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Difference between revisions of "Joachim Meyer"

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{{master subsection begin
 
{{master subsection begin
 
  | title = Dusack
 
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| title = Part One
 
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| <p>'''Fencing in Dussack and the use of all types of single hand weapons'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Fencing in Dussack and the use of all types of single hand weapons'''</p>
  
<p>First of all, there are the guards, of which there are six, which are not made to be waited in, as mentioned above in part, but rather for the sake of division, so that one knows how to distinguish one from the other, when one fights from Steer, he should or must use the usual cut and ''Stuck'' that are assigned to the Steer, if one wants to fence with someone, He shall take care of which or by which part he fights against him, so that he may know with which cut or ''Stuck'' he should attack him most effectively, so that he may deprive him of the Before, because the fencers who carelessly strike their blows and ''Stucke'' are soon hit and usually have to go away with damage.</p>
+
<p>First of all, there are the guards, of which there are six, which are not made to be waited in, as mentioned above in part, but rather for the sake of division, so that one knows how to distinguish one from the other, when one fights from Steer, he should or must use the usual cut and ''Stuck'' that are assigned to the Steer, if one wants to fence with someone, he shall take care of which or by which part he fights against him, so that he may know with which cut or ''Stuck'' he should attack him most effectively, so that he may deprive him of the Before, because the fencers who carelessly strike their blows and ''Stucke'' are soon hit and usually have to go away with damage.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|022r|jpg|lbl=22r}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|022r|jpg|lbl=22r}}
  
 
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| <p>Next there are the cuts, which, although I will tell you there are sixteen, you will not have more than 4 Main cuts, from which the others have their origins, namely the first, the High cut, the second the Wrath cut, the third is the Middle cut, and fourth is a Low cut, Yet none will ever cut or deliver any so rare or crooked, but that he must bring from above or diagonally, athwart or from below, And the many names and variations of the cuts come from the diverse intentions of the one who delivers them. Of this I'll give an example, when I stand before someone in the same work, and cannot at all come to his openings, then I strike in strongly to him from above with a Knocking cut, not so that I would hit, but so that I would attack him and provoke him to cut so that he would then open up for me, and give me room for the opening, and although it is a High Cut, the cut is still called the Knocking Cut, because my intent is only to knock onto him to see whether he will open up for me.<ref>The above text appears somewhat synonymous with pages 44-45 of the Lund Dussack section, except that in the Lund Meyer says there are 12 cuts and yet here he says there are 16.</ref></p>
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| <p>Next there are the cuts, which, although I will tell you there are sixteen, you will not have more than 4 Main Cuts, from which the others have their origins, namely the first, the High Cut, the second the Wrath Cut, the third is the Middle Cut, and fourth is a Low Cut, Yet none will ever cut or deliver any so rare or crooked, but that he must bring from above or diagonally, athwart or from below, And the many names and variations of the cuts come from the diverse intentions of the one who delivers them. Of this I'll give an example, when I stand before someone in the same work, and cannot at all come to his openings, then I strike in strongly to him from above with a Knocking Cut, not so that I would hit, but so that I would attack him and provoke him to cut so that he would then open up for me, and give me room for the opening, and although it is a High Cut, the cut is still called the Knocking Cut, because my intent is only to knock onto him to see whether he will open up for me.<ref>The above text appears somewhat synonymous with pages 44-45 of the Lund Dussack section, except that in the Lund Meyer says there are 12 cuts and yet here he says there are 16.</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 022v.jpg|1|lbl=22v.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 022v.jpg|1|lbl=22v.1}}
  
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| <p>If he falls in too deep, then he is just open above, likewise, if he goes too far to the sides. Further as to the four parts of the man, the before and after the weak and the strong. Item, the Rounding and the circle cut, slicing and the like and all kinds of hand works have been explained at length previously in the Sword, which one should also use here.</p>
+
| <p>If he falls in too deep, then he is just open above, likewise, if he goes too far to the sides. Further as to the four parts of the man, the Before and After, the Weak and the Strong. Item, the Rounding and the Circle Cut, slicing and the like and all kinds of hand works have been explained at length previously in the Sword, which one should also use here.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|1|lbl=23r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|1|lbl=23r.1}}
  
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| <p>'''Follow the guards'''</p>
 
| <p>'''Follow the guards'''</p>
  
<p>First of all there are the guards, namely, the Watch, Boar, Steer, Wrath Sideguard, Slice, Changer and Bow.</p>
+
<p>First of all there are the guards, namely, the Watch, Boar, Steer, Wrath, Side Guard, Slice, Changer and Bow.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|2|lbl=23r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|2|lbl=23r.2}}
  
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| <p>'''After that are the cuts'''</p>
 
| <p>'''After that are the cuts'''</p>
  
<p>High Cut, Wrath cut, Middle Cut, Low Cut, Crooked Cut, Waker Cut, Roarer Cut, Winding Cut, Blind cut, Knock Cut, Short Cut, Striking Over, Danger Cut, Swinger Cut, Rose cut, Failer cut.</p>
+
<p>High Cut, Wrath Cut, Middle Cut, Low Cut, Crooked Cut, Waker Cut, Roarer Cut, Winding Cut, Blind Cut, Knock Cut, Short Cut, Striking Over, Danger Cut, Swinger Cut, Rose Cut, Failer Cut.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|3|lbl=23r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 023r.jpg|3|lbl=23r.3}}
  
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 023v.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 023v.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>These are the four routes through the opponent, to which or through which one cuts, the first line has three parts namely to the head, to the arm so that the opponent sweeps around with the cuts, Then also the Wrath Cut will be displaced mainly three ways, firstly through the face the next through the middle of the opponent, thereafter through the legs and it is still only one cut from he who cuts it, whether it is through the face, or through the middle of the opponent, or through the legs.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|023v|jpg|lbl=23v}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|023v|jpg|lbl=23v}}
  
 
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| <p>In summation, whatever goes from above, that is cut to the head or arms or feet, so it is called a High Cut, Then those from the shoulder that are cut diagonally to the opponent, be it to the face or body, high or low so it is called a Wrath Cut. You may also do the cut using the crooked or straight edge, for which reason the names of the cuts are diverse, as well as the limbs to which they are cut, they take their names, how it follows hereafter in Rapier, and still the cut remains basically a Wrath Cut or Middle Cut. And so it is created with all.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 024r.jpg|1|lbl=24r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 024r.jpg|1|lbl=24r.1}}
  
 
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|  
 
|  
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| <p>Further you shall note that when you cut one of the four cuts through the relevant line, whether above or middle, then you shall always strike back up the next line to displace.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 024r.jpg|2|lbl=24r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 024r.jpg|2|lbl=24r.2}}
  
 
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| <p>Thus in the ''Zufechten'' if I come in the Steer and strongly strike a Middle Cut in through his face, I at once cut from my left up through the lower line to parry against his hand.<ref>Above text also appears in Lund 47v.1.</ref></p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 024r.jpg|3|lbl=24r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 024r.jpg|3|lbl=24r.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 024v.jpg|400px|center]]
 
| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 024v.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>'''Boar<br/>&emsp;Watch'''</p>
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 +
<p>Take note when you stand in the Watch Guard, and he cuts through at your face, then step with your left foot behind your right and cut him diagonally through his face and against his hand. Also, ''Indes'' step around to his left with your right foot, and cut the next also through his face from your right, quickly drive out to the displacement, or take away his cut from below and cut afterwards with a Middle Cut, also when he cuts at you from under or through the middle, from his right to your left.</p>
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|024v|jpg|lbl=24v}}
 
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|024v|jpg|lbl=24v}}
  
 
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|-  
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| <p>If he cuts at you from outside to your right, whether the flicker or with the flat, then step with your left foot in to his right side and cut him two High Strikes from outside over his right arm, if he winds this however, then cut him forward to the face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|1|lbl=25r.1}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|1|lbl=25r.1}}
  
 
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|  
 
|  
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| <p>'''Rule'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Take note that the Watch is a good one, from it you should extend over him with long cuts, so that if someone cuts at you from outside or inside, then step out from his strike and cut him with the long edge to his head and his hand. Inside with a straight Scalp Cut, outside with a Winding Cut.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|2|lbl=25r.2}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|2|lbl=25r.2}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|  
 
|  
|  
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| <p>'''Counter to the Watch'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>'''Boar'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Take note when you find him in the Watch Guard, then position yourself in the Guard of the Boar, as soon as he brings his Dussack into the air, then step with your right foot between you and him through to his right side, cut ''Indes'' outside and over his right arm to his head with a Winding Cut, then quickly step back and cut a High Cut to his head or through the face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|3|lbl=25r.3}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|3|lbl=25r.3}}
  
 
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|-  
 
|  
 
|  
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| <p>'''Another Counter'''</p>
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 +
<p>If you stand in the Guard of the Boar, then step and cut from your right through his face but fall with your Dussack down into the left Changer Guard, ''Indes'' cut strongly from your lower left, upwards diagonally to his wrist, if he cuts simultaneously then all the more he hurts himself, then third from your right through his face.</p>
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|4|lbl=25r.4}}
 
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025r.jpg|4|lbl=25r.4}}
  
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| <p>'''A good ''Stuck'' to the After Cuts from the Watch'''</p>
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 +
<p>Item, if you stand in the Guard of the Boar, step and cut him through like it is reported above, as soon as he cuts after, then quickly drive above and capture the strike on the Strong of your Dussack, ''Indes'' grasp simultaneously with your open left hand under your Dussack onto his hilt with it you hold him off and then cut him to his forward set leg.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025v.jpg|2|lbl=25v.2}}
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|-
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| rowspan="3" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 026r.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>Item, If someone cuts you from above, then displace like before and drive underneath your displacement with your open left hand onto his hilt as described above, cut Crooked over to his left ear, instantly drive down through the nose and flick from the outside over his right arm to the head, allowing it to run off by his right, then with an over hand, wrench his arm to your right side and cut long after.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025v.jpg|3|lbl=25v.3}}
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|-
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| <p>Or when you have hung over or flicked over his right like before, then grasp with your left hand over your right around his Dussack again onto your blade and [...]<ref>The translation for this paragraph is incomplete. The missing part says something like "thus trap his hand as is drawn here, step behind him, and". ~[[Michael Chidester|MCC]]</ref> wrench to your right, instantly release your left, thrust and cut him long to the head.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 026r.jpg|1|lbl=26r.1}}
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|-
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| <p>'''The Boar counter with the Waker.'''</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 026r.jpg|2|lbl=26r.2}}
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 026v.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>'''Steer<br/>&emsp;Wrath Guard'''</p>
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 +
<p>Note, when you find someone in Left Wrath Guard, then come into Steer and thrust him to the face, so that he must defend himself with parrying, then cut him quickly through the face, the other is a High Strike to the head.<ref>Lund 57v.1 Zornhau.</ref></p>
 +
| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|026v|jpg|lbl=26v}}
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|-
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| <p>'''A good attack from the Steer'''</p>
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 +
<p>Take note in the ''Zufechten'' when you come in the Steer against the left Wrath or some other guard, then cut the first from your right from below Crooked through his left side with a step forward, the second also from your right from above, so that your Dussack shoots around before your left above your head into the Plunge, instantly cut strongly with your long edge from your left from below through the Scalp Line and a Middle Cut after, or step to him with parrying.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|1|lbl=27r.1}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>Item, when you stand in the Steer, then step in at him with your right foot, turn the steer from your left to your right, take out those from below from your left, how it is taught above.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|2|lbl=27r.2}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>If you encounter him low in parrying, then rush in from the steer from your right with a Crooked Cut over his displacement strongly through his face, the next cut in from your right through his left to the face, be quick again to the parrying.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|3|lbl=27r.3}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''A good ''Stuck'' from the Steer'''<ref>The first paragraph “A good attack from the Steer” is synonymous in the 1560 57v.2. Last two paragraphs here are not found there.</ref></p>
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 +
<p>If someone approaches you in the Slice, then step and cut through from your right Crooked and from below to his right arm, so that you can reach his knuckles with the tip of the short edge (crooked tip), the next strongly take him away with the flat above his right arm from your left, so that your weapon again flies over your head, with this, thrust over his right arm to the face, if he wards this, then hit him in the face with a swift blow.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|4|lbl=27r.4}}
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{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|1|lbl=27v.1}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Another'''</p>
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<p>In the approach cut him with long edge strongly through his face, so that your Dussack shoots across over your head to the displacement by your right, step ''Indes'' quickly with your left around to his right and cut Crooked over his right arm to his head, if he wards this then cut forward to his face, or cut over to his head with crooked from the left.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|2|lbl=27v.2}}
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 028r.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>Note: when he cuts Crooked over to your head, then set him off with the slice from your right, ''Indes'' grab with your left hand over your right to his right hand by the wrist, drive up with the hilt from under and break above you as depicted hereafter.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|3|lbl=27v.3}}
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|-
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| <p>Or when you have caught him by the hand how it is shown above, heave upwards and go through under his right, bend yourself over and grasp with your right hand together with your Dussack behind his leg, and as quick as you can grab him, heave upwards, thus he falls on his head how it is depicted hereafter.</p>
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| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|028r|jpg|lbl=28r}}
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|-
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| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 028v.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>'''Follow Left Wrath Guard'''</p>
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 +
<p>Note when you are positioned in the left Wrath Guard, then drive up through the strike line from your lower left, and then cut from your right through his middle line, with one to three strikes strongly in at the opponent, see that you have your Dussack somewhat crooked, spring ''Indes'' with the right foot well to him, and cut Crooked overhand, and over his displacement to the head, quickly snap ''Indes'' back around Crooked below to his arm or face, cut away with a strong Middle Cut, or cut from outside to the right.</p>
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|
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{{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|028v|jpg|lbl=28v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029r.jpg|1|lbl=29r.1|p=1}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>Item: Drive strongly over your right thigh through to the opponent's face, ''Indes'' step with the left foot to him, and take him away from your left so that your weapon shoots around your head, stab him to the right and then cut at once to his left.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029r.jpg|2|lbl=29r.2}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>Item: If he cuts to your opening, then cut with a Winding Cut over his right arm simultaneously with him, follow then to the next opening.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029r.jpg|3|lbl=29r.3}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>'''Follow the Correct Wrath Cuts'''</p>
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 +
<p>'''A good ''Stuck'' with 6 cuts.'''</p>
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 +
<p>Note: if you are positioned in the right Wrath Guard, then step and cut your first from below through his left, the second also from below through his right, with both of these use the crooked edge. The third from above through his left, the fourth from above through his right, so that your Dussack shoots back again above your head into the Plunge, the fifth is a Middle Cut through his left and the sixth is a High Cut (Scalp).</p>
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|
 +
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029r.jpg|4|lbl=29r.4|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029v.jpg|1|lbl=29v.1|p=1}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>The Wrath together with the Steer are two primarily Earnest Guards to attack from, and have no differences other than the Wrath threatens the cut and the Steer threatens the thrust.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029v.jpg|2|lbl=29v.2}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>Note firstly when you are positioned in Wrath or Steer on your right, that you ward off what he attacks or cuts, if he cuts at your left side, whether from below or above, then step and cut away his incoming strike close by his hand and cut quickly to his opening or come again thereafter into displacement outside of his right.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 029v.jpg|3|lbl=29v.3}}
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|-
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|
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| <p>Next, if he cuts at your right from outside to your body, whether it is from below or above, then step with your left foot to his right and cut from outside over his right arm to his head or with a Suppressing Cut from above hard to his hand, as soon as it clashes then shove the point in at his face, if he wards this thrust, then cut him to the face or pay attention to when he pulls his arm back into the air, then cut a Roarer to his arm.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 030r.jpg|1|lbl=30r.1}}
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|-
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025v.jpg|2|lbl=25v.2}}
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| <p>However, when he will not cut, then drive over his forward set leg with a fast Driving Cut through his face and with it, you compel him to cut or move, so that you can see your advantage.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 030r.jpg|2|lbl=30r.2}}
  
 
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| <p>Item: If you are positioned in right Wrath, then shift (your Dussack) over your head to displace, ''Indes'' step in at him with your right and hurl two forceful cuts with the half edge from below and then quickly thereafter a Middle Cut, catch his right arm then with your Dussack.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 030r.jpg|3|lbl=30r.3}}
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 030v.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>Note In the ''Zufechten'', when he is positioned before you in straight parrying or in Slice, then come in the Side Guard on the left, then first throw the half edge* over his right arm to the face. Then next pull through to his face from below with the long edge, the third is a Middle Cut after from your right, if he wards then throw the cut quickly to the face.</p>
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| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|030v|jpg|lbl=30v}}
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|-
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| <p>If he cuts at you when you are in the Side Guard, then take away his strike with your flat from your left, ''Indes'' step with your left foot to his right side and thrust over his right arm to his face, then cut quickly after through his face or to the next opening.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 031r.jpg|1|lbl=31r.1}}
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|-
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 025v.jpg|3|lbl=25v.3}}
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| <p>'''Slicing'''</p>
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 +
<p>Note when you are positioned in the straight parrying and he fights to you, then set him off, once he recovers, then follow after him with the Slice onto his arm, and cut him ''Indes'' through the face, then let fly to the next opening.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 031r.jpg|2|lbl=31r.2}}
  
 
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|-  
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 026r.jpg|400px|center]]
 
 
|  
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|026r|jpg|lbl=26r}}
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| <p>Item: when you displace him from your right to his left, as soon as the parry happens or when he has set off, then cut with the short edge from the lower left to his arm, conversely, when you parry from your left to his right then cut with the short edge from your lower right through to his left and then fight to the next opening.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 031r.jpg|3|lbl=31r.3}}
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
| [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 026v.jpg|400px|center]]
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 031v.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>'''Follow several good rules in fighting from the Bow'''<ref>Found in Lund 60v.1.</ref><br/><br/></p>
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<p>The first rule: when someone cuts onto your Bow, then step with your left foot behind your right and follow with your right to his left and instantly lift your hilt upwards, so let his stroke shoot off<ref>''Abrauschen'' = to shoot off.</ref> of your weapon and pull the weapon through his face, so that your Dussack flies over your head; step and cut from your left outside and over his right arm. From this rule many agile tricks are increased with deception.</p>
 
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| {{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|026v|jpg|lbl=26v}}
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{{paget|Page:MS Bibl. 2465|031v|jpg|lbl=31v|p=1}} {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 032r.jpg|1|lbl=32r.1|p=1}}
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|-
 +
| <p>The second rule is as follows, when someone cuts at you from above, drive up with the Bow against his strike, then turn his blow away to your left side, thus lift your body well after with your Dussack to your left side, ''Indes'' step quickly back to him and cut outside over his right arm, pull the hilt quickly back upwards to you and cut him through his face.<ref>The second rule omits this sentence found in the Lund, “so that your Dussack comes onto your left shoulder”, and rather Meyer says here, “lift simultaneously your body together with the Dussack to your left side”. Then the Lund synonymously says “turn your body well after your Dussack upon your left side”.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 032r.jpg|2|lbl=32r.2}}
  
 
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|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>The third rule is this, if someone cuts at you, then see that he is not too close to you, so that you trust you can avoid his strikes, then pull your weapon upwards to you and yield your forward foot to the rear out from his cut, and thus take his stroke without any parrying, as soon as his stroke has failed toward the ground, then follow after to his opening with a long step toward him, thus many can be reached.<ref>These two paragraphs found in Lund 61v.1 and 62r.1; with above noted differences.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 032r.jpg|3|lbl=32r.3}}
 +
 +
|-
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|1|lbl=27r.1}}
+
| <p>The fourth rule, note whenever someone strikes on the Weak of your Dussack, then drive up and cut a Roarer from your right to his arm.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 032v.jpg|1|lbl=32v.1}}
  
 
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|-  
 
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 +
| <p>Item: If he cuts at you on your Strong, then turn the point upwards against his Dussack and thus turn away his Weak to your right side and cut a Roarer from your left from outside to his arm, or do the flicking. These are four especially good rules that are well to note when fighting in the Bow.<ref>The 4th rule and other paragraph synonymous with Lund 62r.2, 62r.3</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 032v.jpg|2|lbl=32v.2}}
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 +
|-
 
|  
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|2|lbl=27r.2}}
+
| <p>'''Counter to the Bow'''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Firstly note when someone approaches you in the Bow, then position yourself in the Change on your left, with your right foot forward step and thrust up from below under his parrying to his face or chest, as soon as you find that your point is set towards him, then instantly drive your hilt up before your head and keep your point towards his body, so that he will ward off or strike this, so take heed as soon as he goes up to strike, then step to his left and strike in beside his parry to his face. This technique often works how it has been shown previously in the Bow.<ref>The Counter to the Bow is synonymous with Lund 62v.1, except that here Meyer added the target of striking besides his parry to the face, ad also changed last line to read: “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow”, while in the Lund he says “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow and Change.” So he omitted the word ''Wechsel'' or Changer here.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 032v.jpg|3|lbl=32v.3}}
  
 
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|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>Item, if you are a strong man, then come into the Change as before, wrench away his forward Bow up from below with the half edge, cut quickly after to his face.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 033r.jpg|1|lbl=33r.1}}
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|-
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|3|lbl=27r.3}}
+
| <p>Note when someone wants to wrench your Bow upwards as previously taught, then turn the wrenching away down to your left side with your hilt, instantly cut quickly at the same time as him in to his face with a back-step out from his stroke.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 033r.jpg|2|lbl=33r.2}}
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 033v.jpg|400px|center]]
 +
| <p>Note however, when he thrusts in to your face under your parrying as has been taught above, then turn away the thrust, thus you open your face, as soon as he cuts to the opening, then drive under his stroke close by his hand between both your hands and thrust your hilt in his face, how it is depicted hereafter.<ref>Found in Lund 63r.1 63r.2 63r.3.</ref> </p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 033r.jpg|3|lbl=33r.3}}
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 +
|-
 +
| <p>Or when you have captured him from below and between both your hands, then drive or wind with the point outside and over his right arm, wrench downwards to your right side, instantly release with your left hand, pull the long edge over hand through his face, or thrust him with the point away from you and cut long after.</p>
 +
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|033v|jpg|lbl=33v}}
  
 
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|-  
 
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|  
 +
| <p>'''A counter to the Bow with a High Strike'''</p>
 +
 +
<p>If you find someone in the Bow, then first cut in with a deep High Strike from your right with the half edge over his blade and hands, so that you drive him up high, as soon as he pulls up into watch then cut a Middle Cut through to the face also from your right.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 034r.jpg|1|lbl=34r.1}}
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 +
|-
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027r.jpg|4|lbl=27r.4}}
+
| <p>'''Breaking in over the Bow'''</p>
  
{{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|1|lbl=27v.1}}
+
<p>Note, in the Onset come with your left foot forward, hold your Dussack beside your right, reverse your grip so that you have your Dussack crooked, ''Indes'' step, then break in Crooked over his Bow, wrench out downwards to your left, step with your right foot around his right thigh, cut from outside over his right arm high up to the head, the next; cut Crooked under his right arm to his face so that your parrying remains high, the third; forward to the face, or to his left with a step out.<ref>Above paragraph “Breaking in over the Bow” is found in Lund 63v.1. Here Meyer added ''schenkel'' (thigh), also he added another line to the next; “zum gesicht das dein versatzung hoch pleibt” The third paragraph here is not found in the Lund.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 034r.jpg|2|lbl=34r.2}}
  
 
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|-  
 
|  
 
|  
 +
| <p>Item: when you strike someone outside over his right arm as has been said above, and he goes high upwards, then step out quickly and cut in Crooked to his face.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 034v.jpg|1|lbl=34v.1}}
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|-
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|2|lbl=27v.2}}
+
| <p>'''A Swift ''Stuck'''''</p>
 +
 
 +
<p>Item: reverse your grip so that you have your Dussack crooked how it is reported above, cut then in a springing manner from your right with a High Cut overhand in over his Bow so that in this strike, your right side comes well to his left side, then cut in a flick back around below in to his face so that your haft remains high, quickly cut away short.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 034v.jpg|2|lbl=34v.2}}
  
 
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 +
| <p>Item: when someone stands in the Bow and allows the point to sink downwards, then step and cut from your right on the Weak of his Dussack from under his arm, so that your Dussack comes out to your left side, instantly take (his Dussack) away with the flat over his arm from your left and cut long after to the opening near by his hand.<ref>First paragraph here found as last and separate para in 63v.1 Lund. Meyer changed words here on the last line of the second paragraph from
 +
hand to haft, “so that your haft remains high”.</ref></p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 034v.jpg|3|lbl=34v.3}}
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 035r.jpg|400px|center]]
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| <p>Note: when he approaches you in Bow then bind forward on his Weak with your point, ''Indes'' pull back to you and thrust him high to the face over his Bow, as soon as he goes to parry your thrust, then cut a Roar Cut down to his arm, how you see depicted here.</p>
 +
| {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|035r|jpg|lbl=35r}}
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 +
|-
 +
| <p>Item: If you have bound on to the first part of his Dussack, then pull the long edge through his face overhand, then cut in after with another [Thwart] horizontal from below to his face.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 035v.jpg|1|lbl=35v.1}}
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|-
 
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 027v.jpg|3|lbl=27v.3}}
+
| <p>However, if he is high, then draw through his face from below, if he cuts quickly to your opening, then cut the Thwart overhand simultaneously with him to his face, how it is taught above.</p>
 +
| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 035v.jpg|2|lbl=35v.2}}
  
 
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| <p>However, if you have bound with someone on the Strong, near by his hilt, then drive in over his Dussack, with your hilt to his face, and ''Indes'' draw the blade over his right arm through the face with a Turkish Cut<ref>''Durcken Zug'' = this may mean Turkish Cut. A slice using a drawing motion, usually with a curved blade.</ref> drive quickly out again to the parrying.</p>
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| {{section|Page:MS Bibl. 2465 035v.jpg|3|lbl=35v.3}}
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|-
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| class="noline" | [[File:MS Bibl. 2465 036r.jpg|400px|center]]
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| class="noline" | <p>In ''Zufechten'' pay attention and when you note that one desires to cut in high over at you, so then drive under it with the Bogen and capture his arm then grab with your left hand quickly to the crook of his knee<ref>''Kniebugen'' = crook of knee, bend of knee.</ref> on his forward most leg, and heave upwards then push up away from you, thus he falls.</p>
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| class="noline" | {{paget|page:MS Bibl. 2465|036r|jpg|lbl=36r}}
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|}
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{{master subsubsection end}}
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{{master subsubsection begin
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| title = Part Two
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| width = 90em
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}}
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{| class="master"
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|-
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! <p>Figures</p>
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! <p>{{rating}}</p>
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! <p>[[Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)|Munich Manuscript]]{{edit index|Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Olivier Dupuis]]</p>
  
 
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{{master subsubsection end}}
 
{{master subsection end}}
 
{{master subsection end}}
  
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! <p>{{rating}}</p>
 
! <p>{{rating}}</p>
 
! <p>[[Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)|Munich Manuscript]]{{edit index|Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Olivier Dupuis]]</p>
 
! <p>[[Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)|Munich Manuscript]]{{edit index|Joachim Meyers Fechtbuch (MS Bibl. 2465)}}<br/>Transcribed by [[Olivier Dupuis]]</p>
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Revision as of 23:51, 2 April 2024

Joachim Meyer
Born ca. 1537
Basel, Germany
Died 24 February 1571 (aged 34)
Schwerin, Germany
Spouse(s) Appolonia Ruhlman
Occupation
Citizenship Strasbourg
Patron
  • Georg Johann Ⅰ
  • Heinrich von Eberst
Movement Freifechter
Influences
Influenced
Genres Fencing manual
Language Early New High German
Notable work(s) Gründtliche Beschreibung der... Kunst des
Fechtens
(1570)
Manuscript(s)
First printed
english edition
Forgeng, 2006
Concordance by Michael Chidester
Translations
Signature Joachim Meyer sig.jpg

Joachim Meyer (ca. 1537 - 1571)[1] was a 16th century German cutler, Freifechter, and fencing master. He was the last major figure in the tradition of the German grand master Johannes Liechtenauer, and in the later years of his life he devised at least four distinct and quite extensive fencing manuals. Meyer's writings incorporate both the traditional Germanic technical syllabus and contemporary systems that he encountered in his travels, including Italian rapier fencing. In addition to his fencing practice, Meyer was a Burgher and a master cutler.[2]

Meyer was born in Basel,[3] where he presumably apprenticed as a cutler. He writes in his books that he traveled widely in his youth, most likely a reference to the traditional Walz that journeyman craftsmen were required to take before being eligible for mastery and membership in a guild. Journeymen were often sent to stand watch and participate in town and city militias (a responsibility that would have been amplified for the warlike cutlers' guild), and Meyer learned a great deal about foreign fencing systems during his travels. It's been speculated by some fencing historians that he trained specifically in the Bolognese school of fencing, but this doesn't stand up to closer analysis.[4]

Records show that by 4 June 1560 he had settled in Strasbourg, where he married Appolonia Ruhlman (Ruelman)[1] and was granted the rank of master cutler. His interests had already moved beyond smithing, however, and in 1561, Meyer's petition to the City Council of Strasbourg for the right to hold a Fechtschule was granted. He would repeat this in 1563, 1566, 1567 and 1568;[5] the 1568 petition is the first extant record in which he identifies himself as a fencing master.

Meyer probably wrote his first manuscript (MS Bibl. 2465) in 1561 for Georg Johann Ⅰ, Count Palatine of Veldenz,[6] and his second (MS A.4º.2) in 1568 for Otto (later Count of Solms-Sonnewalde).[7] Both of these manuscripts contain a series of lessons on training with long sword, dusack, and rapier; the 1561 also covers dagger, polearms, and armored fencing. His third manuscript (MS Var.82), written between 1563 and 1571 and containing a dedication at the end to Heinrich, Count of Eberstein, is of a decidedly different nature. Like many fencing manuscripts from the previous century, it is an anthology of treatises by a number of prominent German masters including Sigmund ain Ringeck, pseudo-Peter von Danzig, and Martin Syber, and also includes a brief outline by Meyer himself on a system of rapier fencing based on German Messer teachings.

Finally, on 24 February 1570, Meyer completed an enormous treatise entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung, der freyen Ritterlichen unnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens, in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren, mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet ("A Thorough Description of the Free, Chivalric, and Noble Art of Fencing, Showing Various Customary Defenses, Affected and Put Forth with Many Handsome and Useful Drawings"); it was dedicated to Johann Casimir, Count Palatine of Simmern,[6] and illustrated at the workshop of Tobias Stimmer.[8] It contains all of the weapons of the 1561 and '68 manuscripts apart from fencing in armor, and dramatically expands his teachings on each.

Unfortunately, Meyer's writing and publication efforts incurred significant debts (about 300 crowns), which Meyer pledged to repay by Christmas of 1571.[1] Late in 1570, Meyer accepted the position of Fechtmeister to Duke Johann Albrecht of Mecklenburg at his court in Schwerin. There Meyer hoped to sell his book for a better price than was offered locally (30 florins). Meyer sent his books ahead to Schwerin, and left from Strasbourg on 4 January 1571 after receiving his pay. He traveled the 800 miles to Schwerin in the middle of a harsh winter, arriving at the court on 10 February 1571. Two weeks later, on 24 February, Joachim Meyer died. The cause of his death is unknown, possibly disease or pneumonia.[5]

Antoni Rulman, Appolonia’s brother, became her legal guardian after Joachim’s death. On 15 May 1571, he had a letter written by the secretary of the Strasbourg city chamber and sent to the Duke of Mecklenburg stating that Antoni was now the widow Meyer’s guardian; it politely reminded the Duke who Joachim Meyer was, Meyer’s publishing efforts and considerable debt, requested that the Duke send Meyer’s personal affects and his books to Appolonia, and attempted to sell some (if not all) of the books to the Duke.[1]

Appolonia remarried in April 1572 to another cutler named Hans Kuele, bestowing upon him the status of Burgher and Meyer's substantial debts. Joachim Meyer and Hans Kuele are both mentioned in the minutes of Cutlers' Guild archives; Kuele may have made an impression if we can judge that fact by the number of times he is mentioned. It is believed that Appolonia and either her husband or her brother were involved with the second printing of his book in 1600. According to other sources, it was reprinted yet again in 1610 and in 1660.[9][10]

Contents

Treatises

Joachim Meyer's writings are preserved in three manuscripts prepared in the 1560s: the 1561 MS Bibl. 2465 (Munich), dedicated to Georg Johannes von Veldenz; the 1563-68 MS A.4º.2 (Lund), dedicated to Otto von Solms; and the MS Var. 82 (Rostock), including notes on teachings from Stephan Heinrich von Eberstein and which Meyer may have still been working at the time of his death in 1571. Dwarfing these works is the massive book he published in 1570 entitled Gründtliche Beschreibung der ...Kunst des Fechtens ("A Thorough Description of the... Art of Fencing"), dedicated to Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Simmern. Meyer's writings purport to teach the entire art of fencing, something that he claimed had never been done before, and encompass a wide variety of teachings from disparate sources and traditions. To achieve this goal, Meyer seems to have constructed his treatises as a series of progressive lessons, describing a process for learning to fence rather than merely outlining the underlying theory or listing the techniques. In keeping with this, he illustrates his techniques with depictions of fencers in courtyards using training weapons such as two-handed foils, wooden dusacks, and rapiers with ball tips.

The first section of Meyer's treatise is devoted to the long sword (the sword in two hands), which he describes as the foundational weapon of his system, and this section devotes the most space to fundamentals like stance and footwork. His long sword system draws upon the teachings of Freifechter Andre Paurenfeyndt (via Christian Egenolff's reprint) and Liechtenauer glossators Sigmund ain Ringeck and Lew, as well as using terminology otherwise unique to the brief Recital of Martin Syber. Not content merely to compile these teachings as his contemporary Paulus Hector Mair was doing, Meyer sought to update—even reinvent—them in various ways to fit the martial climate of the late sixteenth century, including adapting many techniques to accommodate the increased momentum of a greatsword and modifying others to use beats with the flat and winding slices in place of thrusts to comply with street-fighting laws in German cities (and the rules of the Fechtschule).

The second section of Meyer's treatises is designed to address new weapons gaining traction in German lands, the dusack and the rapier, and thereby find places for them in the German tradition. His early Lund manuscript presents a more summarized syllabus of techniques for these weapons, while his printed book goes into greater depth and is structured more in the fashion of lesson plans.[11] Meyer's dusack system, designed for the broad proto-sabers that spread into German lands from Eastern Europe in the 16th century,[12] combines the old Messer teachings of Johannes Lecküchner and the dusack teachings of Andre Paurenfeyndt with other unknown systems (some have speculated that they might include early Polish or Hungarian saber systems). His rapier system, designed for the lighter single-hand swords spreading north from Iberian and Italian lands, seems again to be a hybrid creation, integrating both the core teachings of the 15th century Liechtenauer tradition as well as components that are characteristic of the various regional Mediterranean fencing systems (including, perhaps, teachings derived from the treatise of Achille Marozzo). Interestingly, Meyer's rapier teachings in the Rostock seem to represent an attempt to unify these two weapon system, outlining a method for rapier fencing that includes key elements of his dusack teachings; it is unclear why this method did not appear in his book, but given the dates it may be that they represent his last musings on the weapon, written in the time between the completion of his book in 1570 and his death a year later.

The third section of Meyer's treatise is omitted in the Lund manuscript but present in the Munich and the 1570, and covers dagger, wrestling, and various pole weapons; to this, the Munich adds several plays of armored fencing. His dagger teachings, designed primarily for urban self-defense, seem to be based in part on the writings of Bolognese master Achille Marozzo,[13] but also include much unique content of unknown origin (perhaps the anonymous dagger teachings in his Rostock manuscript). His staff material makes up the bulk of this section, beginning with the short staff, which, like Paurenfeyndt, he uses as a training tool for various pole weapons (and possibly also the greatsword), and then moving on to the halberd before ending with the long staff (representing the pike). As with the dagger, the sources Meyer based his staff teachings on are largely unknown.

Temporary section break

Temporary section break

Additional Resources

The following is a list of publications containing scans, transcriptions, and translations relevant to this article, as well as published peer-reviewed research.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dupuis, Olivier. Joachim Meyer, escrimeur libre, bourgeois de Strasbourg (1537 ? - 1571). In Maîtres et techniques de combat. Dijon: AEDEH, 2006.
  2. Naumann, Robert. Serapeum. Vol. 5. T.O. Weigel, 1844. pp 53-59.
  3. According to his wedding certificate.
  4. The influence of Achilles Marozzo's printed treatise is, however, apparent in the rapier illustrations of his 1561 manuscript and the dagger plays in his book.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Van Slambrouck, Christopher. "The Life and Work of Joachim Meyer". Meyer Frei Fechter Guild, 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Though as a prince of the Wittelsbach dynasty, he was addressed by the loftiest titles held by the family: Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria.
  7. Norling, Roger. "The history of Joachim Meyer’s fencing treatise to Otto von Solms". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  8. Whose members included Christoph Maurer and Hans Christoffel Stimmer.
  9. Schaer, Alfred. Die altdeutschen fechter und spielleute: Ein beitrag zur deutschen culturgeschichte. K.J. Trübner, 1901. p 76.
  10. Pollock, W. H., Grove, F. C., and Prévost, C. Fencing. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and co, 1897. pp 267-268.
  11. Roberts, James. "System vs Syllabus: Meyer’s 1560 and 1570 sidesword texts". Hroarr.com, 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  12. Roger Norling. "The Dussack - a weapon of war". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  13. Norling, Roger. "Meyer and Marozzo dagger comparison". Hroarr.com, 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  14. Up to this point, the text matches the Lund manuscript, folia 6r to 7r.
  15. Note: this translation could be interpreted to mean “so that your half edge slides downward [presumably on his blade], hitting his right shoulder”. Meyer used the words mit Glitschen = to slither, to slide, to glide, to move with sliding.
  16. A number in the margin refers to the illustration in page number 13.
  17. The text starts matching the Lund manuscript again here (beginning on folio 7v), continuing until the Figures.
  18. Note: The Lund also mentions “the figure above” yet that figure does not appear in the Lund! Here it does, and it could be a representation of Meyer himself?
  19. The "l" appears to be written over another letter, perhaps a "b".
  20. Note: here I have included this line for clarity from Dr. Forgeng’s 1568 Lund translation: “Therefore every fighter shall know as has been said above, for when two good fighters come together, whoever thinks quicker triumphs quicker.”
  21. Note: the image shows the opponent on the left in Barrier Guard with point to the ground, hence Meyer’s advice to “take his blade away from the ground”.
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Torn page on left.
  23. 23.0 23.1 Torn page on right.
  24. To help illuminate the connections to Liechtenauer's teachings, I've added the verse numbers used in the Johannes Liechtenauer article and the various glosses to Kevin's translation. I've also added a few footnotes, and included my initials to distinguish them from Kevin's notes. Note all the verses in this section are found in Christian Egenolff's 1531 edition of Andre Paurenfeyndt's treatise—except the "First Rhyme", verses 17-20. ~Michael Chidester
  25. Note: the interpretation here is a generalized summary found in the 1570 at Ⅰ.45v—46r
  26. These two lines are a paraphrase of verse 77 of Liechtenauer's Zedel. ~MCC
  27. This rhyming section is reminiscent of the eight-line Indes poem found in several of the 15th century glosses (despite not being part of Liechtenauer's Zedel), but only the last two lines are the same. ~MCC
  28. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 4v.
  29. Unclear.
  30. This rhyme found in Egenolph's 1531 Frankfurt edition of Pauernfeindt, page 7r.
  31. Note: gesechen = may be gesehen ENHG
  32. Unclear.
  33. This is a reference to Liechtenauer verses 56 and 79. ~MCC
  34. Liechtenauer verse 57. ~MCC
  35. This is the fourth of Paurnfeyndt's Twelve Rules for the Beginner Fencer, found on page 4r of Egenolff 1531. This is particularly odd because the first line comes from Egenolff, but the second line seems to be from Liechtenauer verse 11, which the rule was based on. The version in the fourth rule is Der darff sich kunst nit frewen. ~MCC
  36. The above text appears somewhat synonymous with pages 44-45 of the Lund Dussack section, except that in the Lund Meyer says there are 12 cuts and yet here he says there are 16.
  37. This text also appears in the Lund pg 45, yet there Meyer gave an alternate name to the Watch guard as Luginslandt, here he does not mention Luginslandt. Additionally, Meyer does not include the Blind Cut in the Lund, yet here he does and it also appears in 1570 Dussack. In addition, here Meyer names the Slice and the Bow as guards. Yet in the 1560 he lists them with the guards but says they are the two parrys. Here he gives a separate paragraph about these two.
  38. Above text also appears in Lund 47v.1.
  39. The translation for this paragraph is incomplete. The missing part says something like "thus trap his hand as is drawn here, step behind him, and". ~MCC
  40. Lund 57v.1 Zornhau.
  41. The first paragraph “A good attack from the Steer” is synonymous in the 1560 57v.2. Last two paragraphs here are not found there.
  42. Unclear.
  43. Found in Lund 60v.1.
  44. Abrauschen = to shoot off.
  45. The second rule omits this sentence found in the Lund, “so that your Dussack comes onto your left shoulder”, and rather Meyer says here, “lift simultaneously your body together with the Dussack to your left side”. Then the Lund synonymously says “turn your body well after your Dussack upon your left side”.
  46. These two paragraphs found in Lund 61v.1 and 62r.1; with above noted differences.
  47. The 4th rule and other paragraph synonymous with Lund 62r.2, 62r.3
  48. The Counter to the Bow is synonymous with Lund 62v.1, except that here Meyer added the target of striking besides his parry to the face, ad also changed last line to read: “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow”, while in the Lund he says “This technique often works as has been shown previously in the Bow and Change.” So he omitted the word Wechsel or Changer here.
  49. It refers to the picture set at the page with the number 31.
  50. Found in Lund 63r.1 63r.2 63r.3.
  51. Above paragraph “Breaking in over the Bow” is found in Lund 63v.1. Here Meyer added schenkel (thigh), also he added another line to the next; “zum gesicht das dein versatzung hoch pleibt” The third paragraph here is not found in the Lund.
  52. First paragraph here found as last and separate para in 63v.1 Lund. Meyer changed words here on the last line of the second paragraph from hand to haft, “so that your haft remains high”.
  53. Durcken Zug = this may mean Turkish Cut. A slice using a drawing motion, usually with a curved blade.
  54. Kniebugen = crook of knee, bend of knee.
  55. Curious typographical sign.
  56. Unclear.
  57. Unclear.
  58. The isolated “s” seems a mistake and not the beginning of an unfinished word.
  59. 59.0 59.1 59.2 orig. dolchen; all instances of "dagger" in this document are dolchen excepy when footnoted.
  60. orig. ararmschirleinn
  61. orig. stichen, "thrust"/"stab" (context dependent); instances of stabbing that use other verbs will be footnoted.
  62. orig. Armschiene - seemingly a part of the armour
  63. orig. geordinirtt
  64. orig. schießen; see here
  65. orig. findt
  66. orig. spis
  67. orig. schwertt
  68. orig. sebell
  69. 69.0 69.1 orig. kempff degen; it can mean either “combat sword” or “combat dagger” (Source 1, Source 2). See here for a painting with kempffdegen in its caption
  70. 70.0 70.1 orig. Anngreiffen; "attacking" or "grappling"; cf. angreifen
  71. orig. zimlich
  72. alt. "endure"
  73. Ittem has many potential meanings: "further", "likewise", "the same as", and also simply as a means of 'bullet-pointing' numerous items. I've found that "likewise" works as an apt translation most of the time, but for clarity I will leave it untranslated. See this article.
  74. orig. noch eines Idenn woll gefalen
  75. orig. Reren; cf. Rohre/Röhre
  76. orig. lest
  77. orig. Schranckenn
  78. orig. dringen/thringen; refers to pressing one's point into an opponent['s armour/mail], cf. modern sense of "pushing through a crowd". See this glossary for more information
  79. orig. donerschlag; a strike with the hilt of the longsword while holding the blade
  80. orig. vnnd las Inn vorverthobenn; messy ink makes it difficult to transcribe; possible alt. "and read above beforehand"
  81. A blunt strike, as opposed to a cut or slice. See here.
  82. orig. versezen; alt. "parrying"
  83. Unclear.
  84. orig. ansezen; most likely means "pinned", "planted" (in the sense of placing your weapon or hand against an opponent, in a grappling sense); alt. "attacking" (cf. modern ansetzen). See this glossary for more information
  85. orig. erlang
  86. see nachreissen
  87. 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 87.5 87.6 orig. stehenn; often coupled with ansezen in this section; alt. "stand against"
  88. orig. uchsen
  89. orig. Gelenck. Refers to joints in armour, but also body parts - in the context of armoured fencing, it is most likely referring to the joints in the armour
  90. orig. greifest
  91. 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 orig. brich
  92. orig. anbrichen
  93. 93.00 93.01 93.02 93.03 93.04 93.05 93.06 93.07 93.08 93.09 93.10 93.11 orig. stos
  94. orig. goch
  95. 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 95.6 orig. schlag
  96. 96.0 96.1 96.2 see absetzen
  97. orig. drissel; cf. thrissel
  98. orig. schlag dein beidt vnder dein Recht achsell. From interpretation, the word schlag here doesn't make much sense: it's possible that beidt was intended to be said or written as bindt, as in "put your grip under your right shoulder".
  99. orig. Achsell
  100. 100.0 100.1 see Ringen
  101. 101.0 101.1 see arbeiten
  102. 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 102.5 orig. streich, cf. schlag
  103. 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.5 103.6 103.7 orig. inndes
  104. alt. "attacks"
  105. orig. last Er dür die seitten
  106. 106.0 106.1 orig. Ring; alt. lists
  107. orig. vergesezsten
  108. 108.0 108.1 108.2 see abzucken
  109. orig. fies
  110. 110.0 110.1 see gleich
  111. unclear transcription; possibly nim, ergo "take the weight"
  112. Unclear.
  113. orig. zwerchs
  114. 114.0 114.1 orig. degen; see kempffdegen
  115. orig. hawen. A cut or slice, as opposed to a blunt strike. See see here.
  116. 116.0 116.1 116.2 orig. bickell; most likely referring to the artificial, "mason's hammer", pickaxe shape of the crossguard in armoured fencing
  117. orig. klos
  118. orig. Stuck
  119. orig. knefftiglich, interpreted as krefftiglich
  120. orig. verfelen - described earlier in 1561 as a feint whereby you wait for your opponent to react to a strike, then change the direction of the strike
  121. orig. entgehenn
  122. orig. faren/auffaren; cf. fahren
  123. originally transcribed as knefftiglich, but krefftiglich (lit. "powerfully") seems more likely, in my opinion
  124. orig. gerecht; possible mistranscription/misspelling of gemecht, lit. "groin" or "genitals"
  125. 125.0 125.1 125.2 orig. las dein bindt fahren, lit. "let your grip drive"; alt. "release your grip and drive"
  126. Possibly "hauberk"(?).
  127. 127.0 127.1 orig. ausnemen; alt. "take out [the blade with a parry]"; "deflect"(?)
  128. orig. verzoblen; cf. verzögern
  129. lit. oben hutt; contrast Oberhutt
  130. orig. heutt; possible verb form of hutt
  131. orig. überwegest
  132. 132.0 132.1 orig. schlagen. Probably means "place" in this context.
  133. orig. sez; no accompanying adposition but I assume he means ansezen
  134. listen
  135. orig. Bundtschlag, lit. "grip strike"
  136. orig. fertt
  137. orig. wie nechst
  138. orig. oder Aber fus gesicht, lit. or but foot face, possible alt. "or his foot or face"
  139. orig. wendt
  140. orig. Reüb
  141. orig. geschmidt, lit. smithed. Possibly misspelling of Geschmeidt, which means "jewellery" - perhaps slang for gemecht ("genitals)".
  142. orig. steßen
  143. orig. abgewünnen
  144. Note that he uses the word degen but seems to refer to the aforementioned "threefold" dagger, which he referred to using the word dolchen.
  145. orig. feder
  146. orig. spietzen
  147. Reference in the left margin to picture on page 61.
  148. orig. auf dz schlos am Rucken; alt. "clasp of the back"
  149. orig. Wappenrock
  150. Unclear whether die refers to the dagger or the heart, here
  151. orig. kurz halbenn; alt. "short edge"
  152. orig. concordiren
  153. This word overwrites an initial die.
  154. The first 10 lines of this paragraph are shorter of 30% than the last four, as if there is a left place here for a picture or a diagram.
  155. The second letter looks a bit like a “b” but it is nonsense. It can be also considered like a small capital “e”.
  156. The first letter corrected from “w” by cancelling the first bow of the letter.
  157. The first letter could also read as an “l", but “b” seems more probable here.
  158. The first letter corrected from “b” by overwriting.
  159. The ink is a bit blurred, particularly in the beginning of the word which results in an ambiguous reading; stucken would be more plausible in this context but does not fit with the appearance of the first couple of letters at all.
  160. The writer first wrote hawst but the “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  161. Recte: und.
  162. The writer first wrote arms but the final “s” has been cancelled afterwards.
  163. The letter “s” has ben cancelled just before the word den.
  164. Above the letter “i” a large circle is drawn as it is used to mark the letter “u”.
  165. Doubling of the word seitten, considered as a mistake and corrected here as the first finished a line.
  166. Setzen has been written afterwards just under ver- and looks like a catchword; however, the following page does not start with the same word. It could be a mistake of the scribe.
  167. An abbreviation sign at the end of the word tends to signify that it should be expanded to hawen, but it has been cancelled.
  168. The “h” is writen above a “e”.
  169. Unclear reading. The word has been corrected, possibly from zu, which, however, cannot be definitely affirmed.
  170. The words und oder after this word are cancelled.
  171. At this place is a sign that commonly indicates a line break or an end of a paragraph. Here, however, the following text continues in the same line.
  172. The first letter appears to be a cancelled “t”; however the reading remains ambiguous.
  173. The end of this word, sicht is inserted below the line at the right, like a catchword. However, the following written page, fol. 23r, does not start with the same word. Could be a mistake by the scribe or a clue for a missing page.
  174. After this word a large circle is drawn and its only meaning seems to complete the line to the right and avoid a big default in the right alignment.
  175. The letter “d” is cancelled just before the “b” of this word.
  176. The initial letter “b” is written above another letter, maybe a “g”.
  177. This first two letters are written above the letter “k”.
  178. A letter “b” or “l” has been written after this word but has ben cancelled.
  179. The first letter seems to superscribe an initial “I”.
  180. The writer firstly wrote an “m” as a final letter and subsequently cancelled the last leg to get an “n”.
  181. The final letter “t” is written above the line, in replacement for a previously cancelled letter.
  182. This word is written above a previous one, which is unreadable now.
  183. The first letters are difficult to make out due to a (water?) damage.
  184. The first letter of this word has been written above another, now illegible one.
  185. A letter “h” was written in the second position to begin with but cancelled afterwards.
  186. The first letter is curiously composed, but seems to have been readen as a "v".
  187. The second letter has been canceled and corrected by "o" above the line.
  188. The original text is derholhalben derhalben, which seems to be an unnecessary repetition.
  189. Doubling of the word handt, a probable mistake as the first is written a the end of the line. Same mistake as 17r.
  190. Doubling of the words den andern, probable mistake, only it is conserved here.
  191. A lone letter "h" is writen here, perhaps a beginning for “hew”, which was finally written after the digit “4”. Corrected in this edition.
  192. This sentence can be found in the printed book: « und merck wann du zur rechten undern Blöß schlechst, es sey flech, lang oder kurtz » (plate XXIXv from the 1570 edition)
  193. The third letter “h” was cancelled by overwriting it with an “l”.
  194. The letter “a” is crossed out in the beginning of the word.
  195. The first letter was first written in lower case but was corrected with an upper-case letter.
  196. Unclear reading. It appears as if the scribe first intended to write “halber” but noticed his error in the middle of the word. The reverse may be true also.
  197. The "R." has been inserted at the end of the line afterwards.
  198. Right of this place a large blank space remains until the end of the line.
  199. The written put a "n" between sch and enckel and canceled it.
  200. Linck and seitten are reversed in the manuscript but superscribed with “1” and “2” respectively in order to indicate the correct order.
  201. Corrected from Im, the first stroke of the “m” has been cancelled.
  202. Spitz uber- is clearly copied twice, this is probably an eye-skip.
  203. Correction done on sticht by canceling the last letter.
  204. This entire paragraph is justified on the right by a vertical line, unique in the manuscript.
  205. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  206. Corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  207. The "st" ligature is inverted.
  208. Typo, should be "wolt, könne".
  209. Originally printed "abzutzest", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  210. Originally printed "verhauren", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  211. The "t" is inverted.
  212. Ⅲ.47v indicates that this was printed "erbangen" and needed to be corrected to "erlangen", but that's not true in any copy available for consult.
  213. Originally printed "mim", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  214. Originally printed "Higur", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  215. Originally printed "Fellen", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  216. Originally printed "gem" (with an inverted g), but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  217. Originally printed "allo", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  218. Originally printed "Atm", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  219. The first 't' is inverted.
  220. Terminal 'e' is inverted.
  221. Originally printed "bleiden", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  222. Originally printed "klnie", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  223. Originally printed "duch", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  224. The second "e" is inverted.
  225. Originally printed "fein", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  226. Originally printed "behendig ich", but corrected on Ⅲ.47v.
  227. Misnumbered 87r.
  228. 228.00 228.01 228.02 228.03 228.04 228.05 228.06 228.07 228.08 228.09 228.10 228.11 228.12 228.13 228.14 228.15 228.16 228.17 228.18 228.19 228.20 228.21 228.22 228.23 228.24 228.25 228.26 228.27 228.28 228.29 228.30 228.31 indes
  229. palm up
  230. Illegible deletion.
  231. oberhauw
  232. ‘right’ is originally written, ‘left’ is written above it
  233. short edge
  234. “Degen”, lit. dagger, could either refer to a sword or dagger.
  235. short edge
  236. Unleserliche Streichung. Illegible deletion.
  237. Unleserliche gestrichen Einfügung oberhalb der Zeile. Crossed out illegible insertion above the line.
  238. Die Schlaufe des »h« trägt ein Diärese. The loop of the “h” carries a diaeresis.
  239. Korrigiert aus »mitelhauw«. Corrected from “mitelhauw”.
  240. Leicht unleserlich. Slightly illegible.
  241. Überschriebens »vom«. Overwritten “vom”.
  242. Inserted by means of a special mark.
  243. Word inserted next to the text.
  244. Inserted nest to the text.
  245. Zwei Worte am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Two words inserted at the margin.
  246. Wort am Seitenrand nachgetragen. Word inserted at the margin.