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Difference between revisions of "Salvator Fabris"

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| <p>[23] Here is another ''tierce'' with the right foot carried outwards, the knee bent and the body supported on that knee. The sword hand is advanced towards the adversary a distance equal to the length from the elbow to the hand, and the sword is inclined upwards at an angle in order to be in conjunction with the dagger, which is held high and in a straight line from the shoulder to it's[!] point. In approaching the adversary the left foot is brought up to the right, and the right foot carried in a circle towards his left side. That part of the side which is seen to be uncovered below the dagger is always kept back, so that if the adversary tried to hit it, you vould[!] parry with the ''forte'' pass of the sword, which is held forward. You should <sup>pass</sup> with the left foot, turning the hand into ''quarte'' and always keeping the dagger steady with the intention of defending, the upper parts; the body too should be kept at the same height. If you do not wish to pass or cannot pass because you are in motion, you can still parry and hit in the same manner by carrying the right foot into the straight line and without moving the dagger, so that your adversary cannot make a feint below and hit above, or vice versa, and from whichever side he comes you are defended. If he disengages over your sword, your dagger, which is steady, can easily parry and defend. If he tries to engage your sword with his dagger, then you can hit under the arm or over the dagger, by advancing in a circle towards that part in order to withdraw out of his line and to hit better; even if your adversary closed the distance he would effect nothing. With this guard, if the points of your adversary's weapons are separated, you may make some very good strokes in between as oppotunity[!] offers, if they are close together you can harass his dagger. But with this guard you should never change your hand, lower your point much, make ''appels'' nor stand still, but you should approach in a circle, keeping the same front as you gradually approach, and form your decision with swiftness. Sometimes you will parry with the ''forte'' of the sword, glide your dagger along the adversary's blade letting it remain there and hit with great force. This guard is sufficiently good, though laborious; but its limitations should be realised.</p>
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| <p>[23] Here is another ''tierce'' with the right foot carried outwards, the knee bent and the body supported on that knee. The sword hand is advanced towards the adversary a distance equal to the length from the elbow to the hand, and the sword is inclined upwards at an angle in order to be in conjunction with the dagger, which is held high and in a straight line from the shoulder to it's[!] point. In approaching the adversary the left foot is brought up to the right, and the right foot carried in a circle towards his left side. That part of the side which is seen to be uncovered below the dagger is always kept back, so that if the adversary tried to hit it, you vould[!] parry with the ''forte'' of the sword, which is held forward. You should <sup>pass</sup> with the left foot, turning the hand into ''quarte'' and always keeping the dagger steady with the intention of defending, the upper parts; the body too should be kept at the same height. If you do not wish to pass or cannot pass because you are in motion, you can still parry and hit in the same manner by carrying the right foot into the straight line and without moving the dagger, so that your adversary cannot make a feint below and hit above, or vice versa, and from whichever side he comes you are defended. If he disengages over your sword, your dagger, which is steady, can easily parry and defend. If he tries to engage your sword with his dagger, then you can hit under the arm or over the dagger, by advancing in a circle towards that part in order to withdraw out of his line and to hit better; even if your adversary closed the distance he would effect nothing. With this guard, if the points of your adversary's weapons are separated, you may make some very good strokes in between as oppotunity[!] offers, if they are close together you can harass his dagger. But with this guard you should never change your hand, lower your point much, make ''appels'' nor stand still, but you should approach in a circle, keeping the same front as you gradually approach, and form your decision with swiftness. Sometimes you will parry with the ''forte'' of the sword, glide your dagger along the adversary's blade letting it remain there and hit with great force. This guard is sufficiently good, though laborious; but its limitations should be realised.</p>
 
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Revision as of 22:38, 4 June 2022

Salvator Fabris
Born 1544
Padua, Italy
Died 11 Nov 1618 (aged 74)
Padua, Italy
Occupation
Nationality Italian
Alma mater University of Padua (?)
Patron
  • Christianus Ⅳ of Denmark
  • Johan Frederik of Schleswig-Holstein-
    Gottorp
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Italian
Notable work(s) Scienza d’Arme (1601-06)
Manuscript(s)
Translations

Salvator Fabris (Salvador Fabbri, Salvator Fabriz, Fabrice; 1544-1618) was a 16th – 17th century Italian knight and fencing master. He was born in or around Padua, Italy in 1544, and although little is known about his early years, he seems to have studied fencing from a young age and possibly attended the prestigious University of Padua.[citation needed] The French master Henry de Sainct Didier recounts a meeting with an Italian fencer named "Fabrice" during the course of preparing his treatise (completed in 1573) in which they debated fencing theory, potentially placing Fabris in France in the early 1570s.[1] In the 1580s, Fabris corresponded with Christian Barnekow, a Danish nobleman with ties to the royal court as well as an alumnus of the university.[2] It seems likely that Fabris traveled a great deal during the 1570s and 80s, spending time in France, Germany, Spain, and possibly other regions before returning to teach at his alma mater.[citation needed]

It is unclear if Fabris himself was of noble birth, but at some point he seems to have earned a knighthood. In fact, he is described in his treatise as Supremus Eques ("Supreme Knight") of the Order of the Seven Hearts. In Johann Joachim Hynitzsch's introduction to the 1676 edition, he identifies Fabris as a Colonel of the Order.[3] It seems therefore that he was not only a knight of the Order of the Seven Hearts, but rose to a high rank and perhaps even overall leadership.

Fabris' whereabouts in the 1590s are uncertain, but there are rumors. In 1594, he may have been hired by King Sigismund of Poland to assassinate his uncle Karl, a Swedish duke and competitor for the Swedish crown. According to the story, Fabris participated in a sword dance (or possibly a dramatic play) with a sharp sword and was to slay Karl during the performance when the audience was distracted. (The duke was warned and avoided the event, saving his life.)[4] In ca. 1599, Fabris may have been invited to England by noted playwright William Shakespeare to choreograph the fight scenes in his premier of Hamlet.[5][2] He also presumably spent considerable time in the 1590s developing the fencing manual that would guarantee his lasting fame.

What is certain is that by 1598, Fabris had left his position at the University of Padua and was attached to the court of Johan Frederik, the young duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp. He continued in the duke's service until 1601, and as a parting gift prepared a lavishly-illustrated, three-volume manuscript of his treatise entitled Scientia e Prattica dell'Arme (GI.kgl.Saml.1868 4040).[2]

In 1601, Fabris was hired as chief rapier instructor to the court of Christianus Ⅳ, King of Denmark and Duke Johan Frederik's cousin. He ultimately served in the royal court for five years; toward the end of his tenure and at the king's insistence, he published his opus under the title Sienza e Pratica d’Arme ("Science and Practice of Arms") or De lo Schermo, overo Scienza d’Arme ("On Defense, or the Science of Arms"). Christianus funded this first edition and placed his court artist, Jan van Halbeeck, at Fabris' disposal to illustrate it; it was ultimately published in Copenhagen on 25 September 1606.[2]

Soon after the text was published, and perhaps feeling his 62 years, Fabris asked to be released from his six-year contract with the king so that he might return home. He traveled through northern Germany and was in Paris, France, in 1608. Ultimately, he received a position at the University of Padua and there passed his final years. He died of a fever on 11 November 1618 at the age of 74, and the town of Padua declared an official day of mourning in his honor. In 1676, the town of Padua erected a statue of the master in the Chiesa del Santo.

The importance of Fabris' work can hardly be overstated. Versions of his treatise were reprinted for over a hundred years, and translated into German at least four times as well as French and Latin. He is almost universally praised by later masters and fencing historians, and through the influence of his students and their students (most notably Hans Wilhelm Schöffer), he became the dominant figure in German fencing throughout the 17th century and into the 18th.

Treatise

Additional Resources

References

  1. Didier, Henry de Sainct. Les secrets du premier livre sur l'espée seule. Paris, 1573. pp 5-8.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. pp XVIII-XIX.
  3. Fabris, Salvator and Leoni, Tom. Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. p XXIX.
  4. Andersson, Henrik. Salvator Fabris as a Hired Assassin in Sweden. Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  5. Barbasetti, Luigi. Fencing Through the Ages.[Full citation needed]
  6. Originally "asseruatore", but corrected in the errata.
  7. This seems like a mistranslation of rompere di misura at first blush, but according to Kevin Murakoshi, this is an archaic piece of fencing jargon that was still current in the early 20th century. It means to "break measure" or withdraw. ~ Michael Chidester
  8. Originally "richeide", but corrected in the errata.
  9. Originally "dirarsi", but corrected in the errata.
  10. Originally "longuezza", but corrected in the errata.
  11. Originally "mettre", but corrected in the errata.
  12. Originally "volto", but corrected in the errata.
  13. 13.0 13.1 13.2 There's no conclusion of this word on the next page, just a new sentence.
  14. Originally "occcsione", but corrected in the errata.
  15. Originally "albassare", but corrected in the errata.
  16. Originally "& migliore", but corrected in the errata.
  17. Originally "temerariemente", but corrected in the errata.
  18. Originally "bisogna", but corrected in the errata.
  19. The letter 'F' was omitted in the print and hand-corrected in all copies.
  20. Originally "guardia", but corrected in the errata.
  21. Originally "equali", but corrected in the errata.
  22. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  23. Originally "poco", but corrected in the errata.
  24. Originally "non buoni", but corrected in the errata.
  25. Originally "queui", but corrected in the errata.
  26. Originally "che spada", but corrected in the errata.
  27. Originally "accorgendosi", but corrected in the errata.
  28. Originally "con pugnale", but corrected in the errata.
  29. Originally "mouendolo", but corrected in the errata.
  30. Originally "diuersi", but corrected in the errata.
  31. Originally "dentro la spada", but corrected in the errata.
  32. Originally "andere", but corrected in the errata.
  33. Originally "richede", but corrected in the errata.
  34. Originally "in suoi", but corrected in the errata.
  35. This word can't be read on the photos I have. It's a 6-letter word that seems to end in "s?ed". The Italian word means to move or advance, and Tom Leoni translates it as "fling".
  36. Originally "della", but corrected in the errata.
  37. Originally "la dette", but corrected in the errata.
  38. Originally "è passare", but corrected in the errata.
  39. The errata adds "l’".
  40. Originally "farmarsi", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 232, but this is the only instance of the word in the book.
  41. This large blank space was probably meant to be filled in later with a suitable translation for brezza, which means "breeze" though that's obviously not the intended meaning here. It might be a spelling of brecca, meaning "breach". Tom Leoni translates it "rampart". ~ Michael Chidester
  42. Originally "sforza", but corrected in the errata. The errata says it should be on page 241, but this is the only instance of the word on the correct line.
  43. Should be 183.
  44. Originally "ineguale", but corrected in the errata.