or the other, you should not therefore disengage with the idea of freeing it, bat should gradually bring it out  of line as far as his dagger can follow it. For if he tries to engage it, his dagger will go so far out of line that he can be hit, or if you make a feint he will be so disordered by the large part uncovered, that he will then certainly be hit.</p>
 
<p>If your position is not so subtlely formed, and the adversary's dagger begins to penetrate your point on the one side or the other, you should not therefore disengage with the idea of freeing it, bat should gradually bring it out  of line as far as his dagger can follow it. For if he tries to engage it, his dagger will go so far out of line that he can be hit, or if you make a feint he will be so disordered by the large part uncovered, that he will then certainly be hit.</p>

Revision as of 02:59, 4 June 2022

Salvator Fabris
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus Ⅳ of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-Holstein-
    Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1601-06)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus Ⅳ, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to "break measure" or withdraw. ~ Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. This word can't be read on the photos I have. It's a 6-letter word that seems to end in "s?ed". The Italian word means to move or advance, and Tom Leoni translates it as "fling".
  36. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  38. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  39. The errata adds "l’".
  40. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  41. This large blank space was probably meant to be filled in later with a suitable translation for brezza, which means "breeze" though that's obviously not the intended meaning here. It might be a spelling of brecca, meaning "breach". Tom Leoni translates it "rampart". ~ Michael Chidester
  42. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  43. Should be 183.
  44. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.